Promax Manual

8/11/2019 Promax Manual

1/270

ProMAX Seismic Processing

and Analysis

Training ManualVolume 1

copyright 2004 by Landmark Graphics Corporation

Part No. 162382 Rev A October 2004


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2003 - 2004 Landmark Graphics Corporation

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Landmark ProMAX Seismic Processing and Analysis i

Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ixAbout The Manual. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

How To Use The Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

Conventions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .x

Mouse Button Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .x

Exercise Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x

Agenda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

Day 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

Day 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xii

Day 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii

Day 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv

Remaining class time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xv

ProMAX User Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

Topics covered in this chapter:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

ProMAX Menu Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2

Getting Started. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3

Building a Workspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3

Flow Building and Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8

Build a Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8

Sorting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-14

Sort data by source number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-14

Sort data by source and channel number. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-16

Sort data by CDP number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-17

Display near offset section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-19


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Interactivity of Trace Display. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1

Topics to be covered in this chapter: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1

Trace Display Window. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-2

Icon Bar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-4

Using Icons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-6

Zoom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-6

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-6

Add Annotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-9

Velocity Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-10

Trace Header Dump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-11

Save Screen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-12

Animate Screens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-13

Interactive Data Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-14

Menu Bar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-18

File Pulldown Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-18

View Pulldown Menu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-18

Animation Pull Down Menu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-19

Picking Pull Down Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-20

Create and Apply a Parameter Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-21

Pick Parameter Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-21

The Picking icon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-23

The Paint Brush Icon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-25

Picking Traces to be Killed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-25

Apply the Mute and Trace Edits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-26

Exit/Stop vs. Exit Continue Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-28

Database From Full Extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-1

Topics covered in this chapter:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-1

Overview of Full Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-2


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Extract Information from the SEGY File. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3

Project Specifications: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3

Create a New Line and Run Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3

Complete the Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6

Land 3D Geometry Spreadsheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6

Enter Information in the Setup menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8

Trace Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10

Automatic Bin Calculation and QC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-12

CDP Bin Origin and Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13

QC, Edit and Save the CDP Binning Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17

Re-load the final CDP Binning info and Complete CDP Binning . . . . . . . . . . 3-24

Generate a Fold QC Plot and Finalize the Database. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-25

Load Geometry to the Trace Headers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-28

3D Geometry from SPS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

Topics covered in this chapter: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

3D Land Geometry from SPS Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2

Project Specifications: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2

Build Geometry from SPS files for Land 3D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3

Setting Project Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5

Determine Primary Azimuth for Binning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7

Trace Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8

Spread QC after Trace Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-10

Automatic Bin Calculation and QC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11

QC the Calculated Grid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13

Complete CDP Binning using the Batch CDP Binning Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15

Preprocessing and Elevation Statics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1


Top Mute and Decon Design Gate Picking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2

Isolating Analysis Locations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2

Pick a Top Mute and Miscellaneous Time Gate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4


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Decon Test and Interactive Spectral Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-7

Build a Flow to look at a power spectrum before and after decon. . . . . . . . . . . .5-7

Elevation Statics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-14

Apply Elevation Statics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-14

Datum Statics Calculation and Datum Statics Apply. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-15

Datum Statics Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-15

Comparison of Smoothed Surfaces based on CDP Smoothing . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-18

Build and Execute a Flow to Compute the N-Datum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-18

Trace Statistics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-21

Import First Break Picks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-21

Analyze the Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-24

Preprocessing Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-33

Build a Flow to Perform the Pre-processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-33

3D Stack and Volume Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-1


3D RMS Velocity Field ASCII Import . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-2

3D Parameter Table Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-8

Picking a Post NMO Mute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-10

Stack 3D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-15

Run Stack3D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-16

3D Stack Volume Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-18

Inline Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-18

Crossline Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-19

Time Slice Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-21

ProMAX 3D Viewer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-23

3D Viewer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-24

F-XY Decon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-30

Apply F-XY Decon to the Initial Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-30


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Display the F-XY Decon Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-31

3D Stack Volume Comparison Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-32

3D Stack Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-34

Compare Inlines from Two Stack Volumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-34Compare Crosslines from Two Stack Volumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-36

Compare Time Slices from Two Stack Volumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-39

Compare Difference Files from Two Stack Volumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-39

3D Residual Statics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1


Picking an Autostatics Horizon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2

Calculate Residual Statics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5

QC the Picks from the Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6

Optional exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7

Display the Receiver Statics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8

Static Application and Stack Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-9

Apply the Residual Statics and Reproduce the Traces: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-10

Stack the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-11Split the Flow and Output the Data for Velocity Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-12

Velocity Analysis and the Volume Viewer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1


Velocity Analysis Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2

3D Supergather Generation and QC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4

Supergather Generation and Offset Distribution QC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5

Precomputed Velocity Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9

Run the Precompute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9

Velocity Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-12

Velocity Analysis Icons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-14


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Contents

vi ProMAX Seismic Processing and Analysis Landmark

Using the Volume Viewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-14

Velocity Analysis PD Tool: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-18

3D Dip Moveout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-1


Offset Binning Parameter QC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-2

Examine the Offset Binning Problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-2

Offset Binning Parameter Determination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-5

DMO to Gathers 3D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-12

DMO Stack 3D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-17

CDP Taper on Stack Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-1

Topics covered in this chapter:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-1

CDP Taper Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-2

Execution of CDP Taper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-4

Generating QC Plots of the Taper Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-6

QC Plots from DBTools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-6

Try other values for TOPTAPER and BOTTAPER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-6

3D Velocity Viewer/Editor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11-1

Topics covered in this chapter:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11-1

3D Velocity Viewer/Editor Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11-2

Icon Bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11-2

3D Table Triangulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11-4

3D Velocity Viewer/Editor Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11-5

Select the 3D Velocity Viewer Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11-5


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Landmark ProMAX Seismic Processing and Analysis vii

Contents

Edit and Smooth the RMS Velocity for FK Migration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-6

Icon Bar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-7

Velocity Field Gridding and Smoothing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-9

Convert to Interval Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-10

Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1

Topics covered in this chapter: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1

3D Migration Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2

Stolt 3D Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-3

Phase Shift Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-3

PSPC 3D Depth Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-3

Explicit FD 3D Time Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-3Explicit FD 3D Depth Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-4

Re-datum Velocities to Flat Datum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-5

Re-datum the Interval Velocities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-5

3D Migration Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-6


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Contents

viii ProMAX Seismic Processing and Analysis Landmark


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Landmark ProMAX Seismic Processing and Analysis ix

Preface

About The Manual

This two volume manual is intended to accompany the instruction given

during the standard ProMAX Seismic Processing and Analysis course.Because of the power and flexibility of ProMAX, it is unreasonable toattempt to cover all possible features and applications in this manual.Instead, we try to provide key examples and descriptions, usingexercises which are directed toward common uses of the system.

