Project handbook 2017 - PBworksproject-handbook.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/116573466/Project... · Project Handbook 2017 – ... , Sustainability and Decision making ... , a logbook

ProjectHandbook

22March2017

ii

ProjectHandbook2017–http://project-handbook.pbworks.com

DevelopedintheSchoolofCivil,EnvironmentalandChemicalEngineeringatRMITUniversityandnowbeingdevelopedintheFacultyofEngineeringandInformationTechnologyattheUniversityofTechnologySydney.

SomematerialswereoriginallydevelopedintheDepartmentofCivilEngineeringatMonashUniversity. Permissionisgrantedforeducationaluse,withappropriateacknowledgement.Doletmeknowifthisisofusefultoyouorifyouwouldliketocontribute.

Originalcontributionsfrom:• LiamWard,MargaretJollands(RMITSchoolofCivil,EnvironmentalandChemicalEngineering)• AlisonBrown(StudySkillsUnitatRMIT)• HeatherRoss(RMITLibrary)• WillRifkin(UNSW)

©Theauthors,2017

RogerHadgraft,Editor([email protected])Director,EducationalInnovationandResearchFacultyofEngineeringandInformationTechnologyUniversityofTechnologySydney

iii

TableofContentsOverview.........................................................................................................................................1

Engineeringstageonecompetencies...............................................................................................2EngineersAustralia.............................................................................................................................................2InstitutionofChemicalEngineers,UK(IChemE).................................................................................................3IEEEandIET.........................................................................................................................................................3InternationalEngineeringAlliance......................................................................................................................3

WhatisProject-BasedLearning?(PBL).............................................................................................4Competencybeingdeveloped............................................................................................................................4Skillsdeveloped..................................................................................................................................................4AProblemSolvingProcess..................................................................................................................................5

EngineeringProjectsandtheRoleofDesign....................................................................................7TheLifecycleofanEngineeringAsset.................................................................................................................7Competencybeingdeveloped............................................................................................................................8TheDesignProcess.............................................................................................................................................8Phases.................................................................................................................................................................9Detaileddesign.................................................................................................................................................10Documentingtheprocess.................................................................................................................................10Summary...........................................................................................................................................................11

Designfile.....................................................................................................................................12Competencybeingdeveloped..........................................................................................................................12Contents............................................................................................................................................................12FormoftheDesignFile.....................................................................................................................................12Recordofyourownwork.................................................................................................................................12Sharingwithgroupmembers...........................................................................................................................13Collaborativegroupdiscussion.........................................................................................................................13

ProjectManagement.....................................................................................................................14Definition..........................................................................................................................................................14ProjectManager–RolesandResponsibilities..................................................................................................14WhyProjectsFail..............................................................................................................................................14ProjectManagementTools...............................................................................................................................15WorkBreakdownStructure(WBS)...................................................................................................................15Whatdoesthismeanforme/us?.....................................................................................................................16

Reflections–managingtheprocess...............................................................................................17Whywritereflections?......................................................................................................................................17Competencybeingdeveloped..........................................................................................................................17ActionLearning(LearninginAction).................................................................................................................17WhatdoIobserve(andwriteabout)?..............................................................................................................17WhatkindofstylecanIuse?............................................................................................................................18HowcouldIsetoutthelogbook?.....................................................................................................................19SampleJournalextract2...................................................................................................................................20

EffectiveGroupwork.....................................................................................................................21Objective...........................................................................................................................................................21Competencybeingdeveloped..........................................................................................................................21Whatisaneffectivegroup?..............................................................................................................................21GettingStarted.................................................................................................................................................21Conclusion.........................................................................................................................................................24Moreinformation.............................................................................................................................................24

ResearchintheLibrary..................................................................................................................25LibraryGuides...................................................................................................................................................25SearchingtheLiterature...................................................................................................................................25Locateandobtainthefulltextofreferencesnotheldinfull-textatRMIT..........Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

iv


Presentations................................................................................................................................27Youshould........................................................................................................................................................27YoushouldNOT................................................................................................................................................27Themostcommonmistakes.............................................................................................................................27QuickTipsforanEffectivePoster.....................................................................................................................28Presentationassessment..................................................................................................................................29

GeneratingAlternativesandCreativity..........................................................................................30Brainstorming...................................................................................................................................................30Sustainablecreativity........................................................................................................................................30Moreinformation.............................................................................................................................................30Exercise.............................................................................................................................................................31

Selectioncriteria,SustainabilityandDecisionmaking...................................................................32Sustainability.....................................................................................................................................................32Decisionmaking................................................................................................................................................32

ReportWriting..............................................................................................................................33OverallStructure...............................................................................................................................................33Detail.................................................................................................................................................................33Proofing............................................................................................................................................................34Moreinformation.............................................................................................................................................34

ListofReferencesand/orBibliography..........................................................................................35Moreinformation.............................................................................................................................................36

MakingthemostofMicrosoftWord..............................................................................................37Overview...........................................................................................................................................................37Preferredfont...................................................................................................................................................37Paragraphspacing.............................................................................................................................................37Headingstyles...................................................................................................................................................38TableofContents..............................................................................................................................................39Customisingstyles............................................................................................................................................39ListBullet..........................................................................................................................................................39OtherTables......................................................................................................................................................39ShortcutKeys....................................................................................................................................................40Summary...........................................................................................................................................................40ReportWriting..................................................................................................................................................40Moreinformation.............................................................................................................................................40

Summary.......................................................................................................................................41

Appendix1–Forms.......................................................................................................................42Gettingtoknowyou.........................................................................................................................................42Agenda..............................................................................................................................................................43Minutes.............................................................................................................................................................44ActionPlan........................................................................................................................................................45ComputationSheet...........................................................................................................................................46

References....................................................................................................................................47

OverviewEngineersworkonprojects.Someprojectsaresmallandotherslarge,buttheyallsharesomecommoncharacteristics,whichwewillexploreinthishandbook.

Engineersworkwithpeople.Engineeringworkrequiresteamofpeopletomakeithappen.So,itmakessenseforprojectsatuniversitytobedoneinteams.

Engineerspersuadeandnegotiate.Althoughweoftenthinkthatengineers“buildstuff”,whattheyreallydoisconvinceotherstobuildthestuffaccordingtotheirdesignsanddirections.Hence,it’sincrediblyimportantthatengineersbepersuasivecommunicators.

Learningengineeringthroughprojectworkallowsyoutodevelopthefullrangeofskillsthatanengineerneedsintheworkplace:projectmanagement,teamskills,communicationandproblemsolving.Sincemanyofthesetakeyearstofullydevelop,youwillfindprojectworkthroughoutyourengineeringprogram.

KeyskillsThekeyskillsinengineeringprojectsare:• Understandingtheprobleminallitscomplexity–social,environmental,economicandtechnical.Thisrequires

anunderstandingofsystemsandthedefinitionoftherequirements,whichguidethenextstage.• Theprocessofengineeringdesignandproblemsolving(exploretheproblem,explorethealternatives,

evaluatethemagainsttherequirements,chooseandmakearecommendation)• Projectmanagement(organisingengineeringworkandmakingsurethatithappens;qualityandrisk

managementintheprocess)• Workingasacohesiveteam• Organisingpersonalandgroupdocumentation(eg,alogbookanddesignfile)• Preparingpublicdocumentation(awholerangeofdocumentsforvariousaudiences)• Presentinginformationtoothersandpersuadingthem• Reflectingonyourworktolearnandimproveforfutureadvantage.

Allofthesemattersarethesubjectsofthishandbook.

However,inordertokeepittoareasonablesize,onlyabasicintroductionisgivenhere.Furtherinformationisavailablefrom:

http://project-handbook.pbworks.comIfyouwouldlikewrite-accesstothissite,tocontributetothehandbook,pleasecontacttheEditor.

2


Engineeringstageonecompetencies

EngineersAustraliaEngineersAustralia,theprofessionalbodyforengineersinAustralia,definesthecompetenciesforgraduatingengineers–theStage1CompetencyStandard(UNESCO2010):

1. KnowledgeandSkillBase1.1. Comprehensive,theorybasedunderstandingoftheunderpinningnatural

andphysicalsciencesandtheengineeringfundamentalsapplicabletotheengineeringdiscipline.

1.2. Conceptualunderstandingofthe,mathematics,numericalanalysis,statistics,andcomputerandinformationscienceswhichunderpintheengineeringdiscipline.

1.3. In-depthunderstandingofspecialistbodiesofknowledgewithintheengineeringdiscipline.

1.4. Discernmentofknowledgedevelopmentandresearchdirectionswithintheengineeringdiscipline.

1.5. Knowledgeofcontextualfactorsimpactingtheengineeringdiscipline.

1.6. Understandingofthescope,principles,norms,accountabilitiesandboundsofcontemporaryengineeringpracticeinthespecificdiscipline.

2. EngineeringApplicationAbility2.1. Applicationofestablishedengineeringmethodstocomplexengineeringsolving.

2.2. Fluentapplicationofengineeringtechniques,toolsandresources.

2.3. Applicationofsystematicengineeringsynthesisanddesignprocesses.

2.4. Applicationofsystematicapproachestotheconductandmanagementofengineeringprojects.

3. ProfessionalandPersonalAttributes

3.1. Ethicalconductandprofessionalaccountability

3.2. Effectiveoralandwrittencommunicationinprofessionalandlaydomains.

3.3. Creative,innovativeandpro-activedemeanour.

3.4. Professionaluseandmanagementofinformation.

3.5. Orderlymanagementofself,andprofessionalconduct.

3.6. Effectiveteammembershipandteamleadership.

Foradetaileddiscussionoftheseattributes,youshouldsee[1].AllAustralianuniversityengineeringprogramsarere-accreditedbyEngineersAustralia(EA)every5yearsagainsttheserequirements.

Yoursequenceofprojectcourses,combinedwithmorespecialisedtechnicalcourses,isdesignedtohelpyoutodevelopthesegraduatecapabilitiesduringyourtimeatuniversity.

Wearenotexpectingyoutohavethemdevelopedalready.Weareexpectingthatyouwillengageenthusiasticallyintheprocessofdevelopingtheseknowledgeandskillsthroughallyoursubjects.Thisis,hopefully,whyyouhavecometouniversity–tolearnengineering.

StudentMembershipofEngineersAustraliaMembershipofEAisfreetostudents.

3

InstitutionofChemicalEngineers,UK(IChemE)ChemicalEngineeringprogramsareusuallyalsoaccreditedby thetheInstitutionofChemicalEngineers,UK.

Youshouldvisithttp://www.icheme.orgtofindoutaboutstudentmembership.

IEEEandIETElectricalengineeringstudentsshouldseetheIEEE(http://www.ieee.org)andIET(http://www.iet.org).

InternationalEngineeringAllianceAustraliaisasignatorytotheWashingtonAccord,whichprovidescross-recognitionofaccreditationprocessesbetweendevelopednations.ThismeansthatyourengineeringdegreewillberecognisedintheUS,UK,Canada,NZ,Singapore,andseveralothers,whichmakesiteasierforyoutogaininternationalexperienceafteryougraduate.

Seehttp://www.washingtonaccord.org/formoreinformation.

4


AboutProject-BasedLearning?(PBL)Becauseengineersworkinprojects,engineeringisbestlearnedthroughprojects(PrinceandFelder2006).Thisisusuallycalledproject-basedlearning(PBL),whichiscentredonthelearningthatemanatesfromarealengineeringproject.Thelearningismoreimportantthanthesolutionoftheproject.

InProjectBasedLearning,youwillspendmuchofyourtimelearning–by:• identifyingwhatyouneedtoknow,• findingout(fromthelibrary,internet,colleagues,etc),• teachingeachotherandthen• applyingyournewknowledgetotheproject.

Thus,theprimaryaimoftheexerciseisthelearning,notthecompletionoftheproject.Theprojectisthemeanstothisend.

ProjectBasedLearningencouragesindependentandinterdependentlearningandadeeperunderstandingofthematerialratherthansuperficialcoverage.Itwillgiveyoupracticeintacklingengineeringproblemsanddefiningyourowngapsinunderstandinginthecontextofthoseproblems.

Mostimportantly,youlearntotackleproblemsyouhaven’tseenbefore.Thatisthenatureofengineeringpractice.

