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Promoting Laboratory Safety in Learning and
Teaching of Science
Education and Manpower Bureauamp
The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
Objectives
bull To enhance participantsrsquo knowledge and skills in managing laboratory safety in junior and senior secondary science subjects
bull To understand strategies for enhancing laboratory safety in junior and senior secondary science subjects
bull To introduce learning and teaching resources for enhancing laboratory safety
Chemical Safety
Classification of Dangerous Goods (Fire Services Department)
bull Category 1 Explosive and blasting agentsbull Category 2 Compressed gases
C11 Permanent GasesC12 Liquefied GasesC13 Dissolved Gases
bull Category 3 Corrosive substancesbull Category 4 Poisonous substances
C11 Substances giving off poisonous gas or vapour
C12 Certain other poisonous substances
Classification of Dangerous Goods (Fire Services Department)
bull Category 5 Substances giving off inflammable vapourC11 flash point below 23CC12 flash point of or exceeding 23C
but not exceeding 66CC13 flash point of or exceeding 66C
(applicable to diesel oils furnaceoils and other fuel oils only)
Div1 immiscible with water(applicable to Class 1 amp 2 only)
Div2 miscible with water(applicable to Class 1 amp 2 only)
Classification of Dangerous Goods (Fire Services Department)
bull Category 6 Substances which become dangerous by interaction with water
bull Category 7 Strong supporters of combustionbull Category 8 Readily Combustible Substancesbull Category 9 Substances liable to
spontaneous combustionbull Category 9A Combustible goods exempted
from section 6 to 11 of the Ordinance
bull Category 10 Other dangerous substances
Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)
bull Class 1Explosive
bull Class 2Compressed Gas
bull Class 3Flammable Liquid
Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)
bull Class 4Flammable Solid
bull Class 5Oxidizer
bull Class 6Toxic Substances
Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)
bull Class 7Radioactive
bull Class 8Corrosive
bull Class 9Miscellaneous
Classification of Dangerous Substances (Labour Department)
What makes a chemical hazardous
bull The likelihood that the substance will exert its toxic effects under the conditions of use
bull The actual health risk of a chemical is a function of the toxicity and the actual exposure
Toxicity
Route of Entry
Duration
Dose
Mixed Exposure
Sensitivity
RISK = TOXICITY x EXPOSURE
Risk
Health Effects ndash Chronic vs Acute
Toxic Chemicals Exposure Latency Period
Expression of health effect
Immediate MonthsYears
Acute Chronic
bullShort latency
bullOften involves large dose
bullOften reversible after exposure stops
bullCan be minor or severe
bullLong latency
bullOften involves small dose with repeated exposure
bullMany effects are not reversible
bullKnowledge often based on animal studies
Chemical Safety Program
bull Hazard assessment bull Chemical safety information (MSDS) bull Proper Labeling Handling Transportation
Storage of chemicalsbull Emergency preparedness for spill controlbull Control Measures
ndash Engineering control ndash Administrative controlndash PPE (personal protective equipment)
bull Inventory and purchase controlbull Chemical Waste Management and Disposal
Risk Assessment
bull Understanding the hazards and characteristics of chemical
bull Pyrophoricsbull Water reactivesbull Peroxidizablesbull Shock sensitivesbull Cryogensbull Light sensitives
bull Flammablesbull Asphyxiantbull Corrosives bull Toxicsbull Oxidizers
Risk Assessment
bull Check material safety data sheets and information on the packaging or packaging labels ndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
bull Assessment the hazards of chemicals arising from work processes
Risk Assessment
bull To ascertain whether workers expose to chemicals and route(s) of exposure ndash Inhalationndash Ingestionndash Skin contact
bull Decide proper control measuresndash Segregate incompatible chemicalndash Engineering controlndash Administrative control ndash Personal Protective Equipment
Risk Assessment
bull Record the result of risk assessmentbull Review the risk assessment
ndash review risk assessment periodically and amend if
bull Suspect the risk assessment is failurebull Use of new chemicalbull Change of plant equipmentbull Change of work process procedure
httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYRisk_Assessment_Formdoc
References
httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratoryawareness_ehtm
Referencesbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace - Guidance Notes on
Risk Assessment and Fundamentals of Establishing Safety Measures Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicoschemsafeexe
bull Occupational Safety and Health Guide - Occupational Safety and Health in Schools Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicohOHB77pdf
bull Five Steps to Risk Assessment Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDFiveStepspdf
bull Hazards During Chemicals in Use and Safety Guidelines Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDChemicalspdf
Referencesbull Handbook on Safety in Science Laboratories (2002)
EMBndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySHB_20
02epdfbull Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist EMB
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetychecklist_edoc
bull Laboratory Safety Checklist SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepocheck_listInspectionGenLab20Saf
etylabsafety1htmbull Safety AuditInspection Manual American Chemical
Societyndash httpmembershipacsorgcccspubssafetypdf
Chemical Information Sources
bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf
Chemical Information Sources
ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom
ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom
ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds
ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection
safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm
Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS
bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University
bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary
bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网
bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices
Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical
name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information
bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner
bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced
bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed
Labeling of Chemical
Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing
httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English
bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
化學品安全標籤軟件
職業安全健康局
httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters
ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit
hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety
EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002
EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers
bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work
bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other
bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets
bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges
bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes
公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷
bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外
Chemical Compatibility
bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp
bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm
bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm
Emergency Preparedness
bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel
城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城
市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警
Safety Showers and Eyewashes
bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations
bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible
within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of
obstructions
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Objectives
bull To enhance participantsrsquo knowledge and skills in managing laboratory safety in junior and senior secondary science subjects
bull To understand strategies for enhancing laboratory safety in junior and senior secondary science subjects
bull To introduce learning and teaching resources for enhancing laboratory safety
Chemical Safety
Classification of Dangerous Goods (Fire Services Department)
bull Category 1 Explosive and blasting agentsbull Category 2 Compressed gases
C11 Permanent GasesC12 Liquefied GasesC13 Dissolved Gases
bull Category 3 Corrosive substancesbull Category 4 Poisonous substances
C11 Substances giving off poisonous gas or vapour
C12 Certain other poisonous substances
Classification of Dangerous Goods (Fire Services Department)
bull Category 5 Substances giving off inflammable vapourC11 flash point below 23CC12 flash point of or exceeding 23C
but not exceeding 66CC13 flash point of or exceeding 66C
(applicable to diesel oils furnaceoils and other fuel oils only)
Div1 immiscible with water(applicable to Class 1 amp 2 only)
Div2 miscible with water(applicable to Class 1 amp 2 only)
Classification of Dangerous Goods (Fire Services Department)
bull Category 6 Substances which become dangerous by interaction with water
bull Category 7 Strong supporters of combustionbull Category 8 Readily Combustible Substancesbull Category 9 Substances liable to
spontaneous combustionbull Category 9A Combustible goods exempted
from section 6 to 11 of the Ordinance
bull Category 10 Other dangerous substances
Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)
bull Class 1Explosive
bull Class 2Compressed Gas
bull Class 3Flammable Liquid
Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)
bull Class 4Flammable Solid
bull Class 5Oxidizer
bull Class 6Toxic Substances
Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)
bull Class 7Radioactive
bull Class 8Corrosive
bull Class 9Miscellaneous
Classification of Dangerous Substances (Labour Department)
What makes a chemical hazardous
bull The likelihood that the substance will exert its toxic effects under the conditions of use
bull The actual health risk of a chemical is a function of the toxicity and the actual exposure
Toxicity
Route of Entry
Duration
Dose
Mixed Exposure
Sensitivity
RISK = TOXICITY x EXPOSURE
Risk
Health Effects ndash Chronic vs Acute
Toxic Chemicals Exposure Latency Period
Expression of health effect
Immediate MonthsYears
Acute Chronic
bullShort latency
bullOften involves large dose
bullOften reversible after exposure stops
bullCan be minor or severe
bullLong latency
bullOften involves small dose with repeated exposure
bullMany effects are not reversible
bullKnowledge often based on animal studies
Chemical Safety Program
bull Hazard assessment bull Chemical safety information (MSDS) bull Proper Labeling Handling Transportation
Storage of chemicalsbull Emergency preparedness for spill controlbull Control Measures
ndash Engineering control ndash Administrative controlndash PPE (personal protective equipment)
bull Inventory and purchase controlbull Chemical Waste Management and Disposal
Risk Assessment
bull Understanding the hazards and characteristics of chemical
bull Pyrophoricsbull Water reactivesbull Peroxidizablesbull Shock sensitivesbull Cryogensbull Light sensitives
bull Flammablesbull Asphyxiantbull Corrosives bull Toxicsbull Oxidizers
Risk Assessment
bull Check material safety data sheets and information on the packaging or packaging labels ndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
bull Assessment the hazards of chemicals arising from work processes
Risk Assessment
bull To ascertain whether workers expose to chemicals and route(s) of exposure ndash Inhalationndash Ingestionndash Skin contact
bull Decide proper control measuresndash Segregate incompatible chemicalndash Engineering controlndash Administrative control ndash Personal Protective Equipment
Risk Assessment
bull Record the result of risk assessmentbull Review the risk assessment
ndash review risk assessment periodically and amend if
bull Suspect the risk assessment is failurebull Use of new chemicalbull Change of plant equipmentbull Change of work process procedure
httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYRisk_Assessment_Formdoc
References
httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratoryawareness_ehtm
Referencesbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace - Guidance Notes on
Risk Assessment and Fundamentals of Establishing Safety Measures Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicoschemsafeexe
bull Occupational Safety and Health Guide - Occupational Safety and Health in Schools Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicohOHB77pdf
bull Five Steps to Risk Assessment Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDFiveStepspdf
bull Hazards During Chemicals in Use and Safety Guidelines Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDChemicalspdf
Referencesbull Handbook on Safety in Science Laboratories (2002)
EMBndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySHB_20
02epdfbull Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist EMB
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetychecklist_edoc
bull Laboratory Safety Checklist SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepocheck_listInspectionGenLab20Saf
etylabsafety1htmbull Safety AuditInspection Manual American Chemical
Societyndash httpmembershipacsorgcccspubssafetypdf
Chemical Information Sources
bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf
Chemical Information Sources
ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom
ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom
ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds
ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection
safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm
Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS
bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University
bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary
bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网
bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices
Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical
name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information
bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner
bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced
bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed
Labeling of Chemical
Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing
httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English
bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
化學品安全標籤軟件
職業安全健康局
httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters
ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit
hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety
EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002
EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers
bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work
bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other
bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets
bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges
bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes
公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷
bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外
Chemical Compatibility
bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp
bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm
bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm
Emergency Preparedness
bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel
城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城
市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警
Safety Showers and Eyewashes
bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations
bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible
within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of
obstructions
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Chemical Safety
Classification of Dangerous Goods (Fire Services Department)
bull Category 1 Explosive and blasting agentsbull Category 2 Compressed gases
C11 Permanent GasesC12 Liquefied GasesC13 Dissolved Gases
bull Category 3 Corrosive substancesbull Category 4 Poisonous substances
C11 Substances giving off poisonous gas or vapour
C12 Certain other poisonous substances
Classification of Dangerous Goods (Fire Services Department)
bull Category 5 Substances giving off inflammable vapourC11 flash point below 23CC12 flash point of or exceeding 23C
but not exceeding 66CC13 flash point of or exceeding 66C
(applicable to diesel oils furnaceoils and other fuel oils only)
Div1 immiscible with water(applicable to Class 1 amp 2 only)
Div2 miscible with water(applicable to Class 1 amp 2 only)
Classification of Dangerous Goods (Fire Services Department)
bull Category 6 Substances which become dangerous by interaction with water
bull Category 7 Strong supporters of combustionbull Category 8 Readily Combustible Substancesbull Category 9 Substances liable to
spontaneous combustionbull Category 9A Combustible goods exempted
from section 6 to 11 of the Ordinance
bull Category 10 Other dangerous substances
Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)
bull Class 1Explosive
bull Class 2Compressed Gas
bull Class 3Flammable Liquid
Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)
bull Class 4Flammable Solid
bull Class 5Oxidizer
bull Class 6Toxic Substances
Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)
bull Class 7Radioactive
bull Class 8Corrosive
bull Class 9Miscellaneous
Classification of Dangerous Substances (Labour Department)
What makes a chemical hazardous
bull The likelihood that the substance will exert its toxic effects under the conditions of use
bull The actual health risk of a chemical is a function of the toxicity and the actual exposure
Toxicity
Route of Entry
Duration
Dose
Mixed Exposure
Sensitivity
RISK = TOXICITY x EXPOSURE
Risk
Health Effects ndash Chronic vs Acute
Toxic Chemicals Exposure Latency Period
Expression of health effect
Immediate MonthsYears
Acute Chronic
bullShort latency
bullOften involves large dose
bullOften reversible after exposure stops
bullCan be minor or severe
bullLong latency
bullOften involves small dose with repeated exposure
bullMany effects are not reversible
bullKnowledge often based on animal studies
Chemical Safety Program
bull Hazard assessment bull Chemical safety information (MSDS) bull Proper Labeling Handling Transportation
Storage of chemicalsbull Emergency preparedness for spill controlbull Control Measures
ndash Engineering control ndash Administrative controlndash PPE (personal protective equipment)
bull Inventory and purchase controlbull Chemical Waste Management and Disposal
Risk Assessment
bull Understanding the hazards and characteristics of chemical
bull Pyrophoricsbull Water reactivesbull Peroxidizablesbull Shock sensitivesbull Cryogensbull Light sensitives
bull Flammablesbull Asphyxiantbull Corrosives bull Toxicsbull Oxidizers
Risk Assessment
bull Check material safety data sheets and information on the packaging or packaging labels ndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
bull Assessment the hazards of chemicals arising from work processes
Risk Assessment
bull To ascertain whether workers expose to chemicals and route(s) of exposure ndash Inhalationndash Ingestionndash Skin contact
bull Decide proper control measuresndash Segregate incompatible chemicalndash Engineering controlndash Administrative control ndash Personal Protective Equipment
Risk Assessment
bull Record the result of risk assessmentbull Review the risk assessment
ndash review risk assessment periodically and amend if
bull Suspect the risk assessment is failurebull Use of new chemicalbull Change of plant equipmentbull Change of work process procedure
httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYRisk_Assessment_Formdoc
References
httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratoryawareness_ehtm
Referencesbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace - Guidance Notes on
Risk Assessment and Fundamentals of Establishing Safety Measures Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicoschemsafeexe
bull Occupational Safety and Health Guide - Occupational Safety and Health in Schools Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicohOHB77pdf
bull Five Steps to Risk Assessment Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDFiveStepspdf
bull Hazards During Chemicals in Use and Safety Guidelines Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDChemicalspdf
Referencesbull Handbook on Safety in Science Laboratories (2002)
EMBndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySHB_20
02epdfbull Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist EMB
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetychecklist_edoc
bull Laboratory Safety Checklist SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepocheck_listInspectionGenLab20Saf
etylabsafety1htmbull Safety AuditInspection Manual American Chemical
Societyndash httpmembershipacsorgcccspubssafetypdf
Chemical Information Sources
bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf
Chemical Information Sources
ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom
ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom
ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds
ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection
safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm
Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS
bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University
bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary
bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网
bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices
Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical
name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information
bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner
bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced
bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed
Labeling of Chemical
Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing
httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English
bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
化學品安全標籤軟件
職業安全健康局
httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters
ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit
hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety
EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002
EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers
bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work
bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other
bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets
bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges
bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes
公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷
bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外
Chemical Compatibility
bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp
bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm
bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm
Emergency Preparedness
bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel
城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城
市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警
Safety Showers and Eyewashes
bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations
bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible
within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of
obstructions
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Classification of Dangerous Goods (Fire Services Department)
bull Category 1 Explosive and blasting agentsbull Category 2 Compressed gases
C11 Permanent GasesC12 Liquefied GasesC13 Dissolved Gases
bull Category 3 Corrosive substancesbull Category 4 Poisonous substances
C11 Substances giving off poisonous gas or vapour
C12 Certain other poisonous substances
Classification of Dangerous Goods (Fire Services Department)
bull Category 5 Substances giving off inflammable vapourC11 flash point below 23CC12 flash point of or exceeding 23C
but not exceeding 66CC13 flash point of or exceeding 66C
(applicable to diesel oils furnaceoils and other fuel oils only)
Div1 immiscible with water(applicable to Class 1 amp 2 only)
Div2 miscible with water(applicable to Class 1 amp 2 only)
Classification of Dangerous Goods (Fire Services Department)
bull Category 6 Substances which become dangerous by interaction with water
bull Category 7 Strong supporters of combustionbull Category 8 Readily Combustible Substancesbull Category 9 Substances liable to
spontaneous combustionbull Category 9A Combustible goods exempted
from section 6 to 11 of the Ordinance
bull Category 10 Other dangerous substances
Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)
bull Class 1Explosive
bull Class 2Compressed Gas
bull Class 3Flammable Liquid
Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)
bull Class 4Flammable Solid
bull Class 5Oxidizer
bull Class 6Toxic Substances
Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)
bull Class 7Radioactive
bull Class 8Corrosive
bull Class 9Miscellaneous
Classification of Dangerous Substances (Labour Department)
What makes a chemical hazardous
bull The likelihood that the substance will exert its toxic effects under the conditions of use
bull The actual health risk of a chemical is a function of the toxicity and the actual exposure
Toxicity
Route of Entry
Duration
Dose
Mixed Exposure
Sensitivity
RISK = TOXICITY x EXPOSURE
Risk
Health Effects ndash Chronic vs Acute
Toxic Chemicals Exposure Latency Period
Expression of health effect
Immediate MonthsYears
Acute Chronic
bullShort latency
bullOften involves large dose
bullOften reversible after exposure stops
bullCan be minor or severe
bullLong latency
bullOften involves small dose with repeated exposure
bullMany effects are not reversible
bullKnowledge often based on animal studies
Chemical Safety Program
bull Hazard assessment bull Chemical safety information (MSDS) bull Proper Labeling Handling Transportation
Storage of chemicalsbull Emergency preparedness for spill controlbull Control Measures
ndash Engineering control ndash Administrative controlndash PPE (personal protective equipment)
bull Inventory and purchase controlbull Chemical Waste Management and Disposal
Risk Assessment
bull Understanding the hazards and characteristics of chemical
bull Pyrophoricsbull Water reactivesbull Peroxidizablesbull Shock sensitivesbull Cryogensbull Light sensitives
bull Flammablesbull Asphyxiantbull Corrosives bull Toxicsbull Oxidizers
Risk Assessment
bull Check material safety data sheets and information on the packaging or packaging labels ndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
bull Assessment the hazards of chemicals arising from work processes
Risk Assessment
bull To ascertain whether workers expose to chemicals and route(s) of exposure ndash Inhalationndash Ingestionndash Skin contact
bull Decide proper control measuresndash Segregate incompatible chemicalndash Engineering controlndash Administrative control ndash Personal Protective Equipment
Risk Assessment
bull Record the result of risk assessmentbull Review the risk assessment
ndash review risk assessment periodically and amend if
bull Suspect the risk assessment is failurebull Use of new chemicalbull Change of plant equipmentbull Change of work process procedure
httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYRisk_Assessment_Formdoc
References
httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratoryawareness_ehtm
Referencesbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace - Guidance Notes on
Risk Assessment and Fundamentals of Establishing Safety Measures Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicoschemsafeexe
bull Occupational Safety and Health Guide - Occupational Safety and Health in Schools Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicohOHB77pdf
bull Five Steps to Risk Assessment Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDFiveStepspdf
bull Hazards During Chemicals in Use and Safety Guidelines Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDChemicalspdf
Referencesbull Handbook on Safety in Science Laboratories (2002)
EMBndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySHB_20
02epdfbull Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist EMB
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetychecklist_edoc
bull Laboratory Safety Checklist SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepocheck_listInspectionGenLab20Saf
etylabsafety1htmbull Safety AuditInspection Manual American Chemical
Societyndash httpmembershipacsorgcccspubssafetypdf
Chemical Information Sources
bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf
Chemical Information Sources
ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom
ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom
ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds
ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection
safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm
Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS
bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University
bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary
bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网
bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices
Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical
name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information
bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner
bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced
bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed
Labeling of Chemical
Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing
httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English
bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
化學品安全標籤軟件
職業安全健康局
httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters
ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit
hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety
EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002
EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers
bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work
bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other
bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets
bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges
bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes
公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷
bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外
Chemical Compatibility
bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp
bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm
bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm
Emergency Preparedness
bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel
城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城
市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警
Safety Showers and Eyewashes
bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations
bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible
within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of
obstructions
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Classification of Dangerous Goods (Fire Services Department)
bull Category 5 Substances giving off inflammable vapourC11 flash point below 23CC12 flash point of or exceeding 23C
but not exceeding 66CC13 flash point of or exceeding 66C
(applicable to diesel oils furnaceoils and other fuel oils only)
Div1 immiscible with water(applicable to Class 1 amp 2 only)
Div2 miscible with water(applicable to Class 1 amp 2 only)
Classification of Dangerous Goods (Fire Services Department)
bull Category 6 Substances which become dangerous by interaction with water
bull Category 7 Strong supporters of combustionbull Category 8 Readily Combustible Substancesbull Category 9 Substances liable to
spontaneous combustionbull Category 9A Combustible goods exempted
from section 6 to 11 of the Ordinance
bull Category 10 Other dangerous substances
Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)
bull Class 1Explosive
bull Class 2Compressed Gas
bull Class 3Flammable Liquid
Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)
bull Class 4Flammable Solid
bull Class 5Oxidizer
bull Class 6Toxic Substances
Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)
bull Class 7Radioactive
bull Class 8Corrosive
bull Class 9Miscellaneous
Classification of Dangerous Substances (Labour Department)
What makes a chemical hazardous
bull The likelihood that the substance will exert its toxic effects under the conditions of use
bull The actual health risk of a chemical is a function of the toxicity and the actual exposure
Toxicity
Route of Entry
Duration
Dose
Mixed Exposure
Sensitivity
RISK = TOXICITY x EXPOSURE
Risk
Health Effects ndash Chronic vs Acute
Toxic Chemicals Exposure Latency Period
Expression of health effect
Immediate MonthsYears
Acute Chronic
bullShort latency
bullOften involves large dose
bullOften reversible after exposure stops
bullCan be minor or severe
bullLong latency
bullOften involves small dose with repeated exposure
bullMany effects are not reversible
bullKnowledge often based on animal studies
Chemical Safety Program
bull Hazard assessment bull Chemical safety information (MSDS) bull Proper Labeling Handling Transportation
Storage of chemicalsbull Emergency preparedness for spill controlbull Control Measures
ndash Engineering control ndash Administrative controlndash PPE (personal protective equipment)
bull Inventory and purchase controlbull Chemical Waste Management and Disposal
Risk Assessment
bull Understanding the hazards and characteristics of chemical
bull Pyrophoricsbull Water reactivesbull Peroxidizablesbull Shock sensitivesbull Cryogensbull Light sensitives
bull Flammablesbull Asphyxiantbull Corrosives bull Toxicsbull Oxidizers
Risk Assessment
bull Check material safety data sheets and information on the packaging or packaging labels ndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
bull Assessment the hazards of chemicals arising from work processes
Risk Assessment
bull To ascertain whether workers expose to chemicals and route(s) of exposure ndash Inhalationndash Ingestionndash Skin contact
bull Decide proper control measuresndash Segregate incompatible chemicalndash Engineering controlndash Administrative control ndash Personal Protective Equipment
Risk Assessment
bull Record the result of risk assessmentbull Review the risk assessment
ndash review risk assessment periodically and amend if
bull Suspect the risk assessment is failurebull Use of new chemicalbull Change of plant equipmentbull Change of work process procedure
httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYRisk_Assessment_Formdoc
References
httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratoryawareness_ehtm
Referencesbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace - Guidance Notes on
Risk Assessment and Fundamentals of Establishing Safety Measures Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicoschemsafeexe
bull Occupational Safety and Health Guide - Occupational Safety and Health in Schools Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicohOHB77pdf
bull Five Steps to Risk Assessment Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDFiveStepspdf
bull Hazards During Chemicals in Use and Safety Guidelines Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDChemicalspdf
Referencesbull Handbook on Safety in Science Laboratories (2002)
EMBndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySHB_20
02epdfbull Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist EMB
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetychecklist_edoc
bull Laboratory Safety Checklist SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepocheck_listInspectionGenLab20Saf
etylabsafety1htmbull Safety AuditInspection Manual American Chemical
Societyndash httpmembershipacsorgcccspubssafetypdf
Chemical Information Sources
bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf
Chemical Information Sources
ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom
ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom
ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds
ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection
safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm
Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS
bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University
bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary
bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网
bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices
Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical
name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information
bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner
bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced
bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed
Labeling of Chemical
Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing
httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English
bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
化學品安全標籤軟件
職業安全健康局
httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters
ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit
hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety
EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002
EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers
bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work
bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other
bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets
bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges
bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes
公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷
bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外
Chemical Compatibility
bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp
bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm
bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm
Emergency Preparedness
bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel
城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城
市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警
Safety Showers and Eyewashes
bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations
bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible
within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of
obstructions
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Classification of Dangerous Goods (Fire Services Department)
bull Category 6 Substances which become dangerous by interaction with water
bull Category 7 Strong supporters of combustionbull Category 8 Readily Combustible Substancesbull Category 9 Substances liable to
spontaneous combustionbull Category 9A Combustible goods exempted
from section 6 to 11 of the Ordinance
bull Category 10 Other dangerous substances
Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)
bull Class 1Explosive
bull Class 2Compressed Gas
bull Class 3Flammable Liquid
Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)
bull Class 4Flammable Solid
bull Class 5Oxidizer
bull Class 6Toxic Substances
Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)
bull Class 7Radioactive
bull Class 8Corrosive
bull Class 9Miscellaneous
Classification of Dangerous Substances (Labour Department)
What makes a chemical hazardous
bull The likelihood that the substance will exert its toxic effects under the conditions of use
bull The actual health risk of a chemical is a function of the toxicity and the actual exposure
Toxicity
Route of Entry
Duration
Dose
Mixed Exposure
Sensitivity
RISK = TOXICITY x EXPOSURE
Risk
Health Effects ndash Chronic vs Acute
Toxic Chemicals Exposure Latency Period
Expression of health effect
Immediate MonthsYears
Acute Chronic
bullShort latency
bullOften involves large dose
bullOften reversible after exposure stops
bullCan be minor or severe
bullLong latency
bullOften involves small dose with repeated exposure
bullMany effects are not reversible
bullKnowledge often based on animal studies
Chemical Safety Program
bull Hazard assessment bull Chemical safety information (MSDS) bull Proper Labeling Handling Transportation
Storage of chemicalsbull Emergency preparedness for spill controlbull Control Measures
ndash Engineering control ndash Administrative controlndash PPE (personal protective equipment)
bull Inventory and purchase controlbull Chemical Waste Management and Disposal
Risk Assessment
bull Understanding the hazards and characteristics of chemical
bull Pyrophoricsbull Water reactivesbull Peroxidizablesbull Shock sensitivesbull Cryogensbull Light sensitives
bull Flammablesbull Asphyxiantbull Corrosives bull Toxicsbull Oxidizers
Risk Assessment
bull Check material safety data sheets and information on the packaging or packaging labels ndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
bull Assessment the hazards of chemicals arising from work processes
Risk Assessment
bull To ascertain whether workers expose to chemicals and route(s) of exposure ndash Inhalationndash Ingestionndash Skin contact
bull Decide proper control measuresndash Segregate incompatible chemicalndash Engineering controlndash Administrative control ndash Personal Protective Equipment
Risk Assessment
bull Record the result of risk assessmentbull Review the risk assessment
ndash review risk assessment periodically and amend if
bull Suspect the risk assessment is failurebull Use of new chemicalbull Change of plant equipmentbull Change of work process procedure
httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYRisk_Assessment_Formdoc
References
httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratoryawareness_ehtm
Referencesbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace - Guidance Notes on
Risk Assessment and Fundamentals of Establishing Safety Measures Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicoschemsafeexe
bull Occupational Safety and Health Guide - Occupational Safety and Health in Schools Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicohOHB77pdf
bull Five Steps to Risk Assessment Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDFiveStepspdf
bull Hazards During Chemicals in Use and Safety Guidelines Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDChemicalspdf
Referencesbull Handbook on Safety in Science Laboratories (2002)
EMBndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySHB_20
02epdfbull Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist EMB
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetychecklist_edoc
bull Laboratory Safety Checklist SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepocheck_listInspectionGenLab20Saf
etylabsafety1htmbull Safety AuditInspection Manual American Chemical
Societyndash httpmembershipacsorgcccspubssafetypdf
Chemical Information Sources
bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf
Chemical Information Sources
ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom
ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom
ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds
ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection
safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm
Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS
bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University
bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary
bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网
bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices
Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical
name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information
bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner
bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced
bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed
Labeling of Chemical
Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing
httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English
bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
化學品安全標籤軟件
職業安全健康局
httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters
ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit
hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety
EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002
EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers
bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work
bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other
bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets
bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges
bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes
公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷
bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外
Chemical Compatibility
bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp
bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm
bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm
Emergency Preparedness
bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel
城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城
市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警
Safety Showers and Eyewashes
bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations
bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible
within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of
obstructions
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)
bull Class 1Explosive
bull Class 2Compressed Gas
bull Class 3Flammable Liquid
Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)
bull Class 4Flammable Solid
bull Class 5Oxidizer
bull Class 6Toxic Substances
Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)
bull Class 7Radioactive
bull Class 8Corrosive
bull Class 9Miscellaneous
Classification of Dangerous Substances (Labour Department)
What makes a chemical hazardous
bull The likelihood that the substance will exert its toxic effects under the conditions of use
bull The actual health risk of a chemical is a function of the toxicity and the actual exposure
Toxicity
Route of Entry
Duration
Dose
Mixed Exposure
Sensitivity
RISK = TOXICITY x EXPOSURE
Risk
Health Effects ndash Chronic vs Acute
Toxic Chemicals Exposure Latency Period
Expression of health effect
Immediate MonthsYears
Acute Chronic
bullShort latency
bullOften involves large dose
bullOften reversible after exposure stops
bullCan be minor or severe
bullLong latency
bullOften involves small dose with repeated exposure
bullMany effects are not reversible
bullKnowledge often based on animal studies
Chemical Safety Program
bull Hazard assessment bull Chemical safety information (MSDS) bull Proper Labeling Handling Transportation
Storage of chemicalsbull Emergency preparedness for spill controlbull Control Measures
ndash Engineering control ndash Administrative controlndash PPE (personal protective equipment)
bull Inventory and purchase controlbull Chemical Waste Management and Disposal
Risk Assessment
bull Understanding the hazards and characteristics of chemical
bull Pyrophoricsbull Water reactivesbull Peroxidizablesbull Shock sensitivesbull Cryogensbull Light sensitives
bull Flammablesbull Asphyxiantbull Corrosives bull Toxicsbull Oxidizers
Risk Assessment
bull Check material safety data sheets and information on the packaging or packaging labels ndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
bull Assessment the hazards of chemicals arising from work processes
Risk Assessment
bull To ascertain whether workers expose to chemicals and route(s) of exposure ndash Inhalationndash Ingestionndash Skin contact
bull Decide proper control measuresndash Segregate incompatible chemicalndash Engineering controlndash Administrative control ndash Personal Protective Equipment
Risk Assessment
bull Record the result of risk assessmentbull Review the risk assessment
ndash review risk assessment periodically and amend if
bull Suspect the risk assessment is failurebull Use of new chemicalbull Change of plant equipmentbull Change of work process procedure
httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYRisk_Assessment_Formdoc
References
httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratoryawareness_ehtm
Referencesbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace - Guidance Notes on
Risk Assessment and Fundamentals of Establishing Safety Measures Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicoschemsafeexe
bull Occupational Safety and Health Guide - Occupational Safety and Health in Schools Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicohOHB77pdf
bull Five Steps to Risk Assessment Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDFiveStepspdf
bull Hazards During Chemicals in Use and Safety Guidelines Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDChemicalspdf
Referencesbull Handbook on Safety in Science Laboratories (2002)
EMBndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySHB_20
02epdfbull Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist EMB
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetychecklist_edoc
bull Laboratory Safety Checklist SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepocheck_listInspectionGenLab20Saf
etylabsafety1htmbull Safety AuditInspection Manual American Chemical
Societyndash httpmembershipacsorgcccspubssafetypdf
Chemical Information Sources
bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf
Chemical Information Sources
ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom
ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom
ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds
ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection
safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm
Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS
bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University
bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary
bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网
bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices
Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical
name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information
bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner
bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced
bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed
Labeling of Chemical
Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing
httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English
bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
化學品安全標籤軟件
職業安全健康局
httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters
ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit
hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety
EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002
EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers
bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work
bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other
bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets
bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges
bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes
公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷
bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外
Chemical Compatibility
bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp
bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm
bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm
Emergency Preparedness
bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel
城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城
市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警
Safety Showers and Eyewashes
bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations
bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible
within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of
obstructions
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)
bull Class 4Flammable Solid
bull Class 5Oxidizer
bull Class 6Toxic Substances
Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)
bull Class 7Radioactive
bull Class 8Corrosive
bull Class 9Miscellaneous
Classification of Dangerous Substances (Labour Department)
What makes a chemical hazardous
bull The likelihood that the substance will exert its toxic effects under the conditions of use
bull The actual health risk of a chemical is a function of the toxicity and the actual exposure
Toxicity
Route of Entry
Duration
Dose
Mixed Exposure
Sensitivity
RISK = TOXICITY x EXPOSURE
Risk
Health Effects ndash Chronic vs Acute
Toxic Chemicals Exposure Latency Period
Expression of health effect
Immediate MonthsYears
Acute Chronic
bullShort latency
bullOften involves large dose
bullOften reversible after exposure stops
bullCan be minor or severe
bullLong latency
bullOften involves small dose with repeated exposure
bullMany effects are not reversible
bullKnowledge often based on animal studies
Chemical Safety Program
bull Hazard assessment bull Chemical safety information (MSDS) bull Proper Labeling Handling Transportation
Storage of chemicalsbull Emergency preparedness for spill controlbull Control Measures
ndash Engineering control ndash Administrative controlndash PPE (personal protective equipment)
bull Inventory and purchase controlbull Chemical Waste Management and Disposal
Risk Assessment
bull Understanding the hazards and characteristics of chemical
bull Pyrophoricsbull Water reactivesbull Peroxidizablesbull Shock sensitivesbull Cryogensbull Light sensitives
bull Flammablesbull Asphyxiantbull Corrosives bull Toxicsbull Oxidizers
Risk Assessment
bull Check material safety data sheets and information on the packaging or packaging labels ndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
bull Assessment the hazards of chemicals arising from work processes
Risk Assessment
bull To ascertain whether workers expose to chemicals and route(s) of exposure ndash Inhalationndash Ingestionndash Skin contact
bull Decide proper control measuresndash Segregate incompatible chemicalndash Engineering controlndash Administrative control ndash Personal Protective Equipment
Risk Assessment
bull Record the result of risk assessmentbull Review the risk assessment
ndash review risk assessment periodically and amend if
bull Suspect the risk assessment is failurebull Use of new chemicalbull Change of plant equipmentbull Change of work process procedure
httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYRisk_Assessment_Formdoc
References
httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratoryawareness_ehtm
Referencesbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace - Guidance Notes on
Risk Assessment and Fundamentals of Establishing Safety Measures Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicoschemsafeexe
bull Occupational Safety and Health Guide - Occupational Safety and Health in Schools Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicohOHB77pdf
bull Five Steps to Risk Assessment Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDFiveStepspdf
bull Hazards During Chemicals in Use and Safety Guidelines Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDChemicalspdf
Referencesbull Handbook on Safety in Science Laboratories (2002)
EMBndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySHB_20
02epdfbull Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist EMB
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetychecklist_edoc
bull Laboratory Safety Checklist SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepocheck_listInspectionGenLab20Saf
etylabsafety1htmbull Safety AuditInspection Manual American Chemical
Societyndash httpmembershipacsorgcccspubssafetypdf
Chemical Information Sources
bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf
Chemical Information Sources
ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom
ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom
ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds
ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection
safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm
Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS
bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University
bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary
bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网
bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices
Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical
name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information
bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner
bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced
bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed
Labeling of Chemical
Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing
httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English
bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
化學品安全標籤軟件
職業安全健康局
httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters
ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit
hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety
EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002
EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers
bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work
bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other
bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets
bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges
bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes
公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷
bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外
Chemical Compatibility
bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp
bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm
bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm
Emergency Preparedness
bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel
城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城
市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警
Safety Showers and Eyewashes
bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations
bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible
within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of
obstructions
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Proposed Classification of Dangerous Goods (IMDG)
bull Class 7Radioactive
bull Class 8Corrosive
bull Class 9Miscellaneous
Classification of Dangerous Substances (Labour Department)
What makes a chemical hazardous
bull The likelihood that the substance will exert its toxic effects under the conditions of use
bull The actual health risk of a chemical is a function of the toxicity and the actual exposure
Toxicity
Route of Entry
Duration
Dose
Mixed Exposure
Sensitivity
RISK = TOXICITY x EXPOSURE
Risk
Health Effects ndash Chronic vs Acute
Toxic Chemicals Exposure Latency Period
Expression of health effect
Immediate MonthsYears
Acute Chronic
bullShort latency
bullOften involves large dose
bullOften reversible after exposure stops
bullCan be minor or severe
bullLong latency
bullOften involves small dose with repeated exposure
bullMany effects are not reversible
bullKnowledge often based on animal studies
Chemical Safety Program
bull Hazard assessment bull Chemical safety information (MSDS) bull Proper Labeling Handling Transportation
Storage of chemicalsbull Emergency preparedness for spill controlbull Control Measures
ndash Engineering control ndash Administrative controlndash PPE (personal protective equipment)
bull Inventory and purchase controlbull Chemical Waste Management and Disposal
Risk Assessment
bull Understanding the hazards and characteristics of chemical
bull Pyrophoricsbull Water reactivesbull Peroxidizablesbull Shock sensitivesbull Cryogensbull Light sensitives
bull Flammablesbull Asphyxiantbull Corrosives bull Toxicsbull Oxidizers
Risk Assessment
bull Check material safety data sheets and information on the packaging or packaging labels ndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
bull Assessment the hazards of chemicals arising from work processes
Risk Assessment
bull To ascertain whether workers expose to chemicals and route(s) of exposure ndash Inhalationndash Ingestionndash Skin contact
bull Decide proper control measuresndash Segregate incompatible chemicalndash Engineering controlndash Administrative control ndash Personal Protective Equipment
Risk Assessment
bull Record the result of risk assessmentbull Review the risk assessment
ndash review risk assessment periodically and amend if
bull Suspect the risk assessment is failurebull Use of new chemicalbull Change of plant equipmentbull Change of work process procedure
httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYRisk_Assessment_Formdoc
References
httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratoryawareness_ehtm
Referencesbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace - Guidance Notes on
Risk Assessment and Fundamentals of Establishing Safety Measures Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicoschemsafeexe
bull Occupational Safety and Health Guide - Occupational Safety and Health in Schools Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicohOHB77pdf
bull Five Steps to Risk Assessment Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDFiveStepspdf
bull Hazards During Chemicals in Use and Safety Guidelines Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDChemicalspdf
Referencesbull Handbook on Safety in Science Laboratories (2002)
EMBndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySHB_20
02epdfbull Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist EMB
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetychecklist_edoc
bull Laboratory Safety Checklist SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepocheck_listInspectionGenLab20Saf
etylabsafety1htmbull Safety AuditInspection Manual American Chemical
Societyndash httpmembershipacsorgcccspubssafetypdf
Chemical Information Sources
bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf
Chemical Information Sources
ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom
ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom
ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds
ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection
safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm
Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS
bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University
bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary
bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网
bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices
Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical
name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information
bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner
bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced
bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed
Labeling of Chemical
Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing
httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English
bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
化學品安全標籤軟件
職業安全健康局
httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters
ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit
hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety
EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002
EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers
bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work
bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other
bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets
bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges
bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes
公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷
bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外
Chemical Compatibility
bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp
bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm
bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm
Emergency Preparedness
bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel
城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城
市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警
Safety Showers and Eyewashes
bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations
bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible
within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of
obstructions
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Classification of Dangerous Substances (Labour Department)
What makes a chemical hazardous
bull The likelihood that the substance will exert its toxic effects under the conditions of use
bull The actual health risk of a chemical is a function of the toxicity and the actual exposure
Toxicity
Route of Entry
Duration
Dose
Mixed Exposure
Sensitivity
RISK = TOXICITY x EXPOSURE
Risk
Health Effects ndash Chronic vs Acute
Toxic Chemicals Exposure Latency Period
Expression of health effect
Immediate MonthsYears
Acute Chronic
bullShort latency
bullOften involves large dose
bullOften reversible after exposure stops
bullCan be minor or severe
bullLong latency
bullOften involves small dose with repeated exposure
bullMany effects are not reversible
bullKnowledge often based on animal studies
Chemical Safety Program
bull Hazard assessment bull Chemical safety information (MSDS) bull Proper Labeling Handling Transportation
Storage of chemicalsbull Emergency preparedness for spill controlbull Control Measures
ndash Engineering control ndash Administrative controlndash PPE (personal protective equipment)
bull Inventory and purchase controlbull Chemical Waste Management and Disposal
Risk Assessment
