Project Hyperspace Lesson PowerPoint

8/6/2019 Project Hyperspace Lesson PowerPoint

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Project Hyperspace


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Introduction

Why are we here? To teach about the Universe, the Solar System and

Space

Who are we? A group of secondary 2 students from Hwa Chong

Institution

How are we going to do so? Powerpoint presentations and interactive games


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Day 1

The Universe

Galaxies

The Solar System Stars

Planets

Small Solar System Bodies

Deep Space Objects


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Terminology

Light Year The distance at which light travels

in a year, 9.5 trillion kilometers.

Astronomical Unit - 149597870.7 kilometers,or the approximate distance of the Earth to

the Sun.

Cosmic Year the time it takes for the Sun to

travel around the Milky Way Galaxy,

approximately 225 million Earth-years


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The Universe

Is defined as everything that exists

Contains everything that can both be seen andinvisible to us

83% of it contains invisible matter, or darkmatter

The other 17% consists of what we can see

matter. The Universe is mostly made up of empty

space, hence the name Space


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The Universe

The size of the universe is unknown, however,

it is expanding at a rate of about 55km per

second the Hubble constant

When the Universe is 1370 billion years old,

about 100 times older than it is now, all the

stars will be dead and the galaxies fading

The average temperature in space is about

-270rC, just 3rC above absolute zero


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The Universe

Big Bang

10 seconds after the

Big Bang, protons,

neutrons and

electrons were

already formed

After 3 minutes, the

temperature was 1 billion

degrees

Several hundred thousand years later, the

temperature was about 300 degrees and

the first atoms were formed

The first star was

formed about 30

million years after the

Big Bang

The first galaxy is

formed around 480

million years after the

Big Bang

The Milky Way begins to form, 2 billion

years after the Big Bang

5 billion years ago, the Sun was

formed


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The Solar System

Dominating the small corner of the Universe is

the Sun

As it rush

es th

rough

space, it carries acollection of planets, moons, asteroids,

meteoroids, and comets

Together, these make up the solar system.


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The Solar System

The heat and light from the Sun makes Mercuryand Venus hostile planets unable to support life

However, the same heat and light breathe life

into Earth

The Sun was bornnearly 5 billion years ago froma cloud of gas and dust

Halfway through its life, it will die in 5 billionmore years, swallowing up the Earth

When this happens, all life on Earth will perish


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Our star, the Sun

A globe the size of the Sun would swallow amillion Earths

The Sun accounts for 99.8% of the mass of the

Solar System, Jupiter accounts for more thanhalfof the rest

Energy produced in the core of the Sun takes upto a million years to reach the surface

The Sun lose 4 metric tons of mass every second.This mass is converted to heat and light energy,throughnuclear fusion


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The Planets

There are eight planets in the Solar System

The first four planets are terrestrial, or rockyplanets

Mercury, named after the messenger of Gods, isthe nearest planet to the Sun

Venus, the Goddess of love, is the Earths sisterplanet, second from the Sun

Earth, our home planet is third Mars, named for the god of war is a reddish

planet, the last of the inner rocky planets


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Mercury

Mercury was the Roman messenger for thegods. The Greeks named him Hermes

Mercury is the smallest planet in the SolarSystem. It is so small that if you weigh 70 kgon Earth, you would only weigh 27 kg onMercury

Mercury has an atmosphere ofhydrogen andhelium, however, most of it has been blownaway by the solar winds


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Venus

Venus was the Roman goddess of love and

beauty

A person weighing 70 kg on Earth would way 63

kg on Venus

A hostile planet, Venuss cloud cover makes it

impossible to see the surface, thus making the

greenhouse effect far greater there than on Earth

Venus has the hottest average temperature,

hovering around 449rC


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Venus

The physical properties are very similar to

Earth, hence, scientist call her Earths Sister

Planet

An interesting property of Venus is that 1 day

is longer than a year!