CompetencybeingdevelopedEngineersAustralia(EngineersAustralia2011)expressesthiscompetencyforlifelonglearningas:

3.5Orderlymanagementofself,andprofessionalconduct.a) Demonstratescommitmenttocriticalself-reviewandperformanceevaluationagainstappropriate

criteriaasaprimarymeansoftrackingpersonaldevelopmentneedsandachievements.b) Understandstheimportanceofbeingamemberofaprofessionalandintellectualcommunity,

learningfromitsknowledgeandstandards,andcontributingtotheirmaintenanceandadvancement.c) Demonstratescommitmenttolifelonglearningandprofessionaldevelopment.d) Managestimeandprocesseseffectively;prioritizescompetingdemandstoachievepersonal,career

andorganisationalgoalsandobjectives.e) Thinkscriticallyandappliesanappropriatebalanceoflogicandintellectualcriteriatoanalysis,

judgmentanddecision-making.f) Presentsaprofessionalimageinallcircumstances,includingrelationswithclients,stakeholders,as

wellaswithprofessionalandtechnicalcolleaguesacrosswiderangingdisciplines.

SkillsdevelopedThesmallgroupsettingusedinPBLencouragesaninquisitiveanddetailedlookatallissues,conceptsandprinciplescontainedwithintheproblem.Thetimespentoutsideofthegroupsettingfacilitatesthedevelopmentofskillssuchasliteratureretrieval,criticalappraisalofavailableinformationandtheseekingofopinionsofpeersandspecialists.PBLencouragesyoutobecomemoreinvolvedin,andresponsiblefor,yourownlearning.

PBLwillprovideyouwiththeopportunitytodevelopthefollowingskills:• Problemsolvingskills• Thinkingskills• Teamworkskills,includingappreciatingdiversityofgroupmembers• Timemanagementskills• Informationretrievalandevaluationskills• Communicationskills• Computingskills

5

• Thebigpicture

Throughyourprojectwork,youwillalsobelearningtobeanengineer.Thisrequiresthedevelopmentofprofessionalattitudessuchasitem(f)above:

f) Presentsaprofessionalimageinallcircumstances,includingrelationswithclients,stakeholders,aswellaswithprofessionalandtechnicalcolleaguesacrosswiderangingdisciplines.

AProblemSolvingProcessTherearemanywaysofdescribinghowtodoproject-basedlearning.Insolvinganyproblem,it’susefultohaveabitofmentalsoftwarethathelpsyougetstartedandkeepsyougoingtowardstheanswer.Thisprocesshasbeenadaptedfrom(Landsberger2007)anditprovidesthestrategyforsolvingproblems.Itisavariantoftheengineeringmethod(Hadgraft2007):

1. Exploretheproblem,eg,readtheproblemstatement,discusswithgroupmembers.2. List“Whatdoweknow?”–brainstormamongthegroupmembers–stickynotesandbutcherspaperare

wonderfulaidsinthisprocess3. Trytowritetheproblemstatementinyourownwords–whatareyouaskedtodo?4. Listpossiblesolutions.5. List“Whatdoweneedtoknowaboutthesepossiblesolutions?”Whatareourknowledge(anddata)gaps?6. Wherewillwefindthatsortofinformation?7. Whowilldowhichpartsoftheadditionalresearch?(writeanactionplan)

(Atthenextmeeting)returntostep2withnewinformation.Thismayaltertheproblemstatementandtherangeofpossiblesolutions(3,4).Otherwise,ifthejobisdone,proceedtostep8.

8. Documentyoursolution9. Reviewyourperformance

Whatdoweknow? Whatarepossiblesolutions?

Whatdoweneedtoknow?

Wherewillwefindthis?

Whowillfindout?

Whatdoweknow?

Whatsolutionsareavailable?

Whatdoweneedtoknow?

Wherewillwegetthatinformation?

Whowillfindthe

information?

6


Thisprocessalwaysletsyougetstarted,evenwithaproblemyou’veneverseenbefore.Theworst-casescenarioisthatyou’llhavetogoanddosomeresearchabouttheproblem,eitherinthelibraryorontheInternet.

ThePBLmethodreliesonadivideandconquerapproachtogatheringnewinformation.Teammemberscaneachdosomeofthisjobandthenatthenextmeetingsharethenewinformationwiththegroupmembers.

Itisimportanttoprepareasummaryofwhatyouhavelearned.ThismightbeaWordfile,amindmap,adiagram,orallofthesethings.Thiscanbeemailedtogroupmembersaswellasuploadedtothegroup’swebsitewherealltheprojectdocumentsarekept.Thisishelpfulincasepeoplemissmeetingsandalsosothattheycanrefreshtheirmemoriesaboutwhatyousaidthreeweeksago.Awikimakesagoodteamwebsite.

Itistemptingtosendthesefilesaroundviaemail.However,emailsgetlostandtheyareveryhardtosearchandfindagain.That’swhyateamdocumentrepositoryissouseful.Whenyougotowork,you’lldiscoverthatthat’showengineeringcompaniesworknow.

Useafreewikisitesuchas:http://pbworks.comtoorganiseyourgroupdocumentsorGoogleDocsorDropboxorBasecampor…therearemanyoptions.

HavealookatFreeMindasafreemindmappingtool:http://freemind.sourceforge.net/wiki/index.php/Main_Page

7

EngineeringProjectsandtheRoleofDesign

TheLifecycleofanEngineeringAssetEngineersgetinvolvedatallstagesofthelifeofanengineeringasset–abridge,tunnel,powerstation,mobilephone,etc.Someofthesestagesare:

Stage Example

Strategicplanning–Whatwillweneedin5,10or20years’time?

Howwillwemeetourcity’swaterneedsoverthisperiod?

Research&Development–Whatgapsinourunderstandingdoweneedtoplug?Howdowedothis?

Weneedtoresearchchangingpatternsofwaterconsumptionoverthenext20years.

Conceptualdesign–Whatsolutiondoweneed? Whatisthenextwatersupplyoption?

Detaileddesign–Howshouldthissolutionbespecified,readytobuild?

Ifrecycledwateristhesolution,howbigdoestheplantneedtobe,whatequipmentisrequired,whatwillitcost,howwillitbefinanced?Whereshoulditbebuilt?

Construction–Howwillwebuildthepreferreddesign?

Whatprojectmanagementandconstructionmanagementisrequired?Whatequipment,peopleandotherresourceswillberequired?

CommissioningandOperation–Whatplansandtrainingdoweneedtooperatethisplant?Whatregularmaintenanceisrequired?Howwillthisfitaroundproductionschedules?

Howwillournewrecycledwaterplantbeoperatedandmaintained?Howwillsafetybeembodied?

Decommissioning–Closingaplantorotherasset.Whatelseisrequired?Doesitneedtobedemolishedorrecycled?Inwhatwaywillthesitebereturnedtoitsoriginalstate?

Atsomepoint,therecycledwaterplantwillbeinefficientoroflimitedcapacity.Itmayneedtoberemovedorrefurbished,generatinganotherproject.

Ofalltheseprocesses,designistheeasiesttoteachatuniversity.Theprocessesofconceptualdesignanddetaileddesignarediscussedinmoredetailbelow.Inyouruniversitystudies,youmayalsohaveopportunitytoexploretheengineeringprocessesrequiredineachoftheotherstagesofthelifecycleofanengineeredasset.

8


CompetencybeingdevelopedEngineersAustralia’scompetencystatementfordesignisquiteelaborate:

2.3Applicationofsystematicengineeringsynthesisanddesignprocesses.a) Proficientlyappliestechnicalknowledgeandopen-endedproblemsolvingskillsaswellas

appropriatetoolsandresourcestodesigncomponents,elements,systems,plant,facilitiesand/orprocessestosatisfyuserrequirements.

b) Addressesbroadcontextualconstraintssuchassocial,cultural,environmental,commercial,legalpoliticalandhumanfactors,aswellashealth,safetyandsustainabilityimperativesasanintegralpartofthedesignprocess.

c) Executesandleadsawholesystemsdesigncycleapproachincludingtaskssuchas:- determiningclientrequirementsandidentifyingtheimpactofrelevantcontextualfactors,

includingbusinessplanningandcostingtargets;- systematicallyaddressingsustainabilitycriteria;- workingwithinprojecteddevelopment,productionandimplementationconstraints;- eliciting,scopinganddocumentingtherequiredoutcomesofthedesigntaskanddefining

acceptancecriteria;- identifyingassessingandmanagingtechnical,healthandsafetyrisksintegraltothedesign

process;- writingengineeringspecifications,thatfullysatisfytheformalrequirements;- ensuringcompliancewithessentialengineeringstandardsandcodesofpractice;- partitioningthedesigntaskintoappropriatemodular,functionalelements;thatcanbe

separatelyaddressedandsubsequentlyintegratedthroughdefinedinterfaces;- identifyingandanalysingpossibledesignapproachesandjustifyinganoptimalapproach;- developingandcompletingthedesignusingappropriateengineeringprinciples,tools,and

processes;- integratingfunctionalelementstoformacoherentdesignsolution;- quantifyingthematerials,components,systems,equipment,facilities,engineeringresources

andoperatingarrangementsneededforimplementationofthesolution;- checkingthedesignsolutionforeachelementandtheintegratedsystemagainstthe

engineeringspecifications;- devisinganddocumentingteststhatwillverifyperformanceoftheelementsandthe

integratedrealisation;- prototyping/implementingthedesignsolutionandverifyingperformanceagainstspecification;- documenting,commissioningandreportingthedesignoutcome.

d) Isawareoftheaccountabilitiesoftheprofessionalengineerinrelationtothe‘designauthority’role.

TheDesignProcessMuchengineeringworkrequiresthedesignofnewartefacts(buildings,chemicalprocessingplants,wastetreatmentfacilities,electricvehicles,etc).Designtypicallymovesthroughtwomajorstages:

• Conceptualdesign(orpreliminarydesign)isintendedtorecommendasuitablesolutiontoacomplexproblem.Itoftenrequiresbroadestimatesratherthandetailedanalysis.Thebasicquestionhereis:Whatsolutionisrequired?

• Detaileddesignbringsintoplaydetailedanalysistechniquesforthespecificationofpiecesofinfrastructureandequipment.Thebasicquestionhereis:Howwillthesolutionbeimplemented?

Bothstagesrequiretherangeofphasesdescribedbelow.

9

PhasesProjectstypicallypassthroughaseriesofphasesastheymovefromclientneedtoprojectimplementation.Thesephasesareshowninthediagrambelow.Eachphaseproducesdocumentation,thelifebloodofengineeringwork.

Phase Description Documentation

ClientNeed Theclientneedbeginstheprocess,usuallybyprovidingaclientbrieftotheconsultant/engineer.Theclientbriefmayormaynotprovideaclearstatementoftheproblem.

Clientbrief

Planning Atthisstage,thereneedstobesomeplanningtodecidehowwewilladdressthisclientneed.Thiscouldbeassimpleasestimatingtheimmediateworkloadimpactandwhomightdothework.Thisplanningresultsinapreliminaryworkplanorprojectplan.

Projectplan

Problemdefinition Whentheworkbegins,theimmediateneedistoproperlydefinetheproblem.(Clientsoftenreportsymptomsratherthanproblemdefinitions).Fromthisphasecomesaproblemspecification,whichwouldoftenbediscussedwiththeclientsothereismutualunderstandingofthescopeofworkrequired.

Problemspecification

Research Aroundtheproblemdefinition,thereisoftentheneedforresearch,includingdatagathering.Infact,muchofthismayneedtobedonebeforetheproblemspecificationcanbewritten.Theresearchwillproducearangeofbriefingpapersonparticulartopics.Theresearchphasewillalsoidentifypotentialsolutionsoractionsforthisproblem.

Briefingpapers

Selectioncriteria Anessentialpartoftheproblemdefinitionistodecideonsomeselectioncriteria.Allproblemshavemultiplewaysofbeingresolved.Theselectioncriteriawillbethemeasuresagainstwhichwewillevaluateallthepossiblesolutions.Someofthesewillbequantitative(eg,cost,weight,height,loudness,salinity,etc)whileotherswillbequalitative(eg,desirability,aesthetics,etc).Theyareusuallydevelopedinconjunctionwithstakeholders.

Theselectioncriteriawilltypicallytakeasustainabilityapproach–social,environmental,economicandsocialcriteria.Riskminimizationandqualitymanagementwillbeothercriteria.

Selectioncriteria(agreedwithclientsandstakeholders)

Alternativeactions Arangeofalternativeactionsneedstobeidentified.Thiswillinvolveresearchaswellascreativethinking,whichisbestdonewithyourwholegroup.Thesealternativeswouldlikelybediscussedwiththeclient.

Alternativesolutions

Analysis Onceasetofalternativeshasbeengenerated,ananalysisphasebegins.Thisisthestagewhereyourtechnicalengineeringskillscometothefore.Typically,therearemanycalculationstoperform,calculatingstress,energyneeds,waterquality,etc.Evaluationmayalsorequireotherformsofdatagathering,eg,communitysurveys.Thisphaseproducesoneormoredesignreports.

