Prologue

ProloguProloguee

Physical Physical Setting Earth Setting Earth

ScienceScienceReview Book Review Book

pp.7-17pp.7-17

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Objective #1Objective #1

What is classification? What is classification?

ClassificationClassification Grouping of similar events or objects Grouping of similar events or objects

based on their observable propertiesbased on their observable properties Examples:Examples:

Food in a grocery store

Books in a library


Describe the difference between Describe the difference between observations and inferences.observations and inferences.

ObservationsObservations Observations involve the interaction Observations involve the interaction

of a person’s senses with the of a person’s senses with the environment.environment.

What are the five senses?What are the five senses?

– sight, smell,sight, smell,– hearing, hearing, – taste, touchtaste, touch

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Sensory PerceptionSensory Perception Sensory perception is using your Sensory perception is using your

senses to gather data.senses to gather data. Sensory perception is another way of Sensory perception is another way of

saying “making an observation.”saying “making an observation.”

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InstrumentsInstruments

Since our powers of observation are Since our powers of observation are limited, we use instruments.limited, we use instruments.

Instruments are used to extend our Instruments are used to extend our senses.senses.

Geiger Counters measure radioactivity.

Seismographs measure earthquake waves.

Our sense of sight is limited so we Our sense of sight is limited so we use many instruments to help our use many instruments to help our eyes.eyes.

Hubble Space Telescope

InferencesInferences Interpretations based on observable propertiesInterpretations based on observable properties

Phineas (orange hair) makes inferences after observing Ferb (green hair).

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Other terms for inference:Other terms for inference:

InterpretationInterpretation ConclusionConclusion HypothesisHypothesis Educated GuessEducated Guess

In the study of science, inferences may become “facts” because of the discovery of additional collaborating evidence. This collaborating evidence comes from follow up scientific experiments and research that support the hypothesis or inference.

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Objectives #3 & #4Objectives #3 & #4

Define measurement and give Define measurement and give examples.examples.

Be able to use the basics of the Be able to use the basics of the metric system. Why are metrics metric system. Why are metrics easier and important?easier and important?

MeasurementsMeasurements Describe the properties of objects Describe the properties of objects

numerically containing at least one numerically containing at least one basic dimensional quantity.basic dimensional quantity.

Or simply: a number with a labelOr simply: a number with a label

= 5.0 cm

Metric SystemMetric System Decimal system of units for Decimal system of units for

measuring used internationallymeasuring used internationally Why is the use of the metric system Why is the use of the metric system

encouraged? encouraged?

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It is international.It is international.

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It is based on ten’s so it is It is based on ten’s so it is easier for converting.easier for converting.

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Explain the 5 basic measurement Explain the 5 basic measurement quantities. quantities.

5 Basic Measurement 5 Basic Measurement QuantitiesQuantities

MassMass WeightWeight LengthLength TimeTime TemperatureTemperature

Mass- amount of material an object Mass- amount of material an object contains.contains.

Measured in kilogramsMeasured in kilograms Measured with triple-beam balance Measured with triple-beam balance

or electronic balance.or electronic balance.

Weight- pull of gravity on an object.Weight- pull of gravity on an object. Measured in newtons using a scale.Measured in newtons using a scale.

Image taken from onlinephys.com on 8/13/12.

Image taken from onlinephys.com on 8/13/12.

Length- distance between any two points.Length- distance between any two points. Measure in meters using a meterstick. Measure in meters using a meterstick.

Yes, a ruler can also be used with smaller Yes, a ruler can also be used with smaller metric units like cm or mm.metric units like cm or mm.

Time- measurable period during which Time- measurable period during which an action, process or condition exists, an action, process or condition exists, continues or occurred.continues or occurred.

In lab class, we will measure time in In lab class, we will measure time in minutes and seconds using a minutes and seconds using a stopwatch.stopwatch.

Basic Units of Time, Day and Year, are Basic Units of Time, Day and Year, are based on the motions of the Earth. based on the motions of the Earth. See ESRT p.15.See ESRT p.15.

Temperature- measure of the average Temperature- measure of the average kinetic energy (KE) of the particles of kinetic energy (KE) of the particles of a substancea substance

In lab class we will measure metrically In lab class we will measure metrically in Celsius with a thermometer. Can in Celsius with a thermometer. Can also be measured in Fahrenheit or also be measured in Fahrenheit or Kelvin.Kelvin.