Only one of the two planets without moons,

the other planet being Mercury

Venus


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Earth

In Greek, Earth was Gaia, the mother of the

land formations

Earth

is th

e biggest of all terrestrial plan

ets 70% of the Earth is covered in water, the rest

of it comprises of land

Th

e average temperature of th

e Earth

is 7.2rC

The name of our moon is actually Luna


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Mars

Mars was the Roman god of war and

agriculture

Th

e most temperately like Earth

, Marsh

asfour seasons too, and polar ice caps

Scientists believe that Mars could have

harboured life as there could have been liquid

water many million years ago.


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Mars

Mars has much larger mountains, and far

deeper canyons than Earth

Th

ey make th

e Gran

d Can

yon

look really tin

y,imagine a

The biggest volcano, Olympus Mons

A Martian

day is 24h

ours an

d 37 min

uteslong, making it the closest to Earths


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The Planets

Jupiter is the most massive of allthe planets, made entirely out of gas. The firstof the outer, or Jovian, planets

Saturn - 6th planet from the Sun, the god ofagriculture

Uranus was the lord of the skies and husband

to Earth

Neptune, the god of water is the last of thegas giants


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Jupiter

The most massive of the planets, Jupiterweighs more than twice the rest of theplanets put together

If you weighed 70 kg on Earth, you wouldweigh an astounding 168 kg on Jupiter!

The Great Red Spot is a raging storm on

Jupiter th

ath

as been

goin

g on

for th

e past300 years, its super hurricanes blow across anarea larger than the Earth!


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Jupiter

This planet has no solid surface for us to stand on

The atmosphere gradually thickens into a sea ofliquid hydrogen

Despite its enormous size, Jupiters days only last10 hours each. For that reason, its middle hasbeen stretched out, it is short and fat rather thanround like the other planets

Jupiter has rings, albeit ones that are

less visible than Saturns!


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Saturn

The most magnificent of the planets, Saturn

has beautiful rings that are visible through a

telescope

Once thought the furthest planet, Saturn is

twice as far from the Sun as Jupiter

Saturn is the god of agriculture and once the

king of gods, he overthrew his own father

Uranus but was overthrown by his son, Jupiter


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Saturn

Saturnhas several hundred rings made up of

dust, rocks, and icy boulders

Saturn

h

as a surface like Jupiters. U

nder t

heclouds of methane and helium, the sky

gradually turns into an ocean

Saturnhas a relative density of only 0.7,

making it the lightest of all planets, if placed

on a gigantic ocean, Saturn would float.


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Uranus

Uranus was discovered in 1781, the

astronomer who discovered it originally

thought it was a comet

It lies twice as far from the Sun as Saturn,

nearly 3 billion km away

Uranus is unusual among the planets because

its axis is tilted at 98r

This means that it spins roughly on its side


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Uranus

Information gathered by the Voyager 2

space probe seemed to show that there could

be an ocean of water beneath Uranuss surface

and possibly trillions of large diamonds

Uranus has 21 moons, at least 16 of them are

captured asteroids or comets

Uranus was the lord of the skies and husband of

Earth, he was the king of the gods till Saturn, his

son overthrew him


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Neptune

The god of water, Neptunes Greek

counterpart is Poseidon

Th

ere is a large storm on

N

eptun

e, much

likethe storm on Jupiter. This is often called The

Great Dark Spot

Like Uranus, scientist think that there is a very

large ocean of water under Neptunes clouds


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Neptune

Neptune takes 165 years to revolve around

the Sun

N

ot un

like Uran

us,N

eptun

eh

as a very fain

tring system

Neptunes largest moon is Triton.

