Project Implementation Report: Oddar Meanchey Community ... · Project Implementation Report: Oddar Meanchey Community Forestry REDD+ Project Climate, Community & Biodiversity Standard

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Project Implementation Report:

Oddar Meanchey Community Forestry REDD+ Project

Climate, Community & Biodiversity Standard

Prepared by:

and

for

The Forestry Administration of the Royal Government of Cambodia

VERIFICATION PERIOD: February 28, 2008 – February 28, 2012

Version 5-0 August 26, 2013

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Table of Contents

1 INTRODUCTION & ORIGINAL CONDITIONS IN THE PROJECT AREA 3

2 OVERVIEW OF MONITORING PLAN 5

2.1 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF PROJECT PARTNERS 5

3 MONITORING DATA COLLECTION, STORAGE AND REPORTING 6

4 DRIVERS OF DEFORESTATION IDENTIFIED DURING MONITORING PERIOD 8

5 IMPLEMENTATION STATUS OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES 13

5.1 REINFORCING LAND TENURE 13

5.2 LAND-USE PLANS 16

5.3 FOREST PROTECTION 21

5.4 FUEL EFFICIENT STOVES 26

5.5 LIVESTOCK PROTECTION 26

5.6 AGRICULTURAL INTENSIFICATION 27

5.7 NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROJECTS 28

5.8 NTFP DEVELOPMENT 28

5.9 FIRE PREVENTION 29

6 CLIMATE IMPACT MONITORING 30

6.1 NET POSITIVE CLIMATE IMPACTS AND OFFSITE CLIMATE IMPACTS 30

6.2 CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION BENEFITS 35

7 COMMUNITY IMPACT MONITORING 37

7.1 NET POSITIVE COMMUNITY IMPACTS 43

7.2 ASSESSMENT OF NEGATIVE OFFSITE STAKEHOLDER IMPACTS 44

7.3 EXCEPTIONAL COMMUNITY BENEFITS 45

8 BIODIVERSITY IMPACT MONITORING 50

8.1 NET POSITIVE BIODIVERSITY IMPACTS 50

8.2 OFFSITE BIODIVERSITY IMPACTS 53

8.3 EXCEPTIONAL BIODIVERSITY IMPACTS 54

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1 Introduction & Original Conditions in the Project Area

This Project Implementation Report (PIR) has been prepared by Terra Global Capital and Pact

with support from the Forestry Administration of the Royal Government of Cambodia for the

first monitoring period (February 28, 2008- February 28, 2012) of the Oddar Meanchey REDD

Project. This PIR summarizes the monitoring information related to implementation of project

activities and associated climate, community and biodiversity collected during the first

monitoring period. A monitoring plan has been prepared according to the requirements of the

CCB standards, and has been used as the basis for collection of information for this PIR. The CCB

PDD contains all information related to the overall climate, community and biodiversity

objectives of the project and should be referred to as the primary resource for such

information, much of which has not been replicated in this document.

The project is being implemented by the Forestry Administration of the Royal Government of

Cambodia, along with Pact, Terra Global Capital, Children’s Development Association, and

Monks Community Forestry Association, with funding support provided by The John D. and

Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Danida/DfID/NZAID, US State Department, the Clinton

Climate Initiative, Pact, Terra Global Capital, JICA, and the United Nations Development

Program (UNDP).

This project supports sustainable forest management and livelihood development in Oddar

Meanchey Province by implementing project activities financed through the sale of carbon

credits generated from forest protection and regeneration. The project has secured legal land

tenure for each of the 13 Community Forest groups involved in the project, and is

implementing activities that will create a 30-year income stream to directly enhance household

livelihoods and natural resource management capacity. The project has implemented activities

that seek to maintain and increase carbon stocks in these areas and conserve biodiversity.

The original conditions of the project area are described in detail in Section G1 of the CCB PDD

for the project, available publically on the CCB website. A brief summary of the original

conditions in the project area follows.

The Royal Government of Cambodia and the Forestry Administration, along with Terra Global

Capital, Pact Cambodia and Community Forestry International have developed the first

Cambodian Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (“REDD”) project. The

project involves 13 Community Forestry Groups, comprised of 58 villages, which protect a

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56,050 hectare project area within a total of 63,831 hectares of Community Forests in the

Northwestern province of Oddar Meanchey.

The Oddar Meanchey Province provides an ideal site for the development of a REDD project.

The province’s forests have been under intense pressure from commercial and illegal logging,

forest fire, economic land concessions and encroachment. Oddar Meanchey has lost 2% of its

forests each year from 2002 - 2006, driven by illegal logging, fire, (ex-)soldiers and migrant

settlers moving into the region and clearing forests for agriculture.

The project site is covered by lowland evergreen, semi-evergreen, and dry deciduous forests.

Semi-evergreen forests contain varying percentages of evergreen and deciduous trees, with the

percentage of evergreen trees varying from 30% to 70%. Semi-evergreen forests appear

evergreen throughout the year, despite a frequently high proportion of deciduous trees.

Deciduous forests are comprised of mixed deciduous forests and dry Dipterocarpaceae forests,

both of which drop most of their leaves during the dry season. The majority of forests in the

plains of the Northern provinces are dry-land ecosystems.

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2 Overview of Monitoring Plan

2.1 Roles and Responsibilities of Project Partners

General organizational structure and responsibilities for monitoring of the project are outlined

here. A detailed overview of these responsibilities is included in the CCB PIR.

Pact. Pact is responsible for managing, outsourcing and collecting the results of (1) biomass

inventory measurements, (2) social assessments, (3) recording action activity implementation,

and (4) any other data required to be monitored under this methodology. Pact executed first-

pass quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) checks on all of the monitoring data

collected. Pact maintains records of all field inventory and social appraisal data sheets and all

other evidence demonstrating the correct execution of project implementation.

Forestry Administration. During these first five years of the project, the FA has been providing

assistance in the annual field inventory measurements, social assessments, and in the review of

the monitoring reports. The FA will be trained to become the responsible party for all

monitoring requirements five years after validation of the project.

Terra Global Capital. Terra Global Capital is responsible for verifying that the required elements

are monitored, overseeing or executing all modeling and calculations, and performing second-

pass QA/QC checks. In addition, Terra Global Capital is responsible for developing the

monitoring reports for the project.

Children’s Development Organization. Children’s Development Organization has assisted in field

inventories, social appraisals and recording project activities.

Community Forestry Federation, Monk’s Community Forests and the CFMCs. The communities

involved in the REDD project have been collaborating through social appraisals, reporting

natural disasters and challenges related to forest protection to the implementing organization.

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3 Monitoring Data Collection, Storage and Reporting

The project will draw upon multiple data sources and methods for monitoring, reporting and

verification including a household survey, participatory rural appraisals (PRA), biodiversity

assessment, biomass inventory, remote sensing, desktop review and project documentation.

Table 1. Monitoring Data Sources and Methods

Category Method/Data

Source Frequency Reporting Responsibility

Social Assessment

Participatory

Rural Appraisal

(PRA) Every 2 years VCS /

CCB CDA, TGC, Pact

Household

Survey (HHS)

Biomass

inventory

Sample plot field

survey [See SOP] VCS Pact, TGC

Land use land

class (LULC)

change

Remote sensing Every 2 years VCS TGC

Biodiversity

assessment

Field

observation Ongoing CCB CFMCs, Consultant

Project

documentation

Activity

reporting Ongoing

VCS /

CCB

CFMCs, CDA, Pact,

TGC

Periodic social

assessment

Ongoing or

as needed

Potential

Independent Party,

Consultant

Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) developed by TGC and Pact will be used to collect all

data required for VCS. There are three levels of data collection tools including:

Standard operating procedures (SOP)

Protocols

Data collection forms

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The purpose of SOP’s and Protocols is to provide a standardized and consistent basis for data

collection, management and reporting. SOP’s and protocols are therefore an important aspect

of quality control and assurance.

Mobile handsets have been used as data collection tools to increase efficiency and reduce

transaction costs in data collection, storage and processing, while increasing data quality

assurance and control measures. Though only some data is collected in mobile handsets now,

routine activity data (i.e. patrols) collected will be stored at three sites; the field CFMC level on

hand sets), aggregated at the provincial level in a server administrated by CDA and linked to

another local server administrated by Pact, and a centralized server (administered by TGC)

which hold all VCS data.

The data quality has been maximized and ensured during all aspects of the monitoring process

through quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) procedures. In monitoring field

inventory data and data analysis, all individuals and institutions involved in evaluating the

quality of analytical data have followed the rigorous QA/QC procedures developed for this

project. These QA/QC procedures included specific criteria to evaluate the quality of analytical

data that has been gathered. The QA/QC procedures have been an absolutely essential part of

monitoring.

Responsibilities and frequencies for monitoring reporting are summarized in Table 2.

Table 2. Monitoring Reporting Responsibilities and Timeline

Report Responsibility Reporting to Timeframe

Verification Report Pact Cambodia / TGC VCS Verifier Every 2 years

Activity Report Pact Cambodia FA Quarterly / Annually

Activity Report CDA / CFN / Monks

CFA

Local Authorities As required

Activity Report CFMC CDA & CFN As required

Biodiversity Report Biodiversity consultant Pact Cambodia & FA Annually after 1st

verification

Evaluation Report Independent evaluator Pact Cambodia & FA Every 3 years

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4 Drivers of Deforestation Identified During Monitoring Period

Each of the baseline drivers of deforestation expected to take place in the project area over the

course of the crediting period have been identified and described in detail the CCB PDD. These

baseline drivers of deforestation were identified during the project design phase in

collaboration with the local communities through the Participatory Rural Appraisals (PRAs).