bull Understanding the hazards and characteristics of chemical
bull Pyrophoricsbull Water reactivesbull Peroxidizablesbull Shock sensitivesbull Cryogensbull Light sensitives
bull Flammablesbull Asphyxiantbull Corrosives bull Toxicsbull Oxidizers
Risk Assessment
bull Check material safety data sheets and information on the packaging or packaging labels ndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
bull Assessment the hazards of chemicals arising from work processes
Risk Assessment
bull To ascertain whether workers expose to chemicals and route(s) of exposure ndash Inhalationndash Ingestionndash Skin contact
bull Decide proper control measuresndash Segregate incompatible chemicalndash Engineering controlndash Administrative control ndash Personal Protective Equipment
Risk Assessment
bull Record the result of risk assessmentbull Review the risk assessment
ndash review risk assessment periodically and amend if
bull Suspect the risk assessment is failurebull Use of new chemicalbull Change of plant equipmentbull Change of work process procedure
httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYRisk_Assessment_Formdoc
References
httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratoryawareness_ehtm
Referencesbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace - Guidance Notes on
Risk Assessment and Fundamentals of Establishing Safety Measures Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicoschemsafeexe
bull Occupational Safety and Health Guide - Occupational Safety and Health in Schools Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicohOHB77pdf
bull Five Steps to Risk Assessment Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDFiveStepspdf
bull Hazards During Chemicals in Use and Safety Guidelines Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDChemicalspdf
Referencesbull Handbook on Safety in Science Laboratories (2002)
EMBndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySHB_20
02epdfbull Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist EMB
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetychecklist_edoc
bull Laboratory Safety Checklist SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepocheck_listInspectionGenLab20Saf
etylabsafety1htmbull Safety AuditInspection Manual American Chemical
Societyndash httpmembershipacsorgcccspubssafetypdf
Chemical Information Sources
bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf
Chemical Information Sources
ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom
ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom
ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds
ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection
safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm
Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS
bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University
bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary
bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网
bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices
Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical
name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information
bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner
bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced
bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed
Labeling of Chemical
Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing
httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English
bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
化學品安全標籤軟件
職業安全健康局
httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters
ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit
hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety
EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002
EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers
bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work
bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other
bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets
bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges
bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes
公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷
bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外
Chemical Compatibility
bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp
bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm
bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm
Emergency Preparedness
bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel
城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城
市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警
Safety Showers and Eyewashes
bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations
bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible
within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of
obstructions
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
What makes a chemical hazardous
bull The likelihood that the substance will exert its toxic effects under the conditions of use
bull The actual health risk of a chemical is a function of the toxicity and the actual exposure
Toxicity
Route of Entry
Duration
Dose
Mixed Exposure
Sensitivity
RISK = TOXICITY x EXPOSURE
Risk
Health Effects ndash Chronic vs Acute
Toxic Chemicals Exposure Latency Period
Expression of health effect
Immediate MonthsYears
Acute Chronic
bullShort latency
bullOften involves large dose
bullOften reversible after exposure stops
bullCan be minor or severe
bullLong latency
bullOften involves small dose with repeated exposure
bullMany effects are not reversible
bullKnowledge often based on animal studies
Chemical Safety Program
bull Hazard assessment bull Chemical safety information (MSDS) bull Proper Labeling Handling Transportation
Storage of chemicalsbull Emergency preparedness for spill controlbull Control Measures
ndash Engineering control ndash Administrative controlndash PPE (personal protective equipment)
bull Inventory and purchase controlbull Chemical Waste Management and Disposal
Risk Assessment
bull Understanding the hazards and characteristics of chemical
bull Pyrophoricsbull Water reactivesbull Peroxidizablesbull Shock sensitivesbull Cryogensbull Light sensitives
bull Flammablesbull Asphyxiantbull Corrosives bull Toxicsbull Oxidizers
Risk Assessment
bull Check material safety data sheets and information on the packaging or packaging labels ndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
bull Assessment the hazards of chemicals arising from work processes
Risk Assessment
bull To ascertain whether workers expose to chemicals and route(s) of exposure ndash Inhalationndash Ingestionndash Skin contact
bull Decide proper control measuresndash Segregate incompatible chemicalndash Engineering controlndash Administrative control ndash Personal Protective Equipment
Risk Assessment
bull Record the result of risk assessmentbull Review the risk assessment
ndash review risk assessment periodically and amend if
bull Suspect the risk assessment is failurebull Use of new chemicalbull Change of plant equipmentbull Change of work process procedure
httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYRisk_Assessment_Formdoc
References
httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratoryawareness_ehtm
Referencesbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace - Guidance Notes on
Risk Assessment and Fundamentals of Establishing Safety Measures Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicoschemsafeexe
bull Occupational Safety and Health Guide - Occupational Safety and Health in Schools Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicohOHB77pdf
bull Five Steps to Risk Assessment Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDFiveStepspdf
bull Hazards During Chemicals in Use and Safety Guidelines Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDChemicalspdf
Referencesbull Handbook on Safety in Science Laboratories (2002)
EMBndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySHB_20
02epdfbull Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist EMB
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetychecklist_edoc
bull Laboratory Safety Checklist SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepocheck_listInspectionGenLab20Saf
etylabsafety1htmbull Safety AuditInspection Manual American Chemical
Societyndash httpmembershipacsorgcccspubssafetypdf
Chemical Information Sources
bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf
Chemical Information Sources
ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom
ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom
ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds
ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection
safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm
Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS
bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University
bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary
bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网
bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices
Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical
name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information
bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner
bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced
bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed
Labeling of Chemical
Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing
httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English
bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
化學品安全標籤軟件
職業安全健康局
httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters
ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit
hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety
EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002
EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers
bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work
bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other
bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets
bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges
bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes
公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷
bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外
Chemical Compatibility
bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp
bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm
bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm
Emergency Preparedness
bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel
城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城
市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警
Safety Showers and Eyewashes
bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations
bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible
within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of
obstructions
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Health Effects ndash Chronic vs Acute
Toxic Chemicals Exposure Latency Period
Expression of health effect
Immediate MonthsYears
Acute Chronic
bullShort latency
bullOften involves large dose
bullOften reversible after exposure stops
bullCan be minor or severe
bullLong latency
bullOften involves small dose with repeated exposure
bullMany effects are not reversible
bullKnowledge often based on animal studies
Chemical Safety Program
bull Hazard assessment bull Chemical safety information (MSDS) bull Proper Labeling Handling Transportation
Storage of chemicalsbull Emergency preparedness for spill controlbull Control Measures
ndash Engineering control ndash Administrative controlndash PPE (personal protective equipment)
bull Inventory and purchase controlbull Chemical Waste Management and Disposal
Risk Assessment
bull Understanding the hazards and characteristics of chemical
bull Pyrophoricsbull Water reactivesbull Peroxidizablesbull Shock sensitivesbull Cryogensbull Light sensitives
bull Flammablesbull Asphyxiantbull Corrosives bull Toxicsbull Oxidizers
Risk Assessment
bull Check material safety data sheets and information on the packaging or packaging labels ndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
bull Assessment the hazards of chemicals arising from work processes
Risk Assessment
bull To ascertain whether workers expose to chemicals and route(s) of exposure ndash Inhalationndash Ingestionndash Skin contact
bull Decide proper control measuresndash Segregate incompatible chemicalndash Engineering controlndash Administrative control ndash Personal Protective Equipment
Risk Assessment
bull Record the result of risk assessmentbull Review the risk assessment
ndash review risk assessment periodically and amend if
bull Suspect the risk assessment is failurebull Use of new chemicalbull Change of plant equipmentbull Change of work process procedure
httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYRisk_Assessment_Formdoc
References
httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratoryawareness_ehtm
Referencesbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace - Guidance Notes on
Risk Assessment and Fundamentals of Establishing Safety Measures Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicoschemsafeexe
bull Occupational Safety and Health Guide - Occupational Safety and Health in Schools Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicohOHB77pdf
bull Five Steps to Risk Assessment Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDFiveStepspdf
bull Hazards During Chemicals in Use and Safety Guidelines Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDChemicalspdf
Referencesbull Handbook on Safety in Science Laboratories (2002)
EMBndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySHB_20
02epdfbull Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist EMB
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetychecklist_edoc
bull Laboratory Safety Checklist SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepocheck_listInspectionGenLab20Saf
etylabsafety1htmbull Safety AuditInspection Manual American Chemical
Societyndash httpmembershipacsorgcccspubssafetypdf
Chemical Information Sources
bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf
Chemical Information Sources
ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom
ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom
ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds
ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection
safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm
Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS
bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University
bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary
bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网
bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices
Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical
name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information
bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner
bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced
bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed
Labeling of Chemical
Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing
httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English
bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
化學品安全標籤軟件
職業安全健康局
httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters
ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit
hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety
EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002
EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers
bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work
bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other
bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets
bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges
bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes
公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷
bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外
Chemical Compatibility
bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp
bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm
bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm
Emergency Preparedness
bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel
城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城
市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警
Safety Showers and Eyewashes
bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations
bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible
within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of
obstructions
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Chemical Safety Program
bull Hazard assessment bull Chemical safety information (MSDS) bull Proper Labeling Handling Transportation
Storage of chemicalsbull Emergency preparedness for spill controlbull Control Measures
ndash Engineering control ndash Administrative controlndash PPE (personal protective equipment)
bull Inventory and purchase controlbull Chemical Waste Management and Disposal
Risk Assessment
bull Understanding the hazards and characteristics of chemical
bull Pyrophoricsbull Water reactivesbull Peroxidizablesbull Shock sensitivesbull Cryogensbull Light sensitives
bull Flammablesbull Asphyxiantbull Corrosives bull Toxicsbull Oxidizers
Risk Assessment
bull Check material safety data sheets and information on the packaging or packaging labels ndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
bull Assessment the hazards of chemicals arising from work processes
Risk Assessment
bull To ascertain whether workers expose to chemicals and route(s) of exposure ndash Inhalationndash Ingestionndash Skin contact
bull Decide proper control measuresndash Segregate incompatible chemicalndash Engineering controlndash Administrative control ndash Personal Protective Equipment
Risk Assessment
bull Record the result of risk assessmentbull Review the risk assessment
ndash review risk assessment periodically and amend if
bull Suspect the risk assessment is failurebull Use of new chemicalbull Change of plant equipmentbull Change of work process procedure
httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYRisk_Assessment_Formdoc
References
httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratoryawareness_ehtm
Referencesbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace - Guidance Notes on
Risk Assessment and Fundamentals of Establishing Safety Measures Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicoschemsafeexe
bull Occupational Safety and Health Guide - Occupational Safety and Health in Schools Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicohOHB77pdf
bull Five Steps to Risk Assessment Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDFiveStepspdf
bull Hazards During Chemicals in Use and Safety Guidelines Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDChemicalspdf
Referencesbull Handbook on Safety in Science Laboratories (2002)
EMBndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySHB_20
02epdfbull Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist EMB
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetychecklist_edoc
bull Laboratory Safety Checklist SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepocheck_listInspectionGenLab20Saf
etylabsafety1htmbull Safety AuditInspection Manual American Chemical
Societyndash httpmembershipacsorgcccspubssafetypdf
Chemical Information Sources
bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf
Chemical Information Sources
ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom
ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom
ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds
ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection
safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm
Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS
bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University
bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary
bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网
bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices
Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical
name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information
bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner
bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced
bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed
Labeling of Chemical
Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing
httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English
bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
化學品安全標籤軟件
職業安全健康局
httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters
ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit
hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety
EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002
EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers
bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work
bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other
bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets
bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges
bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes
公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷
bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外
Chemical Compatibility
bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp
bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm
bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm
Emergency Preparedness
bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel
城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城
市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警
Safety Showers and Eyewashes
bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations
bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible
within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of
obstructions
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Risk Assessment
bull Understanding the hazards and characteristics of chemical