The amount of material in the manuals exceeds what can be covered ina typical training course. This is intentional as it allows the instructor to

tailor each class to the needs of the students by selecting the appropriatematerial.

After the class, you will find the manuals useful as a supplement to the

online user manual.

How To Use The Manual

This manual is divided into chapters that discuss the key aspects of theProMAX system. In general, chapters conform to the following outline:

Introduction: A brief discussion of the important points of the topicand exercise(s) contained within the topic.

Topics Covered in Chapter: Brief list of skills or processes in theorder that they are covered in the exercise.

Topic Description: More detail about the individual skills orprocesses covered in the chapter.

Exercise: Details pertaining to each skill in an exercise, along with

diagrams and explanations. Examples and diagrams will assist youduring the course by minimizing note taking requirements andproviding guidance through specific exercises.

This format allows you to glance at the topic description to eitherquickly reference an implementation or simply as a means of refreshingyour memory on a previously covered topic. If you need moreinformation, see theExercisesections of each topic.


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Preface

x ProMAX Seismic Processing and Analysis Landmark

Conventions

Mouse Button HelpThis manual does not refer to using mouse buttons unless they arespecific to an operation. MB1 is used for most selections. The mouse

buttons are numbered from left to right so:

MB1 refers to an operation using the left mouse button. MB2 is themiddle mouse button. MB3 is the right mouse button.

Actions that can be applied to any mouse button include:

Click: Briefly depress the mouse button.

Double Click: Quickly depress the mouse button twice.

Shift-Click: Hold the shift key while depressing the mouse button.

Drag: Hold down the mouse button while moving the mouse.

Mouse buttons will not work properly if either Caps Lock or Nums Lockare on.

Exercise Organization

Each exercise consists of a series of steps that will build a flow, helpwith parameter selection, execute the flow, and analyze the results.Many of the steps give a detailed explanation of how to correctly pickparameters or use the functionality of interactive processes.

The editing flow examples list key parameters for each process of theexercise. As you progress through the exercises, familiar parameterswill not always be listed in the flow example.

The exercises are organized such that your dataset is used throughout thetraining session. Carefully follow the instructors direction when

assigning geometry and checking the results of your flow. Animproperly generated dataset or database may cause a subsequentexercise to fail.


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Landmark ProMAX Seismic Processing and Analysis xi

Agenda

Day 1

Introductions, Course Outline, and Miscellaneous Topics

ProMAX User Interface

Initial Demonstration Flowbuilding Exercise

Data Sorting

Interactivity of Trace Display

Demonstration and description Interactive Data Access Parameter Table Picking

Full extraction geometry

Extract information from SEGY file Bin traces and complete the database Load Geometry to the trace headers
http://sys.pdf/http://sys.pdf/http://geom.3d.pdf/http://sys.pdf/http://geom.3d.pdf/http://sys.pdf/http://sys.pdf/http://sys.pdf/http://sys.pdf/http://sys.pdf/


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Chapter Agenda

xii ProMAX Seismic Processing and Analysis Landmark

Day 2

3D SPS Geometry

Import SPS information Bin traces and complete database

Preprocessing and Elev statics

Pick top mute and deconvolution design gate Deconvolution tests and Interactive Spectral Analysis Elevation Statics Trace kills using trace statistics Apply pre-processing to the shots

Stack and Volume Comparison

Import initial velocity file Pick a post NMO mute

Stack 3D 3D Stack Volume Displays ProMAX 3D Viewer F-XY Decon 3D Stack Volume Comparison


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Landmark ProMAX Seismic Processing and Analysis xiii

Chapter Agenda

Day 3

Residual statics

Picking an autostatics Horizon Calculate Residual Statics Static application and stack comparision

Velocity Analysis

3D Supergather formation and QC Precomputed Velocity analysis

Run the Precompute Velocity Analysis

Using the Volume Viewer

DMO

Offset Binning and parameter QC

DMO to Gathers 3D DMO Stack 3D


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Chapter Agenda

xiv ProMAX Seismic Processing and Analysis Landmark

Day 4

CDP Taper

Execution of CDP Taper QC plots of the taper values

Velocity Prep

3D Velocity Viewer/Editor Overview 3D Velocity Viewer/Editor Execution

Migration

3D Migration Overview Re-datum velocities to flat datum 3D Migration Exercise


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Landmark ProMAX Seismic Processing and Analysis xv

Chapter Agenda

Remaining class time

For the remaining class time, consult with the instructor and choose from the following sections in

Volume 2:

2D Marine workflow

Manual Geometry Parameter Testing Preprocessing

Brute Stack Velocity Analysis Final Stack Migration

4 hours to complete

2D Land workflow

Geometry from Full Extraction Parameter Testing with Conditional Processing FK Filtering and Analysis Spectral Analysis Elevation Static Corections

Velocity Field ASCII Import

Stack

4 hours to complete

Appendix A: Additional 2D Geometry

Geometry Core Path Overview

Details of the Geometry Programs Pre-Geometry Database Initialization Inline Geometry Header Load after Pre-Initialization Geometry from Full Extraction