Computeranalyses;summaries;designreports

Decision(choosing)

Whenallthedatahavebeengathered,adecisionmustbemade.Eachalternativeisevaluatedagainsttheoriginal

Recommendationreport

10


Phase Description Documentationselectioncriteriaandarecommendationmadetotheclient.Muchdiscussion(anddisagreement)mayensuearoundthisdecisionmakingprocess!

Evaluation Anagreeablesolutionfortheclientdoesnotendtheprocess.Qualityassuranceprocesseswithincompanieswillrequirethattheprojectprocessisevaluatedforimprovementpossibilities.Thisisareflectiveprocessthatisaimedatimprovingcompanyperformanceinaverycompetitiveenvironment.Thisprocessmayrequiretalkingwiththeclienttomakesurethattheyhavereceivedsatisfactoryservice.Thisstagewillresultinsomeformoffinalprojectreport.

Evaluationreport

Inthefollowingdiagram(Figure1),thesephasesarepresentedasaGanttchart,whichisacommonrepresentationforengineeringprojects.Itgivesaquickvisualrepresentationofhowthetasks(phases)arearrangedwithintheprojecttimeframe.Itshowsthatyouoftenhavetorevisitpreviousphases(eg,collectnewinformation)beforeyoucanmoveforwardsagain.

Figure1-Ganttchartoftheprocess

Oncetheprojectiscomplete,wearereadytobeginanewproject.Sometimesthismeansdoingthedetaileddesignoncewe’refinishedtheconceptualdesign.

DetaileddesignItislikelythatattheendofthefirstproblemsolvingroundthattheclientwishestomovetowardsimplementation.Forexample,iftherecommendationistobuildsomething,therewillneedtobeasecondroundofdesignthatproducesasetofdetaileddrawingsandspecificationsinreadinessfortenderingandconstruction.

Withinthisprocess,allofthephasesmentionedabovecomeintoplayatmanydifferentlevelswithinthedetaileddesign.

DocumentingtheprocessThediscussionaboveclearlyshowstherangeofdocumentationthatmustbeproducedwithinanengineeringproject.Anyprojectteamneedsawayofkeepingallofthatdocumentationtogether,bothonpaperandelectronically.Thereismoreinformationinanotherchapter(p12)onkeepingtrackofallthisinformationusingaDesignFile.Wehavealsodiscussedtheadvantageofagroupwebsiteorwikifortrackingallthedocumentsyouproduce(p5).Emailisalsohelpful,asaremobilephonesandSMS.

Inyourdesignprojects,wewillaskyoutosubmitsomeorallofthesedocumentsforassessment.Theregularproductionofdocumentationhelpsustoprojectmanageyourdesignteam(andalltheotherteamsintheclass).Itisalsoanessentialengineeringskill,asdescribedonp12.

Week 1 Wk 2 Wk 3 Wk 4 Wk 5 Wk 6 Wk 7 Wk 8 Wk 9 Wk 10 Wk 11 Wk 12Client Need

PlanningProblem definition

ResearchSelection criteria

Alternative solutionsAnalysis

Decision (choosing)Evaluation

11

SummaryHereisasummaryofthedesignprocessasamindmap:

Client

Planning

Research

Alternatives

Evaluation

Final report

EngineeringDesignProcess

v13

The client has a problem or a need (the Project brief)

The problem needs to be defined

The client needs regular feedback as reports and presentations

Scope what needs to be doneSelect the project team Arrange team meetings

Start the project fileCreate project plan

Find out about the project

Identify issuesResearch issuesInvestigate similar problems, situations, solutionsBrief team members

Identify selection criteria To eventually identify the "best" solution

Summarise the research Issues and Criteria

Identify possible solutions

Option AOption BOption COption D

Be creative Use brainstorming and other methodsUse creativity of the whole team

Document the alternatives

Evaluate the alternatives against the selection criteria

What are the positives and negatives of each option?Compare and rank the options

Choose a recommended option Justify your choice

Summarise all steps of the processIdentify preferred option and why it was chosenMay include Environmental Effects Statement

Regular feedback to the client

MoreinformationSeeDowling,Hadgraftetal.(2016)andDymandLittle(2008)aswellasmanyotherintroductorybooksonEngineeringdesign.

12


DesignfileWhenyougeneratetherangeofdocumentationdescribedabove,youneedtokeeptrackofitallandmakeitavailabletoothers,suchasyour bossandpossiblytheclient.Wecallthisadesignfile.

Thiswillbestandardpracticewhenyouworkasanengineer.Thisisasignificantshiftinhowyouwork.Inthepast,onlyfinished,polishedwork(eg,assignments,essays)hasbeenimportant.Inengineering,neat,hand-writtencalculations,drawings,sketchesandnotesarealsoimportantprojectdocumentstobepreservedforaccessbyothers.TheseareNOTwordprocessedtomakethemlookneat.Theyshouldbeneatandwellorganisedinthefirstplace.Reports,ofcourse,aresummariesofalltheworkandtheynormallyarewordprocessedandmadeeasytoreadandunderstand.

CompetencybeingdevelopedEngineersAustralia(EngineersAustralia2011)describesthiscompetencyas:

3.4Professionaluseandmanagementofinformation.a) Isproficientinlocatingandutilisinginformation-includingaccessing,systematicallysearching,

analysing,evaluatingandreferencingrelevantpublishedworksanddata;isproficientintheuseofindexes,bibliographicdatabasesandothersearchfacilities.

b) Criticallyassessestheaccuracy,reliabilityandauthenticityofinformation.c) Isawareofcommondocumentidentification,trackingandcontrolprocedures.

ContentsYourdesignfilewillincludethreebasictypesofinformation:

1. Recordofyourownwork–notes,sketches,librarysearches,meetingnotes,agendas,actionplans.Youshouldbeabletoshowatleastoneexampleofeachofthesethings.Thisisimportantifyouareaccusedofdoingnoworkinyourgroup.Thisshouldbeevidencetothecontrary.ThereareproformaforsomeofthesethingsintheAppendixofthisHandbook.

2. Collectionofallrelevantdocumentation–handoutsfromclass,webpagesprinted,photocopies,plans,etc.Includecopiesofyourownsubmissions.

3. Personalreflectionsontheprocess–thisiswhereyouthinkoutloudaboutwhatyou’relearning.Insomeclasses,you’llbegivenareflectionquestioneachweek.So,asaminimum,thiswouldbethecollectionofthoseanswers.Thesewritingscanalsofeedintoyourevaluationreportattheendofthesemester.Thereismoredetailaboutwritingreflectivelyinalaterchapter(p.13).

FormoftheDesignFileYourdesignfileshouldbearingbinder,orsimilar,withsectionseparators.ItmusthaveaTableofContentsatthestarttodescribeitsmajorsections.

Youshouldorganisethedesignfileintomajorsectionsbasedonthestagesoftheproject(asinp.9)oryoumayfindanotherwayofgroupingtogetherthework.

Itshouldbeauditableatanyclass(orperhapsaccordingtosomeschedule,asagreedwithyourtutor).

RecordofyourownworkInformationtobeincludedincludes:• AgendasandNotesfrommeetings

13

• Actionplans–whatneedstobedoneandwhowilldoit• Libraryandinternetsearches–searchterms,results,webpageaddresses,referencesforbooks,journals,etc• Phoneconversations• Significantemailmessages,eg,containingimportantdata• Resultsofclassdiscussions• Brainstormingactivities• Sketches• Mindmaps• Ganttcharts(seelater)• Summaries

Andsoon.Proformaforsomeofthesestandardentriesaregivenatthebackofthishandbook(p.42).

Aproformaforcomputations(asusedbymostengineeringorganisations)isgivenatp.46.

SharingwithgroupmembersMuchofyourresearchyou’llwanttosharewithgroupmembers.UsefulcomputertoolsforthisareDropboxandGoogleDocs:• Dropboxinstallstransparentlyonyourcomputerormobiledeviceanditallowsyoutosharedocumentswith

eachotherwithminimaleffort.OnceIputafileinasharedfolder,mycollaboratorscanoftenseeitinsecondsiftheyareonline.DropboxworksonmobiledevicesaswellasPCsandMacs.

• GoogleDocsisamorecloselycontrolledenvironmentthatallowsyoutoeditdocumentscollaboratively.Italsocontrolsaccesstothedocumentssothattwopeoplecan’teditthesamedocumentatthesametime.

• Therearemanyothercloud-basedfilesharingprograms.

CollaborativegroupdiscussionAswellassharingdocuments,itisalsousefultohaveadiscussionspaceforpostingusefulinformation,weblinks,conversation,etc.Therearemanytoolsforthispurpose,includingFacebook,Yammer,yourLMS’sDiscussionBoards,etc.

Submissionofthelogbookwillbearequiredcomponentofassessmentinmanyofyourprojects.

14


ProjectManagement

DefinitionModernProjectManagementwasfirstusedtomanagetheUSspaceprogram.Afteritsinitialsuccess,itexpandedrapidlythroughthegovernment,themilitaryandthecorporateworld.Projectmanagementisnosmalltask.Itisdefinedashavingadefinitebeginningandendanditisnotacontinuousprocess.Projectmanagementusesvariousmeasurementtoolstoaccomplishandtrackprojecttasks(WPM,Gantt,PERTcharts).Thesearedescribedlater.Projectsfrequentlyneedresourcesonanadd-onbasisasopposedtoorganizationsthathavefull-timepositions.

Therearethreemainpointsthataremostimportanttoasuccessfulproject:

1.AProjectmustmeetcustomerrequirements(quality)

2.AProjectmustbeunderbudget(cost)

3.AProjectmustbeontime(time)

Quality–Definedasthedegreetowhichthefacilitiesordeliverableproductsmeetthespecificrequirements.Didthecustomergetwhatthecustomeraskedfor?

Cost–Thisrequirementreferstotheamountofmoney–thecapitalcost–theclientwishestospendtocompletetheproject.Costcanalsobereferredtoasmanagementofone’sowntimespentontheproject

Time–Requirementreferstothecalendardatebywhichcustomerswanttheprojectfinishedsothatitcanbeusedforthecustomer’spurposes.Italsoimpliesintermediatedatesforstagesoftheworktobecompletedalongtheway

ProjectManager–RolesandResponsibilitiesAprojectmanagerisexpectedto:• Directandsupervisetheprojectfrombeginningtoend• Definetheproject,reducetheprojecttoasetofmanageabletasks,obtainappropriateandnecessary

resources,andbuildateamorteamstoperformtheprojectwork• Setthefinalgoalfortheprojectandmotivateworkerstocompletetheprojectontime• Havetechnicalskills(financialplanning,contractmanagement,managingcreativethinkingandproblem

solvingtechniques,etc)• Learntoadapttochangeasnoprojectevergoes100%asplanned

WhyProjectsFailProjectsfailinmanydifferentwaysbutaresuccessfulinonlyone–wheneverythinggoesright!Someexamplesofwhyprojectsfailare:• Theprojectlackshighermanagementsupportandresources• Tasksandgoalsarevaguelydefined• Planningandpre-projectpreparationareinadequate• Managementmethodsareinappropriateormisused• Communicationisinsufficient• Technicalandmanagerialskillsaremissing• Theprojectmanagerislackinginskillsandexperience

15

ProjectManagementToolsProjectsaresuccessfuliftheyarecompletedontime,withinbudget,andtoperformancerequirements.Anumberoftechniques,methodologies,andtoolsareavailableinordertoaccomplishthis.Suchtechniquesprovidethetoolsformanagingdifferentcomponentsinvolvedinaprojectforexampleplanningandschedulingandmonitoringprogress

WorkBreakdownStructure(WBS)Thistoolisrelatedtoplanningandschedulingaproject.Basically,itisafunctionaldecompositionofthetasksoftheproject.Thetotalworkoftheprojectisbrokendownintomajorsubtasks.Itstartswiththeendobjectiverequiredandsuccessivelysubdividesitintomanageablecomponentsintermsofsizeandcomplexity,whichmayincludeprogram,project,system,subsystem,components,tasks,subtasks,andworkelements.WhileaWBSisusefulfordefiningtheworkrequiredforcomplexprojects,itdoesnotshowthetimingofactivities.

GanttChartsTheseweredevelopedbyHarryGanttin1916.Chartsgiveatimelineforeachactivity.Theyareusedforplanning,schedulingandthenrecordingprogressagainsttheseschedules.TwobasictypesofGanttChartsexist.TheseareLoadChartsandProjectPlanningCharts.