bull Pyrophoricsbull Water reactivesbull Peroxidizablesbull Shock sensitivesbull Cryogensbull Light sensitives
bull Flammablesbull Asphyxiantbull Corrosives bull Toxicsbull Oxidizers
Risk Assessment
bull Check material safety data sheets and information on the packaging or packaging labels ndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
bull Assessment the hazards of chemicals arising from work processes
Risk Assessment
bull To ascertain whether workers expose to chemicals and route(s) of exposure ndash Inhalationndash Ingestionndash Skin contact
bull Decide proper control measuresndash Segregate incompatible chemicalndash Engineering controlndash Administrative control ndash Personal Protective Equipment
Risk Assessment
bull Record the result of risk assessmentbull Review the risk assessment
ndash review risk assessment periodically and amend if
bull Suspect the risk assessment is failurebull Use of new chemicalbull Change of plant equipmentbull Change of work process procedure
httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYRisk_Assessment_Formdoc
References
httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratoryawareness_ehtm
Referencesbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace - Guidance Notes on
Risk Assessment and Fundamentals of Establishing Safety Measures Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicoschemsafeexe
bull Occupational Safety and Health Guide - Occupational Safety and Health in Schools Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicohOHB77pdf
bull Five Steps to Risk Assessment Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDFiveStepspdf
bull Hazards During Chemicals in Use and Safety Guidelines Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDChemicalspdf
Referencesbull Handbook on Safety in Science Laboratories (2002)
EMBndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySHB_20
02epdfbull Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist EMB
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetychecklist_edoc
bull Laboratory Safety Checklist SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepocheck_listInspectionGenLab20Saf
etylabsafety1htmbull Safety AuditInspection Manual American Chemical
Societyndash httpmembershipacsorgcccspubssafetypdf
Chemical Information Sources
bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf
Chemical Information Sources
ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom
ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom
ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds
ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection
safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm
Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS
bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University
bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary
bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网
bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices
Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical
name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information
bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner
bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced
bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed
Labeling of Chemical
Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing
httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English
bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
化學品安全標籤軟件
職業安全健康局
httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters
ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit
hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety
EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002
EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers
bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work
bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other
bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets
bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges
bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes
公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷
bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外
Chemical Compatibility
bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp
bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm
bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm
Emergency Preparedness
bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel
城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城
市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警
Safety Showers and Eyewashes
bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations
bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible
within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of
obstructions
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Risk Assessment
bull Check material safety data sheets and information on the packaging or packaging labels ndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
bull Assessment the hazards of chemicals arising from work processes
Risk Assessment
bull To ascertain whether workers expose to chemicals and route(s) of exposure ndash Inhalationndash Ingestionndash Skin contact
bull Decide proper control measuresndash Segregate incompatible chemicalndash Engineering controlndash Administrative control ndash Personal Protective Equipment
Risk Assessment
bull Record the result of risk assessmentbull Review the risk assessment
ndash review risk assessment periodically and amend if
bull Suspect the risk assessment is failurebull Use of new chemicalbull Change of plant equipmentbull Change of work process procedure
httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYRisk_Assessment_Formdoc
References
httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratoryawareness_ehtm
Referencesbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace - Guidance Notes on
Risk Assessment and Fundamentals of Establishing Safety Measures Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicoschemsafeexe
bull Occupational Safety and Health Guide - Occupational Safety and Health in Schools Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicohOHB77pdf
bull Five Steps to Risk Assessment Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDFiveStepspdf
bull Hazards During Chemicals in Use and Safety Guidelines Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDChemicalspdf
Referencesbull Handbook on Safety in Science Laboratories (2002)
EMBndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySHB_20
02epdfbull Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist EMB
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetychecklist_edoc
bull Laboratory Safety Checklist SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepocheck_listInspectionGenLab20Saf
etylabsafety1htmbull Safety AuditInspection Manual American Chemical
Societyndash httpmembershipacsorgcccspubssafetypdf
Chemical Information Sources
bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf
Chemical Information Sources
ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom
ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom
ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds
ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection
safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm
Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS
bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University
bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary
bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网
bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices
Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical
name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information
bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner
bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced
bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed
Labeling of Chemical
Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing
httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English
bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
化學品安全標籤軟件
職業安全健康局
httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters
ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit
hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety
EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002
EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers
bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work
bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other
bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets
bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges
bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes
公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷
bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外
Chemical Compatibility
bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp
bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm
bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm
Emergency Preparedness
bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel
城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城
市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警
Safety Showers and Eyewashes
bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations
bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible
within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of
obstructions
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Risk Assessment
bull To ascertain whether workers expose to chemicals and route(s) of exposure ndash Inhalationndash Ingestionndash Skin contact
bull Decide proper control measuresndash Segregate incompatible chemicalndash Engineering controlndash Administrative control ndash Personal Protective Equipment
Risk Assessment
bull Record the result of risk assessmentbull Review the risk assessment
ndash review risk assessment periodically and amend if
bull Suspect the risk assessment is failurebull Use of new chemicalbull Change of plant equipmentbull Change of work process procedure
httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYRisk_Assessment_Formdoc
References
httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratoryawareness_ehtm
Referencesbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace - Guidance Notes on
Risk Assessment and Fundamentals of Establishing Safety Measures Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicoschemsafeexe
bull Occupational Safety and Health Guide - Occupational Safety and Health in Schools Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicohOHB77pdf
bull Five Steps to Risk Assessment Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDFiveStepspdf
bull Hazards During Chemicals in Use and Safety Guidelines Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDChemicalspdf
Referencesbull Handbook on Safety in Science Laboratories (2002)
EMBndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySHB_20
02epdfbull Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist EMB
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetychecklist_edoc
bull Laboratory Safety Checklist SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepocheck_listInspectionGenLab20Saf
etylabsafety1htmbull Safety AuditInspection Manual American Chemical
Societyndash httpmembershipacsorgcccspubssafetypdf
Chemical Information Sources
bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf
Chemical Information Sources
ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom
ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom
ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds
ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection
safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm
Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS
bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University
bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary
bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网
bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices
Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical
name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information
bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner
bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced
bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed
Labeling of Chemical
Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing
httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English
bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
化學品安全標籤軟件
職業安全健康局
httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters
ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit
hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety
EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002
EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers
bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work
bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other
bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets
bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges
bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes
公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷
bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外
Chemical Compatibility
bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp
bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm
bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm
Emergency Preparedness
bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel
城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城
市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警
Safety Showers and Eyewashes
bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations
bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible
within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of
obstructions
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Risk Assessment
bull Record the result of risk assessmentbull Review the risk assessment
ndash review risk assessment periodically and amend if
bull Suspect the risk assessment is failurebull Use of new chemicalbull Change of plant equipmentbull Change of work process procedure
httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYRisk_Assessment_Formdoc
References
httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratoryawareness_ehtm
Referencesbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace - Guidance Notes on
Risk Assessment and Fundamentals of Establishing Safety Measures Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicoschemsafeexe
bull Occupational Safety and Health Guide - Occupational Safety and Health in Schools Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicohOHB77pdf
bull Five Steps to Risk Assessment Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDFiveStepspdf
bull Hazards During Chemicals in Use and Safety Guidelines Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDChemicalspdf
Referencesbull Handbook on Safety in Science Laboratories (2002)
EMBndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySHB_20
02epdfbull Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist EMB
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetychecklist_edoc
bull Laboratory Safety Checklist SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepocheck_listInspectionGenLab20Saf
etylabsafety1htmbull Safety AuditInspection Manual American Chemical
Societyndash httpmembershipacsorgcccspubssafetypdf
Chemical Information Sources
bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf
Chemical Information Sources
ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom
ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom
ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds
ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection
safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm
Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS
bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University
bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary
bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网
bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices
Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical
name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information
bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner
bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced
bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed
Labeling of Chemical
Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing
httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English
bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
化學品安全標籤軟件
職業安全健康局
httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters
ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit
hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety
EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002
EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers
bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work
bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other
bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets
bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges
bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes
公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷
bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外
Chemical Compatibility
bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp
bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm
bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm
Emergency Preparedness
bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel
城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城
市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警
Safety Showers and Eyewashes
bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations
bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible
within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of
obstructions
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYRisk_Assessment_Formdoc
References
httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratoryawareness_ehtm
Referencesbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace - Guidance Notes on
Risk Assessment and Fundamentals of Establishing Safety Measures Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicoschemsafeexe
bull Occupational Safety and Health Guide - Occupational Safety and Health in Schools Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicohOHB77pdf
bull Five Steps to Risk Assessment Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDFiveStepspdf
bull Hazards During Chemicals in Use and Safety Guidelines Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDChemicalspdf
Referencesbull Handbook on Safety in Science Laboratories (2002)
EMBndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySHB_20
02epdfbull Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist EMB
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetychecklist_edoc
bull Laboratory Safety Checklist SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepocheck_listInspectionGenLab20Saf
etylabsafety1htmbull Safety AuditInspection Manual American Chemical
Societyndash httpmembershipacsorgcccspubssafetypdf
Chemical Information Sources
bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf
Chemical Information Sources
ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom
ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom
ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds
ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection
safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm
Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS
bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University
bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary
bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网
bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices
Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical
name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information
bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner
bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced
bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed
Labeling of Chemical
Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing
httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English
bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
化學品安全標籤軟件
職業安全健康局
httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters
ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit
hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety
EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002
EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers
bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work
bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other
bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets
bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges
bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes
公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷
bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外
Chemical Compatibility
bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp
bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm
bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm
Emergency Preparedness
bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel
城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城
市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警
Safety Showers and Eyewashes
bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations
bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible
within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of
obstructions
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
References
httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratoryawareness_ehtm
Referencesbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace - Guidance Notes on