2 hours to complete


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Chapter Agenda

xvi ProMAX Seismic Processing and Analysis Landmark

Appendix B: Manual Land Geometry

Geometry Assignment Map

Land Geometry View Shot Gathers

Load Geometry in Spreadsheet and Database View Database Attributes Load Geometry to the Trace Headers

Graphical Geometry QC

2 hours to complete

Appendix C: 3D Marine Geometry from UKOOA

2 hours to complete

Appendix D: 3D Land Swath Geometry

2 hours

Appendix E: Archival Methods

30 minutes

Appendix F: Demultiple Techniques

Radon Analysis and Filter Radon Velocity Filter Eigenvector (KLT) Filtering F-K Multiple Attenuation

2 hours

Appendix G: Supergather Formation

30 minutes

Appendix H: Apply User Statics

1 hour

Appendix I: Plotting

30 minutes


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Landmark ProMAX Seismic Processing and Analysis xvii

Chapter Agenda

Appendix J: 2D Neural Network Firstbreak Picking

1 hour

Appendix K: Source Receiver Geometry Check

Must first complete Appendix J: Neural Network Firstbreak Picking

30 Minutes

Appendix L: 2D Refraction Statics

Must first complete Elevation Statics chapter in the 2D Land workflow

1 hour

Appendix M: Parallel Processing in ProMAX

Lecture only

30 Minutes


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Chapter Agenda

xviii ProMAX Seismic Processing and Analysis Landmark


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Landmark ProMAX Seismic Processing and Analysis 1-1

Chapter

ProMAX User Interface

This chapter will get you started processing with ProMAX. You will learn how to set up a workspace with the ProMAX User Interface, and then build and execute data processing flows.

Topics covered in this chapter:

o ProMAX Menu Map

o Getting Started

o Building a Workspace

o Flow Building and Execution

o Data Sorting

1


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Chapter 1: ProMAX User Interface

1-2 ProMAX Seismic Processing and Analysis Landmark

ProMAX Menu Map


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Getting Started

ProMAX is built upon a three level organizational model referred to as

Area/Line/Flow. When entering ProMAX for the first time, you willbuild your own Area/Line/Flow workspace. As you add your own Area,you may want to name it with reference to a geographic area thatindicates where the data were collected, such as Onshore Texas, or useyour name, such as daves area. Line is a subdirectory of Area which

contains a list of 2D lines from an area, or the name of a 3D survey.

After choosing a line from the Line menu or adding a new line, the Flowwindow will appear. Name your flows according to the processingtaking place, such as brute stack. For this course, we will also use anumber, for example "01: Display shots".

Look at the Menu Map figure on the previous page. This figure refers tothe menus we have just discussed, as well as other menus you will useto access your datasets, database, and parameter tables.

Building a Workspace

In this exercise, you will build a workspace and look at some of thefunctionality available within the user interface.

Initiating a ProMAX session is done in a variety of ways. Typically yoursystem administrator will create a start-up script or make a UNIX alias,and set certain variables within your shell start-up script to make thiseasy. Starting ProMAX will not be discussed in this Essentials class.You will use a start-up script that has already been built.

1. Type promax

A product name window appears, followed by the Area menu thatdisplays a list of all available Areas. Along the top of this windowyou will find the version number of the User Interface, the machineidentification code, hostname, and license ID. The Areas are

described by a user specified name, and a UNIX name. The UNIXname is a parsed version of the name you selected for the area.Capital letters, most punctuation, and spaces are removed in theparsing routine. This parsed name is the name of the actual UNIXdirectory. Other information is also listed, such as owner, date and

the number of lines in each Area.


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Area Menu

The black horizontal band below the menu displays mouse buttonhelp. Mouse button help describes the possible actions at the currentlocation of the cursor, and gives brief parameter information duringthe flow building process.

Below the mouse button help line are options to Exit ProMAX,configure the queues and user interface, as well as check on thestatus of jobs.

Config: Brings up settings which control how lists of Areas,Lines, Flows, Datasets, Parameter tables and Headers are sorted.Also controls nice values for running flows, the number ofcopies of flow output, where ProMAX UI restarts after exit and

Configuration Options

Job Notificationand Control

Mouse Button Help Processing QueuesWindow

Area Menu

Global OptionsActive CommandAvailable areas

Exit Promax


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popup behavior. Lastly, it allows you to specify the attributesdsplayed for Areas and Lines.

Option: Brings up settings for debugging, compression, use ofdataset headers for sorting, and locations of data, scratch spaceand the configuration file.

Queue: Allows user to control batch processing queues.

Exit: Will exit the User Interface, prompts to save if there is anunsaved flow.

Notification: Gives information about jobs, and allows user to

check job status.

The list of options running across the top of this menu: Select, Add,

Delete, Rename, and Permission are called global options. To usethese, you must first select the command, then select the Area namethat you want the command to apply to. The Copy command works

differently by providing popup menus to choose an Area to copyfrom.

2. Select Addfrom the Area Menu with MB1.

At this point you are building your work space. Adding an Area

creates a UNIX directory.

3. Before moving the mouse, enter an Area name

Use your name for the area name. For example, Marys area.

4. Press return, or move the mouse to register your selection.

You can control whether moving the mouse registers the selection,or if you need to press return in the Configpopup. Set the Popupsremain after mouse leavesoption to yes or no.

The Line Menu appears with the same global options to choose from

as the Area Menu.


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5. Add a Line using the same steps as you did for adding an Area.Name the line Intro Line

Line Menu

Global Options

Line Menu

Area Name

Available Seismic Lines


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The Flow window appears with the following new global options:

Datasets: Lists all your datasets for that particular line.

Database: Allows you to view your Ordered Parameter Files.

Tables: Allows you to view various Parameter Table Menus.

Product: Changes from ProMAX 2D to ProMAX 3D or VSP.