Additional PRAs were carried out during this monitoring period (between June 7th and July 15th,

2012) in each of the 13 CFs to determine the extent to which the drivers identified in the PDD

were observed within the project area within this monitoring period. Continual monitoring on

drivers and agents of deforestation is important as new drivers and agents may become evident

in the project area. It is necessary to continually monitor the drivers and agents in order to

better address the true causes of deforestation in the area.

Table 3. Summary of PRAs implemented during this monitoring period

Men Women

Andong Bor 19 June 2012 08:40:00 Kantuy Choun Khiev Samnang 12 3

Chhouk Meas 7 June 2012 08:30:00 Chhouk Meas Yeang Donal 8 6

Dung Beng 21 June 2012 08:40:00 Yeay Tep Khiev Samnang 6 4

Ou Yeay Kaov 26 June 2012 08:30:00 Opork Net Channa 6 4

Phaav 10 July 2012 08:40:00 Thnal Keng Net Channa 6 6

Prey Srorng 4 July 2012 08:20:00 Ou Koki Kandal Neab Keng 9 8

Prey Srors 15 July 2012 08:30:00 Chheu Slap Vinh San 10 7

Ratanak Ruka 5 June 2012 08:30:00 Ou Kansaeng Net Channa 9 4

Rolus Thom 12 June 2012 09:00:00 Kdol Khiev Samnang 10 2

Romdoul Veasna 26 June 2012 08:30:00 Sambour Meas Khiev Samnang 4 11

Samaky 28 June 2012 08:30:00 Thmey Khiev Samnang 7 7

Sangkrous Preychheu 12 July 2012 08:00:00 Rum Chek Net Channa 7 3

Sorng Rokavorn 28 June 2012 08:40:00 Thmey Neab Keng 4 4

# of Participants

PRA CF Date of PRA Start Time Facilitator NameVillage

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Figure 1. Community Members in Andong Bor CF rank drivers of deforestation by distributing

a set quantity of beans

Community members in each CF were asked to rank each driver of deforestation according to

their perceived importance (i.e. the most deforestation caused). A ranking system was

employed using beans, wherein the participants in each PRA were issued 100 beans and asked

to allocate an appropriate number of beans to each driver of deforestation according to their

relative importance. As an example, Table 4 shows the outcome of this ranking exercise for the

CF Ratanak Ruka.

Table 4. Outcome of PRA Driver of Deforestation Ranking Exercise from Ratanak Ruka CF

Driver # of Beans

ELC 22

Illegal Logging 19

Conversion to Settlement 18

Charcoal Production 17

Forest Fire 13

Land clearing for agriculture 11

TOTAL 100

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The aggregated outcome of this exercise, i.e. the relative importance of each driver of

deforestation across all 13 CFs is shown in Figure 2. Drivers consisting of less than 1% of total

have been excluded from this chart.

Figure 2. Relative Importance of Drivers of Deforestation Occurring within the Project Zone

During this Monitoring Period

Similarly, the agents of deforestation responsible for these drivers of deforestation were

identified and ranked by the communities. The outcome of this ranking is shown in Figure 3.

ELC

Land clearing for agriculture

Illegal logging

Forest fire

Land clearing for sale

Charcoal production

Land clearing for military camp

Hunting

Natural disaster Migration

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Figure 3. Relative Importance of Agents of Deforestation Operating Within the Project Zone

During this Monitoring Period

Each of the drivers of deforestation identified in Figure 2 were anticipated in the PDD, with the

exception of Land Clearing for Military Camps. The prevalence of this driver has been driven by

the recent military border conflicts between Cambodia and Thailand, which have taken place

primarily within Preah Vihear and Oddar Meanchey Provinces. This conflict caused a large influx

of military personnel and their families into some of the CFs in the project.

Local Farmers

Soldiers

Outside Villagers

Other non-local

Migrants

"Powerful People" or "Rich People"

Private Companies

Hunters

Non-local Enterprises

Local Athorities/Village

Chiefs

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Figure 4. Military Camp Established In Andong Bor CF

Figure 5. Highly Developed Military Road

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5 Implementation Status of Project Activities

As outlined by the CCB PDD, a total of 10 discrete project activities will be implemented over

the course of the project. Each of these project activities have been implemented to a greater

or lesser extent during the first monitoring period. As carbon revenues are received by the

project, these project activities will be fully implemented according to the project workplan.

The specific activities that have been implemented within this monitoring period are described

below.

5.1 Reinforcing Land Tenure

Facilitation of CF Agreements – All 13 CF groups received extensive training and facilitation

support from Pact, CDA, and MCF to achieve the steps necessary for strengthening of the legal

tenure, including management structure formation, development of CF by laws and regulations,

and mapping and boundary demarcation. As a result, all 13 CF groups have received renewable

15-year Community Forestry and Carbon Conservation Agreements under the Community

Forestry Sub-Decree. Training courses were provided to each of the CFs in 2008 and 2009 to

prepare them for the CF formalization process and to help them establish basic financial

management systems. These trainings are described in Table 5 below.

Table 5. CF Development Process Training Courses

# CF Name Location Course Date

1 Ou Yeay Kaov Ou Pok Village Mapping 27-Apr-08

2 Ou Yeay Kaov Ou Pok Village Financial Training 21-May-08

3 Prey Srors Chheu Slab Village Financial Training 22-May-08

4 Dung Beng Beng Village Financial Training 12-Jun-08

5 Samaky Tuol Svay Village Financial Training 19-Jun-08

6 Sorng Rokavorn Chhouk Meas Village CF Formulation Process 6-Aug-08

7 Sorng Rokavorn Chhouk Meas Village Development of CF

Management Structure

13-Aug-08

8 Romdoul Veasna Romdoul Veasna Village Financial Training 14-Aug-08

9 Prey Srorng Lomtong Chas Village Financial Training 3-Sep-08

10 Sangkrous

Preychheu

Romchek Village Financial Training 4-Sep-08

11 Andong Bor Kantuy Chun Khang Kaeut

Village

Financial Training 17-Sep-08

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12 Ratanak Ruka Anlong Veng Village Financial Training 8-Oct-08

13 Prasat Phaong Prasat Phaong Village Financial Training 9-Oct-08

14 Phaav Tnoal Kaeng Village Development of CF

Management Structure

29-Oct-08

15 Phaav Thnol Keng Village Financial Training 15-Oct-08

16 Ratanak Ruka Baknim village Facilitation Skill 06-Nov-08

17 Sorng Rokavorn Tropeang Trav village CF By-laws

Development

23-Jan-09

18 Chhouk Meas Chhouk Meas village Nursery Management 15-Jan-09

19 Phaav Thnol Keng village CF By-laws

Development

22-Jan-09

20 Romdoul Veasna Bansayrak village Nursery Management 14-Jan-09

21 Dung Beng Yeay Tep village Nursery Management 07-Feb-09

22 Sorng Rokavorn Oddar Meanchey Nursery Management 05-Feb-09

23 Sangkrous

Preychheu

Anlong Veng village Financial Training 18-Feb-09

Installation of boundary posts and signs - From 2008 to 2009 the project team supported

boundary pole and sign installation in all of the CFs. Each CF received approximately 100

boundary posts to demarcate their boundaries. A total of 2,000 small zinc signs were also

distributed to mark boundaries. In addition, each CF received a larger 2m x 1m sign with a map

of their CF for installation at the CF entrance. Finally, three large billboards explaining the

project and showing CF boundaries were installed at main intersections in the province.

Trench digging along CF boundaries - In the case of Sorng Rokavorn CF, the MCF has supported

construction of a trench along the border of the CF in order to reinforce the boundary. A trench

is found to be much less ecologically invasive than a fence, as native fauna can easily cross.

Almost all grazing is from cattle which are unwilling to cross open trenches. Illegally harvested

logs are almost exclusively transported by tractor or truck. The trench has proven to

successfully reduce illegal logging as transportation vehicles are unable to cross without refilling

the trench. So far, approximately 10 kilometers have been constructed.

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Figure 6. Example of signs placed at each CF entrance

Boundary conflict dispute resolution – During the course of the monitoring period there were

numerous boundary conflicts occurring in and around the CF areas. Most boundary conflicts

are because of the unknown project boundaries, or lack of awareness about the project. Most

conflicts are from “outsiders” encroaching on the project area, as the communities themselves

are involved in boundary demarcation, project actions, and protection. During the PRA 11 out

of the 13 CF experienced boundary conflicts in the past. For each boundary conflict, specific

measures were taken by the community to resolve the conflict. These measures have included

increased patrolling, direct mediation, collection of evidence and preparation of incident

reports to the FA, and petitions to higher levels of government such as the Ministry of

Agriculture, National Assembly and Council of Ministers. Boundary conflicts will continue to be

an ongoing issue as 10 of the 13 CFs indicated that they are currently experiencing boundary

conflicts (as of August 2012). The project has provided support to the CFs to resolve some of

these conflicts by coordinating with authorities and by supporting the CF Network to undertake

advocacy efforts.

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5.2 Land-use Plans

Planning – Commune council members, village leaders and resource users have worked in a

collaborative fashion with Pact and the FA to start the development of long-term land use plans

for each CF. Communities were asked about specific locations of natural resource use and

extraction. Agriculture expansion, community growth, and natural resource, use, extraction and

management were mapped though participatory mapping with communities. Communities

were specifically asked about High Conservation Value Areas (both culturally, and ecologically),

locations of agriculture and specific agriculture practices, fire locations and management,

trends and locations of specific NTFPs, wood use and extraction areas, and potential areas for

Assisted Natural Regeneration. Communities will use the data collected so far along with

proposed suggestions and solutions from each CF to develop specific management plans. Both

sketch maps and GIS maps will be key tools to help communities plan for long term sustainable

management.