Risk Assessment and Fundamentals of Establishing Safety Measures Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicoschemsafeexe
bull Occupational Safety and Health Guide - Occupational Safety and Health in Schools Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicohOHB77pdf
bull Five Steps to Risk Assessment Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDFiveStepspdf
bull Hazards During Chemicals in Use and Safety Guidelines Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDChemicalspdf
Referencesbull Handbook on Safety in Science Laboratories (2002)
EMBndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySHB_20
02epdfbull Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist EMB
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetychecklist_edoc
bull Laboratory Safety Checklist SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepocheck_listInspectionGenLab20Saf
etylabsafety1htmbull Safety AuditInspection Manual American Chemical
Societyndash httpmembershipacsorgcccspubssafetypdf
Chemical Information Sources
bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf
Chemical Information Sources
ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom
ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom
ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds
ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection
safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm
Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS
bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University
bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary
bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网
bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices
Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical
name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information
bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner
bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced
bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed
Labeling of Chemical
Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing
httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English
bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
化學品安全標籤軟件
職業安全健康局
httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters
ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit
hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety
EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002
EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers
bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work
bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other
bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets
bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges
bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes
公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷
bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外
Chemical Compatibility
bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp
bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm
bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm
Emergency Preparedness
bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel
城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城
市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警
Safety Showers and Eyewashes
bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations
bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible
within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of
obstructions
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Referencesbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace - Guidance Notes on
Risk Assessment and Fundamentals of Establishing Safety Measures Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicoschemsafeexe
bull Occupational Safety and Health Guide - Occupational Safety and Health in Schools Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicohOHB77pdf
bull Five Steps to Risk Assessment Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDFiveStepspdf
bull Hazards During Chemicals in Use and Safety Guidelines Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosDChemicalspdf
Referencesbull Handbook on Safety in Science Laboratories (2002)
EMBndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySHB_20
02epdfbull Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist EMB
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetychecklist_edoc
bull Laboratory Safety Checklist SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepocheck_listInspectionGenLab20Saf
etylabsafety1htmbull Safety AuditInspection Manual American Chemical
Societyndash httpmembershipacsorgcccspubssafetypdf
Chemical Information Sources
bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf
Chemical Information Sources
ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom
ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom
ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds
ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection
safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm
Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS
bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University
bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary
bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网
bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices
Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical
name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information
bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner
bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced
bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed
Labeling of Chemical
Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing
httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English
bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
化學品安全標籤軟件
職業安全健康局
httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters
ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit
hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety
EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002
EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers
bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work
bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other
bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets
bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges
bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes
公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷
bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外
Chemical Compatibility
bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp
bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm
bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm
Emergency Preparedness
bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel
城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城
市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警
Safety Showers and Eyewashes
bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations
bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible
within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of
obstructions
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Referencesbull Handbook on Safety in Science Laboratories (2002)
EMBndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySHB_20
02epdfbull Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist EMB
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetychecklist_edoc
bull Laboratory Safety Checklist SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepocheck_listInspectionGenLab20Saf
etylabsafety1htmbull Safety AuditInspection Manual American Chemical
Societyndash httpmembershipacsorgcccspubssafetypdf
Chemical Information Sources
bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf
Chemical Information Sources
ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom
ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom
ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds
ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection
safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm
Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS
bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University
bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary
bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网
bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices
Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical
name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information
bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner
bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced
bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed
Labeling of Chemical
Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing
httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English
bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
化學品安全標籤軟件
職業安全健康局
httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters
ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit
hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety
EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002
EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers
bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work
bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other
bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets
bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges
bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes
公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷
bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外
Chemical Compatibility
bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp
bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm
bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm
Emergency Preparedness
bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel
城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城
市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警
Safety Showers and Eyewashes
bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations
bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible
within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of
obstructions
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Chemical Information Sources
bull Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)ndash Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
developed by the Faculty Laboratory Centre of the City University of Hong Kong It (Dec 2000 version) contains about 450 MSDSs of the chemicals commonly used in secondary school laboratories
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetymsds_ss_2000pdf
Chemical Information Sources
ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom
ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom
ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds
ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection
safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm
Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS
bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University
bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary
bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网
bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices
Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical
name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information
bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner
bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced
bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed
Labeling of Chemical
Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing
httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English
bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
化學品安全標籤軟件
職業安全健康局
httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters
ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit
hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety
EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002
EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers
bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work
bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other
bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets
bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges
bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes
公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷
bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外
Chemical Compatibility
bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp
bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm
bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm
Emergency Preparedness
bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel
城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城
市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警
Safety Showers and Eyewashes
bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations
bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible
within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of
obstructions
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Chemical Information Sources
ndash Sigma Aldrich MSDSbull wwwsigma-aldrichcom
ndash ChemFinderbull httpchemfindercambridgesoftcom
ndash Vermont MSDS Collectionbull httpsiriorgmsds
ndash International Chemical Safety Cards ILObull httpwwwiloorgpublicenglishprotection
safeworkcisproductsicscdtashtindexhtm
Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS
bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University
bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary
bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网
bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices
Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical
name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information
bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner
bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced
bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed
Labeling of Chemical
Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing
httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English
bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
化學品安全標籤軟件
職業安全健康局
httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters
ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit
hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety
EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002
EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers
bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work
bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other
bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets
bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges
bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes
公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷
bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外
Chemical Compatibility
bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp
bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm
bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm
Emergency Preparedness
bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel
城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城
市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警
Safety Showers and Eyewashes
bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations
bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible
within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of
obstructions
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Chemical Information Sourcesndash MSDS Search CCOHS
bull httpccinfowebccohscamsdssearchhtmlndash Chemical and Other Safety Information The Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University
bull httpphyschemoxacukMSDSndash The MSDS Hyperglossary
bull httpwwwilpicommsdsrefndash 中文MSDS中国化工网
bull httpchemanchemnetcomnotices
Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical
name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information
bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner
bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced
bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed
Labeling of Chemical
Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing
httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English
bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
化學品安全標籤軟件
職業安全健康局
httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters
ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit
hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety
EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002
EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers
bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work
bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other
bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets
bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges
bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes
公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷
bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外
Chemical Compatibility
bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp
bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm
bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm
Emergency Preparedness
bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel
城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城
市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警
Safety Showers and Eyewashes
bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations
bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible
within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of
obstructions
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Labeling of Chemicalbull Container labels must give the full chemical
name type of hazard special precautions and emergency information
bull All chemical containers must be labeled with ldquodate receivedrdquo ldquodate openedrdquo and name of owner
bull Chemical labels should never be removed or defaced
bull Chemical labels should be legible and conspicuously placed
Labeling of Chemical
Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing
httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English
bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
化學品安全標籤軟件
職業安全健康局
httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters
ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit
hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety
EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002
EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers
bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work
bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other
bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets
bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges
bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes
公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷
bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外
Chemical Compatibility
bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp
bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm
bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm
Emergency Preparedness
bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel
城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城
市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警
Safety Showers and Eyewashes
bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations
bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible
within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of
obstructions
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Labeling of Chemical
Harmful Harmful and Oxidizing
httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English
bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
化學品安全標籤軟件
職業安全健康局
httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters
ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit
hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety
EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002
EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers
bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work
bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other
bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets
bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges
bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes
公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷
bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外
Chemical Compatibility
bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp
bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm
bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm
Emergency Preparedness
bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel
城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城
市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警
Safety Showers and Eyewashes
bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations
bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible
within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of
obstructions
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosADSRhtm
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English
bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
化學品安全標籤軟件
職業安全健康局
httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters
ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit
hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety
EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002
EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers
bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work
bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other
bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets
bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges
bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes
公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷
bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外
Chemical Compatibility
bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp
bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm
bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm
Emergency Preparedness
bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel
城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城
市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警
Safety Showers and Eyewashes
bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations
bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible
within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of
obstructions
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
bull Each hazardous substances container must be labeled in both Chinese and English
bull The label should at least containndash The name of chemical substancendash A risk symbolndash The particular risk involved andndash Safety precaution
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
化學品安全標籤軟件
職業安全健康局
httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters
ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit
hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety
EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002
EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers
bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work
bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other
bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets
bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges
bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes
公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷
bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外
Chemical Compatibility
bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp
bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm
bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm
Emergency Preparedness
bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel
城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城
市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警
Safety Showers and Eyewashes
bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations
bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible
within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of
obstructions
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
FampIU (Dangerous Substances) Regulation
化學品安全標籤軟件
職業安全健康局
httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters
ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit
hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety
EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002
EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers
bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work
bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other
bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets
bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges
bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes
公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷
bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外
Chemical Compatibility
bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp
bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm
bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm
Emergency Preparedness
bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel
城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城
市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警
Safety Showers and Eyewashes
bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations
bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible
within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of
obstructions
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
化學品安全標籤軟件
職業安全健康局
httpwwwoshcorghkdownloaddownload4chemical2005zip
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters
ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit
hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety
EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002
EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers
bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work
bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other
bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets
bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges
bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes
公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷
bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外
Chemical Compatibility
bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp
bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm
bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm
Emergency Preparedness
bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel
城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城
市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警
Safety Showers and Eyewashes
bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations
bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible
within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of
obstructions
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters
ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit
hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety
EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002
EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers
bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work
bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other
bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets
bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges
bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes
公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷
bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外
Chemical Compatibility
bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp
bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm
bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm
Emergency Preparedness
bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel
城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城
市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警
Safety Showers and Eyewashes
bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations
bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible
within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of
obstructions
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters
ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit
hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety
EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002
EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers
bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work
bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other
bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets
bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges
bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes
公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷
bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外
Chemical Compatibility
bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp
bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm
bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm
Emergency Preparedness
bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel
城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城
市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警
Safety Showers and Eyewashes
bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations
bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible
within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of
obstructions
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
化學品安全標籤軟件
化學品安全標籤軟件
Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters
ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit
hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety
EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002
EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers
bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work
bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other
bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets
bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges
bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes
公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷
bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外
Chemical Compatibility
bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp
bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm
bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm
Emergency Preparedness
bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel
城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城
市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警
Safety Showers and Eyewashes
bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations
bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible
within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of
obstructions
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
化學品安全標籤軟件
Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters
ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit
hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety
EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002
EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers
bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work
bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other
bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets
bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges
bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes
公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷
bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外
Chemical Compatibility
bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp
bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm
bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm
Emergency Preparedness
bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel
城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城
市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警
Safety Showers and Eyewashes
bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations
bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible
within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of
obstructions
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Labeling of Chemicalbull Posters
ndash Label Dangerous Chemical with Care Labour Departmentbull httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosELabelDangerousChemicalWit
hCarepdfndash Knowing Your Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP658Cpdfndash Chemical Labelling OSHC
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP638Bpdfndash EMBCM No22003 Newly Designed Posters on Laboratory Safety
EMBbull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyEMBCM03002
EPDFndash Posters on Laboratory Safety EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorySAFETYsafety_posterszip
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers
bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work
bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other
bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets
bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges
bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes
公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷
bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外
Chemical Compatibility
bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp
bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm
bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm
Emergency Preparedness
bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel
城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城
市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警
Safety Showers and Eyewashes
bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations
bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible
within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of
obstructions
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Store all hazardous chemical in a secure location accessible only to authorized laboratory workers
bull Minimize the amount kept at the place of work
bull Segregate chemical physically by reactive classes and flammability
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other
bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets
bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges
bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes
公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷
bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外
Chemical Compatibility
bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp
bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm
bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm
Emergency Preparedness
bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel
城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城
市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警
Safety Showers and Eyewashes
bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations
bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible
within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of
obstructions
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
General Guidelines for Storage of Chemical
bull Ensure that incompatible chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other
bull Controlled chemical carcinogens and highly toxic chemicals should be stored in double containment and preferably in locked cabinets
bull Equip all shelves used for storing chemical with edge guards to prevent containers from sliding off the edges
bull Dangerous chemicals that are no longer needed should be disposed of as chemical wastes
公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷
bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外
Chemical Compatibility
bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp
bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm
bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm
Emergency Preparedness
bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel
城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城
市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警
Safety Showers and Eyewashes
bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations
bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible
within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of
obstructions
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
公證行實驗室 又爆炸3人傷
bull 【明報專訊】葵涌大連排道21號宏達工業中心一間公證行的實驗室昨早發生化學品爆炸意外 3名工人在實驗室工作時一個放在玻璃風櫃中盛有約25公升化學品硝酸及丙酮的玻璃瓶突爆炸抽風櫃玻璃震裂碎片及硝酸四濺3名職員被玻璃碎割傷及被硝酸灼傷同需送院救治根據資料同一幢大廈在今年3月亦發生兩宗實驗室意外
Chemical Compatibility
bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp
bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm
bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm
Emergency Preparedness
bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel
城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城
市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警
Safety Showers and Eyewashes
bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations
bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible
within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of
obstructions
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Chemical Compatibility
bull Chemical Compatibility of Materials with Chemicalndash httpwwwcoleparmercomtechinfochemcompasp
bull Incompatible Chemical List SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepoWasteincomp2htm
bull Hazardous Chemical Information SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepochem_infoindexhtm
Emergency Preparedness
bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel
城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城
市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警
Safety Showers and Eyewashes
bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations
bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible
within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of
obstructions
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Emergency Preparedness
bull Plan and Procedurebull Equipment and Facilitybull Training and Drillbull Personnel
城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城
市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警
Safety Showers and Eyewashes
bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations
bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible
within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of
obstructions
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
城大泄漏硝酸液 疏散150人bull 【 明 報 專 訊 】 香 港 城
市 大 學 昨 下 午 4 時 48 分 發 生 化 學 液 體 泄 漏意 外 10 名 學 生 與 兩名 職 員 在 教 學 樓 的 電子 工 程 實 驗 室 內 進 行實 驗 期 間 儲 存 化 學廢 料 的 安 全 化 學 櫃中 一 個 容 量 18 公升 盛 載 了 三 分 二 硝酸 的 膠 桶 部 分 液 體 突然 漏 出 並 冒 出 大 量濃 煙 職 員 見 狀 報警
Safety Showers and Eyewashes
bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations
bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible
within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of
obstructions
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Safety Showers and Eyewashes
bull Emergency showers and eyewash stations
bull Quick drench hosebull Location accessible
within 10 secondsbull Maintenancebull Access path free of
obstructions
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Spills in the Laboratories
bull Laboratoryrsquos Emergency Plans should includendash Spill managementndash Emergency response strategies
bull Laboratory workers should be trained in the emergency response procedures
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Chemical Spills
bull Spill response procedures
bull Spill clean-up proceduresbull Clean up materialsbull Sorbents and neutralizersbull Trainingbull PPE CPC
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Spills response principles-Contained-Neutralized-Collected for treatment or disposal
Spill control suppliesAdsorbent pads pillowsSpill-X-FP polymerizer zinc powdergloves goggles respirators coveralls bootsdisposal bags containerAccessories of tape scrape swipe communication
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
WebWISER
httpwebwisernlmnihgov
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
WebWISER
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
WebWISER
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Control Approaches for Chemical Hazards
bull Eliminationbull Substitutionbull Engineering Controlbull Administrative Controlbull Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Natural ventilation is a form of dilution ventilation that relies uponndash The natural air movement within a work
environment to dilute the contaminantndash Wind and thermal convection cause natural
displacement and infiltration of air through windows doors and other opening in the building structure
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Dilution Ventilationndash Dilution of contaminated air with
uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling
bull Potential health hazardbull Fire and explosion conditionsbull Odours and nuisance type contaminants
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Laboratory Ventilation
bull Local exhaust ventilation systems are designed to capture the pollutant at a point as close to the source as possible
bull Local exhaust is preferred to dilution becausendash Removes contaminant from the work areandash Handles low volume flow ratesndash Is more energy efficient
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Standard Fumehood ndash Exhaust flow is
constantndash Face velocity varies
with sash openingndash Testing is done at a
specific sash opening usually maximum
ndash Face velocity is very high near closing
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Laboratory Fumehood
bull Bypass Fumehood ndash Constant volume
airflow with face velocity
ndash With opening above and below the sash
ndash Bypass open area increases as sash is closed
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
bull Keep all containers and apparatus at least 6 inches back from the front of the hood
bull Do not store unused chemical or apparatus inside the hood
bull Conduct all operations that release significant quantities of airborne materials inside a hood
Work Practice Guides forFume Cupboards
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Work Practice Guides for Fume Cupboards
bull Do not extend the head inside the hood when operations are underway
bull Do not obstruct the slots or baffles in the rear of the hood
bull Except for maintenance or repair do not remove the hood sash horizontal sliding safety panels airfoil sill or rear baffles
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Certification Records
bull Make sure all engineering control equipment are under certification schedule
bull Certification and maintenance records should be available
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Certification Records
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Administrative Controls
bull Work practices and Supervisionndash Follow SOPs for laboratory work involving hazardous
chemicals ndash Follow general laboratory safety and health
procedures ndash Scaling down the size of the experimentndash Restrict access to areas in which particularly
hazardous chemicals are used ndash Reduce individual exposure by job rotation and
operation reschedule
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Administrative Controlsbull Information Instruction and Training
ndash Post appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area
ndash General Safety Trainingbull Heightening the safety awareness of individualbull Induction training to new comers