6. Add a Flow and name it 01:Display Shots.

Flow Menu

ChangeAccess

Available Flows

Flows Menu

AccessParameterTables

Database ProductsAccessDatasets


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Flow Building and Execution

Now it is time to build a flow, and process data. In order to perform this

you will need to tell ProMAX which processes you want to invoke, aswell as provide specific details for each of these steps. Finally, there aredifferent options available for executing a flow.

Build a Flow

Upon completion of the previous exercise, you are in the ProMAX flowbuilding menu (see below). From here, you will construct flows bychoosing processes and selecting the necessary parameter information.

Once the flow is ready, you will execute it and view the results.

1. Look at the flow building menu.

Edit Flow Menu

Available Processes

Parameter Specification

Editable Flow


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The screen is split into two sides: a list of processes on the right anda blank tablet below the global options on the left. To build a flow,

you will select from the processes on the right and add them to theblank tablet on the left.

2. Move your cursor into different areas of the display, such as intothe processes list, the blank tablet and the global options. Notice

that the mouse button help is sensitive to the current cursorlocation.

3. Global Options for flow editing:

Add: This is the default. When highlighted in blue, a process can

be selected from the list of processes and added to the flow.

Delete: When selected with MB1, the highlighted process is

removed from the flow. This process is actually stored in a newkill buffer. Selecting Delete with MB2 appends a newly deletedprocess to the existing kill buffer. MB3 is used to insert (paste)

the contents of this buffer into the current flow. The memory ofthe buffer is maintained even after exiting a flow menu, so thecontents may be cut and pasted from one flow to another.

Execute: When selected, the job is executed.

There are two methods available to execute a flow using theTrace Display process:

MB1 and MB2 will execute the flow interactively. The mousebutton help explaining the difference between MB1 and 2 does not

apply to the Trace Display process. Either button will allow thedisplay to immediately take over the monitor for display.

MB3 indicates Execute via Queue. This option enables the use of thetwo types of batch queues. When using MB3, a new menu pops up

allowing the use of either the general batch queues or the small jobbatch queues. In order for this option to work, your systemadministrator must enable the queues whenProMAX 2D was

installed.

View: Accesses the view (job.output) file. This file includesimportant job information such as error statements.

Exit: Leaves the edit flow menu, and returns you to the flowlisting menu.


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4. Move your cursor into the Data Input/Output portion of theprocesses list, and select the process Disk Data Input with MB1.

You have just added your first process to a flow.

The list of available processes is very long. It is ordered from top tobottom in a general processing sequence with I/O processes at the

top and poststack migration tools further down on the list. There is ascroll bar to help you view the list.

There are also options available to hide processes in the secondary,or More list. By doing this, you can customize the list to only displaythe processes you use most often.

5. In the Data Input / Output category, click MB1 on the wordMORE. Notice that a popup appears containing a list of

secondary processes.

6. Move the SS Phoenix Output process to the secondary list, and

make sure the procedure worked correctly by viewing thesecondary list again.

To move a processes to the secondary list, click MB3 on the processname (notice the mouse button help). You can move a process fromthe secondary to primary list with the same procedure.

There is also a text search to help you find specific processes.

7. Move your cursor back into the processes list (but not on a categoryheading),type gain and press return. The following appears:

This acts as a text search, and displays all processes that contain theword "gain." Add the process Automatic Gain Control by selectingthe process name with MB1.


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8. Finish building the following flow by adding the Trace Displayprocess to your flow.

9. Select Disk Data Input parameters.

Select Disk Data Inputwith MB2 to bring up the parameterselection window. To view the helpfile for a process, select the redhighlighted question mark.

10. Select Yesfor the Read data from other lines/surveys? parameter.

For the introductory lessons we will read data from the tutorial line.

11. Select Invalidfor the Select dataset parameter.

Follow the instructors directions for the exact path to the dataset.After you select the dataset you will be returned to the flow editingmenu.

Editing Flow: 01: Display Shots

Add Delete Execute View Exit

Disk Data Input

Read data from other lines/surveys?: -----------------------------Yes

Select dataset: --------------------------------------Area: 2d-tutorials

----------------------------------Line: Wave Equation Multiple Reject

--------------------------------------------Dataset: Shots-w/ geometry

Trace Read Option: ---------------------------------------------Get All

Read the data multiple times?: ------------------------------------No

Process trace headers only?: --------------------------------------NoOverride input datas sample interval?: ------------------------No

Automatic Gain Control

Application mode: ------------------------------------------------Apply

Type of AGC scalar: --------------------------------------------MEAN

AGC operator length: --------------------------------------------1500

BASIS for scalar application: ------------------------------Centered

Exclude hard zeroes?: ----------------------------------------------Yes

Robust Scaling?: -----------------------------------------------------No

Trace Display----Default all parameters for this process----


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Default the rest of the parameters in this menu.

12. Select Automatic Gain Control with MB2.

You can now modify parameters for AGC. Select Apply for theApplication mode.

By clicking on the parameter, a popup menu appears for making aselection from the menu. Help text appears for each of the associatedchoices in the popup menu. Move your mouse out of the popupwindow to retain the default.

13. Set the AGC operator length to 1500ms.

To change this value simply place your cursor on the old value, andtype in the number 1500.

This example is called a Type-In parameter. Type in a value toreplace the defaulted or existing value. The mouse help will always

read, MB1 Enter, MB2 Edit. Clicking MB1 will clear the defaultand let you enter the new parameter. Clicking MB2 will let you editthe existing default value.

14. Select Trace Display parameters.

For now, do not change any of the values. We will discuss many ofthese options in the next chapter. At that point, you will have the

opportunity to test and explore the various options.


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15. Run the flow by clicking on the global command Execute withMB1 or MB2.

A new Trace Display window appears on the screen. Ten iconsappear in a column to the left of the traces, and pulldown menusappear above the traces. There is a detailed discussion of these in thenext chapter.

16. Select the Next Screen icon with MB1.

This takes you to the next shot. Repeat 2-3 times.

17. Select File Exit/Stop Flow.

This interrupts the job and brings you back to the flow editing menu.

