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3 Gorges DAM (China)By Sec Z Group - 10Bibhu Prasad NayakU113196Swayambhu Dutta U113236Arjun Agrawal U113191Prateek Saraf U113215Stalin Mohapatra U113233Varun Kumar Pandey U113239Project Management - Major Research ProjectSubmitted to Prof: Purna Chandra Rath

What is Three Gorges Dam ?TheThree Gorges Damis ahydroelectricdam that spans theYangtze Riverby the town ofSandouping, located inYiling District,Yichang,Hubeiprovince,China. The Three Gorges Dam is theworld's largest power stationin terms of installed capacity (22,500MW).

The Chinese Government regards the project as a historic engineering, social and economic success,with the design of state-of-the-art large turbines,and a move toward limitinggreenhouse gas emissions.

Dam Site : Upstream on Yangtze River Made of concrete and steelThe dam is 2,335m (7,661ft.) long and the top of the dam is 185 meters (607ft.) above sea level. The project used 27.2million cubic meters (35.6106cuyd.) of concrete (mainly for the dam wall), 463,000tonnesof steel and moved about 102.6million cubic meters (134.2106cuyd.) of earth.The concrete dam wall is 181 meters (594ft.) high above the rock basis.

63 XSteel Used Compositions & Dimensions:3 Gorges Dam

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HOW BIG IS THE PROJECT?Why is a dam this large required?Flood Control expected to reduce the severity of flooding by 90%Navigation- Allow the passage of 10,000 ton ships to Chongqing (earlier limited 5,000 ton ships); allow ships to sail throughout the year.Energy Production- Hydroelectric power generation will generate 15% of China's electricity; Saving an estimated 50 million tons of coal.Massive floods in Yangtze river every 10 years, for last 2000 years.

Meeting Chinas huge energy demands

The StakeholdersAgainstForProsCons Controls the Yangtze river floods, saving lives and homes Major source of renewable power, replacing coal as a source of power Made it possible for ships (commercial and recreational) to travel much further inland Tourist attraction

Loss of fish and Flooding of good farmland Extinction of the river dolphin Destruction of archeology sites Relocation of 1.3 million people May be triggering landslides, endangering millions of people Rise in water born disease from polluted water Weight of the reservoir may trigger earthquakes

Precious Stone Fortress is partly submerged in the water.

Environmental Impact Project has a great influence on the environment and ecology of the reservoir area and the Yangtze River. Biggest concern is the pollution of the reservoir - After the water storage, due to the steady state of the fluent, the contaminant cannot down rush in time and store up in the reservoir, which would deteriorate water quality and cause refuse floating, and probably trigger the epidemic. Migration Problem Migration problem is the biggest difficult faced by the project - The fund for migration covers 45% of the total investment. After the water storage, about 129 cities and towns including Wanxian and Fuling are flooded. The migrants surpass 1200,000, relating to 20 cities. Many migrants are building their new homes around the dam area. But the current situation is that though the infrastructure construction is rapid, the industry develops slowly, a great number of enterprises went bankrupt, the unemployment rate is high and the income of peasants falls, which has brought a lot of social problems. Landscape Loss As the water storage of the Three Gorges Dam, the rising Yangtze River has flooded a part of the landscape. Scenery changes a lot compared before the dam construction. It is a great pity that so many scenic sights have forever disappeared. The experts have tried their best to save them as much as possible. They moved some to the new sites, transferred some to museums or took photos as a reference to later reproduction.