LoadCharts–Usefulformanufacturingprojectsduringpeakorheavyloadperiods.TheformatoftheGanttLoadChartisverysimilartotheGanttProjectPlanningChart.

ProjectPlanningChart–Addressesthetimeofindividualworkelementsgivingatimelineforeachactivityofaproject.Thesechartsareeasytounderstandandshowwheneachactivitystartsandfinishes.However,thechartcannotdeterminewheneachactivitymaystartorifwecanstartaparticularactivitybeforefinishingtheimmediatepredecessoractivity.Needsomehowknowtheprecedencerelationshipsbetweenactivities(PERT/CPMcharts).

HereisasimpleGanttchartcreatedinExcel:

Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7a 7b

beginning

27thFeb

6thMarch

13thMarch(Publicholiday)

20thMarch

27thMarch

3rdApril

10thApril(Monday)

17thApril(Friday)

Task

1 Poster

2 Briefing paper

3 Feasibility paper

4 Generate alternatives

PERT(ProgramEvaluationandReviewTechniques)/CPM(CriticalPathMethod)Bothmethodsshowprecedencerelationshipsexplicitly.Theyareusedtoportraygraphicallytheinterrelationshipsoftheelementsofaprojectandtoshowtheorderinwhichtheactivitiesmustbeperformed.

16


Whatdoesthismeanforme/us?Asyoubeginyourprojectwork,youarebeginningtolearnprojectmanagement.Wewillaskyoutoprepare(andreviseregularly)aGanttcharttoshowthetasksrequiredinyourproject.Youshouldestimatetheresourcesrequiredforeachactivity(eg,hoursofwork).Howwillyougetthetaskdonebytheduedate?

Wewillaskyoutohavegroupmeetingsandkeepproperrecordsofmattersdiscussedandactionitems.Atyournextmeetingyouwillcheckthatactionshavebeencompleted.

Wewillaskyoutoworkingroupsinordertogainexperiencewithworkingwithdifficultpeople.(Wearealldifficultattimes).

Otheraspectsofprojectmanagementwillbecomeclearasweproceedthroughsubsequentprojects.

17

Reflections–managingtheprocess1Sincemoststudentshaveneverbeenexposedtoreflectingontheirownwork,wehavecoveredthisinsomedetailtogetyoustarted.Thesereflectionswillbeinterspersedthroughoutyourdesignfile.

Whywritereflections?Reflectingonyourprojectandthelearningprocesshelpsyoutolearn. Themoreyouthinkabouttheconceptsandissuesinyoursubjectareaorprojectsandconnectthemtowhatyouknowandseearoundyou,the moreyourememberandlearn.Italsohelpsyoutothinkaboutwhatnextyou havetodoinyourprojectwork.

Whenyougotowork,you’llfindyourfellowengineersusingthesameprocess.

CompetencybeingdevelopedEngineersAustraliadescribesthisas:

PE3.6Capacityforlifelonglearningandprofessionaldevelopmenta. Recogniselimitstoownknowledgeandseekadvice,orundertakeresearch,tosupplementit

b. Takechargeofownlearninganddevelopment;understandtheneedtocriticallyreviewandreflectoncapability,invitepeerreview,benchmarkagainstappropriatestandards,determineareasfordevelopmentandundertakeappropriatelearningprograms

c. Committotheimportanceofbeingpartofaprofessionalandintellectualcommunity:learningfromitsknowledgeandstandards,andcontributingtotheirmaintenanceandadvancement

d. Improvenon-engineeringknowledgeandskillstoassistinachievingengineeringoutcomes

ActionLearning(LearninginAction)ActionLearning[??]isaspecificmethodologythatacknowledgesthatlearninghappenswhenweareinvolvedinactivity.Asimplesummaryofthisapproachisthefollowingcycle:

PlanèActèObserveèReflectèPlanèActèObserveèReflectèPlan…

Thefirsttwostepsareobvious.Asatraineeengineer,youplanthedesignofabridgeorprintedcircuitboard.Youactbyworkingwithotherpeople,tocompletethedesign.Youobservewhatishappeninginyourgroupandrealisethattherearerealdifferencesofopinionabouthowtocompletethedesign.(Youaddtheseobservationstoyourlogbook).Youreflectonthesedifferencesandresolvetotryanewapproach(yournewplan).Youaddthesereflectionsandnewplantoyourlogbook.

Atyournextmeeting,youactbypresentingtothegroupyournewidea.Youobservethediscussionthatfollows,andsoon.Lateryoureflectonwhetheryournewplanwassuccessfulandwhatnowneedstobedone.

So,youdevelopastrategyofcontinuousimprovementinyourwork,throughcarefulobservationandreflection,documentedinyourlogbook.

WhatdoIobserve(andwriteabout)?Thisprocessofplan-act-observe-reflectisusefulineverythingyoudo–bothtechnicalsubjectsandprojects.Somereallyusefulquestionsare:• What’sgoingwellatthemoment?(it’salwaysgoodtostartwithpositivethings)

1TheRMITLearningSkillsUnitshapedthissection(http://aps.eu.rmit.edu.au/lsu/).

18


• What’snotgoingwell?• Whatcouldwebedoingtoimprovethings?• Howwillwedothat?(process)

Thefollowingpromptingquestionsgiveyouotherideasforreflectionquestions:

CourseContentNewinformationgained.Thingsthatstruckyouasinteresting

e.g.IreallylikedTony’sbridgedesign.Ihadn’tthoughtofmergingthetwodesigns.

Questionsraised(theymaybestillunanswered)

e.g.Whyisthismodelstrongerthantheotherone?(explains)

Applicationtoyourownsituationorsomethingyou’venoticedoutsidethecourse.

e.g.ThereisoneofthosebridgesinmycityinKorea.I’dneverreallythoughtaboutthedesignbeforebutnow

Isee…

ProcessHowtheinformationwaspresented

e.g.Iwasinspiredbytheguestspeakerwhotalkedaboutwatersystems.Hereally…

Howyougainedyourinsights

e.g.Iseemtolearnbestwhenthereareplentyofexamples.

Whatelseyoucoulddo

e.g.Ineedtoworkonmyreport-writingskills,particularlytheintroduction.

Whatworksbest

e.g.Thegroupfunctionsbestifwemakecleartasksanddeadlines.Whenpeoplearelateit…(explorefeelings

anddynamics)

AnalysisandinsightsHowtheinformationfitstogether

e.g.Icannowseehowthatformulacanbeapplied(thengiveexample)

Theinter-relationshipbetweendifferentaspectsofthecontent

e.g.Thatdesigncouldalsobeusedin…(describeanothersituation).

Applicationtoothersituations/cultures

e.g.Thoseenvironmentalconcernsalsoapplyto(describeanotherrelevantcontext)

Evaluationoftheideas/conceptsraised

e.g.Iagreewiththemodelsofenergyefficiency,because…(explainwhy)

WhatkindofstylecanIuse?Logbooksarenotformalacademicpiecesofwriting.Thestyleisprettyflexible.Youmightuse:• informallanguageincludingthefirstperson(I)voiceandcasualexpressions• abbreviations• bulletpoints• somediagramsandcharts• brainstormsormindmaps

19

• roughsketches• aswellasmoreconnectedwriting.

HowcouldIsetoutthelogbook?Herearesomesamplesadaptedfromfirstyearcivilengineeringlogbooks.

Samplelogbookextract1Date:X/X/XX

TodayIthoughtwasoneofthemostchallengingstaticstutorialswe’vehad–notwiththedifficultybutwithcollaborationinthegroup.Wehadahotdebateaboutthestructureandtwomembersconfrontedeachotherinabidtohavetheirstructuresacknowledged.Thepowerstrugglewastedagoodhalfanhour.Itriedtogetthemtocomebacktotheguidelinesandrequirementsbutwehadrunoutoftimeandnodecisionwasmade.Inowrealiseacoupleofthings:

Managingthedynamicsinthegroupisreallyimportant–youcanwastealotoftimeifyouarenotfocussedonachievinganoutcome.

Weneedtosetsomeclearerexpectationsinthegroup.

SincethenI’vebeenthinkingaboutaparticularbridge–it’sasimpledesignbutabitdifferentandIhopetheteamwilllikeitandalsohavesomefreshideasforimprovingitorotherideasthemselves.

Mathshasbeengettingprettydifficultlately.I’vegotmoreworktodointhisareaalthoughwithapart-timejobI’mstartingtofeellikeI’mrunningoutoftimeintheweektofitthingsin.

What’shappeninginthewriting

Tellsaboutgroupincident

Givesinsightintogroupdynamics

Reflectsongroupprocessandpossiblesolutions

Reflectsonanumberofareas.

Includessketch

Identifiessomeweaknesses

20


SampleJournalextract2

Thingsaregoingprettywellsofar.ChemistryandPhysicsIdidlastyearsoI’mgoingOKthere.Ididn’tdospecialistmathsthoughsomathsisgoingtotakeabitmorework(andtime).Icanseetime-managementisgoingtobeabigissueatuni.WhenIgetmylaptopI’llbeabletousethetimeonthetrainabitmoreeffectively,justgoingovernotesandwritingupmylogbooketc.

OurfirstprojectinCIVEwastopresentaposteronCivilengineering.Itwasgoodtothinkabitmorebroadlyaboutengineeringandtogettomeetafewpeople.IguessIimaginedIwasgoingtobeastructuralengineerbutIcanseetherearealotofjobsthatengineersdo.Itwillbegoodtogoonthefieldtripandseethisabitmorefirst-handthoughitseemsalongwaytogowhenthere’salotofthingsbeingbuiltinthecity.Itmustbeaspecialprojectorhaveparticularthingstheywanttoshowus.Ihavebeenthinkingaboutthequalitiesneededforsuccessatuni(andinlifeprobably)thatwetalkedaboutinclass.

What’shappeninginthewriting

Reflectsonanumberofareas.

Identifiessomeweaknessesandapossiblesolution

Couldhavegivenmoredetailontheotherjobsengineersdo.

Brainstormindiagrammaticform

Skillsforsuccess

Interpersonalcom.skills

Organisationskills

Motivationandcommitment

21

EffectiveGroupwork2

ObjectiveThischapterisdesignedtohelpyourgroupworkmoreeffectively.Itisassumedthatyouhavealreadyhadexperienceofworkingingroups.

Thekeytoaneffectivegroupistoworkontherelationshipsbetweengroupmembers.Thisisnotanaturalactivityformanypeople,particularlyformales!

CompetencybeingdevelopedEngineersAustraliadescribesthiscompetencyas:

PE3.5Abilitytofunctioneffectivelyasanindividualandinmultidisciplinaryandmulticulturalteams,asateamleaderormanageraswellasaneffectiveteammembera. Manageowntimeandprocesseseffectively,prioritisingcompetingdemandstoachievepersonaland

teamgoalsandobjectives

b. Earntrustandconfidenceofcolleaguesthroughcompetentandtimelycompletionoftasks

c. Communicatefrequentlyandeffectivelywithotherteammembers

d. Recognisethevalueofdiversity,developeffectiveinterpersonalandinterculturalskills,andbuildnetworkrelationshipsthatvalueandsustainateamethic

e. Mentorothers,andacceptmentoringfromothers,intechnicalandteamissues

f. Demonstratecapacityforinitiativeandleadershipwhilerespectingothers’agreedroles

Whatisaneffectivegroup?Effectivegroupsareadelight.Workisdonewithseeminglylittleeffort,becauseeveryoneiskeentodohisorhershare.Ideasaregeneratedquicklyandeffortlesslyandnooneseemstooattachedtotheirideas.Groupachievementismoreimportantthanindividualachievement.

Howcanyoumoveyourgroupandyourselftothisstateofperformance?Itrequiresaconsciousapplicationofsomesimpleprinciplesandanawarenessofoneselfandhowonebehaveswithothers.

GettingStarted

IntroductionsIntroduceyourselvesbysayingwhatyoubringtothegroup.Thismaybeaninterestorexperienceinaparticularaspectoftheproblemforwhichyou’veassembled.Describe yourinterestandgoals.Takeaminuteortwoeach.

Beinterestedinwhatothershavetosay.Notedownpeople’snamesandinterestsas thediscussionprogresses.

Therearetwopurposesforthisstage:• oneistogettoknoweachother,becauseit’seasiertoworkwithpeopleweknow,• andtheotherpurposeistolookforassetsinthegrouptomakeiteasiertocompletethetask.

2(withcontributionsfromDrWillRifkin,formerlyUNSW,currently,UQ)

Beopenandhonestwitheachother.