NextScreenIcon


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Sorting

Your first look at the data was the first shot with all channels. After

clicking the Next Ensemble icon, you saw the next shot. What if youwanted to look at every other shot? What if you only wanted to look atchannels 1 through 60? What if you wanted to sort the data to CDP andthen display. All these options and more are available in Disk DataInput.

Sort data by source number

1. Edit your flow named 01: Display Shots.

2. Open the Disk Data Input Menu and click where the menu reads

Get Allfor Trace Read Option.



Disk Data Input

Read data from other lines/surveys?-------------------------------Yes


---------------------------------Line: Wave Equation Multiple Reject

---------------------------------Dataset: Shots-w/ geometry

Trace Read Option--------------------------------------------------Sort

Interactive Data Access?: ------------------------------------------No

Select primary trace header entry------------------------SOURCE

Select secondary trace header entry ----------------------- NONE

Sort order for dataset ----------------------------------------------1,3/

Presort in memory or on disk?: ----------------------------Memory

Read the data multiple times?: ------------------------------------No

Process trace headers only?: --------------------------------------No

Override input datas sample interval?: ------------------------No


----Use the same parameters as before----

Trace Display

----Default all parameters for this process----


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This toggles the read option to Sort, and the menu will automaticallyadd several new options:

Select Primary trace header entry: Allows you to specify a groupof ensembles or traces to read, or sort the data to a differentorder. Virtually all sorting within ProMAX is done on input.This allows a user to easily change domains without running a

separate, time consuming flow. An ensemble in ProMAX is anylogical grouping of traces, such as a shot record, or a CDPgather.

Select Secondary trace header entry: Allows you to re-order, andchoose which traces you want to read within each ensemble.

Sort order for dataset: Allows you to specify an order, or restrictthe amount of data brought read.

Interactive Data Access: Allows you to move forward andbackward throught the data after it is displayed, as well as

change the values for primary and secondary sort order to jumpto a new location. Also allows you to select an ensemble todisplay from the database.

3. Select SOURCEfor the primary sort order, this will read in shotordered ensembles.

4. Leave the secondary sort set to NONE, this means that no sorting

of traces within ensembles will be performed.

5. Select Sort order for dataset.

An Emacs Widget Window appears for specifying input traces. Aformat and example are given at the bottom of this window.

6. In the Widget Window delete the default values, and type 1, 3/.

This specifies that only SOURCE numbers 1 and 3 will be read intothe flow.

7. Move your cursor out of the Widget Window.

8. Select Execute.

The first shot displayed is Live Source Number 1.


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9. Select the Next Screen icon.

This will be Live Source Number 3.

When the last source is displayed, the Next Screen icon becomesinactive. To exit this display, select File Exit/Stop Flow.

Sort data by source and channel number

Lets make the exercise slightly more complicated, and display everytenth shot, limiting the number of channels to 1-60.

1. Edit your previous flow.

2. Select CHAN for the secondary trace header entry. This will allowyou to sort each SOURCE ensemble by channel number, and alsolimit the number of channels to be processed.

3. Change the Sort order for dataset to 1-101(10):1-60.

1-101 selects the SOURCE range to be processed.

(10) selects every tenth SOURCE within the defined range.



Disk Data Input




----------------------------------Dataset: Shots-w/ geometry


Interactive Data Access?: ------------------------------------------No

Select primary trace header entry-------------------------SOURCE

Select secondary trace header entry ---------------------- CHAN

Sort order for dataset -------------------------------1-101(10):1-60/

Automatic Gain ControlTrace Display


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: separates the primary sort order from the secondary sort order.

1-60 selects the first 60 CHAN (channels) within eachSOURCE.

4. Execute the flow.

You will see the first shot and all subsequent shots display with onlythe first 60 channels.

5. Select the Next Screen icon to see additional shots.

6. Move your cursor into the trace display area. Notice that the mousebutton help gives a listing of the current CHAN and SOURCE.Trace Display will always give you a listing of the values for the

current Secondary and Primary sort keys.

7. Select File Exit/Stop Flow when finished.

Sort data by CDP number

The dataset that we have been reading, is stored on disk in shot order.Both of the previous exercises maintained the shot ordering, andspecified the shot gathers to be displayed. In this exercise you willactually read in the data as CDP gathers. This uses the other side of

sorting, which is to actually change the type of ensemble beingprocessed.

Recall that the primary trace header entry specifies the type of ensembleto build, and also the range of that ensemble to read. The secondary sort

key allows you to sort and select the traces within each ensemble.

Note

If you only select a primary sort key, then only one range of values is allowed in the

sort order for dataset. If you select both a primary and a secondary sort key, then

two ranges of values, separated by a colon, are necessary in the sort order. This is a

common area for new ProMAX users to make mistakes.


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2. Select CDP for the Primary trace header entry. This tells theprogram to build CDP gathers from the input dataset.

3. Select OFFSET for the secondary trace header entry. This tells theprogram to order the traces within each CDP gather by the OFFSET

header.

4. Set the sort order for dataset to 500-600(25):*/.

500-600(25) This select every 25th CDP between 500, and 600.

* This is a wildcard that tells the program to read in all OFFSETranges.


6. Notice that we have now displayed a CDP gather, even though theinput dataset is stored on disk as shot gathers.

7. Move your cursor into the trace display area, and confirm that thedisplayed gather has Primary and Secondary sorts of CDP andOFFSET.

8. Select File Exit/Stop Flow when finished



Disk Data Input




---------------------------------Dataset: Shots-w/ geometry


Interactive Data Access?: -------------------------------------------No

Select primary trace header entry-------------------------------CDP

Select secondary trace header entry ----------------------OFFSETSort order for dataset ---------------------------------500-600(25):*/



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Display near offset section

Using the sorting capabilities within Disk Data Input, you can easilydisplay a near offset section by selecting the first channel on each shot.

A near offset section will give you a broader overview of what thegeology for your line looks like.