Specific information recorded in the participatory maps include:

Agriculture areas in or around each CF

Drivers of deforestation (areas or points where driver of deforestation is taking

place currently/recently)

Forest fire prone areas (where fire is causing deforestation and degradation)

Areas proposed for Assisted Natural Regeneration (ANR) treatments. Areas for

ANR were also hand demarcated with a GPS in the field, and edited with remote

sensing

Areas where wood harvesting takes place. Specifically the areas that have been

identified 1) for timber extraction and 2) for fuelwood/charcoal extraction, with

a quantitative estimate (in ha) of the total area for each

Areas where boundaries, use rights, or access is disputed (i.e. if there are

disagreements on CF boundaries between communities and “outsiders”). Also

included is a quantitative estimate (in ha) of the total forest area where disputes

or other conflict exists

Areas of High Conservation Value that are important because of cultural or

ecological significance

Participatory mapping is an important step in taking control, responsibility, and truly

understanding one’s environment. The participatory maps and mapping exercises are a huge

step in helping the communities understand past practices, and help strategize future desired

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management, land-use, and harvests. Using this information detailed land-use plans for each CF

will be created and reflected in the CF Rules and Regulations. Error! Reference source not

found. demonstrates the participatory process and digitization of present and future land use.

The project team has discussed and outlined the responsibilities of each party in the land use

planning process. This information has been inserted into the approved 30-year project

implementation workplan. When funding is available for the full development of land-use

plans, the workplan will guide the development of these plans. In addition, the cost of land-use

planning in all 13 CFs has been estimated. Land-use planning activities will be informed by a

combination of the project activities outlined in the CCB PD and consultations with CFs and

experts from the FA and other Government ministries such as Rural Development and Land

Management.

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Timber

and

Fuelwood

Harvesting Figure 7. Participatory Mapping Exercise in Chhouk Meas CF

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Demarcation of ANR areas – Specific areas that are in need of ANR were demarcated in the

field using the ANR SOP. Communities were asked to pick areas that have specific indicators of

degradation, and can be realistically managed by communities. For specifics on ANR

demarcation and area identification see the ANR SOP. The project team has demarcated a total

of 1,491 ha of ANR areas in collaboration with local communities. These areas contain low

biomass due to anthropogenic activities and will grow into healthier forests with human

assistance.

Planning for ANR activity implementation–Through community engagement (PRAs and HH

surveys) community members have identified specific tree species that they would like to see in

healthy forests. In addition, the project partners have consulted ecologists and foresters from

the FA to select the trees to be planted and assisted to improve forest health. As expected, the

trees desired by the communities are also the more valuable trees being illegally logged, and

are lacking in existing forests. Trees planted and otherwise improved through ANR will be

benefit communities and biodiversity. During the demarcation process, community members

identified different states of degradation on which to conduct ANR techniques. These degraded

states are specific strata where specified silvicultural techniques are implemented. See the ANR

SOP for additional information on descriptions of the ANR activities.

Biomass plot sampling – The project team has measured 15 biomass sampling plots within the

designated ANR strata. Data from these plots has been compiled and analyzed in order to

determine the baseline biomass of each stratum.

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Figure 8. Implementation team members re-measure trees within a permanent sampling plot

Establishment of tree nurseries - Training on tree nursery establishment and management was

conducted in Chhouk Meas and Romdoul Veasna CFs in 2009, but slowed due to lack of

funding. Training on establishment and management of nurseries will continue after first

verification, as the communities are anxious to improve forest health, and sustainably use

forest resources. The FA also maintains a large tree nursery in Anlong Veng with over 10,000

seedlings produced annually. These nurseries will provide seedlings for enrichment planting in

ANR areas as well as meet communities’ needs for tree crops.

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Figure 9. Photos of the tree nursery established in Anlong Veng CF

5.3 Forest Protection

Provision of monitoring equipment – All CFs have received cameras and GPS units to facilitate

collection of monitoring data during patrols. Thirteen handheld Garmin GPSs in total, one GPS

unit to each CF group. Pact recently acquired additional Garmin GPS units that have been

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distributed to the CF groups to assist them with patrolling and CF management. A total of 13

Nikon Coolpix S3000 cameras, one camera to each CF group, were distributed as well.

Communities also received Patrol Log Books with a protocol in Khmer explaining how patrolling

information should be recorded, as a way to assist communities to document this information.

Grid maps of CF areas were also provided to CF groups to assist them in recording geo-spatial

data.

Forest patrolling - While forest patrol activities have been ongoing in all of the 13 CFs since the

project start, the Project Team started to collect patrol reports from local communities using

SMS messaging technology since September 2011. These reports are submitted via the

Frontline Forms application of Frontline SMS, an open-source mobile phone SMS

communication interface. A central hub computer, currently located at the Pact office in Phnom

Penh, receives the data submitted by the Frontline SMS system via a GSM modem. Data

received by this system is being processed into monthly reports and shared with the

communities. Forms sent in by community leaders record data on patrol time and date,

incidents of illegal activity, biodiversity sightings, and fuel used.

Figure 10. Forest patrol group in April 2012

A Frontline Form specific to illegal logging activity has also been distributed to community

users. This form allows for reporting on information such as the number of trees cut down in an

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illegal logging incident, what the illegal timber will be used for, whether the offender was

apprehended, materials confiscated, and the action that was taken by the community in

response to the illegal activity (i.e. given a warning, reported to authorities, signed a no-offense

contract). Figure 11 shows a screenshot of the Frontline SMS Form for illegal logging data

recording. The information generated from these forms is compiled in a monthly report and

shared with local forestry authorities.

Between April and August, 2012, 82 patrols were recorded. During these patrols, a total of 58

incidents of illegal activity were documented. Patrols of a similar nature were ongoing since the

project start date, but given that the Frontline SMS system was only put in place with all 13

communities as of April 2012 this information was not recorded in a systematic way.

Figure 11. Frontline SMS illegal logging entry form

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Table 6. SMS Forest Patrol Reports April – August 2012

CF Group Number of patrols reported

April May June July August

Andong Bor

Chhouk Meas 1 1

Dung Beng 1 3

Ou Yeay Kaov 3 6 2 2

Phaav 5 2 3

Prey Srorng 2 5

Prey Srors

Samaky 1 2 1 1 4

Sangkrous Preychheu 1 3 1 2

Sorng Rokavorn 12 3 8 4 2

Ratanak Ruka

Romdoul Veasna

Rolus Thom 1

Total patrols 20 23 15 8 16

Table 7. Hours spent patrolling for each CF April – August 2012

CF Group Time spent patrolling


Andong Bor

Chhouk Meas 8.3 6.3

Dung Beng 7 23.36

Ou Yeay Kaov 12 32 11 11.1

Phaav 21.4 9.4 15.3

Prey Srorng 23.13 34.5

Prey Srors

Samaky 4.3 11.05 4.3 5.1 28.2

Sangkrous Preychheu 24 46.3 5 12.30

Sorng Rokavorn 120 26.34 88 44 20.30

Ratanak Ruka

Romdoul Veasna

Rolus Thom 6.2

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CF Group Time spent patrolling


Total time spent

patrolling (hrs)

173.93 61.39 138.6 54.1 111.36

Table 8. Illegal logging activities reported via SMS April – August 2012

CF Group Illegal Logging Activities Reported


Andong Bor

Chhouk Meas 1

Dong Beng 1 3

Ou Yeay Kaov 3 6 2 1

Phaav 2 1

Prey Srorng 2

Prey Srors

Samaky 1 1

Sangkrous Preychheu 1 3 1 1

Sorng Rokavorn 12 3 8 4

Ratanak Ruka

Romdoul Veasna

Rolus Thom 1

Total incidents

reported

17 15 14 6 6

Table 9. Incidence of fire reported via SMS April – August 2012

CF Group Incidence of fire


Andong Bor

Chhouk Meas

Dong Beng 1

Ou Yeay Keo 1 2

Phaav 2

Prey Srorng

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CF Group Incidence of fire


Prey Srors

Samaky 2

Sangkrous Preychheu

Sorng Rokavorn

Ratanak Ruka

Romdoul Veasna

Total fires reported 1 5 0 0 2

It should be noted that the lack of a report on fire via SMS in Table 9 does not necessarily mean

that no fire was present in the CF areas, only that these fires were not identified by CF

patrollers.

5.4 Fuel Efficient Stoves

Research - The project team conducted research on the types of stoves currently being used in

the project area as part of the project’s household survey, in which 285 families were surveyed.

The research found that the stoves currently being used are a simple grouping of three stones

on which a cooking device is balanced, New Lao stove, Neang Kongrey stove, Traditional Lao

stove, Traditional Lao Kampong Chhnang stove, and Seam stove. The PRA found that

approximately 20% of CF members were using the New Lao stove. The study also determined

the percentage of each stove being used by the different CF groups, and the percentage of each

stove being used by different strata groups, including usage by CF members and non-members.

Project proponents will be strategizing ways to improve adoption rates and distribution of the

most appropriate improved cookstove model.

5.5 Livestock Protection

Research - The project team conducted research to determine the susceptibility of livestock

owned by communities in the CFs to diseases transmitted by insects, especially mosquitoes.