The ancient plank roadis submerged in the water. Ecological Problem:Fishes cannot normally pass the Three Gorges, and thus their living habits and heredity will change. After the finish of the water storage, over 560 kinds of land rare plants will be flooded. A) Endangered Treasures : Among the potential tragedies of the Three Gorges Dam project are over one thousand sites of archaeological and historical importance that will be submerged and lost forever upon completion of the dam like Ba Civilization: Artists and Metal WorkersAncient Fossils at Dragon Bone CaveShibaozhai TempleB) Endangered Species The baiji dolphin, the ancient river sturgeon and the finless porpoise depend on the Yangtze for their survival. The population of Siberian cranes in Poyang Lake will also EarthquakesThe Three Gorges area is affected by many small earthquakes yearly, but most range from 1-2 on the Richter scale. However, once the dam is completed, these levels are expected to rise to earthquakes that will be 5-6 on the Richter scale. While technology allows the dam to tolerate earthquakes that are 7-8 on the Richter scale, if there is any miscalculation, there would be complete disaster.

Erosion and the Yellow Sea Erosion is also a key factor in the problems of Three Gorges. Many dams around the world have provoked a problem with coastal erosion, and Three Gorges doesn't seem to be heading in a different direction. The problem starts when clear water is forced out of the river mouth and carried along the coast. This clear water erodes the coast and this erosion can cause problems far beyond the boundaries of Three Gorges, and could also cause serious problems along China's coastal cities and towns.

Sediment ProblemIt is measured that the river sediment concentration of the upper stream is about 1.2kg per cubic meter. The total sediment passing the dam site is above five hundred million a year. Before the dam project, the mud and sand deposited largely in Jingjiang River, which has lifted the water level and menaced the safety of Jianghan (Yangtze River and Hanjiang River) Plain and Dongting Lake Plain.

Agricultural Production Although silt deposits are dangerous to the health of a river and the usefulness of a dam, silt itself is necessary. Silt is a naturally occurring phenomenon, and consists of soil, gravel and rocks, mostly coming from soil erosion on land.

IssueCriticismDefenseCostThe dam will far exceed the official cost estimate, and the investment will be unrecoverable as cheaper power sources become available and lure away ratepayers.The dam is within budget, and updating the transmission grid will increase demand for its electricity and allow the dam to pay for itself.ResettlementRelocated people are worse off than before and their human rights are being violated.15 million people downstream will be better off due to electricity and flood control.EnvironmentWater pollution and deforestation will increase, the coastline will be eroded and the altered ecosystem will further endanger many species.Hydroelectric power is cleaner than coal burning and safer than nuclear plants, and steps will be taken to protect the environment.Local culture and natural beautyThe reservoir will flood many historical sites and ruin the legendary scenery of the gorges and the local tourism industry.Many historical relics are being moved, and the scenery will not change that much.NavigationHeavy siltation will clog ports within a few years and negate improvements to navigation.Shipping will become faster, cheaper and safer as the rapid waters are tamed and ship locks are installed.Power generationTechnological advancements have made hydrodams obsolete, and a decentralized energy market will allow ratepayers to switch to cheaper, cleaner power supplies.The alternatives are not viable yet and there is a huge potential demand for the relatively cheap hydroelectricity.Flood controlSiltation will decrease flood storage capacity, the dam will not prevent floods on tributaries, and more effective flood control solutions are available.The huge flood storage capacity will lessen the frequency of major floods. The risk that the dam will increase flooding is remote.Table: Summary of the arguments in favor of and against the damThe construction started December 14 1994. The dam was expected to be fully operational in 2009, but additional projects, such as the underground power plant with six additional generators, are expected to delay full operation until mid-2012.The ship lift is expected to be completed in 2014.Timeline: of 3 Gorges DamFirst proposed in 1919, the Three Gorges Dam Project has faced many challenges throughout the plans development.In 1932 the Construction Committee of Sun Yat-Sen created the initial plan for a much smaller dam on the Yangtze River.The project lost support during the China Civil War in 1947, but after the devastating Yangtze River floods in the 1950s, the idea was reintroduced to the government.In 1958, Mao Zedong pushed for support; he wanted China to have the largest hydroelectric dam in the world.Political unrest again delayed construction until 1979, when the State Council approved construction because growing economy demanded more electric power.In early 1989, the State Council agreed in March to suspend construction plans because of international pressures.By 1992 the National Peoples Party approved the Three Gorges Dam projectThe project was due to be completed in 2009.Gestation of the ProjectAs early as 1919, in his article entitled A plan to develop industry, Sun Yat-Sen mentioned the possibility to build a series or large dams in the Yangtze with the purposes of flood control and electricity generationDuring the 1930s, under the Guomindang Party government, several studies were undertaken to check the feasibility of constructing a large dam in the upper reaches5 of Yangtze River.In 1944, an American dam expert of the US Bureau of Reclamation, J.L. Savage, was invited to do field research in order to survey the location of the future dam and to draft a preliminary project.Two years later, the Republic of China signed a contract with the US Bureau of Reclamation, to design a large dam in the Three Gorges area (see Fig. 2), and more than 50 Chinese technicians were sent to the United States to participate in the design.