2. Change the primary trace header entry to CHAN (which is roughlyequivalent to offset).

3. Set the secondary trace header entry to SOURCE.

4. Set the sort order for dataset to *:*/. This will select all channels for

all shots starting with channel number 1.

5. Select File Exit/Stop Flow when finished.



Disk Data Input



---------------------------------Line: Wave Equation Multiple Reject----------------------------------Dataset: Shots-w/ geometry



Select primary trace header entry-----------------------------CHAN

Select secondary trace header entry ----------------------SOURCE

Sort order for dataset ----------------------------------------------*:*/



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Landmark ProMAX Seismic Processing and Analysis 2 -1

Chapter

Interactivity of Trace Display

Trace Display provides general trace display and analysis capabilities. In addition, it allows forinteractive definition of parameter tables. Interaction with the data is accomplished using a seriesof icons and pulldown menus presented upon execution of a flow with Trace Display. Icon or

menu choices allow you the ability to:

Obtain information about the traces in the display window. Modify the presentation. Define processing parameter information.

Topics to be covered in this chapter:

o Trace Display Window

o Icon Bar

o Details of how to use the Icons

o Interactive Data Access

o Menu Bar

o Create and Apply a Parameter Table

2


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Chapter 2: Interactivity of Trace Display


Trace Display Window

1. In the previous section we built a flow to display some shot data.

Execute that flow again with the following parameters:



Disk Data Input

Read data from other lines/surveys?: -----------------------------Yes


----------- ----------------------Line: Wave Equation Multiple Reject

----------------------------------Dataset: Shots-w/ geometryTrace Read Option: -------------------------------------------------Sort

Interactive Data Access?: ------------------------------------------Yes

Select primary trace header entry--------------------------SOURCE

Select secondary trace header entry -------------------------- CHAN

Sort order list for dataset: -----------------------------------------*:*/


Application mode: ------------------------------------------------Apply

Type of AGC scalar: ---------------------------------------------MEAN

AGC operator length: ---------------------------------------------1500

BASIS for scalar application: -------------------------------Centered

Exclude hard zeroes?: ----------------------------------------------Yes

Robust Scaling?: -----------------------------------------------------No

Trace Display

----Default all parameters for this process----


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You will get the following display:

Menu BarIcon Bar

Mouse help Data display

InteractiveData Access


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Icon Bar

Following is a brief description of the Trace Display icons, located in the

icon bar:

Next Ensemble: Show the next ensemble. When there is no moredata in the flow, the icon will turn gray and become inactive.

Previous Ensemble: Shows the previous ensemble. Is not active ifthe user does not specify Interactive Data Access in the input flow,or if the first ensemble in the sort order is currently displayed.

Rewind: Shows the first ensemble in the sort order. Is not active ifthe user does not specify Interactive Data Access in the input flow,or if the first ensemble in the sort order is currently displayed.

Save Image: Save the current screen image. Annotation and pickedevents are saved with the trace data, to be viewed later.

Animation: Brings up the Animation dialog box to review the savedimages. This button is active only when there are at least two savedscreen images. You have the option to cycle through the selectedscreens at a chosen rate. These are just screen images, you cannotedit parameter files using the saved image.

Paint Brush:Use this tool to apply picked Trace Kills, Reversals,and Mutes to the display. This tool is only active when you arepicking a parameter table. The paintbrush tool is a toggle button,

select once to apply the active tables, select again to undo.


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Zoom Tool: Click and drag using MB1 to select an area to zoom. Ifyou release MB1 outside the window, the zoom operation is

canceled. If you just click MB1 without dragging, this tool willunzoom. You can use the zoom tool in the horizontal or verticalaxis area to zoom in one direction only

Annotation Tool: When active, you can add, change, and delete text

annotation in the trace and header plot areas. For adding text,activate the icon, then click MB1 where you want the text toappear. For changing text, the pointer changes to a circle when it isover existing text annotation, move by dragging the text with MB1,delete by clicking MB2, and edit the text or annotation color withMB3.

Velocity Tool: Displays linear or hyperbolic velocities. For a linearvelocity, click MB1 at one end of a waveform and drag the red

vector out along the event. A velocity is displayed at the bottom ofthe screen. Use MB2 to display a hyperbolic velocity by anchoringthe cursor at the approximate zero offset position of the displayed

shot or CDP. Position the red line along the event and read thevelocity at the bottom. New events can be measured with eithervelocity option by reclicking the mouse on a new reflector to re-anchor the starting point. Velocities can be labeled by using MB3on the current velocity. Geometry must be assigned to successfullyuse this icon.

Header Tool: Displays detailed information about trace headers and

their values for each individual trace. Activate the icon, and clickMB1 on any trace to call up the header template. If the headertemplate is in the way of the traces being viewed, you can move the

template by dragging the window. To remove the templatedeactivate the header icon, or activate any other icon.


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Using Icons

In this section we will review the functionality of the Icons in Trace

Display

Zoom

There are three ways to zoom in Trace Display

1. Select a rectangular area.

2. A single MB1 click will unzoom the display.

Press and hold MB1 to define the first corner of the zoom window.Continue to hold the button and drag the cursor to the other corner.Release the Mouse button and the display will zoom


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3. Select a time range.

4. A single MB1 click will unzoom the display.

Press and hold MB1 in the column of numbers to define the start timeContinue to hold the button and drag the cursor to the maximum time.Release the Mouse button and the display will zoom


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5. Select a range of traces.

6. A single MB1 click will unzoom the display

Press and hold MB1 in the row of numbers to define the start traceContinue to hold the button and drag the cursor to the maximum trace.Release the Mouse button and the display will zoom


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Add Annotation

Text annotation can be added anywhere on the display, a useful featurefor screen dumps to help identify specific features present on the

display.

Text may be added, moved (in position on the display), and/or editedusing the appropriate mouse button as described at the bottom of thedisplay in the mouse button help area.