22


GettoknoweachotherbetterTakeapersonalitytestontheweb(eg,http://www.personalitytype.com/quiz.asp).Discussyourpreferenceswitheachother.Whatrolesingroupsdoyouprefer?Whatroleswillotherschoose?Arethereanymissing?

BasicrolesAgroupneedsachairperson,soifyouhaven’talreadydoneso,someoneneedstotakeonthatrole,evenifyoulaterpasstherolearoundthegroup.Thispersonwillmakesurethattasksarecompletedontime.Thisusuallyinvolveschairingmeetings.

Appointascribefromthegroupwhowillrecorddiscussionandactionrequiredasapermanentrecordforeveryonetokeep.

UseyourdifferentabilitiesRecognisedifferentabilitiesthateachteammemberhas.Thisincludespersonalitytype,butisnotlimitedtoit.Bygettingtoknoweachotherbetter,andbeingopenwitheachother,talentswillemergeinthegroup.Makethemostofthem.

WriteateamcontractandbehonestaboutitDelineateresponsibilitiescommontoallteammembers;alsodelineatedifferenttasksundertakenbydifferentpeople.

Addresssomecontingencies–illness,slackers,accidents,thosejustnotexcitedbytheclassorproject;behonestabouthowmuchworkyouarewillingtoputinandwhatmarkyouwouldbesatisfiedwith.Youcanproposedifferentmarksfordifferentteammembers,thehyper-dedicatedpersongettingpointsfromeachotherteammemberinreturnforextrawork.

OnewayofpreparingaGroupcontractisusingthe5P’s:1. ThePurposeofthegroup–whyyourgroupexists,eg,learnaboutthedesignofsimplestructures,designa

chemicalplant2. YourPoliciesforeffectivegroupwork–whatareyourexpectations,eg,everyoneattendsallgroupmeetings,

orprovidesavalidapology(includingachocolatebar)3. YourProcedures–howyouwillgoaboutit,eg,provideeachotherwithweeklyfeedback(bothpositiveand

negative);howyouwillhandlenon-performinggroupmembers.4. YourPerformanceindicators,eg,meetingattendance,deadlinesmet,conflictsresolved,groupsocial

activities,feedbackgiven,marksachieved.5. YourimprovementPlans,eg,howyouhavecopedwithsetbacks.

Althoughsteps1-3maybewrittenonlyonce,steps4and5shouldbevisitedregularly(weekly,fortnightly,monthly)dependingonthedurationoftheproject.

Amindmapisprovidedtoassistyouingettingthroughyourcontractnegotiation.Negotiatingacontractwillprovecriticalinyourprofessionallife,anditcanbealife-saverinteamprojectsatuniversity.Duringnegotiation,youbegintolearnaboutthepeopleyouareworkingwithbyobservinghowtheynegotiate.Howcandiddotheyseem?Whatseemstomotivatethem?Dotheytrytogettheirownway,ordotheytrytoaccommodate,andwhy?

AssesseachotherandgivefeedbackAsimplemarkingschemeis:• 0foraverage,expectedwork• +2forgoodwork• +4forexcellentwork• -6fornon-performance(doesn’tcompletetasks,doesn’tattendmeetings).

Lookfortalentsinyourteam.

Arrangetohaveamealtogetherandgettoknoweachotheronamorepersonalbasis.

23

Assessyourselfandeachofyourgroupmemberseachweek.Behonest!Veryfewgroupshaveeveryoneperformingattheexcellentlevel.Attheendofthesemester,yourlecturermayaskyoutogiveasummaryscoreforeachmemberoftheteam,includingyourself.

Discussthesescoresfromtimetotime.Weallneedfeedbacktoknowwhetherornotwe’reperforminguptoothersexpectations.

LearnfromeachotherEnablesomeoneweakinoneability,suchaspresentationskills,topractisethat,eventhoughsomeoneelsemightbebetteratit.Helpthisgroupmembertodothebestjobpossiblebyrehearsingbeforehand.Universityisagoodplacetopractise–farmoreforgivingthentheworkplace.Documenthowthegrouphaspermittedthisindividualtoimprovetheirabilities.

ExpectconflictAimfordebateaboutideasandstrategiesratherthanpersonalityconflicts.Trynottogettooattachedtoyourideasoryourwayofdoingthings.

Whenpeoplegetcombative,justsaystop!Ithoughtwewereallonthesameteam.Discusswhyyoumightbegettingoneachothers’nerves.Thismaybeduetopersonalitytypedifferences.

DivideandconquerSomeworkanddecisionmakingneedstobedonebyindividualsorbysub-groups;tryingtogathereveryonetogethertoworkjointlyallthetimecanbefutileandunproductive.Establisheffectivewaysofcommunicating–employe-mailorateamwebsite(andagreetocheckitdaily),recordbesttimestophoneeachpersonorusemessaging.

UseactionplansAttheendofeachmeeting,fillinanactionplan.Itcanbeassimpleas:• Whatistobedone?• Bywhom?• Bywhen?• Also:Why?How?Where?

Atthebeginningofthenextmeeting,checkthatthetasksarecompleteoraddthemtothenextactionplan.

Findoutwhytaskshaven’tbeencompleted.Sometimestasksarenotcompletedbecausethedelegatedpersondoesn’tknowhowtostartit.Somehelpwithhowtodothetaskwillberequired.

Aproformaforactionplansisattachedattheendofthishandbook.Copyitanduseit.Youcanalsodownloaditfromourwebsite.

Makesurethatacopyofallactionitemsgoesinyourlogbookeachweek.

UsegoodpracticefeedbackAgoodstrategyistoremembertogivepositivefeedback.Althoughweoftendothiswithchildren,mostadultsforgetthatwealsoneedtogiveeachotherpraise:

Hey,Ireallylikedwhatyoudidwiththedrawingsforourmultistoreycarparkproject!

Ithoughtyou’dputalotofeffortinthedetailofthedrawings.

Alwaysstartwithpositivefeedback.Youmightthenwanttoaskthepersontodosomeadditionalwork:

Ithinkthedrawingswouldbeimprovedbytheadditionofanother3Dview.Whatdoyouthink?

Thelecturerisprobablyexpectingtoseeaviewfromtheentryway.

Buildalearningteam.

Expectdifferencesofopinion.

24


ConflictresolutionWhensomethingconcernsyouaboutanothergroupmember’sbehaviour,tryusing“I”statementsasfollows:

“Whenyoucomelatetomeetings,Ifeelangryandfrustrated

Infuture,Iwouldlikeyoutoarriveontimeliketherestofus;whatdoyouthink?”

Itsoundsprettyawkward,butitworks!Whatisimportantisthatyouacknowledgeyourownfeelingsintheprocess.Theotherpersonmaybetotallyunawarehowtheiractionsareaffectingyou.

Ifyoucanmastergivingfeedbackthisway,alloftherelationshipsinyourlifewillimprove–notjustyourgroups/teamsatuniversity.

LogbookKeeparecordofallyourworkontheproject.Youwillneedanexercisebook(ormaybeyou’lldothisonyourcomputer)whereyouwillkeepnotesofmeetings,emails,phonecalls,librarysearches,andsoon.

Italsoservesasausefullifelineifyouneedtojustifytheworkyouhavespentonaproject.

ReflectionEachweekyoushouldwritesomereflectiononyourprogressindoingtheproject:• WhathaveIlearnedabouttheproject(andengineeringingeneral)?• WhatnewlearningdoIneedtodo?• WhatamIfindingreallychallenging/difficult?Why?• WhatamIfindingfun?(usuallythingsyou’realreadygoodat)• WhathaveIdiscoveredaboutmyself?(thingsyou’regoodat,orthingsyouneedtoimprove)• Whatconceptshaveyoulearnedthatwillhelpyoutobeamoreeffectiveprofessional?

Usethesereflectionstolookfornewlearningopportunities.Studyingatuniversityisaboutlearning.Gettingtheprojectcompletedisameanstothatend;it’snotanendinitself.Ifyou’renotlearninganythinginyourprojectwork,you’renotworkinghardenough!

Reflectionisconsideredinanotherchapterofthishandbook.

ConclusionItisveryimportantthatyoufollowtheseguidelinesineachofyourteamprojects.Manygroupsnevergettoknoweachotherwellenoughtoformaproductiveteam.Inparticular,theyneverlearntodealwithconflictinaconstructiveway.Ifyoudon’tgettoknoweachotherwell,youwillnotbeabletotrusteachotherenoughtomovetoahigherlevelofproductivity.

MoreinformationTeamworkisdiscussedinmoredetailat:• http://project-handbook.pbwiki.com

25

ResearchintheLibraryOriginal chapter by Heather Ross, School Liaison Librarian, RMIT Library

SubjectGuidesYourownlibrarywillhavesubjectguidestohelpyougetstarted.Forexample,atUTS,theyarehere:http://www.lib.uts.edu.au/guides

SearchingtheLiterature

IdentifytypesofresourcestobesearchedDo you need background information?

Consult textbooks,

encyclopaedias, dictionaries

General search engines for definitions,

general readings.

Library resources – check subject guide for

suggested titles or search the Library

catalogue. Some will be online, others in

print.

Do you need recent, focussed information on narrow aspects of the topic?

Search for journal articles,

conference papers.

Library databases – consult subject guide

for the most relevant titles. Some articles and

papers will be available in full-text.

Google Scholar for additional “scholarly

resources”, some available in full-text.

General search engines for a variety of free,

mainly full-text resources.

Do you need specialised materials?

Design data

Books (printed) – check subject guide for

suggested titles.

Cost data

Books (printed) – check subject guide for

suggested titles, eg, Rawlinson’s construction

costs

Standards

Australian Standards Online database via

online subject guide or the Library’s Search it gateway, or ASTM Standards in print – see

subject guide.

Patents

Free Internet databases – check subject

guide for suggested URLs.

Technical reports

Free Internet databases – check subject

guide for suggested URLS – or search a

known site e.g. Austroads at

http://www.austroads.com.au/

Defineyourtopic(Consult your supervisor; do background reading to better understand)

DevelopastrategyforsearchingdatabasesandInternetsearchengines1. Identifythekeyaspectsofyourresearchquestionortopic.2. Compilealistofkeywordsandphrasesforeachaspectofthetopic,identifyingalternativeorsynonymous

terms,variantspellingsandabbreviations.ALTERNATIVE TERMS PLURALS / ALTERNATIVE ENDINGS

greywater, domestic wastewater, household

water

stadium, stadiums, stadia

ALTERNATIVE SPELLING ACRONYMS / ABBREVIATIONS greywater, graywater, grey water, gray water FRC, fibre reinforced concrete

26


3. DefinetherelationshipsbetweenyourkeywordswiththeBooleanoperatorsAND,ORandNOT.LibrarydatabasesandmostwebsearchenginesuseBooleanoperators.

OR finds records that contain any of the terms e.g. greywater OR domestic wastewater.

It broadens your search, increasing the number of references retrieved.

AND finds records that contain both terms e.g. greywater AND biofiltration.

It narrows your search, reducing the number of references retrieved.

NOT finds records with the first term, but not the second. E.g. greywater, NOT blackwater.

Use with care; it is easy to exclude relevant references where aspects of both words are considered

or compared.

4. Bepreparedtotrydifferentcombinationsofterms.5. Afteryourfirstsearchofeachdatabaseorsearchengine,scantheresultingreferencesforadditionalor

alternativetermstoincorporateinyoursearchstrategy.

SearchlibrarydatabasesandInternetsearchenginesLibrary databases

• Almostallcanbeusedfromoff-campus.• OftenmorescholarlythanInternetresources,betterqualitycontrolledthroughpeerreviewprocess,

indexingismoreconsistent.• TinycomparedtoInternetsearchengines,requiremorestructuredsearching.• Manydatabasesarenotfull-text,althoughitmaybepossibletolinktothefull-textprovidedaspartof

anotherlibrarydatabaseviatheLibrary’sFinditservice.

Google Scholar www.scholar.google.com

• Coverage–strongbiastowardslifesciences/medicalsciences.• Somefreefull-text• Toaccessfull-textalreadypaidforbyyouruniversityLibrary,youneedtobeauthenticated,soaccess

GoogleScholarviatheLibrary’sinterface

Google and other general search engines

• Useadvancedsearchfeaturesforflexibility.• Toreducelargeresults,limitbydate,languageorpartofthedocumentsearched.• Usersneedtoevaluateallreferences.• Shortcomings–theydonotusuallyindexcommercialdatabasesandsomedatabasesoffreespecialised

materials.