Dimensional Quantities & Dimensional Quantities & ComparisionsComparisions

Some properties of matter cannot be Some properties of matter cannot be measured by a basic, single unit of measured by a basic, single unit of measurement. Instead, measurement. Instead, mathematical combinations of the mathematical combinations of the basic quantities must be used.basic quantities must be used.

Examples:Examples:


Why is percent error helpful and can Why is percent error helpful and can you solve a percent error problem? you solve a percent error problem?

Percent Deviation or ErrorPercent Deviation or Error

Mathematical expression of a Mathematical expression of a calculated error in percent. calculated error in percent.

Valuable in showing how close your Valuable in showing how close your answer is to a known value.answer is to a known value.

Formula (Not on ESRT): Formula (Not on ESRT):


What is density and can you solve a What is density and can you solve a density problem? density problem?

DensityDensity

Measure of how concentrated matter Measure of how concentrated matter is.is.

Formula (ESRT p.1):Formula (ESRT p.1):

Labels for density are two dimensional Labels for density are two dimensional such as g/mL or g/cmsuch as g/mL or g/cm33 or g/cc or g/cc

The density of a uniform material is The density of a uniform material is independent of size and shape of the independent of size and shape of the material.material.

For example, cutting the sample in For example, cutting the sample in half, the density will remain the half, the density will remain the same.same.


Interpret a mass-volume graph. Interpret a mass-volume graph.

Mass-Volume GraphsMass-Volume Graphs

Slope= rise/run or Slope= rise/run or ΔΔy/y/ΔΔxx

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Objective #9, 10 & 11Objective #9, 10 & 11

What are the 3 phases of matter What are the 3 phases of matter and explain their differences!and explain their differences!

What factors What factors cancan and and can notcan not affect affect the density of a substance?the density of a substance?

Describe the phase of matter in Describe the phase of matter in which the density of most materials which the density of most materials is at a maximum and explain how is at a maximum and explain how that is different for water. Why is that is different for water. Why is this so special?this so special?

Phases of MatterPhases of Matter

SolidSolid LiquidLiquid GasGas

A fourth phase of matter, Plasma, makes up the Sun and other stars.

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The three phases of matter depend The three phases of matter depend on the pressure or temperature in on the pressure or temperature in which the material is placed.which the material is placed.

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Gas Liquid Solid

Lowering temperature or raising Lowering temperature or raising pressure, matter generally changes pressure, matter generally changes from gas to liquid to solid.from gas to liquid to solid.

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Raising temperature or lowering Raising temperature or lowering pressure, matter generally changes pressure, matter generally changes from solid to liquid to gas.from solid to liquid to gas.

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Density and Phases of Density and Phases of MatterMatter

The density of a gas varies with The density of a gas varies with temperature and/or pressure.temperature and/or pressure.

When temperature increases, density When temperature increases, density decreases.decreases.

Why?Why?Increasing temperature (kinetic energy) causes the gas particles to move faster, collide more often and spread out. When they have expanded or spread out, this decreases the density.

Same change in density when pressure decreases.

When pressure increases, density When pressure increases, density increases.increases.

Why?Why?

When pressure is increased, this causes gas particles to get closer together (compressed) which makes them more dense.

Same change in density when temperature decreases

Maximum density of most Maximum density of most materials is in the solid phase.materials is in the solid phase.

In order of decreasing density, In order of decreasing density, 11stst-Solid, 2-Solid, 2ndnd-Liquid and 3-Liquid and 3rdrd-Gas-Gas

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The maximum density of water is The maximum density of water is reached when it occurs in the liquid reached when it occurs in the liquid phase.phase.

Solid water (ice) floats on liquid Solid water (ice) floats on liquid water, therefore ice is less dense water, therefore ice is less dense than liquid water.than liquid water.

Why???Why???

Icebergs float on water

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When water molecules freeze, they When water molecules freeze, they expand as they form hexagonal crystals. expand as they form hexagonal crystals. This expansion actually makes the This expansion actually makes the molecules farther apart in the solid molecules farther apart in the solid phase.phase.

Water freezes at 0Water freezes at 0ooCelsius.Celsius. Water has a maximum density of Water has a maximum density of

1.00g/mL at 41.00g/mL at 4ooCC

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What are some consequences that What are some consequences that result from water being an exception result from water being an exception to the maximum density rule?to the maximum density rule?


Describe types of change and give Describe types of change and give examples of each.examples of each.

