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Promises to Keep?p
Philip T. PienkospPrincipal Group Manager, Applied Sciences
NRC Panel on Sustainable Development of Algal Biofuels
June 13, 2011
NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.
Discussion Points
• What does a large-scale algae biofuels systems look like in terms of its needs for people and resources and what are the potential issues to meeting those needs?potential issues to meeting those needs?
• Are there salient general architectural elements or features that must be put in place for the resultant process integration to have minimized critical resource inputs, including water, p , g ,land, energy, nutrients, etc.?
• What does a potential user of this fuel look for before it can commit?Wh ld b h i bili f h• What could be the sustainability concerns from the perspective of a funder?
• What does the investor community look at when deciding on what to invest in and how do sustainability issues enter intowhat to invest in, and how do sustainability issues enter into the decision-making process?
• What factors must be addressed and measures taken to increase the social acceptability of the integrated process?
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p y g p
Why Fuels from Algae?
• Algae can produce more lipids per acre than terrestrial plants ‐‐ potentially 10x ‐ 100x
• Can use marginal, non‐arable land
• Can use saline/brackish water
• No competition with food, feed, or fiber
• Can utilize large waste CO resources• Can utilize large waste CO2 resources
• Potential to displace significant amount of U.S. diesel and jet fuel usage
• An algal biorefinery could produce oils, protein, and carbohydrates and a variety of h d
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
other products
3
Large Scale Algal Biofuels Process
Blowdown +Evaporate
0.05% (OP)0.4% (PBR)
Lipid Phase Solvent Upgrading Algae CO2
Makeup solvent Solvent recycle HydrogenOffgas
Naphtha Rawoil
FlocculentMakeup water
CentrifugeDAFS ttli
1% 10% 20%
pExtraction Separation Recovery
pg g(hydrotreater)
Anaerobic
gGrowth
Spent algae+ water Biogas
for energy Flue gas from turbine
Diesel
Recycle water
CentrifugeDAFSettling
Anaerobic Digestion
Makeup nutrients
Recycle nutrients/ water
Sludge
energy g
Power
Green = algae cell densityDOE-funded Algal Biomass for
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gBiopower Production with Nutrient Recycle
Large Scale Algal Biofuels Process
0.05% (OP)0.4% (PBR)
Blowdown +Evaporate
Lipid Phase Solvent Upgrading Algae CO2
Solvent recycle HydrogenOffgas
Naphtha Rawoil
FlocculentMakeup water
CentrifugeDAFS ttli
Makeup solvent
1% 10% 20%
pExtraction Separation Recovery
pg g(hydrotreater)
Pretreatment
gGrowth
Spent algae+ water
Diesel
Recycle water
CentrifugeDAFSettling
and Saccharification
Makeup nutrients
Recycle nutrients/ water
Advanced
Fermentation
Biofuel
Green = algae cell density
l d?
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Animal Feed?Industrial Media? DOE-funded Sustainable Algal
Biofuels Consortium
Input/Output
• Wigmosta et al. evaluated available US landsavailable US lands appropriate for algal cultivation• 166 000 square miles166,000 square miles• 57B gallons oil per year• Human Resources
• Total workers: 37 498Total workers: 37,498 • Acres per worker: 144• Typical farm acres per worker:
100-200• Evaporative losses of 8X1013
gallons water per year• 1400 gallon water per gallon
f l
Wigmosta, M. S., A. M. Coleman, R. J. Skaggs, M. H. Huesemann, and L. J. Lane (2011), National microalgae biofuel production potential and resource demand, Water Resour. Res., 47, W00H04,
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fuel , , , ,doi:10.1029/2010WR009966. Figure courtesy Mark Wigmosta, PNNL
Land Usage: A Matter of Scale
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What Is the Definition of Marginal Land?
S th t d tS th t d tSouthwest desertSouthwest desertSoutheast coastSoutheast coast
Freeport, TXFreeport, TX
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Untilled farmlandUntilled farmland Ft. Myers, FLFt. Myers, FL
Freshwater Usage Need Not Be An Issue
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Change debate from freshwater usage to brine disposal
Unintended Consequences
• 8X1013 gallons water per year lost to evaporation is a lot of water
• Impact on climate in desert• Impact on climate in desert southwest?
• Removing saline groundwater and replacing with brine may have impact on aquiferson aquifers
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Dynamic Modeling for Resource AssessmentAssessment
Potential Biomass Production
30
s
Algae Molecular Composition per Atom PAdjust numbers in blue. Default for C, N, P is "Redfield ratio". Defaultfor H and O compared to C from Bayless et al 2003.
