Promotion effect of a chlorotriazine derivative on the adhesion between rubber compounds and a brass-plated steel cord

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Promotion effect of achlorotriazine derivative onthe adhesion between rubbercompounds and a brass-platedsteel cordGyung Soo Jeon a amp Gon Seo ba Department of Clean Environment ProvincialCollege of Damyang Damyang Chonnam 517-800South Koreab Department of Chemical Technology ChonnamNational University Gwangju 500-757 South KoreaPublished online 02 Apr 2012

To cite this article Gyung Soo Jeon amp Gon Seo (2001) Promotion effect of achlorotriazine derivative on the adhesion between rubber compounds and a brass-plated steel cord Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 156 689-701 DOI101163156856101750430431

To link to this article httpdxdoiorg101163156856101750430431

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the authors and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor amp FrancisThe accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should beindependently verified with primary sources of information Taylor andFrancis shall not be liable for any losses actions claims proceedingsdemands costs expenses damages and other liabilities whatsoeveror howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with inrelation to or arising out of the use of the Content

This article may be used for research teaching and private studypurposes Any substantial or systematic reproduction redistributionreselling loan sub-licensing systematic supply or distribution in any formto anyone is expressly forbidden Terms amp Conditions of access and use canbe found at httpwwwtandfonlinecompageterms-and-conditions

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J Adhesion Sci Technol Vol 15 No 6 pp 689ndash701 (2001)Oacute VSP 2001

Promotion effect of a chlorotriazine derivative on theadhesion between rubber compounds and a brass-platedsteel cord

GYUNG SOO JEON 1curren and GON SEO 2

1 Department of Clean Environment Provincial College of Damyang DamyangChonnam 517-800 South Korea

2 Department of Chemical Technology Chonnam National University Gwangju 500-757South Korea

Received in nal form 19 January 2001

AbstractmdashThe adhesion between chlorotriazine derivative (TZ)-loaded rubber compounds and abrass-plated steel cord was studied to understand how TZ acted as an adhesion promoter With theloading of the rubber compound with TZ the cure rate became slow but changes in the physicalproperties were not signi cant An improvement in adhesion was obvious at a low TZ loadingranging from 05 to 20 phr An adverse effect was observed with high loadings up to 8 phr andaging treatments for 15 days Since the concentration of sulfur in the interphase of the rubbercompound brass lm adhesion samples after humidity aging was high for the rubber compound withhigh loadings of TZ the acceleration of sul de formation by TZ loading was con rmed Lack ofoxygen in the interphase indicated the conversion of zinc oxide to zinc sul de in the rubber compoundcontaining TZ The control of zinc oxide formation in the adhesion interphase by TZ is suggested tobe the reason for the adhesion promotion by TZ

Keywords Adhesion interphase rubber-to-brass bonding promoter AES depth pro le

1 INTRODUCTION

Brass-plated steel cord for the belt and carcass of tires has been used as a reinforcingmaterial in order to enhance the structure-maintaining function Brass plating on thesteel cord reacts with sulfur in the rubber compound during the curing process oftire manufacturing forming an adhesion interphase between the rubber compoundand the steel cord Therefore an adhesion interphase with suf cient thickness anda stable structure is essential for good adhesion

currenTo whom correspondenceshould be addressed Phone +82-61-380-8671 Fax +82-61-381-9100E-mail gjeondamyangdamyangackr

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690 G S Jeon and G Seo

Copper and zinc sul des and the oxides and hydroxides of copper and zincare formed in the adhesion interphase due to the reaction of brass with sulfuroxygen and water in the rubber compound [1ndash3] This demonstrates the chemicalcomplexity of the adhesion interphase which varies with the composition ofthe rubber compound and brass as well as with the curing conditions [4ndash6]Adhesion becomes weak when the copper sul de layer does not grow suf cientlybut excessive growth of copper sul de and zinc oxide brings about their owncohesive failure An excessive growth of copper sul de and zinc oxide in the rubbercompound also leads to poor adhesion [7] A depth pro le using a surface analysistechnique such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) or Auger electronspectroscopy (AES) gives information about the adhesion interphase [1ndash3 7ndash9]An adhesion sample prepared by bonding the rubber compound to a thin brass lm deposited on glass is useful in producing homogeneous and reproducible depthpro les compared with a mechanically broken rubber compound steel cord sample[10 11]

Many studies on stable adhesion have already been carried out regarding theoptimal rubber composition [12] and curing conditions as well as the coppercontent and plating thickness of brass [13] Since activated sulfur is involvednot only in the cross-linking of rubber but also in the formation of the adhesioninterphase the adhesion is strongly dependent on the curing conditions (time andtemperature) and the amount and the species of the sulfur-activating additives(sulfur accelerator activator cobalt salt resin system etc) Cobalt salt is usedas a bonding agent to accelerate the activation of sulfur in the interphase inducing asuf cient formation of a copper sul de layer resulting in a good adhesion property[14ndash16] But an adverse effect is observed in the rubber compound with high levelsof cobalt salt or after humidity aging due to the excessive formation of a coppersul de layer inducing cohesive failure [17]

A chlorotriazine derivative (TZ) was introduced as a new organic adhesionpromoter by Seibert [18 19] but nothing was reported about its role in enhancingthe adhesion between rubber compounds and brass-plated steel cords It is helpfulfor the design of new organic promoters to verify the function of TZ in the adhesioninterphase

