Pronoun: a word used in place of one or more nouns.

We use pronouns to refer to a noun (also called an antecedent) that comes before the pronoun.

example: Natalie feels she can win the race.

PRONOUNS

(^Antecedent)

(^Pronoun)

example: Terry and Jim know that they are best friends.(^Antecedents^) (^Pronoun)

Several types of pronouns 1. Personal Pronouns: refer to people and things ~ First person – the person who is speaking ~ Second person – the person spoken to ~ Third person – anyone or anything else

Singular Plural

First Person I, my, mine, me we, our, ours, us

Second Person you, your, yours you, your, yours

Third Person he, his, him, she, her they, their, theirs, them

Examples: I went to the mall. Joey, can you see the bus? Bob saw us do the assignment.

2. Reflexive Pronouns: when the ending –self or –selves is added to a personal pronoun.

Examples: himself, herself, themselves, yourself, yourselves

Example: I found it myself.

*Note: hisself and theirselves are not real words!

(Personal Pronoun) (Reflexive Pronoun)

3. Interrogative Pronoun: used to ask a questionExample: who, whom, whose, which

4. Demonstrative Pronoun: points out a specific person or thing

Example: this, that, these, those

Example: Zach, is this yours?^Demonstrative

v Personal Pronoun

5. Relative Pronoun: - a pronoun that introduces a relative clause. - called a “relative” pronoun because it relates to the word it refers to.

Five Relative Pronouns:•Who: used for people•Whom: used for people•Whose: used for possession•Which: used for things• That: used for people/things

Examples:

1. The person who phoned me last night is my teacher.

2. The visitor for whom you are waiting has arrived.

3. The book whose author won a Pulitzer prize has become a best seller.

4. The movie turned out to be a blockbuster hit, which came as a surprise to critics.

5. The café that sells the best coffee in town has recently closed.

Indefinite Pronouns: does not refer to a particular person or thing and usually does not have an antecedent.

Examples of Indefinite Pronouns:• All• Another• Any• Anybody• Anyone• Anything• Both• Each• Either• Everybody• Everyone

•Everything•More•Most•Much•Neither•Nobody•None•No one•One•Other•Several

•Some•Somebody•Someone

Example:

All are welcome to come to the birthday party tonight.

Ava gave that book to someone but didn’t get it back.

During my trip to the mall, I did not see anyone I knew.

ADJECTIVESAn adjective refers to a noun or a pronoun and answers the questions:• What kind?• Which one(s)?• How many?• How much?

Examples:Dylan read an interesting story. (What kind of story?)The recent article has information. (Which article?)Olive owns those surfboards. (Which surfboards?)Josh paid fifty dollars for that. (How many dollars?)

A, an, the• the most commonly used adjectives• sometimes referred to as articles

• A – used before words that start with a consonantexample: a joke, a tiger, a notebook

• An – used before words that start with a vowelexample: an opera, an alligator, an echo

• The – can be used before any wordexample: the ball, the octopus, the zebra

An adjective can come before or after the noun it describes:

Tired and hungry, the campers finally reached the lodge.

The campers, tired and hungry, finally reached the lodge.

(What kind of campers?)

Tall players and intelligent coaches were interviewed by the interested reporter.

Which players? Which coaches? What kind of reporter?

Types of adjectives:

• proper adjective - formed from a proper noun.

Example: Italian bread, Herculean strength, Midas touch,

Canadian sunset

• compound adjective - a word composed of two or more words. Sometimes these words are hyphenated.

Example: landmark decision

black-and-blue mark hometown hero

QUESTION 1: When is a word a noun? When is a word an adjective?

Example:

The magazine article applauded the students’ efforts in the charity drive. (Magazine is an adjective that describes which article.)

The article about the students’ efforts in the charity drive was in the magazine . (Here magazine is a noun since it is the name of a thing and does not describe anything.)

QUESTION 2: When is a word a pronoun? When is a word an adjective?

These demonstrative pronouns can be used as adjectives: that, these, this, and those.These interrogative pronouns can be used as adjectives: what and which.These indefinite pronouns can be used as adjectives: all, another, any, both, each, either, few, many, more, most, neither, other, several, and some.

Example:

This problem is difficult. (This – adjective; answers the question, Which problem?)This is difficult. (This – pronoun; takes the place of a noun and does not modify a noun or a pronoun.)

VERBS

Three types of verbs:

Action Linking Helping

Action Verbs

An action verb tells what action is being performed.

Examples:My father delivers packages to department stores.

Sofyan bowled a perfect game last night.

Turn at the next corner, Libby.

Kamryn will help Madison with the project.

Linking Verbs Linking verbs do not express action. Instead, they connect

the subject of the verb to additional informationabout the subject.

Example:

Teri is hungry. Subject of the

SentenceLinking verb

Additional info about the

subject

True Linking Verbs:

is arewas

werebeenbeing

am

Sometimes Linking Verbs:

appearbecome

feelgrowlook

remainseemsmellsoundstaytasteturn

PRACTICE:

Sylvia tasted the stew.

The stew tasted good.

I smell the delicious aroma of a pizza.

The pizza smells heavenly.

REVIEWIn the following sentences, underline the verb and decide if it is an action

or linking verb. Justify your answer under the sentence.

Example: Soren looked for his wallet.

Hayley looked confused.“Looked” is an action verb in the first sentence

because Soren is actually looking for his wallet. It is an action. In the second sentence, Hayley is not actually looking - the verb is being used to

link Hayley to more information about her.

Parker grew tired during the long concert.Natalie grew tomatoes in her garden.

I feel confused in science class.I feel a penny on the bottom of the pool.

Helping (Auxillary) Verbs*A helping verb assists the main verb.

*Can be more than one helping verb in a sentence.*In a question, the helping verb is usually separated from the main

verb.

Common helping verbs are: am

Isarewas

werebe

beenbeing

hashadhavedodoesdid

maymustmightcancouldshallwillwould

Example:The members are going to the city tomorrow evening.

Are the members going to the city tomorrow evening?

Practice:That joke has been heard around the office.

Has the joke been heard around the office?

Her brothers are leaving for the train.

Will her brothers leave for the train?

QUICK!You have 3 minutes to list as many action,

linking and helping verbs as you can. Make sure to have three separate lists!

I’ll give you a head start:

Action Linking Helpingswimming is are

ADVERBSAn adverb is a word that describes a

verb, adjective or another adverb.

-often tell when, where, why, or under what conditions something happens or happened

-usually end in –ly

Examples:

Jack ate quickly. (How did Jack eat?)Herman easily lifted the barbell. (How did Herman lift it?)

Cameron will eat soon. (When will Cameron eat?)

Adjective or Adverb?An adjective describes a NOUN

or PRONOUN.

An adverb describes a VERB,

ADJECTIVE or ADVERB.

1. Helen has a yearly membership at the gym.

2. Helen contributes yearly.

3. Mike arrived late.

4. The late delivery cut down on sales in the supermarket.

5. The baby quickly grabbed its’ bottle.

6. The baby cried loudly.

7. Madison took her medicine daily.