Project Winter Haven Txt

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PROJECT WINTERHAVEN

A PROPOSAL FORJOINT SERVICES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CONTRACT

THE TOWNSEND BROWN FOUNDATION4l6 Bowen BuildingWashington 5, D. C.


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PURPOSES :

THE TOWSEND BROWN FOUNDATION{Non-profit corporation, Ohio-193*)

To engage, in general, in philanthropicenterprise and in the furtherance of thehumanities - science, art and literature.To assist worthy charitable and relieforganizations, educational and religiousinstitutions.For the general advancement of science, artand literature, the promotion of scientificresearch, the development of art, artisticcrafts, sculpture, music, musical appreciation, dramatics, the ballet; for the studyand dissemination of history, philosophyand languages.The construction and maintenance of laboratory and/or other buildings and equipment,the employment of suitable personnel, thefinancing of scientific expeditions, technical investigations and the like.The granting of awards, scholarships andendowments for meritorious effort or achievement in science, art and literature.The dissemination of knowledge in science,art and literature.The doing of such acts as may be incidentthereto and in furtherance of the foregoing.


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BROWN, Thomas Townsend, physicist, biophysicist;born Zanesville, Ohio March 18, 1905 , The HillSchool, Pottstown, Pa,, Doane Academy, Granville,Ohio, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena,Calif,j Kenyon College, Gambler, Ohio, DenisonUniversity, Granville, 0hio o Special electronicsresearch, Denison University s 1924-1925, Privateresearch laboratory, Zanesville, Ohio, 1926-1930.Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D C, 1930-1933o Staff physicist, International Gravity Expedition to the West Indies 1932, Physicist,Johnson Smithsonian Deep Sea Expedition 1933,Bureau of Ships, Navy Department, Officer-in-chargeof Acoustic and Magnetic Minesweeping, 1940-41,Officer-in-charge, Atlantic Fleet Radar MaterielSchool, and Atlantic Fleet Gyrocompass School,Norfolk, Va,, Materials and Processes Engineer,Glenn L, Martin Aircraft Co Baltimore, Md,,Radar Consultant, Lockheed Aircraft Co, Burbank,Calif,, Consulting physicist, Pearl Harbor NavyYard, Private research (biophysics) on radiationand plant growth. Island of Kauai, Hawaii, TheTownsend Brown Foundation Pacific Expedition,1948-1951*

Member of:American Physical Society (American Institute ofPhysics) since 1926,American Association for the Advancement ofScience, (Fellow)American Geophysical Union of the National Academyof Science, (National Research Gouncil) Washington,DoC 0American Society of Naval Engineers,Astronomical Society of the Pacific,

Patents granted:No, 300,311 (British) Method and Apparatus forProducing Force or Motion,No. 1,974,483 (UoSo) Electrostatic Motor,No, 25,417,347 (UoS,) Vibration Damper, assigned toLockheed Aircraft Corp.No, 2,207,576 (UoS.) Electric Precipitation Method,No, (classified) (U.S.) Buoyant Cable, assigned toU, S 0 Navy


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TABLE OF CONTENTSPurposes. Page 1Organization. 1.1Proposed Organization Chart. 1.2Historical Background. 2Research on the Control of Gravitation. 5Results of Research to date 8Electrified disc airfoils. 9Electrogravitational communication system. 10Definitive Experiments: 12Group A Field relationships. 12Group B Wave propagation. 14Group C Ponderomotive forces in solid dielectrics. 16Group D Reactive forces in fluid dielectrics. 19Immediate uses if experiments prove to be positive; 21Propulsion. 21Communications. 23Detection of distant atomic explosions, 25General Objectives, 26APPENDIXOutline of Program of Fundamental Research. 28Section A The Franklin Institute of the State ofPennsylvania. A 1Contents. A 1Introduction. A 2I, Library project. A 3II, Trouton-Noble experiment. A 4III. Low-temperature research with liquidhelium cryostat. A 7A, Mass of electron in metals. A 7B, Electromagnetic equations forsuper-conducting state. AllC, Creation of low-temperature lab, A13IV, Solid state phenomena. A15A. Dielectric measurements. Al61. Electronic polarizability. A172. Ionic polarizability. A173. Polarization due to alignment ofmolecules. A17B. Other problems. A201. Phosphors. A20C. Piezoelectric and allied phenomena. A21D. Other work with crystals, A22V, Relationships between electrodynamics andgravitation. A 2LConclusions. A26.he Townsend Brown Foundation, Purposes of Incorporation.Z'-czas Townsend Brown, giographical sketch.


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PROJECT WINTERHAVEN

PURPOSES :

For the last several years, accumulating evidencealong both theoretical and experimental lines has tendedto confirm the suspicion that a fundamental interlockingrelationship exists between the electrodynamic field andthe gravitational field.

It Is the purpose of Project WINTERHAVEN to compileand study this evidence and to perform certain criticalor definitive experiments which will serve to confirm ordeny the relationship,, If the results confirm the evidenceit is the further purpose of Project WINTERHAVEN to examinethe physical nature of the basic "electro-gravitic couple"and to foresee and develop possible long-range practicalapplications.

The proposed experiments are to be limited at firstto force measurements and wave propagation. They are tobe expanded, depending upon results, to include applications in propulsion or motive power, communications andremote control, with emphasis on military applications ofrecognized priority.

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ORGANIZATION:

It is proposed that the organization of ProjectWINTERHAVEN be formed by four commercial corporationsengaged in applied research and four academic institutionsengaged in pure research. In a program of this unusualscope and intrinsic importance, it is considered to benecessary from the start to establish a careful balancebetween pure and applied research and the mental qualitiesand attitudes found in each. It is further suggestedthat the attention of one-half of the organization bedirected toward applications to propulsion and the otherhalf toward applications to communication. Companiesare to be selected whose current interests lie in thesespecific fields and whose personnel, combined facilitiesand hearty support can make the most effective contribution.

It is proposed that a prime contractor be elected,a company not necessarily a participant in the actual research effort, which is experienced in the administrationof government contracts and which will be recognized andapproved by the Department of Defense in a proprietaryaward. Funds obtainable under the prime contract are thento be distributed to the eight cooperating organizationsunder appropriate sub-contracts.

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PROJECT "WINTERHAVEN"PROPOSED ORGANIZATION CHART

DEPT. OF DEFENSE! A R M Y . N A V Y . A I F O R C E : T H E T O W N S E N D B R O W NF O U N D A T I O N

l l H I I S T O N Fl

P R I M EC O N T R A C T O R

C O N T R A C T C O N S U L T A N T SJANSKY * B A I L E Y . W A S H . D.C.