Research was also undertaken to analyze the effectiveness and cultural acceptability of using

netting as a substitute for smoke. Smoke has been traditionally used to ward off insects from

livestock pens and holding areas, which leads to a significant use of fuel wood from forest

areas. Households in all 13 communities were consulted on the potential to reduce fuelwood

consumption through provision of netting for cows. This research will inform the

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implementation of appropriate livestock protection programs which will be implemented

according to the workplan following verification.

Collaboration with communities -During the PRA process, it was found that an average of 67%

of villagers surveyed burn wood to protect their cattle. This is done between five and twelve

months out of the year. It was estimated that each family burns 8,469 kg of wood per year.

During the PRA process community members from only two of the 13 CF indicated that they

use insecticide. During the PRA communities were asked to strategize alternatives to burning

wood, and about half the communities suggested mosquito nets, while the other half had no

suggestion of an alternative strategy.

5.6 Agricultural Intensification

Research - The project team has conducted research on the availability of agricultural expertise

in Oddar Meanchey province. The core competencies of the various agricultural organizations

working in the province were assessed, a summary of this information is provided in the table

below. In addition, documents related to the topic have been compiled. These documents

comprise the latest research on agricultural intensification in REDD+ projects developed by UN-

REDD and other institutions, and will be used to design and inform agricultural interventions in

the OM CF project areas.

Table 10. Agricultural expertise of organizations in Oddar Meanchey

Organization Year established

Offices Agricultural programs

Farmer Livelihood Development (FLD)

2010 Phnom Penh, Samraong Oddar Meanchey

Helps establish Village Savings and Loan Associations, supports Micro and Small Enterprise(MSE) development, works to improve agricultural productivity and food security, nutritional programs

Partnership for Development in Kampuchea (Padek)

1980 Phnom Penh, Samraong Oddar Meanchey

Food security and income generation, help farmers build small scale agricultural infrastructure (dam, canal, water-gate and culvert), help establish community agricultural committees, provide training on agricultural techniques (Systems of Rice Intensification (SRI), vegetable growing, livestock “raising, caring and feeding techniques”, fish raising and extension); Formation of Self Help Groups “SHG” and provide Working Capital Assistance “WCA”

Rural Community and Environment

1998 Swey Sisaphon,

Drills water wells and Equip Hand Pumps, these pumps supply clean and readily available water to

28

Organization Year established

Offices Agricultural programs

Development Organisation (RCEDO)

Banteay Meanchey. Samrong, Oddar Meanchey

village families for farming and drinking. Supports agricultural production by providing skills training and supporting small scale agricultural income generation projects

Action For Development (AFD)

2004 Anlong Veng, Oddar Meanchey

Supports food security and livelihood projects

Union Aid Abroad (APHEDA)

1984 Sydney Australia

Conducts 3,4, and 6 month training programs on fish farming technology, vegetable growing and nutritional security.

ZOA Refugee Care, Cambodia

1993 Anlong Veng, Oddar Meanchey

Food security projects, provides capacity building training on technical aspects of agriculture, assists with organizational development of rural agricultural organizations

5.7 Natural Resource Management Projects

Irrigation systems – During the PRA process the communities have identified improved

irrigation systems as a way to combat deforestation, as more food can be grown on a smaller

amount of land, and stay in production all year round. Improved irrigation systems have been

built, with more in different stages of planning. CDA has supported the development of

irrigation systems in 3 CFs intended to improve the efficiency of water use and the production

from small-scale agricultural plots. The specific irrigation activities implemented by CDA are as

follows:

CF Type of system Area irrigated

Prey Srors Wind powered pump 100 ha

Romdoul Veasna 2 small dams 100 ha

Ratanak Ruka Small dam 500 ha

5.8 NTFP Development

Resin enterprise development - The project team has provided support to four CFs for resin

enterprise development; 1) Samaky CF, 2) Sorng Rokavorn CF, 3) Sangkrous Preychheu CF, and

4) Phaav CF. This support has included training to enterprise group members on group

formation, participatory value chain assessment, and business planning and marketing.

Following the trainings, four monitoring/coaching visits were conducted in each of the four CFs

to assess the progress and development of sustainable resin enterprises in the CFs. Resin is

29

intended to be developed under the project as a sustainable income supplement for the CF

communities.

Table 11. Resin enterprise trainings


1 Samaky Ou Sramor Village Resin Enterprise Capacity

Assessment

8 Dec 2010

2 Sorng Rokavorn Tomnup Thmey

Village

Resin Enterprise Capacity

Assessment

21 Dec 2010

3 Sangkrous

Preychheu

Ou Tameng Village Resin Enterprise Capacity

Assessment

9 Dec 2010

4 Phaav Chrok Village Resin Enterprise Capacity

Assessment

7 Dec 2010

5 Samaky Ou Sramor Village Resin M & E 20 Jan 2011

6 Sorng Rokavorn Tomnup Thmey

Village

Resin M & E 19 Jan 2011

7 Sangkrous

Preychheu

Ou Tameng Village Resin M & E 20 Jan 2011

8 Phaav Chrok Village Resin M & E 19 Jan 2011

5.9 Fire Prevention

Community consultations - During Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) exercises conducted in

all 13 CF areas, communal discussions took place regarding the issue of fires in the CFs. Specific

topics discussed were the causes (natural and anthropogenic) of forest fires, fire-prone

locations, seasonal variability, and techniques and activities that could be implemented to

reduce the incidence of fire. As a result, the CF communities came to a better understanding on

fire cause, frequency, damage incurred, and location. The communities also discussed

strategies and resources to limit fire in the project area. These discussions will in part influence

the specific fire prevention activities that will be undertaken by the communities in their CFs.

Incidence of fire is being recorded using the SMS monitoring system that has been in place

since April 2012.

30

6 Climate Impact Monitoring

6.1 Net Positive Climate Impacts and Offsite Climate Impacts

The following table contains a justification for which carbon pools were selected. Non-CO2 GHG

were not included in monitoring because they are expected to be less than 5% of the total CO2

equivalent benefits generated by the project.

Table 12. Carbon Pools Selected in this Project.

Carbon Pool Selected Justification/ Explanation of Choice

Aboveground tree

biomass yes Major carbon pool affected by project activities

Aboveground non-tree

biomass no

Can be conservatively omitted because no conversion

occurs to a land use with high non-tree biomass occurs

Belowground biomass yes Major carbon pool affected by project activities

Dead wood yes

Included because project activities may lead to a decrease

in the dead wood pool when biomass is removed for fire

prevention and reducing the fuel-load or sustainable

fuelwood collection

Litter no Expected to decrease under baseline conditions, is

therefore conservatively omitted

Soil organic carbon no Expected to decrease under baseline conditions, is

therefore conservatively omitted

Wood products no

No commercial timber operations take place under the

project scenario. A decrease in long-lived wood products

from reducing illegal timber logging is insignificant.

Biomass monitoring was continued in permanent plots. Ninety-five permanent plots were

monitored and eight new permanent plots were added to the inventory. The location of plots

was selected using a stratified random sampling design. The size and layout of the plots were

selected to be compatible with the Cambodian forest inventory system. Plots were 50 m by 50

m, and all trees above 5 cm DBH within each plot were measured. The location and exact

procedure to measure each of the selected biomass pools is described in detail in a Standard

Operations Procedure. This manual is available to the verifiers in a non-public attachment.

31

Table 13. Climate Parameters Monitored

Type of Measurement Summary Full Report

Within the biomass plots the following were monitored: 1) live trees 2) canopy cover, 3) standing dead trees, 4) lying dead trees, 5) logged tree stumps.

Please refer to Biomass Inventory Workbook provided confidentially to Verifier.

Biomass Inventory Workbook.

Survival rate of planted or regenerating trees as an ANR activity

None, as no ANR silviculture activities took place.

N/A

Historical LULC and forest strata transition matrix

See Table 15 below. Emission Reductions Workbook

Hectares undergoing transition within the project area, under the project scenario

See Table 16 below. Emission Reductions Workbook

Hectares undergoing transition within the leakage area under the project scenario

See 7 below. Emission Reductions Workbook

Hectares undergoing transition within the leakage area under the baseline scenario

See Table below. Emission Reductions Workbook

Table 14. Average and Conservative Emissions Factors for Forest Types in the Project Area

Validation

Deforestation from

Average Emission Factor HWCI

Relative Uncertainty

Conservative Emission Factor

[t CO2e ha-1] [t CO2e ha-1] [-] [t CO2e ha-1]

Evergreen 505.13 64.51 13% 505.13

Mixed 201.70 23.42 12% 201.70

Verification

Deforestation from

Average Emission Factor HWCI

Relative Uncertainty

Conservative Emission Factor

[t CO2e ha-1] [t CO2e ha-1] [-] [t CO2e ha-1]

Evergreen 459.48 66.05 14.4% 459.48

Mixed 209.53 31.00 14.8% 209.53

32

Table 15. Project Area without ANR: land Cover Transitions

From To 2009 2010 2011 2012 DCD BAR 415 415 415 274

EVG BAR 162 162 162 63

BAR DCD 0 0 0 180

BAR EVG 0 0 0 35

Table 16. Project Area with ANR: land Cover Transitions

From To 2009 2010 2011 2012 DCD BAR 130 130 130 148 EVG BAR 115 115 115 88 BAR DCD 0 0 0 106 BAR EVG 0 0 0 0

Table 17. Leakage Area: Cover Transitions

From To 2009 2010 2011 2012 DCD BAR 3,409 3,409 3,409 2,393 EVG BAR 738 738 738 488 BAR DCD 1,599 1,599 1,599 5,306 BAR EVG 386 386 386 386

Leakage is also described in Section 8.2 for geographically constrained drivers. Please see the

PD for a more detailed description of leakage, and leakage mitigation. See section 5 for project

actions designed as leakage mitigation procedures that have been carried out during the

verification period.

