PROJECT:BAdesign project manual . v finney

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CIVIC AGRICULTURE THROUGHVERTICAL FARMINGIN BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA

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With recent events in Argentina, food has become less and less accessible and financially affordable to the citizens, thus presenting an issue needing a solution. The rightness of the implementation of vertical farming begins with the need brought forth from the recent issues of the nation of Argentina. In terms of a moral imperative of technique, the concept of vertical farming must be further questioned and elaborated upon. It must be “impregnated with its contrary”. In the selecting of this topic, much thought went into the purpose and meaning of it. From the surface, this idea of vertical farming brings only “sunshine and rainbows” with seemingly being able to feed a population, provide jobs to sustain a community, and, in some ways, provide a renais-sance for a society and nation as a whole; meanwhile, the modernist/ futurist in us causes one to believe in the moral imperative that we must question this measure. How is vertical farming going to come about in Argentina? Is it even feasible financially? Is vertical farming in Buenos Aires truly able to feed and sustain an entire population?

It is these questions that help to find the purpose and meaning for architecture in this manner. Modernity is the opportunity to free ourselves and discover any and all possibilities in how we face the world’s issues, but it is also the opportunity to question everything so that the solutions have purpose and are successful. As architects and designers, there is a moral imperative that we are obligated to design to the benefit of humanity. In recent years, a deeper purpose and meaning for architecture has been publicized. Literature, initia-tives and programs such as Design Like You Give Damn, Freedom by Design and Architecture for Humanity, exhibit what should be everyone’s modern view of the role of architecture. Vertical farming in Buenos Aires has the possibility of fulfilling this role of meaningful architecture and overall attaining to the goals that modernity proposes.

The essay on modernity was a bit extensive, but the quantity of writing was necessary as many of the main ideas were initially provoked from the process of understanding and analyzing modernity. It has allowed the possibility of high-tech modern initiatives of vertical farming to manifest in the French ba-roque city of Buenos Aires. With an iconic identity as being the “Paris of South America”, Buenos Aires has the ability to make change. The image of SOA’s urban agricultural research as pictured on the opposite page helps to visualize the possibility of this proposed system of civic agriculture through vertical

farming. The following excerpts from the essay on the concept of time provoke further thought towards this civic agriculture in reference to time, duration and the effect these concepts may have on today’s society. The essay is based off the literature of Jeremy Riftkin’s Anthropological Time Zones.

Duration has drastically changed in terms of its role as a dimension of time over the past few decades. In western culture today, the concept of duration of any specific task or activity depends directly on speed. Time is money and money is time. How quickly any one process may take results in whether or not people are satisfied. We are a culture of instant gratification. Due to today’s technology with social media, our economy, or even how quickly our political elections process takes place, we are constantly looking for the next best, faster, fastest, electronic device to save us time which in turn saves us money.

Jeremy Rifkin’s Time Wars states, “It is interesting to note that the acceptable duration for mourning has shrunk significantly in the past century” (62). The acceptable duration for most things has shrunk significantly in recent decades, mourning being only one of them. All of these changes in duration directly relate to the advances in technology. With all the change in duration, concernsThe initial development of our graduate project topic focus was shaped by the

short essay series. The modern concepts and contemporary issues covered in the essay series directly correlate with the investigation of social, cultural and architecture relevance. This investigation has provided the proper founda-tion for the understanding of the context and vision of the proposed graduate project.

This initial series which was supplemented by in-class discussion used the modern concepts to provoke critical thought of the meaning and purpose of our graduate projects. A process that was sometimes vague and extensively challenging, provided unanticipated clarity through the study and analysis of these concepts. The concepts covered in the initial research series included modernity, time, space, and form, each with assigned literary support. The consecutive readings were chosen from Bruce Mau’s Massive Change. The following essay writings have provided the context and vision for my graduate project topic. The first, on modernity, was based off of the reading of Marshall Berman’s introductory writings in Modernity: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow, as well as Malcolm Bradbury and James McFarlane’s The Name and Nature of

Modernism. Each essay contributes to the succeeding essay through under-stated thought and understanding, providing parallels and ultimately a collec-tive direction towards the development and definition of the design project.

“What is distinctive and remarkable about the voice that Marx and Nietzsche share is…its readiness to turn on itself, to question and negate all it has said, and to stretch itself beyond its capacities into an endlessly wider range, to express and grasp a world where everything is pregnant with its contrary” (Berman 23). Berman’s writings in Modernity: Yesterday, Today and Tomor-row speaks to the notions from some of history’s most notable figures such as Marx and Nietzsche. Their “voices” encourage the man of tomorrow to stand in opposition of his today and as Marx famously said, “to question everything.”