29 % P limited ( 16 )71 % N limited ( 39 )P O N C H
20
r tr
eatm
en
t p
lan
ts
If nitrogen load data are available, or phosphorous loaddata are available, but not both:
( )0 % C limited ( 0 )
100 % Total ( 55 )P O N C H106161 19159
10
# w
ast
e w
ate
r
Assume missing constituent is unlimitedDo not calculate productivity potential for that WWTP
Algal Nutrient Uptake Efficiencies:
Nitrogen
0
1e-3 1 10 20 30
to to to to and1 10 20 30 up
Biomass produced (dry) [tonnes/day]
0 % 20 % 40 % 60 % 80 % 100 % 33 17 3 1 1
0 % 20 % 40 % 60 % 80 % 100 %
100 %
Phosporous
100 %
Carbon
RescaleY Axis
Max distance to move CO2
0 20 40 60 80 100k85 k
0 % 20 % 40 % 60 % 80 % 100 %100 %
Potential productivity of largest 10 WWTPs: 147.2 tonnes/da
CO2 fixed Area requiredBiomass produced Algal oil produced
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km85 km
Figure used with permission of Howard Passell, Sandia National Laboratories
Fuel Quality
E&E PM News, June 10. 2011
BIOFUELS Bi b d i i f lBIOFUELS: Bio-based aviation fuel moves step closer to approval (06/10/2011)Jenny Mandel, E&E reportery , pA leading standards development group is moving toward accepting bio-based fuels into use for aviation, with a vote that a key specification be revised tothat a key specification be revised to encompass the blending of bio-based alternatives to conventional jet fuel.ASTM International, formerly known as the American Society for Testing andthe American Society for Testing and Materials, is working to expand its specification for aviation turbine fuel to include "synthesized hydrocarbons" -- or biofuels
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
biofuels.
Consumer Acceptance
• Niche market vs. fungibilityNiche market vs. fungibility
• Price
• PerformancePerformance
• Availability
• Brand loyalty• Brand loyalty
Conversion and blending by il i ill f ilit t
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
oil companies will facilitate widespread acceptance
Algal Biofuels Can Reshape the Food vs Fuel DebateDebate
• Algal biomass used as food supplement since pre-columbian times
• Extracted biomass could provide approximately 180M tons protein per year• Aquaculture• Animal feed• Pet food• Human food
• Indirect land usage very different for algae compared to terrestrial crops
• Possible competition for fertilizer inputs especially potassium• Recycle option for some processes
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• Capture nutrients from wastewater or natural blooms
Uncertainty Vs. Risk
Comparative Cost Analysis of Algal Oil Production for Biofuels. Amy Sun, Ryan Davis, Meghan Starbuck, Ami Ben‐Amotz, Ron Pate and Philip T.
Pienkos, P.T.,“ Historical Overview of Algal Biofuel Technoeconomic Analyses,” 2008 EERE Algal Biofuels T h l R d W k h P di Starbuck, Ami Ben Amotz, Ron Pate and Philip T.
Pienkos. Manuscript submitted to Energy.Technology Roadmap Workshop Proceedings, University of Maryland, December 9‐10, 2008.
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Conclusions
• Algal biofuels can displace a significant amount of petroleum usage in the US
• Energy security• Greenhouse gas mitigation• High quality job creation in rural area• Seamless replacement for petroleum-based fuels
Resources are available to sustain production• Resources are available to sustain production• Underutilized land• Saline water (freshwater use can be minimized)• Nutrient recycleNutrient recycle
• Food vs fuel argument can be minimized or even reversed• VCs and corporations investing in algae
• Risk involved with economicsRisk involved with economics• Uncertainty involved in resource availability and public
acceptance for deployment• Public acceptance for algal biofuels seems less uncertain
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QuestionsQuestions
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Supplemental SlidesSupplemental Slides
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How Algal Biofuels Figure Into the Equation
5 billion 5 b ogallons could come fromfrom algae
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Job Creation Assumptions
50 ponds/operator [assumed]1 000 l b h /10 000 ft2 f i ttli ( i1,000 labor hours/10,000 ft2 of primary settling area (primary concentration) [based on literature]2,800 labor hours/1,000 ft2 of DAF settling area (secondary concentration) [based on literature]concentration) [based on literature]4 operators for centrifuge step (tertiary concentration) [assumed]4 operators for extraction step [assumed]4 operators for AD [assumed]4 operators for AD [assumed]All other FTE positions (other than plant operators) are based on the new biochemical design report
66 operators or total of 104 total employees at 10 MMgal/yr TAG production.