Estimated baseline emissions during this monitoring period are shown in Table 18.

33

Table 18. Estimate of baseline GHG emissions during monitoring period

YEAR Project Area Without ANR Project Area With ANR Total

[-] [tCO2eYr-1] [tCO2eYr-1] [tCO2eYr-1]

2008 379,358 21,753 401,111

2009 396,157 22,544 418,701

2010 401,876 23,437 425,313

2011 400,080 29,551 429,631

Total 1,577,471 97,285 1,674,756

Ex-post project GHG emissions from the project are shown in Table 19.

Table 19. Estimate of ex-post post project GHG emissions during monitoring period

YEAR Project Area Without ANR Project Area With ANR Total


2008 161,544 80,308 241,852

2009 161,544 80,308 241,852

2010 161,544 80,308 241,852

2011 32,710 42,949 75,659

Total 517,342 283,873 801,214

Ex-post GHG emissions from leakage are shown in Table 20

Table 20. Estimate of ex-post GHG emissions from leakage during the monitoring period

YEAR Geographically Constrained Leakage

Geographically Unconstrained Leakage Total


2008 0 12,783 12,783

2009 0 25,566 25,566

2010 0 38,349 38,349

2011 0 51,132 51,132

Total 0 127,830 127,830

34

Table 21. Overview of ex-post estimation of Net Emissions Reductions during the monitoring period

YEAR

ΔGHG from

avoided

deforestation

ΔGHG from

deforestation

due to

geographicall

y constrained

leakage

ΔGHG from

avoided

degradation

ΔGHG from

avoided

degradation

due to

geographically

constrained

leakage

GHG from

leakage by

unconstrained

geographic

drivers

ΔGHG from

assisted

natural

regneration

ΔGHG

from

changes in

long lived

wood

products

GHG from

improved

cookstoves

GHG from

Emission

sources NER

Risk

Buffer Buffer VCU

[-] [tCO2e] [tCO2e] [tCO2e] [tCO2e] [tCO2e] [tCO2e] [tCO2e] [tCO2e] [tCO2e] [tCO2e] [%] [tCO2e] [tCO2e]

2008 -217,814 0 0 - 12,783 58,555 - - - 146,476 17.00 27,074 119,402

2009 -234,613 0 0 - 25,566 57,764 - - - 151,283 17.00 30,064 121,219

2010 -240,332 0 0 - 38,349 56,870 - - - 145,113 17.00 31,188 113,924

2011 -367,370 0 0 - 51,132 13,399 - - - 302,840 17.00 60,175 242,665

Total -1,060,129 - 0 0 127,830 186,587 0 0 - 745,712 - 148,502 597,210

35

6.2 Climate Change Adaptation Benefits

Strategies have been developed to respond to more severe weather conditions that

may emerge in Oddar Meanchey as a result of climate change. The project focuses

on retaining maximal forest cover to minimize micro-climatic change and ensure

slowed water run-off and optimal ground water recharge as ways to mitigate

drought.

Improved irrigation systems and de-silting projects were recognized by communities

as a way to combat deforestation, as more food can be grown on a smaller amount

of land, and stay in production all year round. Three improved irrigation systems

have been built, with more in different stages of planning. CDA has supported the

development of irrigation systems in 3 CFs intended to improve the efficiency of

water use and the production from small-scale agricultural plots. The project will

continue to provide small grants to participating communities for use in de-silting

water storage tanks and ponds – a way to ensure crop protection during climate

change educed droughts. These water security projects are identified as one of the

most necessary needs for the local community as they are already feeling the

changing climate.

With drastic swings in climate, forest fires are expected to become more severe with

prolonged drought. Deciduous forests in Oddar Meanchey will be greatly affected by

fire, and with increased severity fire will burn into the evergreen forest. The project

team has worked hard to decrease the potential fire risk and increase understanding

about the destruction of fire. The potential devastating impact of forest fires are

being minimized by installing fire lines and educating local people (and hunters) on

the importance of preventing forest fires. The Community Forestry Management

Committees will also be trained and supported to implement better fire fighting

techniques including the establishment and management of fire lines, the

organization of village fire brigades, and the establishment of stronger fire

prevention regulations.

Assisted Natural Regeneration of degraded forest patches ensure that forest

restoration is based on native species that can adapt to local soil, water, and climatic

conditions. Contracts with communities will be developed to guide the restoration of

approximately 595 hectares of degraded forests each year from 2013 to 2021

through Assisted Natural Regeneration (ANR) techniques. Depending on the state of

degradation and the ANR techniques used, the ANR treated area may be revisited

and treated multiple times to ensure healthy tree growth. The project will also result

in the enrichment planting of 1,200,000 (60,000 each year for 20 years) indigenous

36

trees in forest gaps and highly degraded forest areas, which will help reduce erosion

and slow water run-off.

In addition, as required by the VCS, 20-35% of the carbon credits generated will be

retained in a buffer account and cannot be sold so that they can cover the potential

loss of credits due to (among other things) natural catastrophes induced by climate

change. These and other methods of adapting and responding to climate change will

be implemented throughout the life of the project.

37

7 Community Impact Monitoring

Quantifying and documenting community impacts of the project is achieved through

implementation of Participatory Rural Appraisals and household surveys. Community

monitoring indicators monitored by these social assessments are outlined below.

Table 22. Table Community Parameters Monitored


Family Information, bio-data, immigrant status

According to the household survey, interviewees ages overall ranged from 20 to 78; the average age of the interviewee was 43.31 years; 45.9% were women, and 54.1% were men, The average number of people per household was 5.58. Thirty-nine percent reported they had been born in the village and 60.9% responded that they had migrated to the village.

2010 Household Survey Report

Land Information, tenure, and boundary conflict

Tenure is established in all CF. Three CF reported that they had a current boundary conflict (as of 2012), and two CF reported that there was a boundary confect in the past. During the PRA participatory mapping, communities indentified locations of specific land-use and land cover.

2012 Participatory Rural Appraisal Workbook, Participatory Maps

Natural resources use and extraction

Significant NTFP include Resin, bamboo (canes and shoots), thatch grass, insects, honey, mushrooms, fodder, fruits, fish, rattan, prich leaves, wildlife, and deadwood. As this is the first verification period, no significant social data was gathered to assess a measured change in NTFP. Price, and amounts can be found in the Household Survey Report 2010


Effect the project has on the community or community impact. Measured change in 1) forest related income, 2) employment, 3) access to resources, and 3) wealth rank

As this is the first verification period, significant social data to assess the measured change was not gathered at this time. Data on the employment sector, NTFP income, reason for land clearing, and wealth rank were gathered through the household survey and PRA.

2010 Household Survey Report and 2012 Participatory Rural Appraisal Workbook

Wealth rank of communities to identify and track poorer and more vulnerable groups.

Qualitative description on how each community defines wealth and percent of people in each category to track wealth over time.

2012 Participatory Rural Appraisal Workbook

Project Awareness, attitudes and behaviors related to the project

All communities strongly endorsed the project. 2012 Participatory Rural Appraisal Workbook

38


Understanding of project boundaries, boundary conflicts, and resolutions

Qualitative description of current and past boundary confects and ways the resolve were documented. There were a total of 1,315 hectares in dispute (an ELC claimed 800 ha, which are no longer disputed, as communities proved land tenure).


Community member knowledge of project

The communities estimated that 58% of them were aware of the REDD project, though they were all informed of the community-based forest conservation efforts.


Location, description and perceived negative effects of culturally significant HCV areas.

Communities mapped the location of each HCV area. Many HCV areas were described as having “spirit” significance. All communities described the CF as also having cultural significance with the exception of Prey Srorng. Community concerns of how HCV could be harmed include population increase and forest clearing, which are addressed through project actions.


Significant natural disasters, damage and loss, and management

No significant natural disasters were found, but some described include; insect damage, mudslides, flood and storms. The average forest loss is less than 3%.


Agricultural Practices, adoption of Improved practices, and community suggested improved practices

The total number of hectares in agriculture is 38,465, of these 29,049 use chemical fertilizer, and 2,444 use organic fertilizers. Though there have been agriculture improvements in Oddar Meanchey, there has been no direct project actions supporting agriculture improvements yet.


Changes or additions to pre-identified Drivers and Agents of Deforestation and Degradation

The drives and agents of deforestation are similar to those identified at project start. Though the military and solders have been more of a significant role in deforestation.

Participatory Rural Appraisal

Changes in number of people living in the surrounding area

The population of Oddar Meanchey increased from 144,371 in 2005 to 183,353 in 2010.

National statistics

Activities to reduce Drivers and Agents of Deforestation, and adaptation of predefined activities

Each activity to reduce deforestation (identified by communities) was linked to each driver of deforestation (as identified by communities). Since drivers, agents, and activities to reduce deforestation were first identified by communities at project start, no significant changes were identified at verification, with the exception of an increase of military presence in the area. Project activities were not adapted to a change in conditions.


Distance walked for The majority of fuelwood is collected by walking 2012

39


fuelwood collection where people walk an average of 0.6 hours for an average of 0.6 km.

Participatory Rural Appraisal Workbook

Forest fire management Description of fire management that took place is listed above.