However, the deep economic crisis and the upsurge of the Chinese civil war caused the abandonment of the project by the government of Chiang Kai-Shek in 1947 (Dai, 1994).A severe series of floods in the Yangtze River in 1949 made the recently established communist government strengthen its politics towards the great hydraulic projects to control floods, planning the massive construction of large dams, dikes and sluices for the forthcoming decades.

Feasibility Study Diagram of 3 Gorges ProjectFund RequirementAmountConstruction$ 9.5 BillionRelocation of Affected Residents$ 10 BillionInterest on Borrowings$ 2.3 BillionTotal $ 21.8 Billion*2008 estimatesFund Sources The Three Gorges Dam Construction FundRevenue from Gezhouba Power PlantPolicy loans from the China Development BankLoans from domestic & foreign commercial bankCorporate bondSource: China Daily Business Weekly65%YearBankAssistance1996China Development BankTen-Year $3.6 billion loan to the Three Gorges project 1999China Construction Bank Loan of $483 million to China Three Gorges Project Development Co 2003China Construction Bank Underwriter for Yangtze Powers issue of $194 million worth of one-year bills on the interbank market2003China Construction Bank Underwriter for Yangtze Powers issue of $331 million worth of 365-day debt papers in the interbank market2003Consortium of 10 BanksLoan agreements with Yangtze Power for $404 million2003China Development Bank Loan agreement with Yangtze Power for $603.9 million to purchase generatorsChinese FinanciersYearBankAssistanceConsortium of 9 Banks

Providing a total of US$5.86 billion loan to finance the South-North Water Diversion (SNWD) Project. The SNWD project includes three water diversion routes connecting the Yangtze River, the Huai River, the Yellow River and the Hai River, bringing water to drought-hit regions such as Shandong Province, the municipality of Tianjin, and Beijing. 2003Minsheng Bank Yangtze Power signed a five-year agreement. Scope: cooperation patterns, loan granting, the collection of electric charges, personal finance and financial innovations.China Development Bank Loans to Harbin Electricity Equipment Group and Harbin Power Plant Co. Ltd amounting to $84 million for the reconstruction of a hydroelectricity generator.2000World BankApproved a $200 million loan to Chongqing municipality in June 2000 for a US$500 million project (completion expected December 2006) that includes wastewater treatment facilities and solid waste collection services in areas impacted by the Three Gorges dam.BRAZILBanco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Economico e Social (BNDES)$202 million loan to finance the purchase of turbine-generator sets from GEC-Alsthom consortium.CANADAEXPORT DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION$23.5 million loan to the People's Construction Bank of China forFuller-F.L. Smitdth Canada's contract (1994).$37.5 million loan to financeAGRA Monenco's contract (1995).$153 million loan to financeGE Canada's contract (1997).FRANCEBanque Nationale de Paris(& Banque de Paris et des Pays Bas, Midland Bank SA)$94.815 million loan to financeGEC-Alsthomcontract (1997).GERMANYKreditanstalt fr Wiederaufbau (KfW)(and three commercial banks,Deutsche Genossenschaftsbank, Dresdner Bank, andCommerzbank)Hermes Kreditversicherungs AGKreditanstalt fr Wiederaufbau (KfW), and three commercial banks,Deutsche Genossenschaftsbank, Dresdner Bank, andCommerzbankHermes Kreditversicherungs AG$271-million loan for the purchase ofSiemensandVoithturbine-generator units (1997).$40 million export credit guarantee toSiemensandVoith.(1997).$80 million loan for the purchase ofSiemenstransformer equipment (1999).$52.9 million export credit guarantee (1999).JAPANExport Import Bank of Japan (JEXIM)andMinistry of International Trade and Industry (MITI)Offered a line of credit for Japanese firms bidding on contracts for electrical generating equipment (1996).SWEDENSvensk Exportkredit(and Socit Gnrale of France, Australia-New Zealand Banking Group, andCredit Agricole Indosuez)$351 million loan for the purchase ofABBequipment (1999).SWITZERLANDBundesrat ExportrisikogarantieGeschftsstelle fr die Exportrisikogarantie (ERG)$143.1 million export credit guarantee for the purchase ofABBturbine-generator sets (1997).Export credit guarantee for the purchase ofABBequipment (1999).International funding for the Three Gorges Dam project is a major factor in its construction. Companies and banks from Canada, France, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, and Brazil have all played a role in financing the dam. PhaseYearConstruction StageWater Level (m)Preparatory Phase1993Initial Planning66Phase-I (1994-1997)1994Earthmoving starts; inauguration ceremony. 661995Concrete longitudinal cofferdam building starts; resettlement program is launched. 661996Xiling bridge, four-line highway from Yichang, and Yichang airport are into service; transverse cofferdams building starts. 661997Closure and diversion of the river; about 100,000 people have been resettled. 66