27

PresentationsMostofyouwillhavesomeexperienceofgivingpresentations,eitherfromschoolorfromearlieryearsofthecourse.Thispageisdesignedtoremindyouofsomeofthethingsyoushoulddo,andsomeofthethingsyoushouldnotdo.

Youshould

OrganisePlanwhatyouhavetosay.Whatareyourmainpoints?Avoidexcessivedetail.• Usemindmapsoroutlininginyourwordprocessor.• Planthelogicaldevelopmentofyourideas.

Usethe3stageprocess:• Startwithanoverviewofyourmainpoints.• Thendevelopeachofyourmainpointsinsomemoredetail.• Finally,summariseeachofyourmainpoints.

Presentconfidently• Speakinaclear,loudvoice.Projectyourvoicetothebackrowofseating.• Maintaineyecontactwithalloftheaudience.Thistakesaconsciouseffort.Don’twatchthescreenwhere

yourslidesareprojected.• Beconfidentandenthusiastic.Thistakespractice!• Standtallandrelaxed.Smile!• Useeffectivevisualaidsthateveryonecansee.

YoushouldNOT• Bedisorganised.Preparationandorganisationareessential.• Readyourtalk.Thisisveryboringforthelistenersandtheywillquicklyloseinterest.• Speakwithcuecards.Usevisualaidsinstead.• Speakwithoutvisualaids.Haveatleastoneoverheadthatsummarisesyourmainpoints–nomorethanone

slideperminuteofpresentation.• HoldupanA4sheetatthefrontoftheclassandexpecteveryonetobeabletoseeit.Makeitintoan

overhead.• Usesmalltypeonyouroverheads.24ptisaminimum.LearntousePowerPoint.

Themostcommonmistakes• NoIntroduction.Telluswhereyou’regoing.Useasummaryoverheadtoexplainthemainparts.Introduce

theotherspeakersandwhattheywillbecovering.(Thiscouldbeasimpletableononeslide).• NoConclusions.BIGmistake!Copyyoursummaryslidetotheend.Tellusagainthemainthingsthatyou’ve

covered.Remindusofthekeyelements/innovations/strongpointsofyourdesign.Whatdoyouwantustorememberaboutyourwork?Rememberthatwewillbeasattentiveasyouareinlectures.;-)Invitequestionsthataddressanyofyourkeyissues.

• Toomuchdetail.Wewantanoverviewofwhatyou’vedone.Whereyouneedtotalkaboutdetail,doitsparingly.

• Textthatistoosmallonslides.Usenomorethan30wordsperslide.Textshouldbe24ptandlarger.UsePowerPoint’sdefaultabilitytoproducewelllaidoutslides.

• Tablesofdatafallinthesamecategory.Makethemintocharts.Keepthemsimple.Enlargetextwhenrequired.(Exceltextonchartsisusuallytoosmallwithoutmodification).

28


• Readingyourpresentation.Ifyouneedtowriteascript,summariseitontoyouroverheadsthenthrowyourscriptaway.Ifyouforgettosaysomething,onlyyouwillknow.Theonlynotesyoushouldneedareyouroverheads.Forgetaboutpalmcards.

• Lookingatthescreen.Watchthemonitorinfrontofyoutoseeyourslides.Maintaineyecontactwiththewholeaudience,notjustthelecturers.

Finally,dressfortheoccasion.Sloppy,casualstreetclothesdonotbelongataprofessionalpresentation.Dressasifyou’reatajobinterview.

QuickTipsforanEffectivePosterPostersareanotherwayofcommunicatingyourinformation.Theyarebestusedasanaidtoadiscussionandshouldonlyrepresenttheessenceofyourtopic.Remember–lessismore.Mostofyouwillhavepreparedsomepostersbefore.Thispageisdesignedtoremindyouofsomeofthethingsyoushould do,andsomeofthethingsyoushouldnotdo.

Youshould–PlanBeforeyourushtoyourcomputerandstartdesigningyourposter,thereareacoupleofthingsyouneedtodofirst.Planningyourposterisextremelyimportant.

Startbywritingdowneverythingyouwouldliketohaveonyourposter,keepinginmindyourtargetaudience.

Drawyourposteronapieceofpaper,addingallthedifferentsectionsandheadingsyouwouldliketocoverinyourposteraswellasthetext.Letsomeoneproofreadforgrammaticalandspellingmistakes.

UseVisualsGraphics,photographs,diagrams,etc.,areveryimportantcomponentsofyourposter.Theywilladdinterestingvisualstotheposter,helpingyoutogetyourmessageacross.Enlargeandcropyourvisuals,ifnecessary,byzoomingintotherelevantpartofthepicture/visual.Makesurethatyourvisualsareclearandofgoodquality.

UseColourwiselyColourplaysaveryimportantroleinposters.Choosecoloursthatcomplementeachother.Certaincolours,likecertainyellows,etc.,aredifficulttoseeandread.Textandbackgroundcoloursshouldcomplementeachother.Makesureyourforegroundcolour(text)isclearandsoftontheeyeswhencombinedwiththebackgroundcolour.

Usedifferenttextsize&fonttypeTextsize&fonttypeareaveryimportantaspectswhendesigningaposter.Theywilldeterminewhetheryouraudiencewillbeabletoreadyourposterwithease.Ifnot,allyourhardworkwasfornothing.Chooseafonttypethatiseasytoread.Usethefollowingtextsizes:

Maintitle 100points Atleast4cmhigh.Subheadings 48points Between1.5–2cmhigh.Bodytext 24points Between0.5–1cmhigh

YoushouldNOT• Addunnecessaryorirrelevantinformationtoyourposter.• Don’tusetoomuchcolour–itwilllookbusyandcluttered• Don’taddtoomanyvisuals,theposterwilljustlook“busy”

• Usesmalltype.24ptisaminimum.

• Dressinsloppy,casualstreetclothes–thesedonotbelongataprofessionalposterpresentation

29

Presentationassessment

Presenter:.......................................................................................................................................................

Assessor:...........................................................................................................Date:....................................

Assesseachofthefollowingcriteriaforthespeaker.Usethesetoformanoverallscoreforthespeaker.(G=Good,S=Satisfactory,N=Notsatisfactory).

Content

Wellplannedandstructured(clearbeginning,middle,conclusion)

Goodbreadthversusdepthbalance(nottoodetailed,notsuperficial)

Showeddeepunderstandingofthematerial(eg,answerstoquestions)

EGSN

Poorlyplannedandstructured(eg,noconclusion,juststopped)

Poorbreadthversusdepthbalance(toodetailedortoosuperficial)

Understandingofthematerialseemeddoubtful(unabletoanswermany

questions)

VisualaidsEasilyreadable

(largefont,simplediagrams)

Visualscontributedwelltotheunderstandingoftheseminar

Attractive,simpleuseoffontstyles.

Clear,large,easytoreaddiagrams,photosandcharts.

Wellscanned,clearlinework.

Easilyreadablefrom3m

EGSN

Toomuchtextortexttoosmall.Toomanytextstyles.

Small,messydiagrams

Barelyreadablefrommostseats

Visualscontributedlittletotheeffectivenessoftheseminar

PresentationClearlyaudiblevoice,wellmodulated,interestingvoiceatagoodspeed.

Goodeyecontactwiththeaudience.

Confidentposture,effectiveuseofgesturesandhumour

EGSN

Inaudiblevoice(toosoft,mumbled,…),dullandlifelessvoice,spokentoo

quicklyortooslowly.

Noorlittleeyecontact.

Insecureposture,littleuseofgesturesorhumour

Overallscore: EGSN

Welldone Suggestionsforimprovement

30


GeneratingAlternativesandCreativityAnyengineeringprojectwillhavearangeofpossiblesolutions.Yourchallengeistolistasmanyasyoucansothatyoucanpresenttheclientwithsomeusefulchoices.

BrainstormingTherearearangeoftechniquesthatwillhelpyoubemorecreative.Oneeasymethodisbrainstorming.Theideaistogenerateasmanyideasaspossibleinanagreedamountoftime.Youmightaimfor20ideasin10minutes.

Onesimplewayistospendjustafew(silent)minuteswhereeachpersonwritestheirownideasonstickynotes,oneideapernote.Then,attheendofthosefewminutes,sharethemonthetableandclusterthemintosimilarideas.

Thenbegintoelaboratethem.Sometimesyou’llseeanideaandaddanotherway…thatmakesmethinkaboutthis…

Astheideasflow,evenbetter,newideaswillemerge.Writedown(inyourlogbook)alltheideasastheyemerge.

Somecrazyoneswillemergetoo,butthat’sok.Theycanbeeliminatedlater.Thecrazyideasoftenprovidetheimpetusfornew,goodideas.

Whatgoeswrongwithbrainstormingisthatgroupmemberswanttotalkabout,orelaborate,theirideas.Thistakesalotoftime.Theotherthingyouwillbetemptedtodoistocriticiseotherpeople’sideas.“Thatwillneverwork,because…”.Resistthistoo.So,noelaboratingandnoevaluatingduringbrainstorming.Justnametheideaandmoveon.

Attheendof10minutes,ortheagreedamountoftime,youcanbegintoevaluatethelist.Withabitofluck,yourgrouphasproducedawholerangeofgoodideas.Somenewideasmightevenemergeatthisstage,sometimesbycombiningideasonyourexistinglist.

SustainablecreativityOneusefulapproachforgeneratingalternativesolutionsistousethesustainabilitycriteria(explainedinmoredetailinthenextsection).Theserequireanysolutiontosatisfyeconomic,environmentalandsocialconstraints.Ofcourse,anysolutionmustalsosatisfytechnicalrequirements(strength,serviceability,etc).

Forexample,saywewerelookingatthefuturewatersupplyforamajorcity,howcouldweusethesefourfactorstohelpusgeneratealternativesolutions?

Criterion Possiblysolutions

Technical

• Buildanotherdam• Buildadesalinationplant• Installwatertanksathomestocapturestormwater• Recyclewastewaterforindustryuse• Installgreywaterrecyclingathomelevel

Economic • Makewatermoreexpensivesothatpeopleuseless

Environmental • Encourageresidentstoplantgardensthatrequirelesswatering(oftenhalfourwateruseiswateringourgardens)

Social • Createeducationprogramstoconservewater• Makelawstoprohibitbehavioursuchascleaningdrivewaysusingwater

Nodoubtyoucanthinkofotherstoaddtothelist.

MoreinformationTherearemanybooksandwebsitesdevotedtocreativity.LookforEdwarddeBono’sworkonLateralThinkingandalsolookforinformationaboutTRIZ.Seehttp://www.edisons21.com

31

ExerciseWritedown20(ormore)waystoimproveuseofpublictransportinyourcity.

32


Selectioncriteria,SustainabilityandDecisionmakingInchoosingthebestalternativeforanengineeringproject,youneedtohavesomeclearcriteria.

SustainabilityOneobviouscriterionistechnicaladequacy.Anengineeringsystemneedstobe“strong”enoughtosatisfytheloadsplaceduponit.Forastructure,thiswillincludematerialstrengthandserviceability,aswellasresistancetofire,fatigue,corrosion,andsoon.Forapipeline,itmeansadequateflowcapacity,pressureresistance,corrosionresistance,etc.Thesecriteriawewillcalltheengineeringrequirements.

Thenextmostobviouscriterioniseconomicadequacy.Thesystemneedstobeaffordablebytheclient.Itisreasonabletoexpectthattheengineerhasmadesomeefforttodesignasystematminimumcost(subjecttootherconstraints).

Thethirdcriterionisenvironmentalimpact.Theengineershouldworktominimiseenvironmentalimpact.Thisoftenplacesconstraintsonadesignthatrulesoutcertaindesignoptions.

Thefourthcriterionissocialorethicalimpact.Obvioussocialimpactsincludenoise,dust,visualimpact,etc.Lessobviousareissuesofergonomicsandsocialinclusivity.

TheselastthreecriteriaareoftenreferredtoastheTripleBottomLine.Thetraditionalbottomlineiseconomic–costsversusbenefits.Tothis,weaddmeasuresofenvironmentalandsocialimpact.

Together,thesecriteriaarethe4E’s:engineering,economic,environmentalandethical.Engineering’sprimarypurposeistoservesociety.Yet,oddlyenough,engineersoftendon’tthinkoftheimpactoftheirworkonsociety.

DecisionmakingWhenitcomestochoosingapreferredalternativeforanengineeringproject,youneedtosatisfyallfourofthecriteriaabove.

Thiscanbedonebyusingsomecriteriaasconstraints.Wedothisallthetimewiththetechnicalrequirements.Wedonotchooseabeamthatisofinadequatestrength,forinstance.Likewise,ifasetofsolutionscauseundesirablesocialorenvironmentalimpact,werulethemout.