C H I E F P R O J E C TE N G I N E E R

FUSE RESEARCHITANFORD RESEARCH

INSTITUTEI N D U C T I V E E F F E C T S

FEHVANTJO"SANFORD

EFFECTSS H O R T .

P E R I O OGRAV1METER

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VARIATIONSLECTRQGRAVITIC

I N D U C T I O NE F F E C T S

I1 VISI ON OF1STAT IST ICA L ANALYSIST I D A L C O M P U T A T I O N !

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C O R R E L A T I O N S

APPL IED RESEARCHI I tLEAR, INC.

F I E L D R E L A T I O N S H I P S

J R A V I M E T R I CA N A L Y S I S

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BOARD OF TECHNICAL ADVISER!DR . * . F. G. S WA NN. CHAIRMA

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F K P F R I M F N T

1HE F R A H K I I N I N S T I U I T E "OF STATE OF PENNSYLVANA

FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS

T H O U T O N .NOBL E EUP.

LIBRARY INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCE STUDIES

THFORETI CAL. CONSIDERATIONS

LI Oil I D.H E L I U M

CRYOSTATF I E L D T H E O R I E S

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SCALOR VSVECTOR

T O R S I O NBAL ANCE

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RATES OFCHANGE

T I D A LE F F E C T S

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F L U I D D I E L E C T R I C S

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THRUSTMOTORS

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CAPTIVE OISC AIRFOIL ELEC TOOK I N E TICDEMONSTR ATIONS "SMOKE R I N G S "

M A R I N EP R O P U L S I O ND E M O N S T H A T I O N

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L E V I T A T I O NE F F E C T S

F U L L - S C A L EC O M M U N I C A T I O N

D E M O N S T R A T I O N ISSUE I : OCTOBER 20 , 19 52ISSUE 2: JANUARY I , 1953


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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND :

The story of the falling apple, which led to Sir IsaacNewton's law of gravitation, is familiar to nearly everyone.It is the usual starting point in any resume about gravitation.Newton's law was the first mathematical expression of a strangeand mysterious force - a force which has continued to remain amystery for over two hundred years.

During this period, few scientists have emerged to offera solution - so great, as a matter of fact, has been theenigma. In the dusty unpublished notes of Sir Oliver Heaviside,written in the latter part of the nineteenth century, a remarkably adequate theory of gravitation was proposed. It was thefirst theory, so far as is known, to link the electrodynamicfield to the gravitational field.

In 1905, Einstein published the Special Theory ofRelativity and this was soon followed by the General Theory,describing gravitation in quite different terms but againimplying a similarity and possible relationship with theelectrodynamic field. Subsequently, in the Unified FieldTheories, Einstein has attempted to work out the mathematicalbasis for such a correlation, but so far has been unable tooffer any specific experiment or observation (as in the casecf Relativity} by which such a suspected relationship can beDroved,

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Compelled by a deep interest in the subject, TownsendBrown (as an la-year old student at the California Instituteof Technology and later at Denison University) performed crudebut apparently significant experiments with electric capacitors,using plates and dielectrics of various mass. The impetus forsuch an investigation was provided by the academic controversywhich Relativity aroused in the early twenties. Brown developedthe thesis that, due to the similar or equivalent nature of theelectric and gravitational fields, a reciprocal influence couldbe expected which, if constrained, would give rise to physicalforces detectable under certain circumstances.

These early studies and the experimental results werecalled to the attention of Dr , Paul Alfred Biefeld (a colleagueof Albert Einstein in Germany, See appendix "Who's Who"), thenprofessor of astronomy at Denison University and director ofSwazey Observatory, Dr, Biefeld continued his interest and activesupport of the experiments for many years and, prior to hisuntimely death in 1936, subscribed by affidavit that the observedeffects in his opinion did represent "an influence of the electrostatic field upon the gravitational field". This strange neweffect, first indicated by the results of these experiments withelectric capacitors, has since been named the Biefeld-Brown effect;but due to the incompleted experiments and inconclusive results,publication has been withheld. In recent years, as additionaldata of a confirming nature became available, the research hasbeen associated with government research projects of a highlyclassified status, and publication has been precluded,

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Townsend Brown continued to conduct studies of thisbasic effect with particular attention to increasing theponderomotive forces revealed in massive dielectric materials,especially, as it became apparent, In those materials withhigh specific inductive capacity or dielectric constant (K),Various obstacles were met and were only partly overcome.There remained the problem of supplying the required highpotentials and developing suitable dielectric materialscapable of withstanding such potentials.

Due largely to the limitation of the dielectric constant(K) of materials available in those days, the forces obtainedin the early stages of the research were never very large.Hence the effect remained for many years in the category of a"scientific curiosity" It appeared impossible to increasethe "K" to a value sufficient to produce consistently measurable or mechanically useful forces0

Within the last few years, however, due to the demandsof radar and television instrumentation, new dielectricmaterials have been developed. The available values of have progressively increased from 6 to 100, from 6,000 to30,000 and beyond. Dielectrics with K of 6,000 are nowavailable commercially, increasing by a factor of one thousandthe magnitude of the ponderomotive forces theoreticallyobtainable. This should be sufficient, if the theory holds,

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to produce mechanical forces large enough to be accuratelymeasured and also to be useful. In short, it now appearsthat materials are available at last which are necessaryto conduct experiments which will be conclusive in provingor disproving the hypothesis that "a gravitational fieldcan be effectively controlled by manipulating the space-energy relationships of the ambient electrostatic field".

RESEARCH ON THE CONTROL OF GRAVITATION:In further confirmation of the existing hypothesis,

experimental demonstrations actually completed in July 1950,together with subsequent confirmations with improved materials,tend to indicate that a new motive force, useful as a primemover, has in reality been discovered. While the firstexperiments with new dielectric materials of higher K indicatedthe presence of a noteworthy force, the tests were mainlyqualitative and imperfect because of other factors, and theultimate potential in terms of thrust still remains highlytheoretical. The behavior of the new motive force neverthelessdoes appear to be in agreement with the hypothesis that there isan interaction between the electrical field and the gravitationalfield and that this interaction may be electrically controlled.

Discovery of what may turn out to be the long-sought"electro-gravitic couple" should lead to the development ofan entirely new form of prime mover, a form of electric motor

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utilizing electrical and gravitational fields in combination -rather than electric and magnetic fields (as in all otherforms of motors in use at the present time). It is interesting to note that virtually all of the electric industrytoday is based on the electro-magnetic inter-relationship inone form or another, dating back to the historic research ofFaraday and Maxwell, These original formulations have beenchanged but little during the growth and development of theelectrical age.