Modernity challenges the notion that one must resonate with self-discovery and self-doubt. It is the responsibility of today’s artists and architects to impose moral thought and conscious concern for the purpose and meaning of their work. “The art that makes life, the drama of the artist’s conscious-ness, the structure that lies beyond time, history, character, or visible reality, the moral imperative of technique; are not these the basis of a great aesthetic revolution…?” (Bradbury 25). The moral attributes of technique that one might employ to make something, whether it be an art piece or a art as a structure for vertical farming is to appropriately question each measure of the brushstroke or each addition of a building’s programmed space. These questions allow for a better understanding of the technique in which the artwork or building was designed and thus leading one to understand the morality and rightness of that particular artist or architect. Modernity asks one to figure out the “whys” to the questions surrounding a certain topic or idea, ultimately bringing into focus the rightness of that particular idea.

Buenos Aires presents a great opportunity for a modernist’s creativity to solve some of the city’s current issues. In the last decade the city as well as the country of Argentina as a whole has endured an unstable period of change, socially, politically and economically. When zeroing in on what might help this society come back from the recent turmoil and sustain itself again, socially sustainable measures must be put into place to better the quality of life of the Argentine citizens. Quality of life is directly reliant on ensuring that a commu-nity has proper access to resources to be able to sustain themselves. vision

This image says “We will construct a project with new air.” Aside from a rough translation, this ad constitutes what this project could do for Buenos Aires. A rather visionary program, the system of vertical farms could also provide a mechanism for an urban air filtration system.

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with the affect it may have on quality of life start to pop up like red flags. Will everything continue to speed up so much that it will have to eventually hit a stopping point or start to slow back down?

These significant changes in duration may present future problems as briefly mentioned previously, however duration in respect to the agricultural process in vertical farming could mean huge advances in food production and thus, bet-ter commerce and more jobs. With science and technology, the possibilities of shrinking the duration of farming, in terms of growing and harvesting, could offer even more reason for implementing such systems in the world’s major cities. Argentina’s main agricultural products used to be numerous to count, but in recent years the agriculture industry has switched most of the corpo-rately and privately owned lands to soybean farms because that particular plant grows faster and thus produces more exports and money overall for the country than other produce. If we could use science to explore different growth methods to accelerate growing duration of various produce, not only would the country regain it’s identity as a strong agricultural nation, but provide a diverse food industry for its citizens right in their own backyards. This idea would bring

food back to the people and allow them to play an active role in where it comes from.

Civic agriculture does just this. It is defined as a concept that embraces inno-vative ways to produce, process and distribute food and it represents a sus-tainable alternative to the socially, economically, and environmentally distictive practices associated with conventional large-scale architecture. Farmer’s markets, community gardens, and community-supported agriculture such as vertical farming are all forms of civic agriculture (Lyson 12).

The reading contributing to the essay on the concept of space is entitled Ma-chines as the Measure of Men by Michael Adas. Initially, it was a little difficult for me to understand the correlation between the reading and how it might affect or define my graduate project topic. The reading was on the temporal and spatial prejudices of European colonists of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and their conclusion that the concepts of new territorities, such as Asia and Africa, were flawed. The reading discusses the feelings and miscom-munications that arose from a difference in spatial and temporal perception, ultimately uncovered a disconnect between the different cultures and their understanding of different concepts. This led to uncovering some provocative questions for my graduate project topic.

The feelings of the Africans or Asians, if roles were reversed with the Euro-pean colonists, might resemble the possible resistant sentiments the Argentine citizens may have towards the implementation of vertical urban farming and the change it would bring to Buenos Aires. Much like the colonization of Eu-rope by the Africans and Asians, it is curious to consider what the implications may be following this infiltration of this new idea into the urban fabric of Buenos Aires. This project could bring two different cultures together; the existing social and cultural context of old, decantly European Buenos Aires and of the contrasting environmentally cutting-edge, catalytic, sustainably-modernized system of vertical farming architecture. Will the old-fashioned, classically con-servative community of Buenos Aires receive the concept of this new form of agriculture with open arms and curious minds? Or would the proposed system of highly technical buildings be resisted and unaccepted as the African and Asian methods and perceptions of space and time were by the Europeans? In specific reference to space, how might the proposed project change the city’s

overall fabric and influence it’s existing urban space? Earlier in our qroup discussions, in relation to my graduate project topic, the notion of the farmer becoming an integrated part of the city was brought into question. Much like the reversed role in the colonization process as previously discussed, the nature-based world is coming into a machine of mass transportation, housing and living at a speed unbeknownst to the agrarian culture. At what point in this project does the system allow for a successful melding of cultures so that society can develop and proper in this changed Buenos Aires? How do we ensure and trust that the project will truly benefit and thrive in a city and culture like that of Buenos Aires, Argentina? Can this implementation of vertical farm-ing systems respond to the contextual surroundings in a positive way while still being progressive and a catalyst for change in a city that needs it?