Thisthenleavesuswithasetofacceptableorfeasiblesolutions,fromwhichweneedtochoosethe“best”.Atthispointweneedtomaketrade-offsbetweendifferentsolutions.Thisiscomplicatedbythefactthatthedifferentcriteriaaremeasuredindifferentwaysandsomecriteriahavenoquantifiablemeasures.(Therearenounitsforbeauty,forinstance).

Atthispoint,itcanbehelpfultohaveinputfromarangeofstakeholders.Theirviewscanbegatheredthroughcommunitymeetingsorconsultation.

Onemethodologyforworkingwithmultiplecriteriausingdifferentmeasuresistoassignscores(say1..10)toeachofthecriteriaforeachsolutionandthentoweighteachcriterion(again,1..10).Calculatethetotalscoreforeachoptionbymultiplyingalltheweightsbytheratingscoresandaddingthemup.(Thisisactuallythedotproductoftheratingvectorandtheweightvector).

Differentstakeholderswillprovidedifferentratingsandweights,andhencetheywillrankthealternativesindifferentorders.Fromalloftheconsultation,consensusonthepreferredoptionoroptionswillhopefullyarise.

Youcansimulatethisinyourgroupbyusingdifferentgroupmemberstoplaydifferentstakeholderroles.

33

ReportWritingReportwritingisanimportantskillforallengineers.Itiscoveredinsomedetailhereandinmanyexcellentbooksinthelibrary.ThisdocumentsetsoutreasonableexpectationsofyourimpendingEngineeringreport.Yourlecturermayalsohaveotherspecificrequirements.

OverallStructureYourreportisaguidetotheclienttoallthegoodworkthatyouhavedone.Itisveryunlikelythats/hehastimetoreadeverywordthatyouwrite.Consequently,yourreportmustbestructuredtoallowthemtofindyourrecommendationsquickly,withoutbeingoverwhelmedbythedetailsofyouranalyses.Thefollowingstructureissuggested:

Titlepage Titleofproject,subject,lecturer/tutor,date,yournameandstudentID,etc.

ExecutiveSummary Onepagethatsetstheproblemincontext,thatdrawsaboundaryaroundwhatyouhavedoneandthatprovidesyourkeyoutcomesandrecommendations.AreadershouldnothavetoreadmorethantheSummarytogetyourmessage.

TableofContents WordwillgeneratethisautomaticallyforyouifyouuseHeadingstyles.SeehowtodothiswithWord.

Introduction AmorecompleteintroductiontotheproblemthanyouprovidedintheSummary:perhapshalftoonepage.

Detailsections Oneormoresectionsthatprovideadetailedwalkthroughofyouranalysis.Keepitsimple,withonlykeychartsandequations.

Youwillwanttoreviewdemonstratethatyourworkisbasedonauthoritativereferences.Inlarger,reports,chapter2isoftenaLiteratureReview.Inbrieferreports,thereferenceswillbeincludedinthediscussionofthemethodologiesyouhaveused.

Formoredetail,referthereadertotherelevantAppendixwheremoredetail,suchassamplecalculations,canbeprovided.

Thesedetailsectionsshouldbeabout3-7pages.

Conclusion Asummaryofwhathasbeendoneplusyourkeyrecommendations.Thisshouldbeaboutapage.

References Alist,inastandardform,ofbooksandwebsitesthatyouhavereferredtoinyourreport.SeeTheLearningCentreforguidelinesforcorrectreferencingstandards.

Appendices Locationofyouroriginaldataanddetailedanalyses.KeepyourAppendicesasshortaspossibleandmakesurethattheyarenotjustadumpinggroundforeveryspreadsheetandchartyouhavedeveloped.Thereaderwillneedaguidetowhatisthere.

DetailThekeyquestionsthatyouneedtoanswerbeforeyouwriteyourreportare:• WhyamIwritingthis?• Whowillreadthis?• Whatdotheyneedtoknow?WhatdoIwanttotellthem?Whatisthemessage?• HowwillIconveyit(themessage)?

Thesuggestedstructure,above,willhelpsomewhatwiththelastpoint.However,youwillneedtoplanhowyouwillconveythedetailofwhatyouhavedone.

34


Startbywritingsomeheadingsofthekeystagesinyouranalysisandthekeyfindingsthatyouhavedeveloped.Keepitsimple.PutdetailintheAppendices.Mindmapsaregoodwaysofplanningyourreportstructure,butyoucanalsouseWord’soutliningcapabilities.

Onceyouhavethesequenceofmainheadingsright,subdividethemintofurtherdetailorwritewhatthemainmessagewillbeforeachheading.

Whenthesemessagesareclearinyourmind,writeconnectedprosetojointhesectionstogether.

Addsufficientchartsandtablestoillustrateyourmainpoints.

WritetheConclusionsandRecommendations.

WritetheSummary.CouldIreadtheSummary(andnothingelse)andgetthemainmessageandconclusionsofyourreport?Ifnot,itneedsmorework!

ProofingYounowhaveafirstdraftofyourfinalreport.Itwillneedrereadingandcarefuleditingbeforeitbecomesreadable.Leavetimetodothis.Makesurethatthestoryflowsfrombeginningtoend.Makesurethatyourrecommendationsareclear.Removeextraneousmaterialthatdoesnotcontributetoyouroverallrecommendations.MoveittoanAppendixifitissufficientlyrelevant.

Giveyourreporttooneofyourgroupmembersforcomment.Proofreadtheirreportandmakecomments.

MoreinformationProjectHandbookcomponents(http://project-handbook.pbworks.com/):• MakingthemostofMicrosoftWord• Referencing• WritingReports(theextendedversion)availableat:

http://project-handbook.pbworks.com/f/Writing+reports+-+longer+version.pdf)

Seealso:• CQUniversity’sAcademicLearningCentre(attheirMoodlesite)• TheUniversityofMelbourne’sLLSU’sAIRport(https://airport.unimelb.edu.au/gate1/writing/)• RMIT’sLSULearningLab(https://emedia.rmit.edu.au/learninglab/content/writing-skills)

• USyd’sWRiSE–WritingReportsinScienceandEngineering(http://learningcentre.usyd.edu.au/wrise/)

35

ListofReferencesand/orBibliographyReferencingisthepracticeofacknowledgingotherauthors’work.Thisisessentialtoprovidesupportingevidenceforyourownwritingandalsoasaprocessofprofessionalhonesty.

Therearetwopartstoreferencing:

ü In-textCitation

ü ListofReferences

1.In-textCitationAnin-textcitationistheacknowledgementofotherauthors’work.Itincludesbothparaphrasingandmakingdirectquotes.Unlessawriteruseslanguagethatisparticularlyappropriate,itisbettertoparaphrasewheneveryoucan.Thisshowsthatyouareabletosynthesisetheideasratherthanjustrepeatthem.

Afteryouhaveparaphrasedthewordsorstatedthefindingsofanotherauthorinyourreport,youneedtoacknowledgewheretheinformationcamefrom.Attheendofthesentenceyouneedtoincludethecitation.Therearetwobasiccitationmethods:

1. thenameanddatesystem,sometimescalledtheHarvardsystem:

e.g.Skeltonposesthatallengineershavethelegalandmoraldutytoensurethataplantdesignedoroperatedundertheircontrolisassafeasisreasonablypracticable(Skelton,1997).

Or,writtenanotherway:

Skelton(1997)posesthatallengineershavethelegalandmoraldutytoensurethataplantdesignedoroperatedundertheircontrolisassafeasisreasonablypracticable.

Whenusingareferenceagaininthesamereport[inthiscase,Skelton(1997)],includethesamedetailsattheendofyourparagraph.

e.g.Processindustriesareinadifferentsituationfrommostindustries,Skeltonsuggests,becausethereleaseoftoxicmaterialsorlargeamountsofenergycanresultinaccidents(Skelton,1997).

Eachdifferentreferenceinyourreportwillhaveasimilarcitation:

e.g.theInstitutionofChemicalEngineerssuggeststhatthesuccessofanysafetymanagementliesintheconfidenceandattitudeofitsstaff(IChemE,1991).

Referencesareincludedinalphabeticalorderofauthorattheendofthereport.

2. thenumberedsystem,sometimescalledtheVancouversystem:

e.g.Skeltonposesthatallengineershavethelegalandmoraldutytoensurethataplantdesignedoroperatedundertheircontrolisassafeasisreasonablypracticable[1].

NotethatthisHandbookusestheVancouversystem.

Referencesareincludedinnumericalorder(i.e.,inorderofappearance)attheendofthereport.

Whichsystemshouldyouuse?Itdepends,ofcourse.Yourdepartmentorschoolmayspecifywhichsystemitwantsyoutouse.Likewise,manyjournalsandpublisherswillrequireaparticularformat(andthereareamillionvariationsonthetwobasicsystems).Otherwise,manyauthorsandreadersprefertheauthor+datesystembecauseit’seasytofindanauthor’sworkinthelistofreferences,becauseit’sinalphabeticalorder,andthemerementionofanameofaexpertinthefieldisenoughtolendstrengthtoyourargument.Thisisreallyimportantinamajorworkwheretheremaybehundredsofreferences.Thenumberedsystemsuitsbetterwherethechronologicalorderingofthereferencesmakesmoresense,eg,bygroupingreferencesbychapter.

2.ListofReferencesYourlistofreferencesshouldonlyincludethetextscitedinyourreport[notanyfurtherreadingthatyoumayhavedone].Thereferencescanbefoundinthereferencelistorderedalphabeticallybynameandnumericallybyyearornumericallybyappearanceinthetext,dependingonwhichofthetwosystemsyou’veused.

36


Referencesshouldincludethesurnameoftheauthorandtheirfirstnameinitial,thedateofpublicationinbrackets,thetitleofthebookinItalics,theplaceofpublicationandthepublishingorganisation:

ReferencesIChemE(1991).SafetyinChemicalEngineering.UK:InstitutionofChemicalEngineers

Skelton,B.(1997).ProcessSafetyAnalysis:anIntroduction.UK:InstitutionofChemicalEngineers

Or

1. Skelton,B.(1997).ProcessSafetyAnalysis:anIntroduction.UK:InstitutionofChemicalEngineers

2. IChemE(1991).SafetyinChemicalEngineering.UK:InstitutionofChemicalEngineers

Softwaretomakeiteasy–Word+EndNoteKeepingtrackofcitationsisaproblem,particularlyinlargereports.Ifyoudeleteareferenceinthenumberedsystem,youhavetorenumberallthelaterones.Inthename+datesystem,youhavetosortallthereferencesintoalphabeticalorder.Itmakessensetousesoftwaretomakethisjobeasier.

AlthoughallversionsofWordhaveanendnote/footnotecapability,whichisusefulforthenumberedsystem,itdidnotsupportthename+datesystemuntil2007.

Word2007andlaterhaveacitationandreferencingsystemthatwillstoreyourreferencesandallowyoutoinsertthemintoyourdocuments.

Aseparatepackage,calledEndNote,isavailableatmanyuniversities.Thisisaspecialisedbibliographicsystem.Itallowsyoutostoreyourpapers(e.g.PDFs)andreferencesinadatabaseandalsotoimportreferencesfrommanylibrarysystems.(Thissavestypingintheauthor’sname,titleofthework,date,publisher,etc).InsertinganiteminyourreportisassimpleasselectingitinEndNoteandclickingontheinsertcitationbuttonontheEndNotetoolbarinWord:

WithEndNoteyoucanalsoreformatallyourreferencesfromonesystemtoanotherandaccumulatethereferencesthatyouuseregularly,carryingthemfromonedocumenttoanotherviayourreferencelibrary.Youcanalsoimportreferencesfromotherusers.

CheckwithyourLibraryforregularEndNoteclasses.

MoreinformationGetEndNotefromyouruniversity’slibrarysite.

VisittheLSULearningLabat:http://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/lsu/index.htm+ClickonWritingSkillsandthenReferencing.

37

MakingthemostofMicrosoftWord(Gettingittodothehardworkforyou).

OverviewThischaptercoverssomekeyideasaboutusingWordmoreeffectivelyandefficiently.Thepointhereistosavetime.Myexperiencesuggeststhatmostpeopledon’tknowthesebasics.

Whatwillyoulearn?1. Settingupapreferredfontandparagraphspacing.Requiredonceonly.2. Usingheadingstylestodefinethestructureofyourdocument.Useheadingseverytime.3. CreatingaTableofContentsforyourreport.4. Otherlessonsalongtheway.