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Multiple Biochemical Conversion Strategies and Routes of Algal Feedstocks into BiofuelsRoutes of Algal Feedstocks into Biofuels
SeparationExtractionWhole algae
• Protease cocktail• Cellulase cocktail k l
Whole algae
Algal residualsAlgal oil
• Lipase cocktailsFermentable
Cellulase cocktail• Amylase cocktail• Lipase cocktail
S i
• Protease cocktail• Cellulase cocktail• Amylase cocktail
• Catalytic upgrading
Fermentable sugarsFAME
• Microbial fermentation
FAME (biodiesel)Separation Fermentable
sugars
Diesel, kerosene, gasoline
• Microbial fermentation
Ethanol, butanol
Algal Biomass: A Versatile FeedstockMicroalgae Macroalgae Microcrops
Hydrogen Biomassmed
iate
Lipids orHydrocarbons Carbohydrates
Inte
rm Hydrocarbons
MethaneSyngas
National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future
Hydrogen Alkanes or“Green Diesel” Biodiesel FT Liquids
Fuel Alcohols
(Ethanol) Methane
Baseline Cost Results
$30$22
Direct Installed Capital, MM$ (Ponds)Ponds
CO2 Delivery
$25
Minimum Fuel Selling Price
$12
$9
$21
CO2 Delivery
Harvesting
Extraction
Digestion
Inoculum System
Hydrotreating
$18.10
$20.53
$15
$20
007/
gal)
$41
$16$23
$24
Hydrotreating
OSBL Equipment
Land Costs
Total = $195MM$8.52
$9.84$10
$15
lling
Pric
e ($
2
Operating ($/gal of product)
$522
Direct Installed Capital, MM$ (PBR)PBR system
CO2 Delivery$108
$0
$5
Sel
Capital ($/gal of product)
$522Harvesting
Extraction
Digestion
Inoculum System
Hydrotreating
$0OP
(TAG)PBR
(TAG)OP
(Diesel)PBR
(Diesel)
Baselines show high costs of today’s currently available technologies opportunities for cost
23
Hydrotreating
OSBL Equipment
Land Costs
Total = $631MM
available technologies, opportunities for cost reduction
Algal Biomass for Biopower Production with Nutrient Recyclewith Nutrient RecycleAn economically viable and sustainable
l l bi f l i Algal Biomass
Microalgal Cultivation
algal biofuel process requires:– gaining value from oil-extracted microalgae– recycling costly nutrients (especially nitrogen
& h h )
Algal Biomass
Oil FuelsExtraction
e
& phosphorous)
This DOE-funded project will evaluate the suitability of spent algal biomass for
Wet Residue
Minimal Cleanup
Nutrie
nt Recycl
CO2Recycle
y p gbiopower production via anaerobic digestion (AD) while recycling inorganic nutrients in the digester effluent for algal Biogas
AD Liquids & Sludge
Anaerobic Digestion
Generationnutrients in the digester effluent for algal growth
$900k funding ($450k/yr for two years)Biopower
g
Expand Model to Determine Potential Canadian Algal Productivity
Histograms and maps can be viewed f i f
Potential Biomass Production
20
30
atm
en
t p
lan
ts
29 % P limited ( 16 )71 % N limited ( 39 )0 % C limited ( 0 )
100 % Total ( 55 )
Canadian Algal Productivity
as a function of
• Biomass production potential (previous slides)• Potential rate at which CO2 is fixed
10
# w
ast
e w
ate
r tr
ea
33 17 3 1 12• Algal oil (biocrude) production potential• Area requirements
0
1e-3 1 10 20 30
to to to to and1 10 20 30 up
Biomass produced (dry) [tonnes/day]
33 17 3 1 1
Potential CO2 FixedPotential Algal Oil Production Land Area Requirements
25
15
20
tre
ate
men
t p
lan
ts
29 % P limited ( 16 )71 % N limited ( 39 )0 % C limited ( 0 )
### % Total ( 55 )
15
20
25
r tr
eate
men
t p
lan
ts
Areal Productivity (algal oil)
Alberta 17,909 l/ha/yr
Nova Scotia 20,297 l/ha/yr
Southern Ontario 22,810 l/ha/yr
15
20
25
tre
ate
men
t p
lan
ts
Areal Productivity (dry biomass)
Alberta 4.1 kg/m²/yr
Nova Scotia 4.7 kg/m²/yr
Southern Ontario 5.2 kg/m²/yr
0
5
10
# w
ast
e w
ate
r
1e-2 1 5 20 50
24 17 8 4 10
5
10
# w
aste
wate
r
1 100 1,000 5,000 10,000
16 26 8 4 10
5
10
# w
ast
e w
ate
r
1 10 100 200 300
25 14 3 1 0
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY 25
1e 2 1 5 20 50
to to to to and1 5 20 50 up
CO2 fixed [tonnes/day] , , ,
to to to to and100 1,000 5,000 10,000 up
Algal oil produced [liters/day] to to to to and10 100 200 300 up
Area required [ha]