Assisted Natural Regeneration, activities, locations, and suggested species planted or otherwise improved.

Spatially explicit locations of planned ANR activities were mapped, and demarcated with a handheld GPS during the PRA. Suggested native species include: Thnong (Pterocaqrpus indicus), Beng (Afzelia xylocarpa), Koki (Hopea odorata), Crassna (Aquilaria crassna), and Delbergia and Dipterocapus species.


Participatory Community Mapping

Agriculture within the CF

Drivers of deforestation

Areas of ANR

Fire locations

Locations of harvesting for 1) timber and 2) fuelwood/charcoal.

Disputed boundaries, use rights, or access

HCV areas

During the participatory community mapping exercises community members mapped natural resource location, use and extraction. They identified locations of significance such as locations of agriculture, fire, boundary conflicts, and HCV areas, temples, and drivers of deforestation (example of Chhouk Meas shown in section 5.2).

Participatory Maps

Extensive data from the household survey and the participatory rural appraisal are

included in separate documents as it would be too cumbersome for this report.

Community impact monitoring documents are available to the VVB. As this is the

first monitoring period, data tracking the change in community health is limited. In

future monitoring, significant changes in parameters will be shown in the Project

Implementation Reports along with supplemental documents.

The Project Design Document listed potential challenges to project implementation

to reach poorer and more vulnerable households. The challenges are listed below,

paired with the Project Team’s response during this monitoring period:

Low literacy levels affecting the ability to perform some paper-based or SMS-based

reporting and monitoring, or to understand written project documents. Pact has a

well-regarded program and skilled staff to address low literacy levels among the CF

communities. This program is called WORTH and has been presented to donors for

40

support. WORTH focuses on rural women and integrates savings groups and small

enterprise development, along with literacy training. So far, this intervention has

not been funded for expansion to the project area; and is still in the development

stage. It is anticipated that resources will be available to support this important

supplementary activity.

Educating communities is an ongoing process, but Pact has strong experience

working with low literacy communities. The Project Team is trained in facilitation

and effective communication with low literacy people. Through their experience,

Pact has developed simple awareness material, tools, and report formats for low

literacy community.

The Project Team has strived to ensure that any project and training materials

shared with community members have been as visual as possible. The project will

also have structures in place to support informal community reporting systems. For

example, the community monitors (that have been selected and will soon be

trained) will conduct village/house visits to gather information and data on project

activities, and will then compile these findings into formal written reports. This is

seen to be much more accepted and relaxed then an official PRA, where women and

other minorities may feel uncomfortable in a group setting.

Disability; physically or mentally unable to perform some tasks. The people of

Oddar Meanchey have lived with the constant threat of landmines. Often the

outcome is physical deformity such as missing limbs as a result of landmine

accidents. These physically disabled people often cannot participate in activities such

as; patrolling, building fences, participating in the biomass inventory etc. and are

marginalized within society often relying on family members for help. The project

strives to engage these socially excluded groups in NTFP enterprise development by

providing skill training, and education to be involved with CF administration tasks.

The project is dedicated to treat disabled people as equals within the community,

and will explain the role of these groups in project benefit distribution to other

community members.

Single headed household (especially women head of households). These single

headed households have less time available to participate in CF meetings and

activities due to household burdens. The gender assessment and the study by

Boudewijn provided a more comprehensive understanding of the household burdens

of women. The results based framework at the end of this assessment lays out a step

41

by step strategy to address these issues and prevent exclusion of more vulnerable

populations.

Itinerant laborers, due to unstable lifestyles and are difficult to contact and invite

to meetings or activities. Through community engagement, it was found that many

migrant laborers migrate to Oddar Meanchey, eventually settle in the area, and are

incorporated into the local community. Often the term ‘migrant’ is use as a

scapegoat for those causing deforestation. Through social assessments community

members were able to more clearly describe the migrants as specific groups of

people. Many of the CF members themselves migrate to Thailand, especially after

rice harvesting season (Nov-Dec) and are known as seasonal migrants. To make sure

that migrant groups are able to join project events, the Project Team is exploring the

development of a community calendar of when to implement the social assessments

or other community consultations.

Children of poor families, who are unable to go to school and therefore miss project

topics integrated to the school curriculum. A variety of project awareness raising

tools have been utilized to target a wide array of community stakeholders, including

children from poor families. For example, visual billboards on the project were

established in the province, as was the Monks Radio Program - funded by the Monk’s

themselves - which discussed issues facing the Monks Community Forest and the

REDD project. When further funding becomes available, additional media outreach

activities (radio, TV) will help disseminate project information to all stakeholders.

Targeting livelihood support activities to the poorest households will also assist them

in being able to send their children to attend school.

The Oddar Meanchey REDD project has involved a wide range of stakeholders at

village, commune, district, provincial, and national levels. The success of this long-

term project has been dependent on the ability of the stakeholders to effectively

and amicably resolve problems and issues that have arisen during implementation.

During this monitoring period a few major studies were carried out on the OM REDD

project, particularly focusing on community benefits. These studies were conducted

and/or otherwise assessed by a third party or using outsider knowledge. Using

independent, third party, and otherwise outside monitoring will continue to be a

part of the monitoring system to give valuable insight to potentially overlooked

issues, and will help resolve any problems that have arisen during implementation.

Women Organizing for Change in Agriculture and Natural Resources Management

(WOCAN) helped to conduct the project’s gender assessment in April 2012. The audit

42

and assessment aimed to ensure that the project team members have a good

understanding of the gender issues related to project implementation and that

deliberate efforts are taken to address these issues. The study provided a gap

analysis and recommendations specific to the Oddar Meanchey Project. These

recommendations are listed below along with the Project Team’s actions.

Gender Sensitivity Training. Pact plans to conduct extensive gender training, taking

into account the recommendations and guidelines suggested by WOCAN. As a result

of the training and participation in the gender assessment, the Pact project team is

now more aware of gender issues and is constantly looking for ways to better

address gender issues in the project. Efforts made so far have included: 1) ensuring

that women make up at least half of participants in workshops and trainings, 2)

making sure that the number of women and men participating is always recorded.

Mainstreaming Gender in Project Implementation. A study by Boudewijn from the

University of Copenhagen entitled Inclusion and Benefit Sharing in REDD+: The Case

of Oddar Meanchey, Cambodia found that women in one CF (Samaky CF) said they

often did not attend CF meetings because they weren’t invited. After hearing this,

Pact made a concerted effort to ensure that there were funds to support invitations

for one woman and one man from each CF, and emphasized the importance of

women’s participation in each meeting. In the second round of PRAs conducted in

2012 many more women were involved.

The Boudewijn report also helped to expose the extent and nature and internal

conflicts facing the Samaky Community Forest. For example, it was revealed that the

Samaky CF leader was offering (and selling) land to migrants inside a new village

bordering (and inside) the CF, and was excluding other CF members from partaking

in CF activities. Many CFMC members now no longer recognize the CF Chief as the

leader. In light of these findings, the Pact team has been working to facilitate CFMC

elections (which should occur every 5 years, and, in the case of Samaky CF, last

occurred in 2006). This support for CF elections has included: coaching CFMC

members and especially women, assisting CFMCs with the necessary documentation,

facilitating with the FA and other local government authorities, and providing

financial support for the elections to occur. Elections have already occurred in two

Community Forests, and the Samaky elections are being prepared by the FA.

The project has also hosted PhD and Masters researchers from the University of

Copenhagen (Denmark), University of Oxford (UK), and University of Gothenburg

(Sweden). The articles and presentations resulting from these studies have increased

43

the project partners’ understanding on the social aspects of the project, as well as

provided recommendations on avoiding potential pitfalls which could affect

community benefits. The following thesis articles are now available:

Community Forestry, REDD+ Networks and Power in Oddar Meanchey,

Cambodia (Stuart Raetz, School of Global Studies, Social Science & Planning,

RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia)

Tenure Rights and Benefit Sharing Arrangements for REDD: A Case Study of

Two REDD Pilot Projects in Cambodia (Donal Yeang, University of

Wageningen, The Netherlands)

Fell a Tree, Fell a Livelihood: Assessing the Importance of Non-timber forest

products in Rural Cambodia (Christina Enders, University of Oxford, United

Kingdom)

Inclusion and Benefit Sharing in REDD+: The Case of Oddar Meanchey,

Cambodia (Inge Boudewijn, Faculty of Forestry, Landscape and LIFE,

University of Copenhagen, Denmark)

The Challenge of Assessing Social Dimensions of Avoided Deforestation

(Pasgaad, Maya, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark).

7.1 Net Positive Community Impacts

The project initiated an ongoing series of community dialogues in January 2008

providing new communication channels for project communities to voice their

aspirations and problems. The project development team worked with the local NGO

(Children’s Development Association) to conduct a series of village Participatory

Rural Appraisals (PRAs) and community sketch maps to assess proposed project

areas. The discussions focused on local drivers of deforestation, management

problems, social conflicts, as well as priorities for development and perceived

livelihood opportunities. Participants in the discussions included: elected CF

management committee members, Buddhist monks, local farmers, commune

representatives, and both men and women household heads. Both members of the

Khmer ethnic majority and members of a small minority of ethnic Kuy people have

been included in discussions. The results from the interviews are described in

Section G3.8 of the CCB PD on Stakeholder Input.

The Royal Government of Cambodia has identified three major project goals that will

benefit forest dependent communities:

improve the quality of the forests;

maximize benefit flows to local communities participating in the project;

44

develop new REDD project sites that will benefit other forest-dependent

communities.