PreferredfontAsWordisdelivered,thedefaultfontisTimes New Roman, 10 point(72points=1inchor2.54cm).Personally,I’mnotkeenonthisfontand10pointistoosmallformostwork,asyoucanseeabove.

IuseCalibri,11ptformostwork.So,whatdowehavetodotomakethisourdefault,sothateverynewdocumentcomesuplookinglikethatratherthanusingMicrosoft’sdefault?

First,youneedtounderstandhowWordworks.

Worddocumentsaremadeupofparagraphs.AparagraphendswhenyoupresstheEnterkey.

WordattachesastyletoeachparagraphandthedefaultstyleiscalledNormal,whichyoucanusuallyseeonthetoolbar:

WhatwehavetodoischangethecharacteristicsoftheNormalstyleandsavethechangesforthenexttimeweuseWord.

ModifyingtheNormalstyleRightclickontheNormalstyleintheHometab.

ChooseModifyfromthedropdownmenu:

Selectthefontstyleandsize(atleast11pt):

Next,checktheboxthatsaysAddtoTemplatetomakethechangepermanent.

ClickonOKtoclosethedialogbox.

WhenyouchangetheNormalstyle,manyoftheotherstyleswilltendtochangewithitbecausetheyarederivedfromtheNormalstyle.ThisistheeasiestwaytocustomiseyourWorddocuments.

Changestostylesaresavedinthedefaulttemplate,afilecalledNORMAL.DOT.WhenyouexitWord,thechangesbecomepermanent(oruntilyouchangethemagainasabove).

ParagraphspacingSonowwehaveadecentfonttoworkwithandweknowit’sgoingtobethesameeverytimeweuseWord.

Thenextthingtosetistheparagraphspacing.

MostpeopleIhaveseenpresstheEnterkeytwiceattheendofeveryparagraph–oncetoendtheparagraphandthesecondtimetocreatewhitespaceinfrontofthenextparagraph.

It’smucheasiertoaskWordtoprovidewhitespaceautomaticallyforeveryparagraph.

Thestyleselectionboxonthetoolbar

38


So,weneedtomakeanothersmallchangetotheNormalstyle:rightclickonitinthestylesectionoftheHometabandchooseModify,asbefore.

Thistime,clickonFormatinthebottomleftofthedialogboxandchooseParagraphfromthedropdownmenu.Thisopensaseconddialogbox.

Next,settheparagraphpropertiesintheIndentsandSpacingtab.Ialwaysuse6ptspacingbeforetheNormalparagraphs.(Ablankparagraphisabout12pt).

Thisgivesenoughvisualspacingbetweentheparagraphswithoutwastingpaper.Thispagehas6ptspacingbetweenparagraphs.

PressOK.

Onthefirstdialogbox,checktheAddtoTemplatebox,asbefore,andclickOK.

NowyoujusthavetoretrainyourbraintonotpressEntertwiceattheendofeveryparagraph!J

KeepwithNextHaveyoueverhadtheproblemofdanglingheadingsattheendofapage,withtheparagraphbelongingtotheheadingpushedtothenextpage?

WordhasaparagraphpropertycalledKeepwithNextthatwilldragaheadingontothenextpageifthenextparagraphgetsplacedthere.However,itcan’tworkifthere’sablankparagraphbetweentheheadingandthenextparagraph.That’swhyyoushouldn’tuseblankparagraphsandwhyeachparagraphneedstohaveitsownbeforespace,asdescribedabove.

SummarysofarWehavenowmadethemostbasiccustomizationofWordsoitwillalwaysgiveustherightfontstyleandsizeandbasicinter-paragraphspacing.We’vemadethesechangespermanentusingtheAddtoTemplatecheckbox.Nowit’stimetouseHeadings.

HeadingstylesStylesareavitalcomponentintheefficientuseofWord.Ifyoudon'tusethem,youarenotmakinggooduseoftheprogram’scapabilities.We’vealreadymettheNormalstyle,whichisthedefaultstyleinWord.

Astylegenerallyappliestoaparagraph.Itcombinesalltheattributesoftextandtheparagraph,e.g.,justification,fonttype,sizeoffont,border,etc.Toassignastyletoaparagraph,simplyclickintheparagraphandthenchoosethestylefromthelistintheribbon.

NotethatthestyleboxusuallyhighlightsNormal(fortheNormalstyle).Theribbonalsoshowssomeotherstyles,manyofwhichyouwillneveruse,Iexpect.OthersareaccessiblethroughtheStylesPaneattherighthandendoftheribbon.

Youwillquicklydiscoverthataverysmallnumberofstylesaccountfor95%ofyourwork.Forexample,mostdocumentsaremadeupofNormal,Heading1,Heading2,Heading3andListparagraph.(TheHeadingstylesallowustodifferentiatebetweenheadingsandtextandbetweenheadingsatdifferentlevels).

TheHeadingstylesdefinethehierarchicalstructureofyourdocument,andtheyallowWordtoassembleaTableofContentsforyou.

Heading1shouldbeusedforchapters,Heading2forsections,Heading3forsub-sections,andsoon.

39

TableofContentsHavingdefinedtheHeadingstyles,Wordnowknowsthestructureofyourdocument.YoucanaskittocompileaTableofContentsforyou,whichcertainlybeatsdoingthisbyhand!

ChooseInsert+IndexandTables.

Generally,aTableofContentswithtwolevelsissufficient.Word’sdefaultis3levels,whichisusuallytoodetailed.

Exercise:

GotothestartoftheTEST.DOCdocumentwhereaspacehasbeenprovided,andinsertaTableofContentsusingInsert|Reference|IndexandTables.ChoosetheTableofContentstab.

Experimentwithdifferentstylesoflayoutasshowninthedialogbelow.

Updating

Asyouaddnewsectionstoyourdocument,ordeleteoldones,yourTableofContentswillneedtobeupdated.ClickanywhereintheTableofContentsandpresstheF9key.Choosetheoptiontoupdatetheentiretable,notjustpagenumbers.

YourTableofContentswillusuallybeautomaticallyupdatedwhenyouprint.

CustomisingstylesNowthatyou’vecreatedyourfirstTableofContents,it’stimetolearnhowtocustomisetheappearanceofthevariousheadingstyles.We’vealreadyseenhowtodothisfortheNormalstyle.JustrepeatfortheHeadingstyles.• AddsomeextraspacearoundtheHeadingstosuityourpersonaltaste.Makesurethatyouuse‘before’

space,althoughyoumayalsowanttoaddsomeextra‘after’spaceafterheadings.• Also,choosedifferentfontsandsizes.Bebold!Chooselargefontsizesandneveruseunderlining.• MakesurethatKeepwithNextischeckedforeachoftheHeadingstyles(butnotfortheNormalstyle).

Youcanmakenewstylesbytypinganewnameatthetopofthedialogbox,andthendefiningitsattributes.

Youcanalsomakemoreradicalchangesbyopeningthetemplateitself.Youcansaveatemplateunderanewnameforanewtypeofdocument,eg,report.dot,memo.dot,letter.dot,etc.

ListBulletAreallyusefulstyleisListBullet,whichcomesstandardinWord.Youmaywanttocustomiseitthough.Itisusedforbulletedlists.Thisismuchbetterthanusingthebulletbuttononthetoolbarbecauseyoualwaysgetexactlythesameformattingand,ifyouwanttochangeit,changingthestylechangeseverylistbulletinyourdocument.

OtherTablesWordwillalsokeeptrackofTablesofTables,Figures,Equations,andIndexetc.TheseareallaccessedthroughtheInsert|IndexandTablesmenu.Totracktables,figures,etc.,youwillneedtousetheInsert+Captionoption.

Youcanalsoinsertcross-references,whichareveryusefulwhenyouneedtorefertoaheading,figure,tableorpageatsomeotherpointinthedocument.Wordwillkeeptrackofitforyouandgeneratetherightpagenumber.

40


Forinstance,inthisdocument,youwillfindinformationaboutReportWritingonpage33.IcreatedthisbyInsert+Cross-referenceandthentheoptionsinthedialogboxasshownbelow:

ShortcutKeys

Style Windows MacNormal Shift-Ctrl-N z-Shift-NListBullet Shift-Ctrl-L z-Shift-L

Heading1 Alt-Ctrl-1 z-Option-1



SummaryWhathavewecoveredhere?1. SettingupapreferredfontandparagraphspacingbymodifyingtheNormalstyle.2. Usingheadingstylestodefinethestructureofyourdocument.3. CreatingaTableofContentsforyourreport.4. UsingKeepwithNexttoavoiddanglingheadings.5. UsingtheListBulletstyleforbulletedlists.6. Handyshortcutkeys.

ReportWritingYoucanusethereporttemplate(calledREPORT.DOC)toformatlargerdocuments.Itcontainsallofthenecessaryformatting(andatableofcontents)foramultipagereport.

SeeWritingReportsforadiscussionofreportwritingandtheuseofthistemplatewithWord.Thistemplateshouldgiveyousomecluestowhatcanbeachievedwithtemplates.Wordcomeswithmanytemplates.

MoreinformationTherearemanyusefulwebsitessuchas:TBA

41

SummaryThisshortmanualhasprovidedanoverviewofthekeyskillsrequiredinengineering:• TheDesignProcess• Projectmanagement• Groupwork• Research• Journalsandlogbooks• Presentationskills• Creativity• Decisionmaking• Reportwriting

Ithaspointedtootherresourcesthatyouwillfindhelpful.Therearehundredsofbooksandwebsitesabouteachofthesetopics.

OtherusefulreadingSelinger,C.,StuffYouDon’tLearninEngineeringSchool:SkillsforSuccessintheRealWorld,Wiley-IEEEPress,2004.

Appendix1–Forms

GettingtoknowyouUseonepageperfellowgroupmember.Writetheirnameinthecentreandtrytofindoutasmuchaspossibleaboutthem.

Contact detailsGroup experience

PersonalSubject experience

[ ]Uni life

[ ]4/03/02 - v5

PhoneEmailSuburbAddress

ChairpersonNotetaker

HobbiesFooty teamFavourite sportCarMovieMusic/groupOther

Clubs/societiesSubjectsCar poolingStudy habitsOther

AgendaMeetingdate:// Time: Location: Circulationdate://

Itemnumber Agendaitemdescription Preparationrequired Whois

responsible?

Expectedduration(mins)

1 Presentandapologies Haveapologiesavailablebeforemeeting Chairperson 1-2

2 ReviewpreviousActionList Makesuretasksarecompleteorareportcanbemade. All

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16 Reviewofgroupperformance(includingindividuals).Giveeachotherfeedback(positiveaswellasconstructive).

Makenotesofproblemareasinindividuallogbooks. All 5-10

Minutes

Team: Date:// Weeknumber:

Chairperson(teamleader): Minutetaker:

Present Absent

AgendaNo.

Minutes Actionby

Dateofnextmeeting: // Timeofnextmeeting:

Locationofnextmeeting:

TEAMUSEONLY

Teamleadersignature_________________________________________________________________

ActionPlanTeam Date:// Weeknumber___

MajorTaskDescription Sub-task Who?(initials)

Duedate Status

ü,c/f,û

Approxtimespent(hrs)

Status:ü=completed,C/F=carriedforward,û=dropped

NOTES:

Teamleadersignature___________________

ComputationSheetCompany Date: Client Designer: Project Checker: Design Job No.

47

ReferencesDowling, D., R. G. Hadgraft, A. Carew, T. McCarthy, D. J. Hargreaves and C. Baillie (2016). Engineering Your Future: an Australasian guide. Brisbane, John Wiley. Dym, C. L. and P. Little (2008). Engineering Design: A Project Based Introduction, John Wiley. Engineers Australia. (2011). "Stage 1 Competency Standard for Professional Engineer." Retrieved Oct, 2015, from https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/.

Hadgraft, R. G. (2007). It’s time for a coordinated approach to computer-aided learning and assessment. Australasian Assoc. for Eng Educ. Annual Conference. Melbourne, The University of Melbourne: paper 64. Landsberger, J. (2007, 17 Mar 2007). "Problem-based learning." Study Guides and Strategies Retrieved 23 Jan 2008, from http://www.studygs.net/pbl.htm.

Prince, M. J. and R. M. Felder (2006). "Inductive Teaching and Learning Methods: Definitions, Comparisons, and Research Bases." Journal of Engineering Education 95(2): 123-138. UNESCO (2010). ENGINEERING: Issues, Challenges and Opportunities for Development. Paris.

Documents

Project handbook 2017 - PBworksproject-handbook.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/116573466/Project... · Project Handbook 2017 – ... , Sustainability and Decision making ... , a logbook