Click MB1 anywhere on the screen and the "Edit Text" window appears.Type in some text and press the OK button.The text will appear on the display where you clicked.

You may move, delete or edit this text by placing the cursor on the text.You may add another text label by clicking somewhere else on the display.

The size of the text can be controlled as an X-resource by editing the

appropriated X-resources file.


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Velocity Measurement

With the dx/dt analysis feature you can measure the apparent velocity oflinear or hyperbolic events that appear on the display. This feature will

only work if the trace offset values in the headers exist and are accurate.

Click MB1 on a linear event of interest.Move the mouse away from the point where you clickedA red line should appear with velocity tracking at the bottom of the

Press MB3 at the end of the line and the velocity will be annotated nearthe line.

Hyperbolic events can be measured by using MB2 to initiate the lineinstead of MB1

display.


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Trace Header Dump

You can get a listing of all of the existing trace headers and their valuesfor any given trace by using this icon.

Select any trace with MB1 and the trace header listing willappear in a separate window.

You can continue by selecting a different trace.

You can remove the window by clicking on the icon again.

You may also find resizing and moving the windows to be useful.


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Save Screen

This icon saves the current screen image as an XWD file in memory.These screens can be recalled from memory and then can be reviewed

in different sequences.

By default, a screen is saved every time a different ensemble is

displayed. If you change the display of a current ensemble and want tosave an image you must press the Save Screen icon.

Save three or four screens by either displaying a different ensemble, orby changing the display (zoom, annotation, etc.) and manually savingthe screen.


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Animate Screens

After you save at least two screens, the Animation Icon becomes active.

With the Animation window active you can review the saved screens.You may elect to view them circularly, one at time in sequence, or comparetwo of the saved screens.

The speed of the circulation can also be controlled by the Speed Slide bar.The speed can be changed as the screens are swapping.


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Interactive Data Access

ProMAX has a very flexible set of options for interactive data access.

These interacitve data access options are available in most of the displaytools such as Trace Display, and Velocity Analysis. Interactive dataaccess is only active when it has been specified in data input step to thedisplay. There are three options for interactive data access:

Sequentially move forward and backward, or jump to the firstensemble using the Next Ensemble, Previous Ensemble, andRewind icons within the display tool.

Use the Interactive Data Access window to change to sort order, orjump to a specific range of ensembles.

Choose a set of ensembles in the database and send them to adisplay tool.

The first two methods will be discussed here. The database selectionmethod will be covered in a later chapter.


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1. Sequentially move forward and backward several times using theNext Ensemble and Previous Ensemble icons.

Next

Previous


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2. Jump back to the first ensemble using the rewind icon.

Rewind toFirstEnsemble


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3. Type a range of ensembles to display in the box supplied, and pressthe Send Sort Order List button.

4. Notice that the Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary sorts are displayed

for reference only, you cannot change to sort order here.

Also notice that you can select a previous sort list from the middlebox, or select a previously saved sort list from the file menu.


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Menu Bar

File Pulldown Menu

File has seven options available in a pulldown menu. You can save your

picks, make a hardcopy plot, move to next screen, previous screen orrewind, or exit Trace Display. You have two choices when you exit. Youcan exit and stop the flow, or you can exit and let the flow continuewithout Trace Display.

View Pulldown MenuView has six options in a pulldown menu. You can control the trace

display, the trace scaling, and trace annotation parameters. You can alsochoose to plot a trace header above the trace data, edit the color mapused for color displays or toggle the color bar on and off.

Common changes would be to change the Amplitude Scaling Factor

from 1 to other values, and to change the display mode from WT/VARto Variable Density using a greyscale.

Adding Header plots of various header words is also commonly done.

For pre-stack data you may elect to plot the offset above the traces andfor stack data you may want to plot the stack fold above the section.

You may also elect to change the numbers plotted above the traces. Forexample you may want to look at the FFID numbers and the offsets.

The best way to learn these features is to play with them and see whathappens.

Note:

Use caution when using the stop option. For example, assume that you have a flow

that contains Disk Data Input to read in ten ensembles followed by Disk Data

Output and Trace Display. If you execute this flow and use the Exit/Stop Flow

option after viewing the first five ensembles, then only the five ensembles that you

viewed will be stored in the output dataset as opposed to writing out ten ensembles.

If you use the Exit/Continue Flow option instead, then all ten ensembles will be

written out.


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Watch the difference between the Apply and OK buttons. The Applybutton will make the changes but the selection window will remain. The

OK button will make the changes and dismiss the window.

Animation Pull Down Menu

TheAnimationmenu allows you to save screens, or display previouslysaved screens in any order and at different swap speeds. The animationtool pictured below, is used to display previously saved screens. This isidentical to the functionality provided by the Save Screens and Animate

Screens icons.


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Picking Pull Down Menu

Pickingallows you to interactively open and add information to one ormore parameter tables.

These parameter tables allow you to save information about which

picked traces youd like to kill or reverse. Also, you can pick any kindof mute, horizons, gates, or autostatics horizons. Other options allowyou to edit database or header values.

We will look at this option in the next section.

Once you have selected a parameter table for your picks, a new icon willappear in the icon bar.


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Create and Apply a Parameter Table

Parameter tables are generated when you interactively define lists or

tables of information. These files are stored in binary format and areintended for use in subsequent processing flows. The interactivity ofTrace Display allows you to generate these tables, while viewing thedata. You may also QC the interpolation of values from one shot, orCDP to another for space variant parameter tables such as mute

functions.

Pick Parameter Tables

In this exercise, you will pick a top mute and some example trace edits.Other parameter tables may be picked in a similar fashion.

1. Edit your flow named 01: Display Shots.

2. Select to read the first, last, and middle shot gathers on the line

(Sources 1,88,176).

Editing Flow: 01: Display shots


Disk Data Input


Select dataset---------------------------------------Shots- w/ geometry




Select secondary trace header entry -------------------------- NONE

Sort order for dataset ----------------------------------------1,88,176/

----Default the remaining parameters-----


----Use same parameters as before----

Trace DisplayNumber of ENSEMBLES (line segments) / screen -----------------3

----Default all remaining parameters for this process---


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3. Set the number of ensembles to display per screen to 3.