Triazine derivatives are known to form complexes with copper [20ndash22] There-fore the incorporated triazine derivatives in the rubber compound will strongly at-tract the copper on the brass-plated steel cord during vulcanization and various ag-ing treatments The copper mobility in brass plays a major role in the reaction of theadhesion interphase with sulfur in rubber compounds Due to an increase of coppermobility in the presence of triazine suppression of the ZnO layer the outermostcompound on steel cord and the formation of zinc sul de can be expected Fromthis point of view TZ was incorporated into rubber compounds to improve theiradhesion property to brass-plated steel cords

The aim of this study was to show the role of TZ as an adhesion promoter Theeffect of the addition of TZ on the adhesion property between rubber compounds

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Chlorotriazinederivative as an adhesion promoter 691

and brass-plated steel cords is discussed based on the formation and degradation ofthe adhesion interphase from the depth pro les of the rubber compoundbrass lmsamples

2 EXPERIMENTAL

Six rubber compounds with different amounts of TZ were prepared The master-batch components were as follows natural rubber (Lee Rubber Co Malaysia SMR100) 80 phr butadiene rubber (Kumho Petrochem Co Korea BR-01) 20 phr car-bon black N351 (Lucky Co Korea) 50 phr aromatic processing oil (Michang CoKorea A2) 50 phr zinc oxide (Hanil Co Korea) 10 phr antioxidant [MonsantoCo USA Kumanox-RD 224-trimethyl-12-dihydro-quinone] 10 phr

The nal rubber compound components were as follows masticated rubbermaster-batch 100 phr stearic acid (Pyungwha Co Korea) 15 phr TZ [UniroyalChem Co USA 2-chloro-46-bis(N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamino)-135-triazine]various accelerator [Monsanto Co USA Santocure MOR 2-(morpholinothio)-benzothiazole sulfenamide] 07 phr insoluble sulfur (Akzo Chemicals Co TheNetherlands Crystex HS OT 20) 50 phr

The loading amounts of TZ were varied as 0 05 10 20 40 and 80 phr Thechemical structure of TZ is shown in Fig 1 The rubber compounds were mixedfollowing the procedures described in ASTM D3184-89 using an internal mixer(Farrel Co USA Banbury Mixer model 82) All the master-batch components weremixed for 10 min at a rotor speed of 40 rpm and dumped at 150plusmnC After the master-batch compound was cooled to room temperature the nal mixing components weremixed for 5 min at a rotor speed of 30 rpm and dumped at 90plusmnC After dumpingthe batches were sheeted out using a two-roll mixing mill (Farrel Co USA modelMKIII)

Rheocurves of the prepared rubber compounds were recorded on a MonsantoRheometer 100 at 160plusmnC The t90 time and maximum torque were obtained from therheocurves The Mooney viscosity was measured according to ASTM D1646-95using a Monsanto MV-200 viscometer

The hardness of the vulcanizates was measured using a Shore A durometeraccording to ASTM D2240-91 Tensile properties were determined by a tensile

Figure 1 Chemical structure of 2-chloro-46-bis(N -phenyl-p-phenylenediamino)-135-triazine

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tester (Instron Model 6021) according to ASTM D412-92 Dumb-bell-shapedspecimens with a neck dimension of 5 mm (width) pound 2 mm (thickness) were usedfor the tensile measurements For thermal aging specimens were placed in an airconvection oven for 5 days at 105plusmnC

T-test adhesion samples were prepared following the procedure described inASTM D2229-93 and prepared in the same manner as the tensile specimens curedat 160plusmnC for a duration of t90 plus 5 min using a cure press (Osaka Jack Co LtdJapan) Brass-plated steel cords (4pound028 in which four steel wires having the samediameter of 028 mm were twisted together) manufactured by Hyosung TampC CoKorea were used The plating weight of the brass was 36 gkg and the coppercontent of the brass 636 The adhesion samples were placed in a humiditychamber at 85plusmnC and 85 relative humidity for 5 10 and 15 days Thermalaging was performed at 90plusmnC for the same period as above The pull-out forcewas determined as the maximum force exerted by the tensile tester on the T-testadhesion sample during the pull-out test with a 10 mmmin cross-head speedRubber coverage was also noted Rubber coverage which denoted the relativeextent of cord covered with rubber on the pulled-out cord was determined by nakedeye with a 5 interval bare steel cord as 0 to fully-covered cord as 100 Eachvalue reported is the average of results obtained from six specimens

A thin brass lm with a CuZn ratio of 7030 was sputtered onto a glass plate(Marienfeld Germany 75 pound 25 mm) using an RF magnetron sputterer for 120 s at2pound10iexcl6 torr The RF power was controlled to 250 W The thickness of the thin brass lm was determined to be 150 nm using an SEM (scanning electron microscopeJEOL JSM 7400)

A brass-on-glass plate was sandwiched between two uncured pads of each rubbercompound which were then placed in a pad mold Curing and aging treatments forthe rubber compoundbrass lm samples were the same as for the T-test adhesionsamples