PhaseYearConstruction StageWater Level (m)Phase-II (1998-2003)1998Temporary ship-lock is put into operation661999Excavation of the double-lane ship-lock is finished; about 230,000 people have been resettled. 662000About 295,000 people have been resettled. 662001About 325,000 people have been resettled. 662002The diversion channel is closed; left bank concrete pouring completed, about 640,000 people resettled. 662003The reservoir is filled up to 135 m pool level; first trials with the double- lane ship-lock; the four first generators are connected to the grid. 135

PhaseYearConstruction StageWater Level (m)Phase-III (2004-2009)2004The double-lane ship-lock is put into operation, ten turbines are already connected to the grid. 1392005Left bank powerhouse completed (14 turbines in operation); about 1,000,000 people have been resettled. 1392006Concrete pouring on the right bank is finished; the reservoir is filled up to 156 m; about 1,200,000 people relocated. 1562007The ship-lift building starts (expected); original plan to fill the reservoir up to 156 m. 1562008The reservoir will be filled up to 175 m pool level (expected); 26 turbines fully operational (expected) 17520091997 target for completion of the whole project; ship-lift will put into operation (expected). 175

Goals: PV calculations and Cost-BenefitsExamine uncertainty.Method:Quantify each effect (e.g. kw Hrs. of electricity).Value each effect (e.g. determine its price)Sum discounted benefits minus costsBenefits:Power generation & Economic GrowthFlood control & Navigation improvementUncertainty:Electricity generated, economic growth per KW Hr.Decay of electricity from sedimentationLoss of archeological sites & Displacements

Direct CostsConstruction costs of the power station and transmission facilitiesOperation and maintenance costLost land from inundation (reservoir)Indirect CostsResettlement costs (including compensation and development costs)Lost archaeological sitesPossible accident costs (during construction, operation and maintenance)Environmental CostsAesthetic loss due to reduction in water flowSedimentation- lower power generationDecline in fish catch downstreamDownstream pollution caused by dam construction

Discounts values back to current using 5% discount rate

Expected Results24Uncertainty Results The 5th percentile, mean, and the 95th percentile of the cumulative NPV with a 5% discount rate

95th Percentile runMean run5th Percentile runResults: The final NPV values are 114, 424, and 1321 billion Yuan for the 5th percentile, mean and 95th percentile runs.