Many questions have risen from the discussions and essays surrounding these modern concepts provoking further ideas and meaning for the graduate project of vertical farming in Buenos Aires. The remaining modern concept essay was written based off of the topic of form and content. Most of this helped further define the process and content of the installation. My installation investigated and exhibited the many layers of social, economic and cultural conscious-ness that the project seeks to address. Much of this is further discussed in the abstract and interview content as mentioned on the succeeding pages.

The readings from Bruce Mau’s Massive Change influenced the definition and development of my graduate project exponentially. The first essay was based off of the section entitled “Urban Economies”. This section was selected due to the emphasis on the urban environment which is an obvious component to the context of vertical farming in Buenos Aires.

The urban needs the rural. But does the rural need the urban? Do wind farms and hydro power plants exhibit the opposite of what implementing verti-cal farming into an urban metropolis does? If the rural and the urban is one ecosystem, does preserving that ecosystem go both ways? Such as the rural needing the urban?

“My suggestion is that you stop thinking about the city and the suburbs and the exurbs and the rural areas as separate entities and you really consider them as united ecosystems” -Michael McDonough (Massive Change 38). Bruce

Mau’s compilation of texts in Massive Change’s chapter entitled Urban Econo-mies presents McDonough’s blunt statement about how we should relate the urban to the rural and vise versa. This consideration of the ecosystem directly correlates with the urban and rural relationship that is at the root of my gradu-ate project of vertical farming.

One of the main goals behind vertical farming is it offers the promise of urban renewal, sustainable production of a safe and varied food supply (year-round crop production), and the eventual repair of ecosystems that have been sacri-ficed for horizontal farming (Despommier 12). Thus the rural needs the urban in the sense that the farmlands that have moved from what they truly used to provide as natural ecosystems to simply just what grows fastest to be overall productive…thus the overall preserving or maintaining of the ecosystem comes down to food. “Food is our common ground- a universal experience.” The capacious depth of James Beard’s statement adds a binder for this ecosystem of urban and rural as one.

While the urban could not exist with the rural that envelopes it, as the rural

VISION

VISION2nd Place winner of the Evolo 2010 Sky-scraper Competition, the CRP Building proposed to clean up rivers and provide sustainable housing to the neighboring slums in Jakarta.

Another visionary project of Cloud Skippers, featured in Brackett- on farming, that proposed a sustainable alternative to living. Instead of depleating more of the Earth’s resources, creating new opportunities to give Mother Nature a break and still live a productive life. Projects like these continue to drive the visionary side of Project:BA.

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feeds the urban, this is true in the reverse as well. The rural needs the ma-chine and technology that comes from the urban. With todays overharvest-ing of natural resources with the growing population’s demand for more and more agricultural product, the rural and the urban need to be synchronized and made into one entity. Because the rural is coming to a form of it’s own because of what its function is determined by the needs of the urban (crop circles, organized farming, etc.). Thus if the connection of the two was broken, it would devastate each other. So they need each other to have both entities be prosperous and successful, all contributing to the success of one ecosys-tem as a whole.

Continuing with the readings from Mau’s Massive Change, the following essay also played a major role in the research and definition process, further shaping the end result of the vertical farming in Buenos Aires.

In Massive Change, William McDonough states, “What we seek is a delightfully diverse, safe, healthy, and just world, with clean water, air, soil, and power, that is economically, equitably, ecologically, and elegantly enjoyed” (Mau 190).

This section of Massive Change, on Manufacturing Economies, is directly implicative of the previously written modern concepts essays. The section discusses the role of waste in today’s design and manufacturing processes. McDonough’s statement above reiterates the main goals of my graduate proj-ect topic of vertical farming in Buenos Aires. Ultimately, the main purpose is to improve and sustain the quality of life of Buenos Aires citizens. The words diverse, safe, healthy, just, clean, and enjoyed, from McDonough, all resonate in the concept of an improved quality of life.

