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Promoting the grassland diversity of habitats & species
in respect of farming
– examples at the European level –
Dr. Rainer Oppermann
Institute for Agroecology and Biodiversity (IFAB)
Presentation in Madrid, 29.09.2015,
at the “Natura 2000 Farmland Management and Biodiversity Conference”
2
What is grassland diversity of habitats & species?
Almost all kind of extensively managed grassland
(mostly species- and flower-rich):
- meadows: mostly 1 – 2 (3) cuts /year
- pastures: mostly 1 – 3 pasturings/ year
- only small amounts of or no fertiliser used
3
95 % 5
%
Species number plants (25 m2): 5 – 20 20 – 60 20 – 80
Extent in extensive regions 70 % 25 % 5 %
Extent in intensive regions 95 % <5 % <1 %
70 – 95 % 5 - 25 % 0.1
-5%
0.1 -5%
What is grassland diversity of habitats & species?
Example Germany in general (not in Natura2000-areas)
Current
state
Target
- Meadow competitions
- PR work, newspapers, etc.
- TV, radio
- Events, festivals
- Public support (AEM)
- Buying products
Promotion of grassland diversity
appreciation added value
- Agrienvironm. measures (AEM)
- Tourism
- Private partnerships + foundations
- Innovative products
- Cheese and meat products
- Hay and hay products
Getting farmers proud
Public appreciation and awareness rising appreciation
Meadow competitions in Europe
Examples of meadow competitions are from
Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland
Several work steps:
1. Preparation with different partners
2. Public information of farmers and public
3. Participation and evaluation
4. Jury decision
5. Rewarding the prices / public event
6. Accompanying press release
over the whole season
Public competition for farmers looking for
species rich and good fodder value meadows or pastures
→ at the same time high ecological value
and
high fodder value
Good balance between ecology and productivity
Public appreciation: meadow competitions
To be achieved e.g. by so called Meadow competitions or meadow championships
Public appreciation and awareness rising
Rewarding
the prices
to the farmers
Public appreciation and awareness rising
Perfect work on this issue in France, see
http://prairiesfleuries.espaces-naturels.fr
Public appreciation and awareness rising in France
11
Financial issue:
“result-orientated” agri-environm. measures
Example s Germany , Switzerland and France
2000 first programme in Baden-Württemberg
for species-rich grassland
2007 further programmes in 4 regions in Germany
2015 additional 3 further regions in Germany
and differentiated payments 4, 6 and 8 key species
From 2001 also in Switzerland
(whole country with regional differentiations)
From 2007 also in France
(national parks and parcs naturels)
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What is species-rich grassland?
Extensive grassland in Baden-Württemberg
- 7 types of extensive grassland (meadows and pastures)
- all 7 types are covered by an indicator list with 28 species / species groups
13
Catalogue of indicator species in Baden-Württemberg
The catalogue comprises 28 key species for extensive grassland,
- mainly flower species /genera that are easy to identify
Programme called MEKA till 2014, and FAKT since 2015 (30 species now)
14
Agri-environment measures in Baden-Württemberg
First evaluation of MEKA in 1996/1997 concerning support of extensive grassland
Discontentment with measure-related support
of extensive grassland
on the part of the farmers: difficulties with fixed specifications
(e.g. number of cuts, in their view partly “absurd”)
on the part of the ecologists: achievement of conservation aims is not assured, in
contrast ecological quality decreases
on the part of the administration: difficulties to carry out the controls
(e.g. several visits for control of number of cuts)
Proposal from NGO-side for a result-based approach in 1997
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support of species rich grassland “result-orientated”
Procedure for registration in the countryside
inspection on an diagonal through the parcel (transect)
If there are at least 4 of 30 species in every
third of a transect through the whole parcel,
the farmer can apply for € 230 /ha
for 6 key species € 260 /ha
16
Result-orientated grassland-support
Farm management and dealing with new approach
Farmers do a self-evaluation of the species
richness on the transects
There is advice with leaflets and advisors
Measure is for continuation of the traditional
management of meadows and pastures
- Easy to integrate in farm management
- No specifications for utilisation and
specific dates for cut
Management according to weather and growth
Autonomy of farmers on location:
knowledge, time availability, quality factors
17
Evaluation results
- species-rich grassland
on average 21 % of all grassland
- Very species rich grassland with a
share of about 8 %
- Differentiation for different natural
regions:
- share of grassland
- species composition
- etc.