Triton

h

as an

atmosph

ere mostly made up ofnitrogen, making it very similar in composition

to Earth


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Moons

All the planets except Venus and Mercury havemoons orbiting them

All these moons are tiny worlds, each different

from one other Some are rugged and heavily cratered, othershave surfaces of ice

Some shine brightly, others are dull and dark

Most are dead worlds, but at least one, Io, is alivewith volcanoes


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Interior moons

Luna, Earths moon, is the sixth larges satellitein the Solar System

A new mineral there was named armalcolite,

for the three astronauts who took part in thefirst moon landing, Armstrong, Aldrin andCollins

Ever won

dered wh

y th

ere are tides on

Earth

?Tides are caused by the Moons gravity pullingon water bodies on the Earth


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Interior moons

The two moons of Mars, Phobos and Deimos,are rocky bodies of irregular shape, they wereprobably captured asteroids

Phobos orbits so close to Mars that it will oneday crash into it

Phobos is rotates much faster than the planet,

at on

ly 7.5h

ours From the surface, Phobos would appear to

move from east to west


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Exterior moons

Exterior moons are the moons of the gasgiants

They are abundant innumber, most of them

cold, icy worlds

Jupiter has the largest number of moons 64

The most massive of them, the Galilean

Moons, were discovered by Galileo Galilei These four large moons are Io, Europa,

Ganymede and Callisto

Titan


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Exterior Moons

Europa and Io are about the size of the moon, butthey look totally different

Europa has a very smooth icy surface,

crisscrossed withnetwork of lines Lo is vivid orange-yellow and is volcanically

active. It is the only other location in the SolarSystem with active volcanoes

Saturns largest moon, Titan, is believed to haveoceans of methane and ethane, there may evenbe primitive life forms there!

Io


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Exterior Moons

Most moons of the gas giants are captured

asteroids as the gravity well of these planets

are extremely strong

Callisto has an ancient crust, completely

covered with craters

Voyagers close up view of Triton showed a

fascinating world tinged with pink, one of the

coldest

Callisto


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Shepherd Moons

Shepherd moons are moons located within

the ring systems of the gas giants, thought to

keep the rings in place with gravity

Shepherd moons sometimes cause rings to

clump together around it, therefore making it

hard to determine whether there is a

shepherd moon or not

.Shepherd

moon


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Interplanetary objects

As well as planets and their moons, the solar

system contains many smaller bodies

Th

ose called asteroids circle th

e Sun

in

a broadbelt, but are too small and far to be seen from

the Earth with the naked eye

Other bodies comets, make a spectacular

sight, sprouting a flaming head and a long

glowing tail


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Interplanetary objects

Smaller bits of rocky matter get trapped by

Earths gravity and burn up when they plunge

through the atmosphere

They leave fiery trails in their wake, creating

meteors or shooting stars

Some asteroids are part of the asteroid belt

between Mars and Jupiter, others from the

Kuiper belt beyond the orbit ofNeptune


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Asteroids & Comets

Asteroids are rocky bodies while comets are

icy bodies

Most comets stay in

th

e depth

s of th

e SolarSystem, from time to time however, they

wander into the inner Solar System where the

Suns heat melt the ice and creates a gas cloud

around them


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Meteoroids

Meteoroids are rocky objects in space, ranging

from small objects the size of microscopic flecks

to huge boulders

Meteoroids travel in orbit around the Sun, just

like the Earth

When they approach the Earth, they are attracted

by the gravity and plunge through ouratmosphere

We see these falling meteoroids as shooting stars


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Meteoroids

Most meteoroids are small enough such that

they burn up completely

Oth

ers turn

to dust an

d settle to th

e groun

d The biggest ones survive their journey and

crash onto the Earths surface, creating a large

crater and dust plumes if it lands on land


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Meteoroids

How do you differentiate meteoroids?

Meteoroids Earth Rock

Fusion crust No fusion crust

Chondrites(Grain-like structures)

containing chondrules

No Chondrites

More likely to be magnetic and

heavier

Very rarely magnetic


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Meteoroids

Lets look at the rocks again

Meteoroid Earth Rock

Chondrites Fusion crust

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Project Hyperspace Lesson PowerPoint