It is believed by the sponsors of Project WINTERHAVENthat the technical development of the electrograviticreaction would usher in a new age of speed and power and ofrevolutionary new methods of transportation and communication,)Theoretical considerations would predict that, because of theprivilege of sustained acceleration, top limits of speed maybe raised far beyond those of jet propulsion or rocket drive,with possibilities eventually of approaching the speed oflight in "free space"0 The motor which may be forthcomingwill be essentially soundless, vibrationless and heatless.As a means of propulsion in flight, its potentialities alreadyappear to have been demonstrated in model disc-shaped airfoils,a form to which it is ideally adapted. These model airfoilsdevelop a linear thrust like a rocket and may be headed inany direction,,


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The discs contain no moving parts and do not necessarilyrotate while in flight In atmospheric air they emit abluish-red electric coronal glow and a faint hissingsound

Rocket-type electrogravitic reactor motors may proveto be highly efficient. Theoretically, internal resistancelosses are almost negligible and speeds can be enormous.The thrust is controllable by the voltage applied, and areversal of electric polarity may even serve as a brake(or if maintained, reverse the direction of flight)0

A tentative theory of the electrogravitic motor hasbeen fairly well worked out and seems to be substantiatedin all tests to date. However, there are certain variablefactors which are not completely understood. For example,there are tidal effects apparently caused by the Sun andMoon which influence to a small extent the power developed.There are anomalous sidereal effects which seem to berelated to the passage of the Earth through diffuse cloudsof cosmic dust or electrified particles ejected from theSun, There is no assurance that large-scale experimentsmight not reveal additional unknowns, and it is felt thatonly by continued research and successively more advancedsteps can the ultimate development be realized.

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RESULTS OF RESEARCH TO DATE:

The Biefeld-Brown Effect was first observed in themovement of electrically-charged massive pendulums. Itwas subsequently observed in the movement of electricalcondensers of various mass which were similarly suspendedand then charged. Mechanical forces, proportional to themass of the charged elements, were revealed which tendedto move the condensers bodily, causing them to behave asif they were "falling" in the "gravitational" sense.These early results were surprising for the reason thatthey failed to reveal a directional effect with respect tothe gravitational field of Earth, but showed only a dependenceupon the mass (m) of the electrified bodies.

In the years since the Biefeld-Brown Effect was firstobserved, other data have indicated this relative independence from the field of the Earth, and now a satisfactoryexplanation has gradually evolved which removes the apparentparadoxo The result has been more fortunate than unfortunate -from an ultimate practical standpoint - for it has provideda theory for a gravitational drive virtually independent ofthe gravitational field of the Earth* Hence, it would followthat the acceleration and control of electrogravitic spacecraft would be relatively unaffected upon leaving the

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gravitational influence of the Earth,Several forms of electrostatically-powered motors

have been designed which have seemed to indicate variousdegrees of gravitational characteristics. However, eventhe best efforts have been crude and the results complicated and difficult to analyze;.

In general, two types of motors have been built;-those with internal dielectric and those with externaldielectric. The Townsend Brown Differential Electrometer,an automatic recording device which has been operatingsatisfactorily for many years, is an example of the formertype. The various small models of boat motors which havebeen constructed are also of this type. The disc airfoilsare of the second type, and these show rather surprisinglaboratory performance, but are extremely complex theoretically.

Captive disc airfoils 2 feet in diameter, operatingat 50 KV, have been found to develop a speed of approximately17 feet per second in full atmospheric pressure The speedappears to be at least proportional to the voltage appliedand probably to some as-yet unknown exponent of the voltage.

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Based on rough extrapolations from performance chartsof laboratory models, the estimated speed of larger non-captive flying discs operating at 5000 KV may be 1150 milesper hour even with atmospheric resistance. It seems notunreasonable to believe that, with voltages and equipmentnow available, speeds in excess of lSOO miles per hour maybe reached by proportionately larger discs operating atthe same voltage in the upper atmosphere,

ELECTROGRAVITATIONAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM(Electrogravitic induction between systems of capacitorsinvolving propagation and reception of gravitational waves)

Project started at Pearl Harbor in 1950= Theoreticalbackground examined and preliminary demonstrations witnessedby Electronics Officer and Chief Electronics Engineer atPearl Harbor Navy Tard, Receiver already constructed -detects cosmic noise which, according to supporting evidence, appears to emanate from that portion of the sky nearthe constellation Hercules (l6h RA, 40 N Decl,), Transmitter designed and now partly completed. Radiation ismore penetrating than radio (has been observed to pass readilythrough steel shielding and more than 15 feet of concrete).

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In 1952 a short-range transmitting and receivingsystem was completed and demonstrated in Los Angeles.Transmission of an actual message was obtained betweentwo rooms - a distance of approximately 35 feet.

Transmission was easily obtained through what wasbelieved to be adequate electromagnetic shielding, butthis test must bear repeating under more rigorous control.See definitive experiments (Group B) hereinafter proposed

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DEFINITIVE EXPERIMENTS

Group A FIELD RELATIONSHIPSP u r p o s e :

The tentative theory implies that the basic relationship between the electrodynamic field and the gravitationalfield is revealed "during the process of charging or discharging electric capacitors".

Proposal:A basic experiment is proposed in which two or more

large high-voltage capacitors are associated spacially witha standard geophysical gravimeter Careful observations aremade of the gravitational anomalies induced in the regionwhich accompany the change in electrical state0 Studies areproposed of the effects of varying total capacitance, rate-of-change of electric charge, mass of dielectric materials,specific inductive capacity (K) of such materials and whetherthe spacial effects are vector or scalor. These investigationsshall be directed toward the derivation of a satisfactorymathematical equation including all of the above factors.

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This work is to be augmented by basic studies onvariations in Earth charge (believed to be caused bynatural electrogravitic induction) to be carried on byStanford Research Institute in cooperation with theDivision of Statistical Analysis of the Bureau ofStandards,

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Group B - WAVE PROPAGATION

Purpose :Preliminary experiments have indicated the existence

of an inductive inter-action between two independentshielded capacitors. In these experiments, a dischargingcapacitor induces a voltage in an adjacent capacitor andthe effect appears to penetrate electromagnetic shieldingTheoretically, this effect of one capacitor upon anotherappears to be of electrogravitic nature and constitutesevidence of a new type of wave propagation which may eventually be utilized in a completely new method of wirelesscommunication.

ProposalsIt is proposed that progressively larger-scale and

longer-range transmissions be conducted. Beginning withuntuned systems, laboratory tests are proposed to explorethe basic electrogravitic relationships between simplesystems of capacitors. Then, progressing to tuned systems,and pulsed (radar) applications, large-scale out-of-doordemonstrations are suggested* Such demonstrations shall beconducted between suitably protected transmitting andreceiving rooms (preferably underground) which are thoroughlyshielded against electromagnetic (radio) radiation. Appro-

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prite studies of wave attenuation due to transmissionthrough sea water and large masses of earth may thenalso be undertaken.