18
Different meadow championships in Germany since 2005
Further links to the result based grassland support
Meadow championships as PR-measure
- PR-work: newspapers, radio, TV
- Jury-decision involving diff. stakeholders
Proud winners in public presentation
19
- farmers are proud on their species-rich grassland
- they are payed for the product “biodiversity”
- they keep an eye on diversity of species
- they get to know species and the diversity
- they see a sense in this kind of support
- many farmers can be achieved
- the ecological effects are better
- monitoring of actual biodiversity
- image effect for farmers and government and NGOs
- win-win-situation for all participants
Important to do both – public appreciation and financial rewards
Conclusions: Promotion of species rich grassland
21
Indicator species of
the result-orientated
supportof extensive
grassland in Baden-
Württemberg
(OPPERMANN &
BRIEMLE 2002).
Deutscher Name Wissenschaftlicher Name Blütenfarbe Blühzeit Typ W M F R N
Margerite Leucanthemum vulgaris weiß 5-10 1,2,3 2 6 4 x 3
Bocksbart Tragopogon spec. gelb 5-7 1,2,3 4 6 4 7 6
Witwenblume, Knautie Knautia arvensis blau 5-7 1,2,3 2 5 4 x 4
Klappertopf Rhinanthus spec. gelb 5-9 2,3 -1 4 4 x 3
Wiesen-Salbei Salvia pratensis blau 4-8 2 2 5 3 8 4
Glockenblumen Campanula spec. blau 5-9 1,2,3 3 5 5 x 5
Storchschnabel Geranium spec. blau/lila 5-8 1,2,3 2 5 5 x 7
Rotklee Trifolium pratense rot 6-9 1,3 7 7 5 x x
Flockenblumen Centaurea spec. blau/lila 6-9 2,3,4 3 4 5 x 4
Teufelskralle Phyteuma spec. blau/weiß 5-7 3,4 5 4 5 x 5
Bärwurz Meum athamanticum weiß 5-6 4 3 5 5 3 3
Tag-Lichtnelke Silene dioica rot 4-9 1,5 3 5 6 7 8
Pippau Crepis biennis, C. mollis gelb 5-8 1,3 4 5 6 x 5
Kohl-Kratzdistel Cirsium oleraceum weiß/grün 6-9 5,6 4 5 7 7 5
Großer Wiesenknopf Sanguisorba officinalis rot 6-9 5,6 5 5 6 x 5
Trollblume Trollius europaeus gelb 5-6 6 -1 5 7 6 5
Wiesen-Schaumkraut Cardamine pratensis weiß 4-5 5,6 -1 6 6 x x
Sumpf-Dotterblume Caltha palustris gelb 4-6 6 -1 4 9 x 6
Wiesen-Knöterich Polygonum bistorta rot/rosa 5-7 5,6 4 6 7 5 5
Kuckucks-Lichtnelke Lychnis flos-cuculi rot 5-7 5,6 1 4 7 x x
Bach-Nelkenwurz Geum rivale rot/braun 4-7 5,6 2 4 8 x 4
Augentrost Euphrasia rostk., -stricta weiß 5-10 7 -1 5 x x 4
Flügel-Ginster Genista sagittalis gelb 5-6 7 0 4 4 4 2
Blutwurz Potentilla erecta gelb 6-8 7 2 3 x x 2
Kreuzblumen Polygala spec. blau/lila 5-8 4,7 1 4 4 x 2
Feld-Thymian Thymus pulegioides purpurrot 5-8 4,7 1 4 3 x 1
Kleines Habichtskraut Hieracium pilosella gelb 5-10 4,7 2 4 4 x 2
Milch- und Ferkelkräuter Leont. spec., Hypoch. radic. gelb 6-9 4,7 5/1 5/7 5 4 4
Erläuterungen:
Blühzeit = Blütemonate (z.B.
4= März);
Typ = Zugehörigkeit zu einem
der 7 Grünlandtypen;
W = Futterwertzahl (nach
Klapp et al. 1953);
M = Mahdverträglichkeitszahl
(nach Briemle & Ellenberg
1994),
F = Feuchtezahl,
R = Reaktionszahl,
N = Nährstoffzahl (nach
Ellenberg et al. 1992);
x = indifferentes ökologisches
Verhalten der Art
Bonitierung
Aus mehreren
Bonitur-Einzelwerten
wird ein Gesamtwert
oder ein Mittelwert
gebildet
Bonititur-Kriterien
Wiesenmeisterschaften in Baden-Württemberg und Frankreich Wissenschaft und Praxis im Rahmen von Wiesenmeisterschaften
Gesamtboniturwert
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 76 81 86 91 96 101 106
Gesamtaufnahmen n=107
Bon
iturw
erte