4. Select Execute.

The interactive Trace Display window appears.

3 Example shots for Parameter Table Picking

5. Select Picking Pick Top mute. Another window appears forselecting a previous mute parameter file or creating a new file.


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When you create a new file, another window appears listing traceheaders to choose the secondary key from.

In this case, an appropriate key for Muting traces would beAOFFSET, allowing selection of the mute within each shot recordbased on Times that are interpolated as a function of absolute valueof offset. Depending upon the parameter table you are picking, the

most appropriate secondary header should appear at the top of thelist.

The Picking icon

This appears when one or more pick objects from the Pickingmenu are selected. A small window with the file name will appearon the right hand side of the screen. This means the table is openand ready to be edited. When active, click with MB1 to pick a point

on a trace or click and drag to pick a range of traces. When themouse is over a picked point, the pointer shape changes into acircle. Click and drag using MB1 to move a picked point. Use MB2to select a single point to delete, or click and drag over a range ofpoints to delete them. To select traces from the next shot, use theNext Ensemble icon. The created table remains open, and waits for

more picks to be added to the file.

Some parameters require a top and a bottom pick, such as a surgicalmute. Once you have picked the top of the mute zone, depress MB3anywhere inside the trace portion of Trace Display. A new menuappears allowing you to pick an associated layer (New Layer).

Some of the other options allow you to snap your pick to the nearestamplitude peak, trough or zero crossing.


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6. Pick a mute.

Pick a few points (3 to 6) on the first shot to define a top mute toremove the refraction energy. Selected points will be connected andinterpolated as well as extrapolated.

Your mute should look similar the following:

Picking a Mute

7. Click MB3 in the display field and choose Project from the popupmenu to display the projection of your picks on all offsets and to theother shots in the display.


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8. Pick a different mute on the last shot and project again. Watch howthe projected mute on the center shot is interpolated based on the

first and last shots.

The Paint Brush Icon

The Paint Brush can be used to visually show the effect of applying themute.

9. Select the Paint Brush icon.

You can toggle the mute on and off with the Paint Brush Icon. Editthe mute if you are not happy. Remember you can only edit pickswhen the picking icon is highlighted.

Picking Traces to be Killed

10. Select Picking Kill Traces.

You will be prompted to enter a descriptive name for this list oftraces to be killed followed by a secondary header selection. Use aname similar to Traces to be killed sorted by Channel number.

A second parameter table is now listed in the Parameter table

selection window.

11. Using MB1 select some traces to be killed (use your imagination).

MB2 can be used to remove previously selected traces from the list.The traces to be killed will be marked with at Red line.

12. Select File Exit/Stop Flow. When you choose to exit, you areprompted to save the picks you have just made. The picks are savedin parameter tables which can be used later in processing.


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Apply the Mute and Trace Edits

1. Edit your previous flow by inserting Trace Muting and a Trace Kill/Reverse.

2. In the Trace Muting menu click on Invalidto choose the mute

parameter file (FB Mute).

In ProMAX, each type of parameter table has its own separate menu,such as mute tables, kill trace tables, velocity tables. When selectingthe mute parameter file, you are taken to a menu of parameter filesfor Mutes.

3. In the Trace Kill/Reverse menu select the list of traces to be killed.




Disk Data Input


Trace Muting

Re-apply previous mutes: -------------------------------------------No

Mute time reference: --------------------------------------------Time 0

Type of Mute: --------------------------------------------------------Top

Starting ramp: ---------------------------------------------------------30EXTRAPOLATE mute times?: -------------------------------------Yes

Get mute file from the DATABASE?: ------------------------------Yes

Select Mute Parameter File: ---------------------------------FB Mute

Trace Kill/Reverse

Trace editing MODE ------------------------------------------------Kill

Get edits from the DATABASE? ----------------------------------- Yes

SELECT trace Kill parameter file --------------- Traces to be killed



Trace Display

Number of ENSEMBLES (line segments) / screen -----------------3

----Default all remaining parameters for this process-----


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Notice the effect Trace Muting has on your data. Also, be aware thatthis effect is only applied to the display. It is not permanent since

you have not created a new disk data file.

Example Display with Mute and Edits Applied


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Exit/Stop vs. Exit Continue Flow

There are two Exit options in Trace Display. One will terminate theTrace Display and the entire flow, the other will Terminate the Trace

Display and allow the remaining processes in the flow to continuerunning. In this exercise we will look at the difference.

1. Using the same flow, change the input to read the first 20 shots and

add a Disk Data Output at the end of the flow.



Disk Data Input

Read data from other lines/surveys?-------------------------------YesSelect dataset---------------------------------------Shots- w/ geometry



Select secondary trace header entry ------------------------ NONE

Sort order for dataset ---------------------------------------------1-20/

----Default the remaining parameters----

Trace Muting


Trace Kill/Reverse----Use same parameters as before----



Trace Display

Number of ENSEMBLES (line segments) / screen -----------------3

----Default all remaining parameters for this process----

Disk Data Output

Output dataset Filename: -----------------------------------------temp

New or Existing File? ----------------------------------------------New

Record length to output: ----------------------------------------------0.

Trace sample format: ---------------------------------------------16 bit

Skip primary disk storage?: -----------------------------------------No


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9. Notice that the flow continues to run.

10. Exit from the flow and go the DATASETS list.

11. With MB2 get the expanded dataset information of the file namedtemp.

Notice that the file now contains all 20 shots.

12. Delete the file named temp from disk.

MB2


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Chapter

Database From Full Extraction

In many instances you may receive data from contractors or other sources where the basicgeometry is already installed in the trace headers. You may elect to build the database from thisexisting information. In the case where you receive the data in pieces (not all at one time) you

Documents

Promax Manual