This work is augmented by the basic studies onmassive high-K dielectrics proposed for the Universityof Chicago, Calibration of receivers for natural cosmicnoise or terrestrial variables is to be done at StanfordResearch Institute, Menlo Park, California,

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Group C - PONDEROMOTIVE FORCES IN SOLID DIELECTRICS

Purpose ;Investigations started in 1923 to ascertain "reasons

for the movement of charged capacitors" point to theexistence of a hitherto unrecognized ponderomotive forcein all dielectrics under changing electric strain. Thisforce appears to be a function of the specific inductivecapacitance (K) and the density or mass (m) of the dielectricmaterial, as well as voltage factors* Recent availabilityof the massive barium titanate high-K dielectrics givepromise of developing these forces to the point where theymay become of practical importance in specific propulsionapplicationso

Proposal :Beginning with a careful mathematical analysis of the

Townsend Brown Differential Electrometer (an instrumentdeveloped at the University of Pennsylvania and at theNaval Research Laboratory and which has been in almost continuous operation for over 20 years) ;, studies are proposedof the forces developed In mica, glass, marble, phenolics anddielectrics in general and then, in particular, the newer

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barium titanate ceramic dielectrics. It is proposed thatlaboratory scale models of both rotary and linear "motors"be constructed and subjected to exhaustive performancetests. After suitable preliminary engineering development,it is suggested that a 500 lb motor be constructed topropel a model ship, as a practical demonstration of one ofthe possibilities of the electrogravitic drive.

This work is to be augmented by basic studies of theoriginal Biefeld-Brown experiments, conducted under carefullyshielded and controlled conditions in vacuum or under oil.It is proposed that these supporting studies be carried onas pure research projects at the University of Chicago,

The space-couple experiments, including a repetitionof the classic Trouton-Noble experiment but using high-Kdielectrics, are to be performed at The Franklin Institutein Philadelphia under Dr, C, T, Chase, (For the participationof The Franklin Institute, see appendix),

Low=temperature experiments (using the liquid-heliumcryostat) are likewise proposed for The Franklin Institute.These studies, under the personal supervision ofDr, W, F. G. Swann, are to be so designed as to provideanswers to certain questions relative to the fundamental

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nature of gravitation. They are to embrace such subjectsas the "Anomalous Mass of the Electron in Metals" and the"Behavior of Super-cooled Massive Dielectrics"

A special library project, housed at the FranklinInstitute and supervised by Dr, Swann, is to serve as aclearing house and repository for information on thesubject of field theories and gravitation. Wheneverindicated, consultations on mathematical considerations,field theories and implications of Relativity are to beheld with the Institute for Advance Studies at Princeton,

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Group D - REACTIVE FORCES IN FLUID DIELECTRICS

Purpose :Studies of boundary forces (where electrodes are

in contact with fluid dielectrics) reveal the existenceof a "complex" of inter-acting forces, some of whichare purely electrostatic, some electromagnetic and somewhich could be electrogravitic. The tentative theoryrequires these electrogravitic forces to be presentwherever a mass of dielectric material is charged andmoving, and to increase in almost direct proportion tothe volume of the fluid which is charged and moved. Henceit is, in a sense, the juxtaposition of the elements ofthe static form of capacitor described in Group C experiments,and provides what may be described as an electrokineticpropulsive system, with possible applications to high-speedaircraft and spacecraft.

Proposal:It is proposed that electrically-charged circular

airfoils be mathematically analyzed and improved. Startingwith 2 ft. discs at 50 KV, the steps of the developmentshould include k ft, discs at 150 KV and a final 10 ft,disc at 500 KV, Careful measurements are to be made of

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both static and dynamic thrust. Studies are also proposedwherein the discs are adapted for vertical lift (lvitation)as well as for horizontal thrust and this feature may beincorporated in the design of the 10 ft. demonstrationmodel.

It is proposed that studies likewise be made ofvarious methods for obtaining the required high voltages,and these studies should include the development andevaluation of the capacitor voltage multiplier and the"flame-jet" electrostatic generator (to provide up to15 million volts).

This work is to be augmented by the pure researchprojects, which are proposed for the University of Chicago,to answer certain questions as to relative efficiency ofpropulsion of discs in air at reduced pressure or in vacuumand at various voltages.

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IMMEDIATE USES IF EXPERIMENTS PROVE TO BE POSITIVE:

Confirmation of the existence of the electrogravitic couple may provide basic facts and figureswhich could lay the groundwork for major advances inpropulsion and communication. It would initiatechanges in existing concepts of the theory ofRelativity and the physical nature of gravitation,and certainly provide a basis for utilizing, in apractical way, hitherto unrecognized principles. Itwould start a major revolution in the science ofphysics, with profound repercussions in astronomy,chemistry and biology. In its timeliness and provocative Influence, it may become a "shot heard roundthe world"

Propulsion:Mankind has shown a persistent aptitude to devise

means for traveling at ever-Increasing rates of speed.At a certain stage in the evolution of each devicefor transportation, limits have been reached beyondwhich he could not go. The ox-cart, the automobile,the airplane and the rocket, all have limits of speedwhich are basic and impossible to violate. The speed

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of the rocket, man's latest attempt, is limited bythe velocity of the ejected gases, and this imposesupon the rocket a limitation of speed and range whichman is reluctant to accept. In the coming age ofspace satellites and possible travel to the Moon, manwill be casting envious eyes toward inter-planetarytravel - travel into the depths of space where he maynot even live long enough to complete his journey Itis already becoming apparent that the rocket must besuperseded and speeds even further increased. The recognition of this obvious fact, even to rocket engineers,serves to dampen much of their enthusiasm about thepracticability of travel by rocket spaceship. Fuel isconsumed in "fighting" the gravitational field of theEarth. Fuel will be required in breaking the rate offall, if and when landings are attempted on other planets,It is quite apparent that a method of controlling gravitation is urgently needed and that it is already longoverdue.

Two types of electrogravitic motors are proposed inProject WINTERHAVEN. Both types have a good chance ofsuccess A motor weighing 500 lbs for the propulsionof a model ship is suggested. Performance data derivedfrom the tests of this model may be used in designing

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larger models, which in turn would presage electrogravitic motors for ocean liners weighing thousandsof tons. Other possible applications, in due time,would include motive power for automobiles and railroads

The second type of electrogravitic reactor nowdemonstrated in disc airfoils may find its principalfield of usefulness in the propulsion of spaceships invarious forms. For the moment, at least, the discform appears to have the greatest promise, largelybecause there is reason to believe it can be self-levitating and, therefore, made to possess the abilityto move vertically (as well as horizontally) and tohover motionless, in complete control of the Earth'sgravitational field.Communications :

Ko person would have believed - if he had witnessedthe original experiments of Prof, Hertz - that the obscure phenomenon would lay the groundwork for worldwide radio communication, radar, television and thecountless electromagnetic devices of this kind whichtoday we take so much for granted.