The depth pro les from the outer brass surface to the bulk of the rubber wererecorded on an Auger spectrometer (Perkin-Elmer Phi 670) A surface area of10 pound 10 sup1m2 was examined at a potential of 50 keV a current of 003 sup1A and anincident angle of 30plusmn to the specimen Surface concentrations were determined fromAuger peaks of detected elements with compensation for their sensitivities at every05 min Data were collected in dE N(E)dE mode using a lock-in ampli er with20 ms of time constant and a peak-to-peak analyzer modulation of 6 eV A sputtergun with an argon ion beam rastered on 2 pound 2 mm2 area was used for the depthpro ling Using a tantalum oxide specimen the sputtering rate for the brass lmwas determined to be 25 nmmin It is dif cult to determine the sputtering rate forthe adhesion interphase precisely because it includes various chemical componentswith variable concentrations Therefore the sputtering time instead of the absolutedepth was used for indicating the depth of the adhesion interphase in this paper

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3 RESULTS

31 Physical properties of TZ-loaded rubber compounds

The cure rates of the rubber compounds were varied along with the amounts of TZ asshown in Table 1 The t90 time increased with increasing loading level of TZ whilethe change in t2 was negligible Therefore the cure rate index (CRI) calculated fromt90 and t2 decreased with an increase in the TZ loading The maximum torque alsodecreased indicating a lower cross-linking density with the decrease of the curerate

The viscosities of the rubber compounds obtained by the Mooney viscometer areshown in Table 2 The t5 time indicating the scorch time was nearly constantregardless of the loading level of TZ and the viscosity deduced from the torque datadid not change signi cantly with the TZ loading

The physical properties of unaged vulcanizates are shown in Table 3 Hardnessdecreased with the TZ loading and so did the modulus The tensile strength

Table 1Cure characteristicsof rubber compounds with different loadings of TZ

TZ loading Time (min) CRIc Torque (J)(phr) (miniexcl1)

t2a t90

b Min Max

0 25 68 233 108 60605 27 72 222 114 60010 25 75 200 112 57520 27 85 172 102 55040 28 111 120 106 47880 28 128 100 107 441

a Time required for 2 cureb Time required for 90 curec Cure rate index CRI D 100=t90 iexcl t2

Table 2Mooney viscometer results on rubber compounds with different loadings of TZ

TZ loading Time (min) Torque (J)(phr)

t5a t35

b Initial Minimum At 4 minc

0 203 241 696 462 47105 212 271 663 473 48110 210 278 710 501 51020 219 314 651 454 46440 205 321 701 490 49680 217 327 732 500 510

a Time required for minimum torque plus 5 pointb Time required for minimum torque plus 35 pointc ML1C4 125plusmnC

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Table 3Physical properties of cured rubber compounds with respect to TZ loading

TZ loading Hardness Modulus (MPa) TS EB TSa EBa

(phr) (MPa) () (MPa) ()100 200 300

0 69 423 1033 172 225 380 547 6405 68 404 1028 167 220 384 615 7810 67 358 973 158 217 398 728 7520 67 350 842 140 213 427 732 7340 66 285 669 113 207 484 753 10380 65 261 566 95 196 521 778 103

a The tensile test samples were thermally aged for 5 days at 105plusmnCTS D tensile strength EB D elongation-at-break

Figure 2 Adhesion propertiesof TZ-loaded rubber compounds to a brass-platedsteel cord Humidityaging 85plusmnC and 85 relative humidity for 15 days

decreased linearly with the TZ loading but elongation-at-break increased with theTZ loading Both the tensile strength and the elongation-at-break measured afterthermal aging decreased considerably with the TZ loading (Table 3) In contrastto the tensile strength of unaged vulcanizates that of thermally aged vulcanizatesincreased with the TZ loading

32 Adhesion properties of the TZ-loaded rubber compound

The pull-out force and rubber coverage of the TZ-loaded rubber compound at anunaged state and after humidity aging for 15 days are shown in Fig 2 There wereconsiderable increases in the pull-out force and rubber coverage with a low level ofTZ loading at an unaged state as well as after humidity aging

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Figure 3 Adhesion properties of TZ-loaded rubber compounds to a brass-plated steel cord Thermalaging 90plusmnC for 15 days

The pull-out force increased abruptly up to 2 phr of TZ loading but decreasedfor over 3 phr of TZ loading compared with that of the TZ-free rubber compoundRubber coverages were also high in rubber compounds with 05ndash20 phr of TZloading but slightly lower with 3 phr of TZ loading An enhancement in theadhesion properties with TZ loading was also observed after thermal aging asshown in Fig 3 but the enhancement was relatively small compared with that ofthe unaged sample The adhesion properties after humidity and thermal aging for5 and 10 days are not shown in Figs 2 and 3 for clarity but the enhancements inthe adhesion properties with TZ loading up to 2 phr were similar regardless of theaging method and time

The contribution of TZ in improving the adhesion properties can be summarizedas follows (1) an enhancement in the adhesion properties is observed at low loadinglevels below 2 phr (2) rubber compounds containing higher TZ concentrationsof 4 and 8 phr show similar pull-out forces and rubber coverages to those of theTZ-free rubber compound (3) the aged adhesion samples with a high level of TZloading do not seem to degrade the adhesion severely These ndings indicatethat the contribution of TZ towards adhesion is signi cant at low concentrationsThe disappearance of the enhancement at high concentrations of TZ suggests thata negative contribution of TZ at a higher concentration eliminates the positiveenhancement observed at low concentration