This REDD project has directly benefited communities by:

engaging with local communities in the design and development of the project at

the earliest possible stage;

providing training and support to local village organizations to build forest

management capacity;

securing the Royal Government of Cambodia’s recognition of community forest

management rights;

generating carbon revenues that the community will use for forest restoration

employment, improving farming systems, establishing micro-finance organizations,

and capitalizing small livelihood enterprises;

maintaining the access and use rights of local communities to continue harvesting

NTFPs for customary use from the project area.

Though the project has budgeted to train 260 patrollers to patrol all 13 community

sites, only a few CF have continual active patrolling. Based on project budget

projections direct support for community forest protection and restoration will

employ an estimated 65 people full-time from local communities, and support local

police officers and Forestry Administration, while small grants for water resource

development projects, NTFP development and agricultural intensification will

employ an estimated 30 people. Please see section CM1. Net Positive Community

Impacts of the CCB PD for further details on extensive community benefits.

7.2 Assessment of Negative Offsite Stakeholder Impacts

The project could have minor negative impacts on the livelihoods of offsite

households or individuals which are engaged in illegal activity such as rosewood

harvesting or hunting. The project focuses on improved sustainable livelihoods that

will benefit the community, biodiversity, and the project such as tree planters, forest

guards, and NTFP managers. The goal is to keep jobs in the woods where alternative

livelihoods still protect the native values of rural life. Due to high rates of

deforestation outside the project area, there may be increased pressure on project

area forests as a source for timber and non-timber products. At the same time,

communities will be increasing patrols and enforcement activities once full project

funding is available. Therefore, there is the potential for increased conflict between

some communities protecting valuable forest resources, and outsiders. The project

partners will seek to reduce these potential conflicts by several means:

45

installing more posts and signs to better identify the project area

increasing general education and awareness on the project

maintaining a warning system for first offenses

conducting regular patrols so that problems are dealt with early and

do not grow to larger intractable issues

providing opportunities for other communities in the province to

pursue community forestry management and REDD to enhance

livelihoods and reduce dependence on unsustainable practices (GDD

699 states that some resources may directed to new REDD+

initiatives).

In general, the project is more likely to benefit outside stakeholders. For instance,

general improved economic well-being among the project communities will have

positive impacts along relevant value chains. For instance, dealers in NTFPs such as

resin and rattan, may have access to a more regular supply of raw material from

communities due to increase of sustainable practice. Furthermore, protection of the

province's forest resources will moderate the micro-climate and maintain

hydrological systems beyond the project area.

7.3 Exceptional Community Benefits

According to the most recent information, Cambodia no longer qualifies as a “low

human development country”, having barely moved into the “medium

development” category. Though poverty has been reduced overall from 47% in 1993

to 30% in 2007, a third of Cambodians still live below the national poverty line (2,473

riel or US$0.61).

Oddar Meanchey province has some of the highest incidences of poverty in

Cambodia (Asian Development Bank, 2000). The Cambodia Gini Coefficient has

moved upwards from 0.35 in 1994 to 0.43 in 2007 (UN1) showing higher

discrepancies between rich and poor. Of the total population of poor in Cambodia,

92% live in rural areas (UN2) In Oddar Meanchey, 100% of the population is defined

as “rural” by national standards3. The project zone is located in an exceptionally

rural area and is comprised of forest-dependent households and communities,

1 http://www.un.org.kh/undp/what-we-do/poverty-reduction/poverty-reduction 2 Ibid. 3 Commune Database 2004 found in Atlas of Cambodia, National Poverty and Environmental Maps

http://www.un.org.kh/undp/what-we-do/poverty-reduction/poverty-reduction

46

making the Oddar Meanchey project area (and zone) amongst the poorest areas in

Cambodia.

It is impossible and likely inappropriate to exclusively measure poverty level of the

communities living within the CF border, as communities affected by the project live

both inside and outside of the project zone. In order to measure the poverty level of

the communities affected by the project, poverty was assessed at the village level

during the Participatory Rural Appraisal. Community-specific information collected

from PRAs has been used to demonstrate that more than 50% of the households

residing in the area are below the poverty line.

In the PRAs conducted for the project, families residing in the village representing

each CF were asked to identify the percentage of households which identified as

“poor”. The communities themselves were asked to define the criteria which

qualified a family as poor. These criteria included, inter-alia, size of property on

which house is established, monthly or yearly income, house size, size of rice field(s)

and number of cows, bicycles televisions or radios owned (see PRA data spreadsheet

(tab “Wealth Rank” for full information). These poverty indicators align with the

indicators developed by the Government of Cambodia to identify poverty and poor

households in Cambodia through the ID Poor program (see documents provided to

verifier “IDPoor Procedures Manual 2008-10-10-Eng-FINAL.pdf” and “IDPoor

Questionnaire 2008-10-20 Eng.pdf”. Thus, the PRA poverty indicators are compatible

with the poverty indicators in the IDPoor questionnaire and households identifying

as poor in PRA data classify as formally below the poverty line.

A summary of this information indicates that a total of about 60% of all the

households in the communities living in and around the project zone identify as

“poor” and are below Cambodia’s national poverty line. An expert of the

corresponding PRA table is included in the table below.

47

CF Name

Population of CF

Proportional to Total

Project Population

Percent Households

identified as Poor and

Below the Poverty Line

Weighted Percent

Households Below

the Poverty Line

Andong Bor 4% 75% 3.0%

Chhouk Meas 1% 85% 0.9%

Dung Beng 6% 30% 1.8%

Ou yeay Kaov 1% 69% 0.7%

Phaav 6% 25% 1.5%

Prey Srong 6% 60% 3.6%

Prey Sros 4% 40% 1.6%

Ratanak Rukha 31% 85% 26.4%

Rolus Thom 4% 85% 3.4%

Romdul Veasna 10% 58% 5.8%

Samaky 4% 85% 3.4%

Sangkrous

Preychheu 15% 17%

2.6%

Sorng Rokavorn 8% 65% 5.2%

Total 100% 60% 59.7%

As described in the Implementation Status of Project Activities Section, the project

has implemented a suite of activities designed to reduce deforestation pressures

while providing meaningful livelihood benefits. Within this monitoring period, the

project proponents have identified the following specific benefits as being

“exceptional” in that is has provided meaningful pro-poor benefits. It is envisioned

that as the project continues implementation and receives additional funding from

the sale of offsets, the exceptional benefits of the project will be expanded.

Identification of poorer households in the project zone was carried out through the

Cambodian Identification of Poor Households (ID POOR) program, initiated in 2006.

A database of poorer households in the project zone has been created and will be

regularly updated through the ID POOR program. An analysis of the most recently

available (2010) ID Poor data shows that approximately 30% of households in the

project zone can be classified as poor. ID Poor information is available for each of the

CFs involved in the project, identifying the specific households, names of individuals

in each household, and their respective poverty category. Project benefits that

benefit these households include:

48

Reinforcement of Land Tenure. Reinforcement of land tenure is one of the primary

benefits to communities living in the project zone, and particularly poorer

households, which often face difficulty in securing and protecting land tenure due to

difficult and often complex processes. The project partners worked directly with the

13 CF communities to guide and support the process of obtaining renewable CF

Agreements. This process, requiring multiple government approvals and a formal

zoning process to demarcate CF areas, is costly and time consuming, and would be

otherwise unavailable to the communities in the project zone without project

support. This is particularly true for poorer households who often lack education and

resources allowing them to make informed decisions related to securing formal land

tenure.

Informal land tenure often makes protection of property and exclusion of outside

migrants or encroaching individuals difficult or impossible, particularly in cases of

encroachment and population expansion, as is the case in Oddar Meanchey.

Moreover, informal land tenure is widely viewed as barrier to motivating

communities to undertake sustainable land-use management practices.4 By

formalizing and registering land tenure through the renewable CF agreements, the

project has assisted all households in the project area, including those poorer

households in the project zone, to obtain a legal and enforceable right to their forest

resources. The project expects that the concomitant ability to enforce against

encroachment and unsustainable development, and the motivation to implement

sustainable land-use as a part of the project, will directly benefit poorer households.

In addition, the project has provided resources to community members to support

the process of resolving conflicts related to boundary conflicts. Poorer households

are often marginalized or in a disadvantaged position – due to a variety of factors

such as imperfect information and lack of resources to petition to local government

or social governance bodies within the community – in conflicts relating to boundary

demarcation. By supporting an equitable process involving community and FA

members, poorer households are protected in boundary conflicts.

Development of Sustainable Land-use Plans. Sustainable development is in-part

dependent on land tenure formalization, but sustainable land-use plans must also be

4ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/005/y4307e/y4307e00.pdf;

http://www.fig.net/pub/fig2010/papers/ts07j%5Cts07j_sovann_4633.pdf; http://usaidlandtenure.net/sites/default/files/country-profiles/full-reports/USAID_Land_Tenure_Cambodia_Profile.pdf

ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/005/y4307e/y4307e00.pdf

http://www.fig.net/pub/fig2010/papers/ts07j%5Cts07j_sovann_4633.pdf

http://usaidlandtenure.net/sites/default/files/country-profiles/full-reports/USAID_Land_Tenure_Cambodia_Profile.pdf

http://usaidlandtenure.net/sites/default/files/country-profiles/full-reports/USAID_Land_Tenure_Cambodia_Profile.pdf

49

developed to guide the implantation of activities to improve forest conditions and

agricultural production. The project, in collaboration with CFMC members, has

developed participatory land-use plans through a collaborative process. Poorer

households, who rely almost exclusively on forest resources for their livelihoods,

have made a large contribution to the land-use planning process. Locations of areas

for ANR, NTFP development, sustainable harvesting operations, fire prevention and

HCV prioritization have been identified with the help of poorer communities. As a

result, it is expected that these sustainable land-use plans – still in the design stage

but ready for implementation once funding has been received from the sale of

offsets, will directly benefit poorer households.