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We have had, in our lifetime, the privilege ofwatching the growth and approaching culmination of theradio age, let, with all its manifest advantages, the.electromagnetic wave has many limitations, and theseare becoming increasingly apparent to us as over-crowdedchannels, annoying interference, blank-outs and shadows.We have become acutely aware of the troublesome limitationson television caused by the curvature of the earth and theshaded areas behind mountains, hills and large buildings,where satisfactory TV reception is virtually impossible.We sense that present methods are imperfect and inadequateand that somehow, in the future, an answer will be found

If the basic experiments set forth in ProjectWINTERHAVEN prove the controllability of the gravitationalwave, a fundamentally new system of communication will becomeavailable. Theory indicates that the gravitational wavemay be one of the most penetrating forms of radiant energy.Employed as a means of communication, it may solve many ofthe difficulties inherent In present-day radio and, at thesame time, provide countless additional channels forcommunication.

At the outset, development of the electrogravitationalcommunication system obviously could provide a secret, almostwholly untouchable, channel for classified military communications. Message transmissions could be put through without

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breaking military radio silence, at a time when allelectromagnetic transmissions are prohibited. Due tothe high penetrability of the gravitational wave,communications could conceivably be maintained betweensubmerged submarines, between submarines and shore installations or between bomb-proof shelters and similar undergroundinstallations without the use of external wires.

Other interesting possibilities virtually suggestthemselves. Among these are the applications to underseaor underearth radar, also various remote control applicationsfor guided missiles, where the usual antennae or dipolesystems involve complications or create engineering difficulties because of the shielding of the metallic coveringof the missiles.

Detection of distant atomic explosionsDue to the tremendous momentary displacement of air

and the gravitational disturbance resulting therefrom,there is reason to believe that the electrogravitationalreceiver may be one of the few devices capable of instantlong-distance detection and ranging of atomic bomb explosions.

Washington, D=C,Revised: l/l/53

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GENERAL OBJECTIVES

In the foregoing project outline, specific detailshave been referred to for the purpose of imparting aclear and concise understanding of the type of investigations proposed. The general objectives of ProjectWINTERHAVEN embrace the entire subject of the interrelationships between gravitation and electrodynamiesoThis is necessarily a long-term program. Unquestionablythere are many productive avenues of exploration in thisvast and comparatively open territory which cannot beforeseen.

The project must adopt a policy of inviting suggestionsfrom qualified physicists interested in attempting to solvethe various problems involved. In a project of this scopeand magnitude it would be a mistake to fail to recognizeand investigate any phenomenon which bears even remotelyupon the subject* It would be a mistake, for example, tolimit the considerations to the so-called capacitor-effect,as outlined hereinbefore, when its technical antithesis,a possible inductor-effect, may provide equal opportunities.

In the study of physical properties of dielectrics,low-temperature research is of especial importance, Electrodynamic phenomena occur at low-temperatures which are com=

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pletely unknown at room temperatures. The possibilitiesof discovering wholly unsuspected gravitational effectsbelow the super-conductivity threshold, at temperaturesapproaching absolute zero, are worthy of the costs involvedThe use of the liquid helium cryostat is strongly recommended as an important part of Project WINTERHAVEN.

The operation of a library project such as that proposed for The Franklin Institute, for the accumulation oftechnical information and to serve as liaison with academicinstitutions throughout the world, is of utmost importanceparticularly at the beginning of the program

No responsibility can be assumed by any of thecooperating institutions to guarantee results in research.It is the express purpose of the sponsors of this projectto seek the answers by organizing a cooperative program inwhich the best minds and all necessary laboratory facilitiesare brought together. It is the sincere hope that, in thisway, a century of normal evolution in science, looking towardthe ultimate control of gravitation for the benefit of mankind,may be compressed into 5 - 1 0 years.

As with the atomic bomb project in America, money wastraded to gain time. So it is with the ultimate conquestof space. It must be recognized that a concentrated studyof gravitation under a government research and developmentcontract can no longer be neglected,

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A P P E N D I X

P A R T O N E

FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH


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S E C T I O N A

THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTEof the

STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA


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THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTEOF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIAPHILADELPHIA 3 - PENNSYLVANIAF O U N D E D F E B R U A R Y 5 , i S Z

L A BO RA T O RI E S F O R RE S E A RCH A N D D E V E L O P M E N THENRY B. ALLENDirector

December 10, 1952Kr. T. Townsend. BrownThe Townsend Brown FoundationI4I0 Bowen BuildingWashington 5, . C.Jear Mr. Brown:We en clo se he rew ith th e prop os als fo r work und er your Fou nda tion , madeout in accordance wi th our d iscuss ions 01 November 13 .As y ou w i l l s e e , we h av e h i g h - l i g h t e d t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s i n h e r e n t i n lo wtem per atu re work inv olv ing the use of a c ry o s ta t . However , we haveinc luded the Trouton-Noble exper iment and , of course , the genera l p lanf o r t h e o r e t i c a l w ork l o o k i n g to w a rd s a n a n a l y s i s o f th e' s i t u a t i o n w i t hr e g a r d t o t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n g r a v i t a t i o n a n d e l e c t r o d y n a m i c s .We s h a l l , o f c ou r se , ho ld ou r se lve s r e a dy f o r a ny f u r th e r d i sc uss ion sof these ma t te r s which may seem d es i r ab le as a pre l im ina ry to the f i n a ls ta tement of a de f in i te program.I t was a gre a t p le asu re to have the o pp or tu ni ty to co nfe r wi th you onth ese m a t t e r s . Dr . Swann to ld me th a t he l i k ed ve ry much you r approachto th e proble m s, 3Jld we a l l hope th a t we may have the ple a su re of se rv in gthe Foundation to the end of accomplishing some real ly good fundamentalwork f o r s c i e n c e .With k indes t r egards , I am

Very

Nicol H. Sm.i1Exe c u t ive D i r e c to rE n c l .
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as provided by liquid helium,5 A short statement on ways to approach a better under

standing of gravitation, electromagnetism, andrelationships between the two subjects.

INTRODUCTION:

In two visits and various correspondence, Mr, T. TownsendBrown has indicated his interest and that of The TownsendBrown Foundation in certain aspects of Pure Science. Interesthas also been expressed in the possibility of supportingresearch work in these Laboratories, with scientific discoveryand publication the principal objective

The attached proposal discusses in turn the variousitems of interest which have been under consideration byMr, Brown and members of the research staff of theseLaboratories

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I, Proposal for preliminary grant to support explorationof the fields of interest to Mr. Brown and the Foundation.