33 Charcterization of adhesion interphases

Adhesion properties such as the pull-out force and rubber coverage varied with theloading level of TZ Since the adhesion properties depend primarily on the adhesioninterphase it is desirable to understand the difference in the adhesion properties

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Figure 4 Depth pro les of the adhesion interphase between a TZ-free rubber compound and a brass lm

from the viewpoint of the adhesion interphase The difference in the structureof the adhesion interphase by TZ loading was investigated using the TZ-loadedrubber brass lm adhesion sample

The AES depth pro les of the adhesion interphase between the TZ-free rubbercompound and the brass lm at an unaged state are shown in Fig 4 At the outersurface for 1 min of sputtering carbon zinc and oxygen were detected Sincezinc has a high af nity to oxygen the concentration of zinc at the outer surfaceis high compared with that of copper due to the migration of zinc to the surfaceCarbon at the outer surface is due to surface contamination A constant ratio ofcopper to zinc indicating an unreacted brass layer is observed for sputtering timesranging from 1 to 3 min The copper content decreased after sputtering for 3 minand a peak in the copper content was observed at a sputtering time of 4 min Atthe same depth a maximum of sulfur content was also observed Peaks of zinc andoxygen were observed after sputtering for 3ndash35 min After sputtering for 6 minthe concentrations of copper zinc oxygen and sulfur diminished and that of carbonincreased very rapidly indicating the rubber bulk This depth pro le is thought tobe that of a typical adhesion interphase between a rubber compound and brass lm[10] The peaks of zinc and oxygen observed at the brass layer and those of copperand sulfur observed in the rubber layer agree with the mechanism proposed by vanOoij [2 3] in which adhesion is built up through the penetration of copper sul deinto the rubber bulk

Figure 5 shows the depth pro les of the unaged adhesion interphase preparedusing brass lm and rubber compounds with various TZ loadings For clarity the

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Fig

ure

5D

epth

pro

les

ofco

pper

and

sulf

ur(t

op)a

ndzi

ncan

dox

ygen

(bot

tom

)for

the

unag

edru

bber

com

poun

db

rass

lm

adhe

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sam

ples

asa

func

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ofth

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pro les of copper and sulfur (top) and zinc and oxygen (bottom) in the adhesioninterphase are shown separately The schematic shapes of the adhesion interphaseare almost the same even when the loading amount of TZ is varied from 0 to 4 phrBut the relative concentration of sulfur to copper in the interphase varies with theTZ loading When the TZ loading is 0 and 1 phr the sulfur content pro les in theadhesion interphases coincide nicely with the second peak of the copper contentpro le On the other hand the relative content of sulfur to copper increases withincreasing TZ loading In the adhesion interphase at a TZ loading of 4 phr thesulfur concentration is quite high compared with copper The pro les of the zincand oxygen contents are not in uenced by the TZ loading

Usually the adhesion interphase spreads widely after humidity and thermal agingbecause sul des and oxides of copper and zinc are formed additionally and theypenetrate into the rubber bulk Therefore it is not easy to observe distinctly thestructure of the adhesion interphase after a long period of aging treatment Thesulfur content in the adhesion interphase increased largely for the rubber compoundwith a high loading of TZ as shown in Fig 6 For the rubber compound with 4 phrof TZ the sulfur content was very high whereas oxygen was not detected in theinterphase Since the peak of the oxygen content pro le was observed in the unagedstate (Fig 5) oxides must have been converted to sul des in the rubber compoundwith the high loading of TZ during humidity aging The fact that oxygen is notdetected while zinc remained in the interphase shows that the adhesion interphaseconsists only of sul des of copper and zinc and does not include zinc oxide

4 DISCUSSION

With increasing loading amount of TZ in the rubber compounds the cure ratedecreased As shown in Table 1 the CRI of the rubber compound with 4 phr ofTZ declined to half of that of the TZ-free rubber compound The slow cure rateof TZ-loaded rubber compounds induces decreases in the torque modulus andtensile strength and an increase in the elongation-at-break indicating the loweringof cross-linking density by TZ The increase in the tensile strength and elongation-at-break for the rubber compound with a high level of TZ loading after thermal agingsuggests a possible role for TZ in preventing over-cure and reversion at thermalaging due to this slow cure rate

The adhesion properties are altered by loading the rubber compound with TZA signi cant improvement which disappeared for rubber compounds with a TZloading as high as 4 phr was achieved at a low loading and unaged stateNevertheless a negative contribution of TZ loading on the adhesion properties wasnot observed for the range tested An enhancement in adhesion with TZ loadingwas also observed after thermal and humidity aging

Usually the shape of the adhesion interphase investigated from the unaged rubbercompound brass lm sample seemed to be similar regardless of the amount of TZloading But the contents of sulfur and oxygen in the interphase were quite different