ndash Job Safety Trainingbull Job-specific safety trainingbull Equip individuals to be engaged in a particular job
with the necessary knowledge to perform the job safely
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Administrative Controlsbull Safety in Exploring Science
ndash httpresourcesembgovhk~ses
ndash httpwwwembgovhkindexaspxnodeID=3376amplangno=1
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Administrative Controlsbull Maintenance
ndash Preventive maintenance of equipmentbull Fume cupboards and Local exhaust ventilation
system etcbull 5S Technique
ndash a method for establishing and maintaining a quality working environment
ndash In Hong Kong the 5Ss stand forbull Structurize Systematize Sanitize Standardize and
Self-discipline
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Administrative Controls
bull Posterndash Chemical Fume Cupboard
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP634Bpdfndash MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP635Cpdfndash Use The Right Personal Protective Equipment
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP038Bpdfndash Safe Transportation of Chemicals
bull httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCP108Cpdf
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Eye and Face Protective Devices
Spectacles
Vented GogglesFaceshield
Non-vented Goggles
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Respiratory Protective Equipment
bull Air Purifying Respirators (APR)ndash Purify the air by drawing it through a
filter to remove contaminants
Surgical Mask Dust Mask Respirators
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Ideal Chemical Resistant Gloves
bull The best gloves should demonstrate no significant degradation a high breakthrough time and a low permeation rate upon contact with the chemicals used
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
wwwcoleparmercom
Compatibility Rating
A ndash Very Good or
Excellent
B ndash Good
C ndash Fair
D ndash Not
recommended
No data
available
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Inspection and Carebull Gloves should be inspected before usebull Gloves should be replaced when
ndash Leakndash Show stains or color changesndash Soften swell or bubblesndash Start to dissolve or become jellery-likendash Stiffen or crack
bull Reusable gloves should be cleaned after usebull Disposable gloves should not be reused
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
References
bull Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment OSHCndash httpwwwoshcorghkothersbookshelfCB139
Epdfbull Chemical Safety in the Workplace -
Guidance Notes on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Use and Handling of Chemicalsndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosequipm
entexe
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Chemical Waste Management
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Definition of Chemical Waste
bull Any wanted substance thing or by-product arising from any process or trade activity and which contains any of substances specified in Appendix 1 would be regarded as chemical waste if such substance occurs in such form quantity or concentration so as to cause pollution or constitute a danger to health or risk of pollution to the environment
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Definition of Chemical Waste
Wastes which contain substances or chemicals listed in Part A are particularly hazardous and would require advanced preparation work to be carried out at the reception point
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Part B of schedule covers the majority of chemical wastes including acids alkalis toxic metals mineral oils and organic solvent
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Halogenated Organic Solventsbull Non-halogenated Organic Solventsbull Organic Acidsbull Inorganic Acidsbull Hydrofluoric Acidbull Metal Solutionbull Chrome (VI) or Boron
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Enviropace Chemical Waste Streams
bull Alkalinesbull Cyanidesbull Lubricating Oilbull Photographic Film FixerDeveloperbull Gel Wastebull Phenol Sludgebull Metal Sludgebull Rags with Solvent and Oil
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Registration of Waste Producers
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Trip Ticket System1 Collection
Chemical Waste Producer
2 TransportationLicensed Contractor
3 DisposalLicensed Disposal Facility
Waste producer retains 1 copy Waste collector retain 1 copy
Waste collector keeps trip-ticket during transportation
Waste producer to produce copies on request
Disposal point manager retains original
Records of trip-tickets in computer or other format as specified by EPD
Environmental Protection Department
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be packed in containers of suitable design and construction so as to prevent leakage spillage or escape of the contents under normal conditions of handling storage and transport
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Packaging of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste containers should bendash Resistant to wastendash Free of corrosion contamination defectsndash Securely closedndash No mixing of incompatible wastes
bull Sufficient air space should be left in containers (~100 mm air space)
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Waste Generator name and phone number
Waste stream name
Hazardous Warning label
Standard Chemical Waste Label
Risk Phrase
Safety Precaution
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Hazard Symbols on Chemical Waste Labels
Classification Symbol Classification Symbol
Explosive
Flammable
Oxidizing
Irritant
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Storage of Chemical Waste
bull Chemical waste should be storedndash In a suitable area before collectionndash Closed to the source of waste generationndash Away from incompatible chemical wastendash Not exceeding 50 litres (no more than two 20L
waste containers)ndash In an area with proper warning panel or notice
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Warning Signsbull Every chemical waste storage area including any
cupboard cabinet or bin should display a hazard warning panel notice or marking at or near the entrances or opening of the storage area and such panel notice or marking shouldndash Indicate the English word and Chinese Characters ldquoCHEMICAL
WASTErdquo and boldly in RED on a WHITE background with a lettercharacter size of not less than 60mm high
ndash Be securely attached to or worked in vertical plane of the storage structure
ndash Be weather resistant and rigidndash Be kept clean and free from obstruction
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Chemical Waste Sign
CHEMICAL WASTE
化 學 廢 物
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Standard Chemical Waste Container
Waste Log Sheet in a plastic folder (for applicable waste streams)
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Storage of Chemical Waste
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Storage Location with Chemical Waste Sign
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Chemical Waste Treatment Center
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Referencesbull Control of Chemical Wastes in Secondary Schools EMB
Circular No11998Bndash httpwwwembgovhkUtilityManagercircularuploadSMCMC9
8001EPDFndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecw_eht
mbull Compatibility Test for Chemical Waste (Video)
ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywastecompatibility_testwmv
bull Disposal of Surplus or Expired Chemicals (Video)ndash httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorywasteexpired_
chemicalswmv
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
References
A Guide to the Registration of
Chemical Waste Producers
A Guide to the Chemical
Waste Control Scheme
Packaging Labelling and
Storage of Chemical Waste
httpwwwepdgovhkepdenglishenvironmentinhkwasteguide_refguide_cwc_listhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Biological Safety
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Biohazard
bull A biological hazard can be described as any micro-organism or material of biological origin that has the ability to cause illness
bull These include certain bacteria細菌 fungi真菌 viruses病毒 rickettseae立克次體 chlamydiae衣原體 parasites寄生 recombinant (DNA) products allergens cell cultures toxin and clinical specimens
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Universal Biohazard Symbolbull The universal biohazard
symbol warns of the presence of microbiological agents that may cause disease
bull Typically posed on a laboratory or animal room doors equipment and some waste containers
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Chain of InfectionReservoir of Pathogen
Portal of escape
Transmission
Route of entry Infectious dose
Susceptible host
Incubation Period
Practices Equipment
PPE
Immunization
Surveillance
RISK ASSESSMENT
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Routes of infection
bull The following incidents in the laboratory may be casual factorsndash Contact with infective material from spill
sprays aerosolndash Injury with broken glass or sharp objectsndash Aspiration through pipettendash Bite or scratch of animals
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental Ingestionndash Eating drinking and smokingndash Mouth pipettingndash Contaminated fingers or articles
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Laboratory-Associated Infection
bull Accidental inoculationndash Injuries caused by laboratory animalsndash Cuts scratches and other lesions (needle stick
injuries)ndash Through the eyesndash Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
bull Sourcesndash Operation of centrifuges ultra-centrifuges homogenizers
Culture stirrers shakers agitators
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Control of Contamination
bull Recognitionndash Training knowledge
bull Evaluationndash Determine Risk Group of micro-organisms
bull Controlndash Work at appropriate contaminated level
bull Laboratory practice and techniquebull Safety equipment (Primary Barriers)bull Facility design (Secondary Barriers)
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Safety Equipment
bull Primary Barriersndash The protection of personnel and the
immediate laboratories environment from exposure to infectious agents
bull Biological Safety Cabinetsbull Laminar Flow Clean Benchesbull Enclosed Containersbull Autoclavesbull Personal Protective Equipment
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Facility Design
bull Secondary Barriersndash The protection of the environment external to
the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Access Controlndash Daily work surface decontaminatedndash Decontamination of spill materialsndash Decontaminated of biohazardous waste before
disposalndash Mouth pipetting is prohibitedndash No eating drinking smoking chewing gum and
application of cosmetics
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Laboratory Practices and Technique
bull Standard Microbiological Practicesndash Hands washingndash Minimization of aerosolsndash Wear lab coat in the laboratoryndash Trainingndash Biosafety program ndash Operational manual
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
1 2 3
4 5 6 7洗擦手腕
洗手技巧
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Standard Precautions
bull All blood specimens are treated as potentially infectious irrespective of source and laboratory findings
bull All blood-stained equipment that has been used to handle blood is treated as potentially infectious
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Standard Precautionsbull Standard precautions should be applied in
laboratories byndash Treat all samples as potentially infectiousndash Wear PPEndash Clean-up spill immediatelyndash Do not recap needlesndash Use BSC for all procedures producing aerosolsndash Clean instruments in cold water then soak in
disinfectantndash Label waste and dispose of appropriatelyndash Wash hands immediately on completion of work
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Decontamination Sterilizationbull Decontamination
ndash Procedure which remove contamination by killing organisms rendering the items safe for disposal or use
bull Sterilization ndash physical or chemical procedure used to
destroy all microbial life including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial spores
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Disinfection Antisepticbull Disinfection
ndash physical or chemical procedure used to eliminate all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms (bacterial spores) on inanimate objects
bull Antisepticndash germicide that is used on skin or living tissue
for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Referencesbull Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Chemical Disinfectants
Labour Departmentndash httpwwwlabourgovhkengpublicosCDisinfectantspdf
bull Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ndash httpwwwcdcgovodohsbiosftybmbl5bmbl5tochtm
bull MSDS for Infectious Substances Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccamsds-ftssindexhtml
bull Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition-2004 Public Health Agency of Canadandash httpwwwphac-aspcgccaols-bsllbg-ldmblindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Working with Animals
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Working with Animals
bull Work involving contact with animals poses particular risks not normally encountered in other laboratory operationsndash The transmission of zoonoses (disease
transmissible from animals to humans)ndash Sensitization (the development of allergies)
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Working with Animals
bull The risks involved depend on the species involved and the degree of contact with animals and theirndash Tissuesndash Body fluidsndash Excretandash Hairndash Danderndash Cages and accessories
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Exercise aerosol control particularly during cleaning operations in animal housing areas ndashavoid the use of pressure spray hoses
bull Maintain animal housing areas in a hygienic state
bull Practice good personal hygiene by changing clothes and washing hands thoroughly when leaving animal housing areas ndash depending on the extent of contact a complete shower may be advisable
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Working with Animals - Precautions
bull Practice appropriate handling and restraint techniques to prevent accidental bites and scratches ndash limit access to animal quarters to those trained in these techniques
bull Seek immediate medical attention for bites scratches and needlestick injuries ndash preferably by a physician knowledgeable in zoonoses
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
References
bull Laboratory Animal Handling Technique Animal and Plant Care Facility HKUST ndash httpihomeusthk~webacffilesMicemice-
techppt
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Laser Safety
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Beam Hazards
bull Target organs Eyes
Wavelength Absorbed by Potential Effect180 to 315 nm (UV) Cornea Welderrsquos flash or photokeratitis
315 to 400 nm (UV) Lens Cataract
400 to 780 nm (visible) Retina Damage of the retina
780 to 1400 nm (near IR) Retina Damage of the retina
1400 nm to 1mm Surface of the eye May contribute to ldquoglass
(mid and far IR) blowerrsquos cataractrdquo
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Beam Hazards
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Beam Hazards
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Principles of Laser Safety
bull Minimize laser powerbull Minimize laser beam paths and enclose thembull Minimize the amount of time during which
exposure to laser light can occurbull Design manufacture and use laser
equipment in full accordance with the code of practice or safety guideline
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Standards
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Referencesbull Safety Guidelines for Laser Products EMSD
ndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsdengppsoa_ls_pub_sglpshtml
bull Laser Safety Guidance Notes for Industry Display and Entertainmentndash httpwwwemsdgovhkemsde_downloadppsother
slaser_safety_guidance_notes_2005_engpdfbull Laser Safety Management HKIOEH
ndash httpwwwhkioehorghkSeminarSeminar2007HKIOEH-laser-safety-management-4pdf
bull Laser Safety SEPO HKUSTndash httpwwwabusthksepotraininglaser
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Radiation Safety
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Ionizing Radiation
bull Two types of ionizing radiationndash Electromagnetic Radiation
bull X-raysbull Gamma Radiation
ndash Particulatebull Alphabull Betabull Neutron
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Principles of Radiological Protection
bull Justification of the practicesndash There should be a net benefit arising from any use of
ionizing radiationbull Optimization of protection
ndash As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)bull Magnitude of individual dosesbull Number of people exposedbull Likelihood of incurring exposures
bull Dose Limit
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Recommended Dose Limits of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Application Dose Limit
Occupational Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year 1 mSv per year
(average over defined
periods of 5 years)
Annual equivalent dose in
Lens of the eye 150 mSv 15 mSv
Skin 500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and Feet 500 mSv ---
Foetus 1 mSv ---
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets
httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuenglish_datasheethtm
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Ionizing Radiation
bull Radionuclide Safety Data Sheets containndash Half lifendash Annual limit of intakendash Radiation Characteristics
bull Principle emissionbull Maximum energybull Dose ratebull Recommended Shielding
ndash Detection and Measurementndash Protective Measures
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Timendash Radiation workers may be protected on a time
basis by limiting the duration of exposure to certain predetermined limits
bull Distancendash Radiation workers may be protected by
ensuring that they do not come within certain distances of radiation sources
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Distancendash Inverse square law
bull The intensity of the radiation from a point source varies inversely with the square of distance from the source
I1 D1
I2 D2
= ( )2
I1 = Intensity at original distance from source
I2 = Intensity at new distance from source
D1= original distance from source
D2= new distance from source
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Inverse Square Law
Io1m
2m
4m
Io
Io
14
3mIo
19
116
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash They may be shielded by the use of absorbing
materials such as lead or concrete between themselves and the source to reduce the level of radiation to below the maximum dose level
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Criteria for Radiological Protection
bull Shieldingndash Half-thickness
bull The thickness of shielding required to reduce incident ionizing radiation to half intensity
ndash Formula to determine what shielding thickness should be
I = Io e -μx
I = Intensity after shielding
I0 = Original Intensity
μ= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Detection of Radioactivity
Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD)
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
httpswwwdh-rhugovhkwesdose_inquiryhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Summary of Radiation Units
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Safety Measures
bull Minimize use of radioactive sourcesbull Risk assessment bull Emergency planbull Follow local and in-house safety proceduresbull Safety training for radiation workersbull Work in designated radiation work areasbull Personal Protective Equipment
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Referencesbull Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
ndash Code of Practice for the Handling Storage Packaging Transportation and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub5_englishpdfndash Ionizing Radiation
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuPub6_englishpdfndash Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation for the Safety of Radiation Sourcesbull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuBASICSSTpdf
ndash Code of Practice on the Use of Radioactive Sources of Teaching Purposes in Schools
bull httpwwwinfogovhkdh-rhuteaching_guide_epdf
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
References
ndash Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purpose in Schools EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetyra_source_epdf
ndash Application Form for Exemption from Requiring Radioactive Substances Licence(Use of Radioactive Sources for Teaching Purposes in Schools) EMB
bull httpcd1embhkedcitynetcdsciencelaboratorysafetySchoolExemptionApplicationFormv2pdf
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml
Referencesbull Radiation Event Medical Management US
Department of Health and Human Servicesndash httpremmnlmgov
bull What We Know About Radiation National Institutes of Healthndash httpwwwnihgovhealthchipodradiation
bull Safety and Health Topics Ionizing Radiation Occupational Safety and Health Administrationndash httpwwwoshagovSLTCradiationionizingindexht
mlbull Radiation Information Radionuclides
Environmental Protection Agencyndash httpwwwepagovradiationradionuclidesindexhtml