It is requested that The Townsend Brown Foundationgrant to The Franklin Institute Laboratories for Researchand Development the sum of $5000, for the followingpurposes:

A, To support exploratory work, including literaturesurveys and conferences, on the subjects of gravitation and electromagnetism,

B To establish a working arrangement with theFoundation so that ideas of mutual interest maybe effectively pursued.

C. To support the expense of further discussions sothat additional interests of the Foundation maybe explored and studied.

Expenditures under this grant would consist ofsalaries and overhead, and travel expenses. Personnelinvolved would be chosen from the 250 staff members ofthe Laboratories, their supervisors, or Senior StaffAdvisors, according to the field under discussion andthe special interests and training of the individual.

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II. Proposal and Budget Estimate for Repetition of theTrouton-Noble Experiment.

The Townsend Brown Foundation has expressedparticular interest in the Trouton-Noble experiment,and has a desire to see the experiment repeated underimproved conditions.

The Trouton-Noble experiment concerns itself withan electromagnetic torque operating on a charged condenser which moves with uniform velocity in the directioninclined to the normal to its surface. According to thetheory of relativity, compensating effects, in this casehaving to do with the effect of motion on elastic properties of materials, arise to defeat what would otherwisebe the rotation produced by the torque aforesaid.

In the days before universal acceptance of thetheory of relativity, there was reason to believe thatmeasurements of the rotation of such a condenser as theabove, when supported by some suspension, would serve todetermine the velocity of the earth's motion throughspace.

If, for a moment, we put ourselves in the mind ofone who does not accept the theory of relativity in itsentirety or wishes to test its validity further, the

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torque described above and possible rotation resultingfrom it become matters of experimental interest. Asituation of great interest centers around the effectof the dielectric materials in the condenser in determining the torque.

Now it appears that the original calculation ofthe aforesaid torque is completely erroneous; and itappears that if the torque had been calculated correctly,invoking the same fundamental principles as were invokedin the earlier calculations, it would have been found todepend only upon the potential difference between theplates of the condenser and to be independent of thedielectric constant. However, a more refined analysisof the situation, which does not simply average theproperties of the polarized molecules into a representation in terms of a dielectric constant, reveals that theremay be a contribution to the torque which depends on thenature of the molecular dipoles, and in a manner whichis not expressible in terms of the dielectric coefficient.

The above conclusions have been reached byE. H. Kennard and W. F. G. Swann independently by different processes of mathematical analysis. - They wouldhave rendered the Trouton-Noble experiment one of considerable interest to a person who had any doubts about thetheory of relativity, and the interest would be enhanced

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by the bearing of the nature of the dielectric materialupon the outcome of the experiment.

The present proposal for this experiment is submitted because of Mr, Brown1s expressed interest in itsbearing on dielectric characteristics. We feel, however,that there are better ways of investigating dielectricphenomena, some of which are discussed below. In connection with studies of the relationship between gravitation and electromagnetism, again there are more effectiveprocedures; this question is discussed at greater lengthin a future section of this proposal.

Even though we would not have initiated a recommendation for a repetition of this experiment at this time,it could be performed if desired by the Foundation. Agrant of $15,000 for research, overhead, and materialsand supplies, would cover the performance of this experiment over the period of a year.

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III. Discussion of two fundamental physical experiments,and proposal and budget estimate for the CollinsHelium Cryostat, necessary for the performance ofthese experiments,

A, Experiment having to do with the observation ofmomentum in a ring of conducting material carryinga current at the instant when the material iscarried from the super-conducting to the non-superconducting state.Briefly, the above experiment envisages a metal

ring in which a current of electricity has been producedby the creation of a magnetic field passing through thering when all is at a temperature such that the superconducting state prevails. Under such conditions, thecurrent will continue practically indefinitely.

If we now raise the temperature, the super-conductivity will disappear at a certain critical temperature, andthe angular momentum of the electric current will be sharedwith the ordinary material of the ring in such a way asto give an angular rotation to the latter. The ring is,of course, to be envisaged as supported by a suspensionand the angular rotation observed will depend upon thestiffness of this suspension. An interesting feature ofthe experiment lies in the fact that the sensitivity is

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greatest when the cross-section of the wire of thering is smallest. The limiting conditions which determine the ultimate sensitivity are based upon therequirement that when the energy of the current isdissipated and passes through the super-conductingstate, the heat evolved shall not be sufficient toburn up the apparatus.

The fundamental theoretical interest of the experiment lies in the fact that the angular rotation obtaineddepends upon the electronic mass, and theoretical considerations have been presented to support the beliefthat this electronic mass may be different for theelectrons in a metal than for the electrons in a freestate.

The aforesaid theoretical considerations bearingon the electronic mass are the work of physicists atother institutions and we believe that most authoritieson quantum theory are of the opinion that the effectivemass of the electron in a metal is the same as that foran electron in a free state. However, even those whosupport this view are in favor of performing the experiment because of the complexity of the theoretical considerations involved.

We may say that the concept of this kind of experiment goes back to the time of Maxwell. Some 45 years ago,

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Dr Swann became interested in the possibilities ofan experiment of this kind, but that was before thedays when we knew of super-conductivity, and thepotentialities of the experiment under such conditionsdid not seem promising.

When Dr, Imre Patai came to The Bartol Foundationof The Franklin Institute, he brought with him an interestin this experiment and it was one of the experiments whichwe had planned to perform if he had lived. Tentativearrangements for securing liquid helium were discussedwith the U. S. Bureau of Standards, Dr, Patai had workedout the theory of the experiment in elementary form andDr. Swann made a calculation of it based on more generalconsiderations and traced the consequences of the calculation as regards defining the conditions of limitingsensitivity, etc., as cited above.

The most fundamental requirement is, of course, ameans of producing liquid helium, and this implies acryostat. If a cryostat were obtained, moreover, thepotentialities of an enormous amount of other work insolid state physics would be provided for. In thisrespect, an experiment of this kind has an advantage oversuch an experiment as a repetition of the Trouton-Nobleexperiment. In the repetition of the Trouton-Nobleexperiment, the usefulness of the apparatus vanishes

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when the observations are completed. In an experimentinvolving a cryostat, however, the completion of theimmediate undertaking leaves an organization of equipment and procedure which is available for a largeamount of very valuable scientific work of other kinds.

The cryostat itself would involve a room, probablysome 20 feet square, and would cost about $24,000. Itwould require about 1-1/2 men to operate it. Informationon the cryostat is attached.