50

8 Biodiversity Impact Monitoring

Resources have been set aside in the project budget for regular biodiversity

monitoring with the help of community monitors in each CF. Furthermore, scientific

biodiversity assessments will be conducted every 5 years.

8.1 Net positive Biodiversity Impacts

The first project biodiversity assessment implemented in collaboration with Birdlife

International identified the key High Conservation Value species to be monitored

and resulted in a set of recommendations for continued monitoring by the project

participants. Pact and Birdlife international also collaborated to conduct a training

course on biodiversity monitoring for community members and local Forestry

Administration staff. This training included guidance on how to properly document

biodiversity sightings. For instance, community members were instructed in how to

identify different animal tracks, measure, and record them properly by camera.

Table 23. Biodiversity monitoring trainings


1 Samaky Ou Sramor village Biodiversity 17 Nov 2010

2 Sorng Rokavorn Tomnup Thmey village Biodiversity 18 Nov 2010

3 Sangkrous Preychheu Ou Tameng village Biodiversity 2 Dec 2010

4 Phaav Chrok village Biodiversity 1 Dec 2010

The largest CF area, Sorng Rokavorn CF, was found to have some of the most

important wildlife habitats in the project area. As a result, special efforts has been

made to monitor and collect biodiversity data in this particular site. The Monks

Community Forest manages several camera traps placed at key sites, and regularly

submits special reports and photographs on biodiversity-related information. During

patrols, community members collect traps and snares in large quantities.

51

Figure 12. Ministry of Forestry officer with captured snares

Figure 13. Photo of an endangered Banteng track capture in the Monk’s

Community Forest

Since the project started collecting data on biodiversity sightings through SMS in

April 2012, 17 biodiversity sightings have been recorded. In case of biodiversity

sightings, community members are requested to report on any HCV species

52

observed during patrols. Frontline SMS reporting forms are being developed that will

allow CF patrollers to report on specific HCV species that are identified within the

CFs.

Table 24 Biodiversity Parameters Monitored

Type of Measurement

Summary Full Report

Presence of key indicator species

The 2010 Birdlife International biodiversity assessment identified the following notable species within the project area: green peafowl (Pavo muticus), banteng (Bos javanicus), large deer (Cervus eldii), Dhole (Cuon alpinus) white-rumped falcon (Polihierax insignis), northern pig-tailed macaque (Macaca leonina) and pileated gibbons (Hylobates pileatus). Camera traps identified the following: hog deer (Hyelaphus porcinus) and banteng (Bos javanicus).

Birdlife International Biodiversity Assessment, Camera traps, and SMS reports.

Identification of ecological HCV areas

The HCV areas are identified as the project areas. Species found are listed above.

Birdlife International Biodiversity Assessment, Camera traps and SMS reports.

Location, and perceived negative effects of ecologically significant High Conservation Value Areas in and near the project areas

During the PRA communities listed many species not fully identified by Birdlife International. Their testimony supported the finding that many of the CF are most likely homes to a small population of large cats (leopard or tiger, and other species from the Pantherinae family). Communities mapped the location of each HCV area. Many CFs were described as having “spirit” significance. Community concerns of how HCV could be harmed include population increase and forest clearing, which are addressed through project actions.


Significant natural disturbances and related events within CF areas

No significant natural disasters were found, but some described include; insect damage, mudslides, flood and storms. The average forest loss is less than 3%.


Total area of class or stratum during time period

Shown in section 6 Climate Impact Monitoring. Remote Sensing and Emission Reductions Workbook

Area of transition from LULC class or forest stratum 1 to 2


53

Type of Measurement

Summary Full Report

Total area of LULC class or forest stratum


Invasive species assessment

No significant invasive species were identified by communities. Though the biodiversity assessment identified the neotropical shrub Lantana camara in one CF area, it was not identified by communities as a threat.


Changes in abundance of key NTFPs

Significant NTFP include Resin, bamboo (canes and shoots), thatch grass, insects, honey, mushrooms, fodder, fruits, fish, rattan, prich leaves, wildlife, and deadwood. As this is the first verification period, no significant social data was gathered to assess a measured change in NTFP. Price, and amounts can be found in the Household Survey Report 2010.


Biodiversity sightings

Known IUCN endangered species caught in camera traps are shown in section 8.3 Exceptional Biodiversity Impacts. There have been numerous SMS reports of biodiversity sightings, though species were not identified.

Photos and SMS reports.

8.2 Offsite Biodiversity Impacts

The project has not experienced any significant negative impacts on biodiversity

outside the project zone. On the contrary, by better protecting forest habitats inside

and around the project area, only positive impacts on biodiversity are foreseen. For

instance, education and awareness on the importance of protecting biodiversity

have increased throughout the province (through teacher training, radio broadcasts,

etc.) which will lead to a decrease in hunting activity. It should be noted that there

are no plans for the project to support offsite construction or infrastructure

development. There are plans for water harvesting and improvements for crop

irrigation, however, these will be micro-scale development projects which are more

likely to benefit biodiversity rather than harm it. Improved use of water as well as

agricultural land will decrease pressure on forests and wildlife habitats. The net

effect on biodiversity from this project is positive with no anticipated negative

effects.

A legitimate concern for potential negative offsite biodiversity impacts that some

activities will be shifted out of the project area and into the adjacent forest or forest

otherwise similar to the project area. This activity shifting is considered leakage, and

is carefully monitored as required by the methodology. The project will undertake

54

ten types of activities to reduce degradation and deforestation. Five of these

activities are taking place inside the forests of the project area, and are therefore

project activities. The other five activities are taking place outside of the project area

and are, therefore leakage mitigation activities and measuring offsite biodiversity

impacts. Section 3.10 of the VSC PD clearly explains quantifying emissions from

activity shifting into the leakage belt. For a detailed description of activity shifting

leakage, leakage belt, and quantification procedures see the VCS PD.

Another concern of the project is that as communities increase in wealth they may

become greater consumers and gain larger houses, larger families, have more cattle

etc. Since communities have not yet monetary benefited from project benefit

sharing, this shift in wealth has not been observed yet. The project team is working

to implement sustainable development and tracking community wealth through a

series of PRAs that will take place throughout the life of the project. The PRA asks

specific questions regarding wealth used to make adaptive management decisions in

the future.

Potential negative effects on HCV areas. During the PRA process, communities were

asked if there were areas that were culturally or ecologically significant located out

of the project area. Eight of the communities identified that they had additional HCV

areas not within the CF boundaries. Of these eight HCV areas many were temples or

pagodas but five contained some forest, gold mine or natural area. Only three

communities indicated that they are worried about potential negative effects on

their HCV areas out of the CFs. The concerns they have are general concerns of land

clearing that they have seen in the area. Project actions such as strengthening land

tenure, improved agriculture techniques, and land use plans are expected to help

conserve their HCV area.

8.3 Exceptional Biodiversity Impacts

The primary benefit to biodiversity in the project area is protection of forest habitat,

which was recognized by communities to be of High Conservation Value. The 64,318

hectares of the project zone represents 10% of the land area of Oddar Meanchey

Province, and approximately 15% of its remaining evergreen forest. The project

conserves and regenerates dry deciduous and evergreen forest ecosystems through

improved protection from illegal logging, fire, and through assisted natural

regeneration activities. This strategy restores unique habitat for amphibians,

reptiles, mammals, and birds, while restoring high value and endangered tree

species (see CCB PDD for complete list).

55

The biodiversity study by Birdlife International 2010 undertaken for the Oddar

Meanchey project focused in particular on five CF sites to carry out in-depth surveys

for biodiversity; Andong Bor, Sangkrous Preychheu, Prey Srorng, Sorng Rokavorn and

Romdoul Veasna. A total of 174 bird species were found to reside within the CF areas

of Oddar Meanchey, with a large majority (110) recorded in the largest CF, Sorng

Rokavorn. All CFs surveyed in the biodiversity study were found to support at least

one globally threatened bird species. Green peafowl (Pavo muticus) were located

throughout Romdoul Veasna, Sangkrous Preychheu and Sorng Rokavorn, particularly

around standing water supplies. The endangered green peafowl was found to be

present in two of these CFs. Sorng Rokavorn, the largest CF by area, is host to

populations of important mammals such as banteng (Bos javanicus), large deer

(Cervus eldii), dhole (Cuon alpinus) and, according to the biodiversity study, is most

likely home to a small population of large cats (leopard or tiger, and other species

from the Pantherinae family). Further, the near-threatened white-rumped falcon

(Polihierax insignis) was found in Sorng Rokavorn, Andong Bor and Prey Srorng. The

biodiversity study also identified a small population of northern pig-tailed macaque

(Macaca leonina) and pileated gibbons (Hylobates pileatus) in Sangkrous Preychheu

(Elliott et al 2010).

Between validation and verification Venerable Bun Saluth of the Monk's Community

Forest was able to catch the following IUCN endangered species on his camera trap:

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Figure 15. Hog deer (Hyelaphus porcinus)

Figure 14 Bantang (Bos javanicus)

Documents

Project Implementation Report: Oddar Meanchey Community ... · Project Implementation Report: Oddar Meanchey Community Forestry REDD+ Project Climate, Community & Biodiversity Standard