Characteristics of ChangeCharacteristics of Change Change is a natural state. The Earth Change is a natural state. The Earth

is dynamic, meaning constantly is dynamic, meaning constantly changing. Change is to be expected, changing. Change is to be expected, for it is the natural state of the for it is the natural state of the universe.universe.

Any change in an Earth system or Any change in an Earth system or object can be described as the object can be described as the occurrence of an event.occurrence of an event.

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Events may occur suddenly.Events may occur suddenly.

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Shooting Stars (Meteors)Landslides

Lightning Strike

Events may take very long periods of Events may take very long periods of time.time.

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Mountain Formation

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Movement of Continents

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Formation of Grand Canyon


What are variables and how are What are variables and how are they placed on a graph?they placed on a graph?

Graphing-A Way to Show Graphing-A Way to Show DataData Variables- factors involved in change.Variables- factors involved in change.

When making a graph, the variable you know before you begin is graphed on the horizontal axis of the graph. This variable is called the independent variable.

The dependent variable is placed on the vertical axis.

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on 8/13/12.

Steepness of graph indicates rate of change.Steepness of graph indicates rate of change. Steeper the line, the greater the rate of changeSteeper the line, the greater the rate of change Flatter the line, the slower the rate of changeFlatter the line, the slower the rate of change

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Interpret different sloped graphs Interpret different sloped graphs and the 3 types of graphical and the 3 types of graphical relationships.relationships.

Direct RelationshipDirect Relationship

Both variables change in same Both variables change in same direction.direction.

Either both variables increase or both Either both variables increase or both will decrease.will decrease.

Inverse RelationshipInverse Relationship

One variable increases as the other One variable increases as the other decreases.decreases.

Cyclic RelationshipCyclic Relationship

A predictable change that occurs in a A predictable change that occurs in a repeating pattern.repeating pattern.

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Many changes in the environment Many changes in the environment are cyclic. Cyclic changes involve are cyclic. Cyclic changes involve events that repeat in space and time.events that repeat in space and time.

Other terms used to describe cyclic Other terms used to describe cyclic changes are repeating, predictable, changes are repeating, predictable, orderlyorderly

One-direction EventsOne-direction Events Not all changes are cyclic. Non-cyclic are Not all changes are cyclic. Non-cyclic are

called one-direction events.called one-direction events.

One-directional events can also be called unpredictable, non-repeating or non-cyclic.

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Shooting Star (Meteor)

Rusting

Objectives #15 & 16Objectives #15 & 16

What is the relationship of energy What is the relationship of energy to change?to change?

Explain how the environment can Explain how the environment can change and still be in a state of change and still be in a state of dynamic equilibrium. dynamic equilibrium.

Energy Flow and ExchangeEnergy Flow and Exchange Energy flow is the cause Energy flow is the cause

of change.of change. When environmental When environmental

change occurs, energy is change occurs, energy is lost by one part of the lost by one part of the environment, the source, environment, the source, and gained in another and gained in another part called the sink.part called the sink.

This change from source This change from source to sink occurs to sink occurs simultaneously or at the simultaneously or at the same time.same time.

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InterfaceInterface

The exchange of energy (gain and The exchange of energy (gain and loss) occurs at an interface between loss) occurs at an interface between the affected parts of the environment.the affected parts of the environment.

An interface is a location or boundary.An interface is a location or boundary.

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Predictability of ChangePredictability of Change

If there is enough evidence and If there is enough evidence and knowledge about a particular knowledge about a particular environmental change, it may be environmental change, it may be possible to predict the scope and possible to predict the scope and direction that future changes will direction that future changes will take.take.

What season is next?

General events are General events are fairly predictable.fairly predictable.

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Low Tide at Pacific Beach in Costa Rica

High Tide at Pacific Beach in Costa Rica

Individual occurrences are much more Individual occurrences are much more difficult to precisely predict.difficult to precisely predict.

It is easier to make accurate It is easier to make accurate predictions when there are many predictions when there are many observations and few variables observations and few variables involved in the change.involved in the change.

Environmental BalanceEnvironmental Balance

state of equilibrium- tendency to state of equilibrium- tendency to remain unchanged.remain unchanged.

Dynamic EquilibriumDynamic Equilibrium

A balance between two opposing A balance between two opposing processes going on at the same rate processes going on at the same rate in a system.in a system.

Examples:Examples:

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Documents

Prologue