It is probable that the experiment in questioncould be carried out and the cryostat eould be operatedby calling upon the services of one full-time physicistand two technicians.

It should be possible to complete the experiment inone year.

Personnel, and expenses other than that for thecryostat, would be supplied by the Institute.

It may be remarked that if we are able to act quicklyin the matter of a cryostat, we have the possibility ofsecuring a man thoroughly skilled in the operation of theequipment.

Intimately related to the foregoing experiment isanother which will now be described.

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velocity c*> , then by considering the super-conductingelectrons as perfectly free it can be deduced that thesphere should become magnetized upon rotation. Thereason for this is as follows:

When the sphere is initially set into motion theelectrons, being perfectly free from interaction withthe crystal lattice, will not move with the sphere, anda current Is set up due to their relative motion. Thischanging current in turn induces an electric field withinthe sphere which acts on the electrons in such a manner asto accelerate them in the direction of rotation of thesphere. The final result is that when the sphere hasreached a constant angular velocity the super-conductingelectrons everywhere move with the sphere except for anarrow layer at the surface, where they lag behind slightlyto produce a small current. This result was predicted onthe basis of a free electron theory before the development of the theory of F. and H, London

The London theory predicts the same result for therotating sphere, except that it makes an additional prediction, F, London states that the rotating sphere willhave a magnetic moment independent of the prehistory ofthe sphere. In particular, if a rotating sphere iscooled below its transition temperature while rotating,the sphere will acquire the same magnetic moment as it

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would upon starting from rest below its transitiontemperature and being brought to the same angularvelocity. On the basis of a free electron theory ofsuper-conductivity, it is difficult to understand howa sphere which is already rotating will suddenly acquirea magnetic moment upon being cooled below its transitiontemperature. In this case, the electrons move with thesphere above the transition temperature due to theirfinite interaction with the lattice (finite resistance).That they should suddenly lag behind to produce a magnetic moment on cooling below the transition temperatureseems surprising.

The magnetic moment predicted for the rotating sphereis small, but should be measurable with sufficientlycareful experimental technique. This experiment wouldconstitute a fundamental method of testing the basicassumptions of the London theory.

C. Matters concerning the creation of a low temperaturelaboratory.It is to be supposed that the cryostat, if secured,

would become the property of The Franklin InstituteLaboratories for Research and Development. It seemsappropriate, however, to recommend that the low temperature laboratory be given some designation which would

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serve to perpetuate the organization concerned indonating the equipment. Thus, if the cryostat shouldbe provided by The Townsend Brown Foundation, it wouldseem appropriate that the laboratory be called the"Townsend Brown Laboratory for Low Temperature Research".

Such a procedure would provide the means for crediting the Foundation with respect to all publications whichwould subsequently emanate from the Laboratory. It maybe remarked that continual financial support of theoperation of the Laboratory by the Foundation would probably not be necessary; for once the Laboratory becameestablished, there would be very little difficulty inobtaining Government and possibly other support on a highlevel of allotment for the purposes of carrying on thework of the Laboratory.

In a following section we have outlined some of thetypes of problems which might be expected to be carriedon by a low temperature laboratory of the above kind.We also include a Bibliography of work which has alreadybeen published in the field of Low Temperature Research,

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>e* tcExtreme low temperature research such as the f o l l o w i n g is being carr ied out in themany un ivers i t y and indus t r ia l labora tor ies equ ipped w i th ADL Coll ins HeliumCryostats.

Measurement of the mechanical properties of metals.

Study of the superconductivity of solids.

Investigation of the nature of nuclear forces.

Magnetic susceptibility measurements on paramagnetic salts.

Second sound measurements in liquid heli um.

Exper iments on the par amag net ic resonance absor ptio n of solids.

Study of phosphors and semi conducto rs for dete cti on of infra red radi atio n.

Investigation of the properties of liquid He 3 .

Mea sur emen t of the rat e of transfe r of the He II film ove r var ious surfaces.

Inter preta tion of the optical absorp tion of solids.

Study of electronic communications and control processes.

The development of the ADL Collins Helium Cryostat as a reliablefor the quantity production of liquid helium has brought an entire

of research, previously ca rried on in only a few laboratories, intoof every-day investigation and use. Phenomena which haveto occur in the neighborhood of Absolute Zero, and thosehave recently been discovered, had not been exploited for useful

of the excessive effort required to obtain theseThe general effect of extreme low temperature is the production of

of atoms and electrons. Study of matter in an ordered statevaria tions in behavior which at higher temperatures wereby thermal m otion. These phenomena have ma de low tempera

one of the most fascinating and fertile frontiers of current physicalwith prac tical development now only a question of time andLow-temperature physics is a technique which will ma ke itself felt

fields of pure and applied physics and engineering when the varietyto which it may be put is more fully realized.

Boiling Point* of G a s i

Helium1Helium'HydrogenDeuteriumTritiumNeonNitrogen

at 1

Carbon MonoxideFluorineArgonOxygen

AtmofphvrftC

2 6 9 . 9248.9- 2 5 2 7- 2 4 9 . S24B.0245.9195 .8192 .0 1 8 7 . 0- 1 8 5 . 7183 .0

F453.8452.0422.9417 .1- 4 1 4 . 4410 .6320.4313 .6 3 0 4 . 6302.3- 2 9 7 . 4

K3.24,2

20.423.625.127.277.381.186.087.490.1


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IV, Research in solid state phenomena with special relationto dielectrics of high' specific inductive capacity.

It is our understanding that researches on substanceswith high values of K are of considerable interest toThe Townsend Brown Foundation, and we have no hesitationin concurring in the importance of such researches. Itwould seem that further investigation of the propertiesof substances of high K should be made in the realms ofbreakdown resistance, ferro-electrets, hysteresis, andallied phenomena. Special interest attaches'also to thecharacteristics of electrets as such and to the conditionsnecessary to secure high activity of such electrets overlong periods of time.

In all of the foregoing work, low temperature researches involving the cryostat would.be of fundamentalimportance; for although the dielectrics are not usuallyused at low temperatures, many of the characteristicswhich determine their behavior at ordinary temperaturescan be examined more readily by experiments performed atlow temperatures.

In view of the Foundations interest in dielectricphenomena, we shall discuss this field first.

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1, The electronic polarizability, which arisesfrom the fact that the outer electrons ofan atom can be displaced with respect to thenucleus by an external electric field therebycreating a dipole moment. This is a propertyof the particular atom under consideration andis independent of temperature,

2, The ionic polarizability, arising from thedisplacement of positive ions with respect tonegative ions in an ionic crystal. In mostmaterials, this type of polarizability variesonly very slowly with temperature, leading toa slight variation of dielectric constant withtemperature. That this is not always the caseis the reason for the present proposal,

3, Polarization due to the alignment of moleculeswith permanent dipole moments. In solids,where the molecule is not free to rotate, thiseffect is absent.