The cumulative NPV is initially negative due to the large upfront construction and resettlement costs. As electricity starts to flow, NPV improves. Electricity at end of project matters less than in early stages.

If climate change reduces electricity at end, it would have only a small effect on NPV. 25

Costs/Disadvantages/Negative Effects1.Several large towns upstream, such as Fuling (population=80,000) and Wanxian (population=140,000) will be flooded.2.Ancient temples, burial grounds and other historic sites will be lost beneath the reservoir too.3.Over 1.3 million people will have to be relocated.4.Much of the land used for resettlement is over 800m above sea level, where the climate is colder and the soil can barely support farming.5.The pressure created by the huge weight of the water in the reservoir behind the dam could trigger earthquakes. (But it is engineered to withstand an earthquake of 7.0 on the Richter scale.)6.The untreated human and industrial waste will not be washed away downstream, but will stay and pollute the river instead.7.Areas downstream will be deprived of fertile sediment.8.It will divert money from other developments. It is currently one of the most expensive projects in the world, costing more than $26 billion, over their budget.Benefits/Advantages/Positive Effects 1.Control flooding downstream of the dam.2.Provides water to urban areas and for agriculture-irrigation. The reservoir can store up to 5 trillion gallons of water.3.The HEP generated will provide 15% of Chinas electricity demand.4.This will decrease Chinas dependency on coal and therefore reduce greenhouse gas emission.5.Thousands of construction jobs were created during the building of the dam.6.China will be able to bring 10,000 ton ocean going vessels all the way inland, 2000km up to the city of Chongqing.7.The dam will become a tourist attraction and will attract a lot of people to the area. Many tertiary sector/service jobs will be created.8.The electricity generated will help the economic development of cities such as Chongqing, population=3 million.

The giant and controversial Three Gorges Dam in China has launched the last of its generators, just as it hits its annual flood peak.The final 32 generators went into operation this week,making it the world's largest hydropower project, built on theYangtze River in the Hubei Province.It is designed to decrease the risk of flooding during the current peak rainfall season, as well as store and distribute water during the dry periods.A series of incredible photos show the sheer force of the flood water released from seven spillways after heavy downpours in the upper reaches of the dam caused the highest flood peak of the year.Water from the Yangtze River upper gushed at up 70,000 cubic meters per second into the dam's reservoir yesterday.25 July, 2012 on dailymail.co.ukReference:1.https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=9&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CEQQFjAI&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.undp-alm.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdownloads%2Fsession_9_-_mendelsohn.ppt&ei=g2P2U-DBKYiyuATd8YKQBw&usg=AFQjCNHFwGl3Ljd2BG7p-QLwTr7K5wtqLw&bvm=bv.73373277,d.c2E2. http://www.cgee.hamline.edu/rivers/Resources/river_profiles/journey/dam.html3. http://civilization.wikia.com/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam_(Civ4)4. http://www.power-technology.com/projects/gorges/5. http://en.wwfchina.org/?3620/Three-Gorges-Dam-changes-water-regulations-to-help-Chinese-carp-propagation6. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2178951/Three-Gorges-Worlds-powerful-dam-opens-China-gushing-water-generates-power-15-nuclear-reactors.html7. http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/zt/sxgc/t36515.htm8. http://www.businessinsider.com/chinas-enormous-three-gorges-dam-is-turning-out-to-be-a-huge-mistake-2012-4?IR=T9. http://worldwater.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2013/07/WB03.pdf10. http://www.econedlink.org/lessons/index.php?lid=347&type=afterschool11. http://www.chinainstitutemedia.org/china360online/china360online/multiple-perspectives-on-the-three-gorges-dam-2/12. http://journal.probeinternational.org/2006/02/25/three-gorges-dam-factsheet/13. http://prezi.com/vh9fnbxc_m1d/construction-timeline-three-gorges-dam/14. http://learning.royallatin.bucks.sch.uk/file.php/908/3_Gorges_Dam_revision_notes.pdf15. http://www.chinadam.com/dam/facts.htmThank You