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Fig

ure

6D

epth

pro

les

ofco

pper

and

sulf

ur(t

op)

and

zinc

and

oxyg

en(b

otto

m)

for

the

hum

idit

y-ag

edru

bber

com

poun

db

rass

lm

adhe

sion

sam

ples

asa

func

tion

ofth

eT

Zlo

adin

gH

umid

ity

agin

g85

plusmn Can

d85

re

lativ

ehu

mid

ity

for

15da

ys

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with the loading amount of TZ and aging treatment Copper sul de and zinc oxideare major components in the interphase of the TZ-free rubber compound and thecontents of these materials increase concomitantly after aging treatment [23 24]On the other hand the rubber compounds with high levels of TZ loading showdifferent behaviors The concentration of sulfur in the adhesion interphase afterhumidity aging increased with the TZ loading while that of oxygen decreasedAfter humidity aging for 15 days the oxygen content in the interphase with theTZ loading of 4 phr was negligible indicating the conversion of zinc oxide to zincsul de The deconvolution of sul de and oxide concentrations in the interphase isnot clear because the binding energies of zinc sul de and oxide are too close toclassify But the acceleration of sul de formation and the conversion of zinc oxideto zinc sul de by TZ loading are obvious qualitatively from the depth pro les shownin Figs 5 and 6

The accelerated zinc sul de formation by TZ may change the cure rate Thecontent of zinc oxide an activator of sulfur in the rubber compound should belowered by TZ and the formation of zinc sul de induces a de ciency of sulfurTherefore a slow cure rate with the TZ loading could be expected due to theaccompanying decreases of zinc oxide and sulfur required to form the zinc sul deThe improvements in the tensile strength and elongation-at-break of TZ-loadedrubber compounds after thermal aging can be attributed to the role of TZ insuppressing over-cure and reversion by reducing the activation by zinc oxide

Although zinc oxide was detected for most adhesion interphases the contributionof zinc oxide to the adhesion is still complicated The zinc oxide layer prevents themigration of copper and zinc to the interphase during aging treatment enhancing thestability of the adhesion interphase [12] But the excessive formation of a zinc oxidelayer leads to a fatal failure because of its weak mechanical strength [25] Excessivegrowth of a zinc oxide layer during humidity aging should be suppressed for stableadhesion but a low content of zinc oxide at the interphase induces excessive growthof copper sul de Therefore adequate formation of zinc oxide is very important forstable adhesion

One plausible explanation for the role of TZ as an adhesion promoter is in termsof controlling the zinc oxide formation by accelerating the formation of zinc sul deand the conversion of zinc oxide to zinc sul de The excessive formation of zincoxide is suppressed by TZ resulting in an enhancement of the adhesion at low levelsof TZ loading On the other hand a suf cient formation of zinc oxide to control themigration of materials in the interphase is prohibited by the high loading of TZ Thelack of a zinc oxide layer in the adhesion interphase with high levels of TZ loadingdecreases the enhancement in adhesion

The adhesion between the rubber compounds and a brass-plated steel cordimproves with low levels of TZ loading Since TZ does not accelerate the adhesiondegradation no adverse effect of TZ as an adhesion promoter is observed even at8 phr of loading and after 15 days of humidity aging These results support thepossibility of TZ as an organic adhesion promoter to control the formation of oxide

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components in the adhesion interphase However the reaction mechanisms of TZwith oxygen and sulfur and the optimal levels of oxides and sul des in the interphaseshould be studied for a wide application of TZ

5 CONCLUSION

The adhesion between rubber compounds and a brass-plated steel cord is enhancedwith TZ loading in the rubber compound The enhancement is signi cant with lowloadings from 05 to 2 phr The accelerating function of TZ in the formation ofzinc sul de is observed in the rubber compound brass lm adhesion sample Thecontrol of zinc oxide formation in the adhesion interphase is suggested as the roleof TZ in promoting adhesion

REFERENCES

1 W J van Ooij and A Kleinhesselink Appl Surface Sci 4 324 (1980)2 W J van Ooij Kautsch Gummi Kunstst 30 739 (1977)3 W J van Ooij Kautsch Gummi Kunstst 30 833 (1977)4 W J van Ooij Rubber Chem Technol 51 52 (1978)5 W J van Ooij Rubber Chem Technol 52 605 (1979)6 W J van Ooij W E Weening and P F Murray Rubber Chem Technol 54 227 (1981)7 G E Hammer R M Shemenski and J D Hunt J Vac Sci Technol A 12 2388 (1994)8 G G Kurbatov V G Beshenkov and V I Zaporozchenko Surface Interface Anal 17 779

(1991)9 G S Jeon M H Han and G Seo J Adhesion 69 39 (1999)

10 G Seo J Adhesion Sci Technol 11 1433 (1997)11 W Coppens D Chambaere and H Lievens Paper presented at the Rubbercon rsquo87 Meeting of

Plastics and Rubber Institute Harrogate UK (1987)12 Y Ishikawa Rubber Chem Technol 57 855 (1984)13 G Haemers and J Mollet J Elast Plast 10 241 (1978)14 W J van Ooij and M E F Biemond Rubber Chem Technol 57 686 (1984)15 L R Barker NR Technol 12 77 (1981)16 P L Cho G S Jeon S K Ryu and G Seo J Adhesion 70 241 (1999)17 G S Jeon M H Han and G Seo J Adhesion Sci Technol 13 153 (1999)18 R F Seibert Rubber World 203 20 (1990)19 R F Seibert Rubber World 207 22 (1992)20 R Uma M Palaniandavar and R J Butcher J Chem Soc Dalton Trans 2061 (1996)21 M Edrissi and A Massoumi Anal Lett 25 753 (1992)22 D W King J Lin and D R Kester Anal Chim Acta 247 125 (1991)23 H Lievens Kautsch Gummi Kunstst 39 122 (1986)24 W J van Ooij J Giridhar and J H Ahn Kautsch Gummi Kunstst 44 348 (1991)25 W J van Ooij Rubber Chem Technol 57 421 (1984)