In recent years, a number of ferroelectric compoundshave been discovered which are practically completelyanalogous in their dielectric behavior to ferromagneticmaterials. Thus, they show a Curie temperature, abovewhich the dielectric constant follows a Curie-Weiss lawand below which they exhibit spontaneous electrical polarization and hysteresis properties. Barium titanate (BaTiO-J

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is the most well known of these compounds. Most ofthese compounds have Curie temperatures which arefairly high. Two compounds are known which have verylow Curie temperatures. These are Potassium Tantalate(KTaO^) and Lithium Thallium Tartrate (LiTlC^H^O.I^O) ,with Curie temperatures at 132K and 10K respectively.The existence of these very low Curie temperatures hascreated an additional interest in the study of dielectricsat the low temperatures obtainable with a Collins Heliumcryostat.

In addition to the intrinsic value of a program onthe properties of dielectrics at low temperatures, it isconceivable that it might be possible to provide anothermeans of producing temperatures lower than 1K other thanadiabatic demagnetization. If one had a ferroelectric imaterial with a Curie temperature well below 1K, then !

Iby the adiabatic, reversible depolarization of the material,it should be possible to produce a cooling effect(electro-caloric effect). Since the equipment involvedin this process is somewhat simpler than in the corresponding magnetic case, it would be of considerableinterest to investigate its feasibility. This method isnot applicable below the Curie temperature since thepresence of hysteresis and spontaneous polarization introduces irreversible heating effects upon applying orremoving an external electric field.

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The Curie temperature of BaTiO-j can be decreasedby reducing the lattice parameter either by theaddition of strontium or by application of externalpressure. Presumably, this technique can be used todecrease the Curie Temperature of KTa03 orL i T l C / ^ O o ^ O , An understanding of the factors whichinfluence the Curie temperature and of the range ofCurie temperatures in different crystals is importantfor the development of a basic theory of ferroelectricity.

In summary, it appears that a program on theproperties of dielectrics at low temperatures can contribute substantially to our understanding of solids.We propose to carry on such a program at The FranklinInstitute. The starting point for this program shouldlogically be an investigation of KTaC^ and LiTlC^H^O-HgOas well as structurally similar crystals and theirsolid solutions with each other.

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Bp Certain additional problems in which the cryostatcan be of service.

Work concerned with PhosphorsThe Bartol Foundation of The Franklin Institute

has been concerned for some time in the investigationof phosphors, with particular relation to our studiesleading to the enhancement of particle counter techniques.The properties of such phosphors are determined verylargely by the presence of impurities in a mannerwhich is rather well understood, but which calls formuch further investigation.

Fundamental to the behavior of such phosphors is thepostulated existence of certain energy levels, generallyreferred to as "traps", to which electrons may beraised by way of a conduction band by suitable externalstimulation, and from which they may depart, againthrough the conduction band, with the emission oflight - frequently ultraviolet light.

The temperature plays a very important role in thetheory of such emission and absorption of energy, andit is of great interest to investigate the behaviorof these phosphors over as wide a range of temperaturesas possible.

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The particular interest of very low temperaturemeasurements lies in the possible existence of trapsvery near (in energy) to the conduction band. Ifsuch traps exist, the light emission at low temperature would be drastically different from what itwould be in their absence, both in amount and asregards time variation. Moreover, the study of lightemission at these temperatures should lead to knowledgeof the depths of the traps below the energy of theconduction band,

C. Piezoelectric and allied phenomena.It is, of course, natural to include piezoelectric

phenomena as part of basic research relating to any wideprogram concerned with dielectric material.

Requirements for the types of researches abovesuggested can vary over very wide limits depending uponthe amount of work undertaken. As a rule, the apparatusinvolved is relatively inexpensive. Some of it is evenof the old electroscope and tin can type, 'Valuablework could be done by one physicist and a technicianworking continually and supported by a very modest budget

It would be possible to carry on a larger programwith corresponding enhancement of the numbers of personnel.

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We can readily visualize k or 5 independent fields ofresearch going on at the same time and involving perhaps 4 or 5 physicists, with an equal number of technicians.

Do Other work having to do with crystals.While the cathode group of the Bartol Research

Foundation has been concerned largely with the properties of semi-conductors, the interest has lain ratherin the direction of high temperatures than low temperatures. Nevertheless, this work does ramify into arealm dealing with the fundamental properties of thecrystalline structures which are concerned. Low temperature measurements have primary bearing upon opticalphenomena concerned with these structures.

For example, optical absorption studies of thoriumoxide have been made, and show a bell-shaped absorptioncurve at 4000 S, followed by a complete cut-off at 3700 A.For wave lengths longer than that corresponding to themaximum of the absorption bell, a monotomic decrease ofabsorption takes place. There are reasons for believingthat at low temperatures the width of the bell willdecrease, and that further structure will appear whichwill be of interest regarding conduction theory.

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The aforesaid narrowing of an absorption maximumat low temperatures is well known in the case of Fcenters in alkali halides, and has been used by Seitzas evidence that the F band in KBr is due to one kindof lattice effect only. Moreover, from the width andheight of the band, the number of absorption centerscan be computed.

As the band narrows, the maximum shifts to shorterwave lengths. The theoretical implications of thisphenomenon have not yet been worked out.

A shift to shorter wave lengths is found also forthe fundamental absorption band, as well as for absorption due to color centers. This shift is presumably tobe associated with thermal perturbation of the levelsof the valance electrons.

In general, it can be said that, when phenomenainvolving very shallow traps are involved, low temperatures are required for the phenomena to appear. Athigher temperatures the electrons do not remain in thetraps for an appreciable time. These characteristicsare, of course, in harmony with those already discussedin connection with phosphors

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field some 50 times that of the earth at its surface,or in a gravitational potential some 2500 times thatof the earth at its surface, is a quantity so small asto tax the ingenuity of our most refined experimentalists.

No one can deny the possibility that there may arisea Newton who so revolutionizes all of our previous thoughtson gravity, electrodynamics and quantum theory as to renderthe story of the interrelation of these fields one ofconsistency and satisfaction. No one can deny that thatinterrelationship would have very profound significance.Even if it does, however, it would seem likely thatsmallness of magnitude of the interrelationships, aspertaining to any terrestrial experiments, would continueto exist and that any practical bearing which the interrelationships might have upon us would lie in theireffects in some large-scale cosmological situation whichthey control and which, in turn, control our origin andexistence.

We believe that there is much yet to be done in thecorrelation of our understanding of these matters and webelieve that the work is worthy of effort. We are inclined to think, however, that it is rather of the long-range type.

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