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the authors and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor amp FrancisThe accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should beindependently verified with primary sources of information Taylor andFrancis shall not be liable for any losses actions claims proceedingsdemands costs expenses damages and other liabilities whatsoeveror howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with inrelation to or arising out of the use of the Content

This article may be used for research teaching and private studypurposes Any substantial or systematic reproduction redistributionreselling loan sub-licensing systematic supply or distribution in any formto anyone is expressly forbidden Terms amp Conditions of access and use canbe found at httpwwwtandfonlinecompageterms-and-conditions

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1 INTRODUCTION



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2 EXPERIMENTAL







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3 RESULTS







t2a t90

b Min Max

0 25 68 233 108 60605 27 72 222 114 60010 25 75 200 112 57520 27 85 172 102 55040 28 111 120 106 47880 28 128 100 107 441




t5a t35


0 203 241 696 462 47105 212 271 663 473 48110 210 278 710 501 51020 219 314 651 454 46440 205 321 701 490 49680 217 327 732 500 510


Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4




(phr) (MPa) () (MPa) ()100 200 300

0 69 423 1033 172 225 380 547 6405 68 404 1028 167 220 384 615 7810 67 358 973 158 217 398 728 7520 67 350 842 140 213 427 732 7340 66 285 669 113 207 484 753 10380 65 261 566 95 196 521 778 103






Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4







Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4






Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4


Fig

ure

5D

epth

pro

les

ofco

pper

and

sulf

ur(t

op)a

ndzi

ncan

dox

ygen

(bot

tom

)for

the

unag

edru

bber

com

poun

db

rass

lm

adhe

sion

sam

ples

asa

func

tion

ofth

eT

Zlo

adin

g

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4




4 DISCUSSION




Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4


Fig

ure

6D

epth

pro

les

ofco

pper

and

sulf

ur(t

op)

and

zinc

and

oxyg

en(b

otto

m)

for

the

hum

idit

y-ag

edru

bber

com

poun

db

rass

lm

adhe

sion

sam

ples

asa

func

tion

ofth

eT

Zlo

adin

gH

umid

ity

agin

g85

plusmn Can

d85

re

lativ

ehu

mid

ity

for

15da

ys

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4







Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4



5 CONCLUSION


REFERENCES





Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4









1 INTRODUCTION



Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4







Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4



2 EXPERIMENTAL







Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4







Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4


3 RESULTS







t2a t90

b Min Max

0 25 68 233 108 60605 27 72 222 114 60010 25 75 200 112 57520 27 85 172 102 55040 28 111 120 106 47880 28 128 100 107 441




t5a t35


0 203 241 696 462 47105 212 271 663 473 48110 210 278 710 501 51020 219 314 651 454 46440 205 321 701 490 49680 217 327 732 500 510


Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4




(phr) (MPa) () (MPa) ()100 200 300

0 69 423 1033 172 225 380 547 6405 68 404 1028 167 220 384 615 7810 67 358 973 158 217 398 728 7520 67 350 842 140 213 427 732 7340 66 285 669 113 207 484 753 10380 65 261 566 95 196 521 778 103






Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4







Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4






Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4


Fig

ure

5D

epth

pro

les

ofco

pper

and

sulf

ur(t

op)a

ndzi

ncan

dox

ygen

(bot

tom

)for

the

unag

edru

bber

com

poun

db

rass

lm

adhe

sion

sam

ples

asa

func

tion

ofth

eT

Zlo

adin

g

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4




4 DISCUSSION




Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4


Fig

ure

6D

epth

pro

les

ofco

pper

and

sulf

ur(t

op)

and

zinc

and

oxyg

en(b

otto

m)

for

the

hum

idit

y-ag

edru

bber

com

poun

db

rass

lm

adhe

sion

sam

ples

asa

func

tion

ofth

eT

Zlo

adin

gH

umid

ity

agin

g85

plusmn Can

d85

re

lativ

ehu

mid

ity

for

15da

ys

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4







Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4



5 CONCLUSION


REFERENCES





Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4







Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4



2 EXPERIMENTAL







Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4







Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4


3 RESULTS







t2a t90

b Min Max

0 25 68 233 108 60605 27 72 222 114 60010 25 75 200 112 57520 27 85 172 102 55040 28 111 120 106 47880 28 128 100 107 441




t5a t35


0 203 241 696 462 47105 212 271 663 473 48110 210 278 710 501 51020 219 314 651 454 46440 205 321 701 490 49680 217 327 732 500 510


Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4




(phr) (MPa) () (MPa) ()100 200 300

0 69 423 1033 172 225 380 547 6405 68 404 1028 167 220 384 615 7810 67 358 973 158 217 398 728 7520 67 350 842 140 213 427 732 7340 66 285 669 113 207 484 753 10380 65 261 566 95 196 521 778 103






Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4







Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4






Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4


Fig

ure

5D

epth

pro

les

ofco

pper

and

sulf

ur(t

op)a

ndzi

ncan

dox

ygen

(bot

tom

)for

the

unag

edru

bber

com

poun

db

rass

lm

adhe

sion

sam

ples

asa

func

tion

ofth

eT

Zlo

adin

g

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4




4 DISCUSSION




Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4


Fig

ure

6D

epth

pro

les

ofco

pper

and

sulf

ur(t

op)

and

zinc

and

oxyg

en(b

otto

m)

for

the

hum

idit

y-ag

edru

bber

com

poun

db

rass

lm

adhe

sion

sam

ples

asa

func

tion

ofth

eT

Zlo

adin

gH

umid

ity

agin

g85

plusmn Can

d85

re

lativ

ehu

mid

ity

for

15da

ys

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4







Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4



5 CONCLUSION


REFERENCES





Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4



2 EXPERIMENTAL







Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4







Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4


3 RESULTS







t2a t90

b Min Max

0 25 68 233 108 60605 27 72 222 114 60010 25 75 200 112 57520 27 85 172 102 55040 28 111 120 106 47880 28 128 100 107 441




t5a t35


0 203 241 696 462 47105 212 271 663 473 48110 210 278 710 501 51020 219 314 651 454 46440 205 321 701 490 49680 217 327 732 500 510


Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4




(phr) (MPa) () (MPa) ()100 200 300

0 69 423 1033 172 225 380 547 6405 68 404 1028 167 220 384 615 7810 67 358 973 158 217 398 728 7520 67 350 842 140 213 427 732 7340 66 285 669 113 207 484 753 10380 65 261 566 95 196 521 778 103






Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4







Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4






Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4


Fig

ure

5D

epth

pro

les

ofco

pper

and

sulf

ur(t

op)a

ndzi

ncan

dox

ygen

(bot

tom

)for

the

unag

edru

bber

com

poun

db

rass

lm

adhe

sion

sam

ples

asa

func

tion

ofth

eT

Zlo

adin

g

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4




4 DISCUSSION




Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4


Fig

ure

6D

epth

pro

les

ofco

pper

and

sulf

ur(t

op)

and

zinc

and

oxyg

en(b

otto

m)

for

the

hum

idit

y-ag

edru

bber

com

poun

db

rass

lm

adhe

sion

sam

ples

asa

func

tion

ofth

eT

Zlo

adin

gH

umid

ity

agin

g85

plusmn Can

d85

re

lativ

ehu

mid

ity

for

15da

ys

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4







Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4



5 CONCLUSION


REFERENCES





Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4







Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4


3 RESULTS







t2a t90

b Min Max

0 25 68 233 108 60605 27 72 222 114 60010 25 75 200 112 57520 27 85 172 102 55040 28 111 120 106 47880 28 128 100 107 441




t5a t35


0 203 241 696 462 47105 212 271 663 473 48110 210 278 710 501 51020 219 314 651 454 46440 205 321 701 490 49680 217 327 732 500 510


Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4




(phr) (MPa) () (MPa) ()100 200 300

0 69 423 1033 172 225 380 547 6405 68 404 1028 167 220 384 615 7810 67 358 973 158 217 398 728 7520 67 350 842 140 213 427 732 7340 66 285 669 113 207 484 753 10380 65 261 566 95 196 521 778 103






Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4







Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4






Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4


Fig

ure

5D

epth

pro

les

ofco

pper

and

sulf

ur(t

op)a

ndzi

ncan

dox

ygen

(bot

tom

)for

the

unag

edru

bber

com

poun

db

rass

lm

adhe

sion

sam

ples

asa

func

tion

ofth

eT

Zlo

adin

g

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4




4 DISCUSSION




Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4


Fig

ure

6D

epth

pro

les

ofco

pper

and

sulf

ur(t

op)

and

zinc

and

oxyg

en(b

otto

m)

for

the

hum

idit

y-ag

edru

bber

com

poun

db

rass

lm

adhe

sion

sam

ples

asa

func

tion

ofth

eT

Zlo

adin

gH

umid

ity

agin

g85

plusmn Can

d85

re

lativ

ehu

mid

ity

for

15da

ys

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4







Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4



5 CONCLUSION


REFERENCES





Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4


3 RESULTS







t2a t90

b Min Max

0 25 68 233 108 60605 27 72 222 114 60010 25 75 200 112 57520 27 85 172 102 55040 28 111 120 106 47880 28 128 100 107 441




t5a t35


0 203 241 696 462 47105 212 271 663 473 48110 210 278 710 501 51020 219 314 651 454 46440 205 321 701 490 49680 217 327 732 500 510


Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4




(phr) (MPa) () (MPa) ()100 200 300

0 69 423 1033 172 225 380 547 6405 68 404 1028 167 220 384 615 7810 67 358 973 158 217 398 728 7520 67 350 842 140 213 427 732 7340 66 285 669 113 207 484 753 10380 65 261 566 95 196 521 778 103






Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4







Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4






Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4


Fig

ure

5D

epth

pro

les

ofco

pper

and

sulf

ur(t

op)a

ndzi

ncan

dox

ygen

(bot

tom

)for

the

unag

edru

bber

com

poun

db

rass

lm

adhe

sion

sam

ples

asa

func

tion

ofth

eT

Zlo

adin

g

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4




4 DISCUSSION




Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4


Fig

ure

6D

epth

pro

les

ofco

pper

and

sulf

ur(t

op)

and

zinc

and

oxyg

en(b

otto

m)

for

the

hum

idit

y-ag

edru

bber

com

poun

db

rass

lm

adhe

sion

sam

ples

asa

func

tion

ofth

eT

Zlo

adin

gH

umid

ity

agin

g85

plusmn Can

d85

re

lativ

ehu

mid

ity

for

15da

ys

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4







Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4



5 CONCLUSION


REFERENCES





Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4




(phr) (MPa) () (MPa) ()100 200 300

0 69 423 1033 172 225 380 547 6405 68 404 1028 167 220 384 615 7810 67 358 973 158 217 398 728 7520 67 350 842 140 213 427 732 7340 66 285 669 113 207 484 753 10380 65 261 566 95 196 521 778 103






Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4







Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4






Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4


Fig

ure

5D

epth

pro

les

ofco

pper

and

sulf

ur(t

op)a

ndzi

ncan

dox

ygen

(bot

tom

)for

the

unag

edru

bber

com

poun

db

rass

lm

adhe

sion

sam

ples

asa

func

tion

ofth

eT

Zlo

adin

g

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4




4 DISCUSSION




Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4


Fig

ure

6D

epth

pro

les

ofco

pper

and

sulf

ur(t

op)

and

zinc

and

oxyg

en(b

otto

m)

for

the

hum

idit

y-ag

edru

bber

com

poun

db

rass

lm

adhe

sion

sam

ples

asa

func

tion

ofth

eT

Zlo

adin

gH

umid

ity

agin

g85

plusmn Can

d85

re

lativ

ehu

mid

ity

for

15da

ys

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4







Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4



5 CONCLUSION


REFERENCES





Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4







Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4






Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4


Fig

ure

5D

epth

pro

les

ofco

pper

and

sulf

ur(t

op)a

ndzi

ncan

dox

ygen

(bot

tom

)for

the

unag

edru

bber

com

poun

db

rass

lm

adhe

sion

sam

ples

asa

func

tion

ofth

eT

Zlo

adin

g

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4




4 DISCUSSION




Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4


Fig

ure

6D

epth

pro

les

ofco

pper

and

sulf

ur(t

op)

and

zinc

and

oxyg

en(b

otto

m)

for

the

hum

idit

y-ag

edru

bber

com

poun

db

rass

lm

adhe

sion

sam

ples

asa

func

tion

ofth

eT

Zlo

adin

gH

umid

ity

agin

g85

plusmn Can

d85

re

lativ

ehu

mid

ity

for

15da

ys

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4







Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4



5 CONCLUSION


REFERENCES





Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4






Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4


Fig

ure

5D

epth

pro

les

ofco

pper

and

sulf

ur(t

op)a

ndzi

ncan

dox

ygen

(bot

tom

)for

the

unag

edru

bber

com

poun

db

rass

lm

adhe

sion

sam

ples

asa

func

tion

ofth

eT

Zlo

adin

g

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4




4 DISCUSSION




Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4


Fig

ure

6D

epth

pro

les

ofco

pper

and

sulf

ur(t

op)

and

zinc

and

oxyg

en(b

otto

m)

for

the

hum

idit

y-ag

edru

bber

com

poun

db

rass

lm

adhe

sion

sam

ples

asa

func

tion

ofth

eT

Zlo

adin

gH

umid

ity

agin

g85

plusmn Can

d85

re

lativ

ehu

mid

ity

for

15da

ys

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4







Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4



5 CONCLUSION


REFERENCES





Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4


Fig

ure

5D

epth

pro

les

ofco

pper

and

sulf

ur(t

op)a

ndzi

ncan

dox

ygen

(bot

tom

)for

the

unag

edru

bber

com

poun

db

rass

lm

adhe

sion

sam

ples

asa

func

tion

ofth

eT

Zlo

adin

g

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4




4 DISCUSSION




Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4


Fig

ure

6D

epth

pro

les

ofco

pper

and

sulf

ur(t

op)

and

zinc

and

oxyg

en(b

otto

m)

for

the

hum

idit

y-ag

edru

bber

com

poun

db

rass

lm

adhe

sion

sam

ples

asa

func

tion

ofth

eT

Zlo

adin

gH

umid

ity

agin

g85

plusmn Can

d85

re

lativ

ehu

mid

ity

for

15da

ys

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4







Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4



5 CONCLUSION


REFERENCES





Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4




4 DISCUSSION




Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4


Fig

ure

6D

epth

pro

les

ofco

pper

and

sulf

ur(t

op)

and

zinc

and

oxyg

en(b

otto

m)

for

the

hum

idit

y-ag

edru

bber

com

poun

db

rass

lm

adhe

sion

sam

ples

asa

func

tion

ofth

eT

Zlo

adin

gH

umid

ity

agin

g85

plusmn Can

d85

re

lativ

ehu

mid

ity

for

15da

ys

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4







Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4



5 CONCLUSION


REFERENCES





Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4


Fig

ure

6D

epth

pro

les

ofco

pper

and

sulf

ur(t

op)

and

zinc

and

oxyg

en(b

otto

m)

for

the

hum

idit

y-ag

edru

bber

com

poun

db

rass

lm

adhe

sion

sam

ples

asa

func

tion

ofth

eT

Zlo

adin

gH

umid

ity

agin

g85

plusmn Can

d85

re

lativ

ehu

mid

ity

for

15da

ys

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4







Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4



5 CONCLUSION


REFERENCES





Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4







Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4



5 CONCLUSION


REFERENCES





Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4



5 CONCLUSION


REFERENCES





Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Am

sG

iron

aba

rri L

ib]

at 0

119

16

Oct

ober

201

4

Documents

Promotion effect of a chlorotriazine derivative on the adhesion between rubber compounds and a brass-plated steel cord