In the reading, McDonough also says, “Cost, performance, and aesthetics meet the life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness!” (191). Both this witty clos-ing note and the above mentioned statements from this section of Massive Change, refer to the economic and sociological factors that implicitly mirror the factors and considerations in this particular graduate project topic. Thus there are both measureable and immeasurable conditions to consider in implement-ing vertical farming into an urban environment such as Buenos Aires. In my trans-disciplinary interview with Dr. Larry Makus from the Department of Agri-cultural Economics, we discussed these conditions and from an economist’s perspective, he said that with a culturally implicative project such as vertical farming, it is less about the fiscal costs associated with the system, but more on the immeasurable value that it brings the community of Buenos Aires. It is essential to argue the immeasurable values and determine the considerations that must be taken into account on a grander scheme of things that will pro-vide value to the product, the product being the improved quality of life for the community members. The local food movement that is associated with vertical farming is also present at a more tangible level to urban agriculture in general. The joy that people get from being a part of the urban environment and the experience of seeing their food produced has an immeasurable value. As an economist, Makus states that it is difficult to assign a value to the interaction between the rural and urban and the joy that people get from interacting with the people who actually produced that food. It is the role of the architect or de-signer to help the community see the values that cannot be measured, through the intervention of successful and thoughtful design of this rural-based system into the urban, built environment. Both measureable and immeasurable values are associated with a project such as this one. In the end, all of these values and conditions are essential to the success of this combined system of rural and urban environments.

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A personal sketch exhibiting the vision of combining the vertical farming program into the context of the “Paris of the South”.

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Buenos Aires presents a great opportunity for innovative and creative thinking to solve some of the city’s current issues. In the last decade the city as well as the country of Argentina as a whole has endured an unstable period of change, socially, politically and economically. When zeroing in on what might help this society come back from the recent turmoil and sustain itself again, vertical farming presented itself as a socially sustainable measure that must be put into place to better the quality of life of the Argentine citizens.

In my trans-disciplinary interview with Dr. Larry Makus from the Department of Agricultural Economics, we discussed the factors of vertical farming, and from an economist’s perspective, he said that with a culturally implicative project such as vertical farming, it is less about the fiscal costs associated with the system, but more on the immeasurable value that it brings the community of Buenos Aires. The joy that people get from being a part of the urban environ-ment and the experience of seeing their food produced has an immeasurable value. As an economist, Makus states that it is difficult to assign a value to the interaction between the rural and urban and the joy that people get from interacting with the people who actually produced that food. It is the role of the architect or designer to help the community see the values that cannot be measured, through the intervention of successful and thoughtful design of this rural-based system into the urban, built environment.

The root of the ideas behind the vertical farming movement can be understood in terms of two halves of the whole, the rural and the urban. By emphasizing the combining of the rural and the urban, the social and cultural implications of such a proposed marriage manifest itself in the gesture of this installation. The installation aims to search, filter, discover and reveal the factors associated with such a project, culminating in a collage that investigates and celebrates bringing the rural to urban or the moment when gray fades to green.

The intent of the installation is to further assist our research process in the critical investigation and exposing of the issues at the root of our graduate projects. This piece of installation art is composed of a pine wood base, mixed media print graphics and elements, and laser-cut acrylic layered tiles. The completed installation measures a floor to ceiling height of nearly nine feet. *

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The essays and installation provided the opportunity to shape and define the direction that the project will go in. After posing all the questions that the essay writings and research provoked, analyzing the project context and site selec-tion were next. Having a very generalized knowledge of the city of Buenos Aires due to various trips there for family visits throughout my childhood, I had to critically begin to consider what part or parts of the city should accommodate the vertical farming system.

Buenos Aires, is situated on the west landmass of one of the world’s widest riv-ers, Rio de La Plata. With over 15 different neighborhoods, Buenos Aires has a rich, diverse urban fabric. For the scale of the catalyst building in this series of vertical farming, the highlighted neighborhoods below provided the best con-textual match for the initial site. Puerto Madero, previously having been one of the most industrial areas of B.A. and currently the area of the city undergoing the most change and revitilization, provides a great, refreshing context for the project. Also located here is the recently implemented ecological reserve that naturally began to grown into an existing landfill site. The reserve provides a great natural habitat for wild species of plants and animals to co-exist with the urban zone adjacent to it.

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puente de la mujer, puerto madero The initial site and focus of this graduate project is located in Puerto Madero in Buenos Aires, Argentina. In an area thriving with mixed-use buildings, com-merce, residences and ample green space, this site is at an iconic geographic location. Just one kilometer east of the nation’s main government building “La Casa Rosada”, or the pink house, an emblem of the city rests above the water canal feeding from the nearby Rio de la Plata. The pedestrian draw bridge by Calatrava connects the rapid, bustling business and historic districts to the excitingly rich maritime neighborhood of Puerto Madero. At the eastern terminus of the bridge is the proposed site for the initial vertical farm. The site is the only one along the revitalized boardwalk that still maintains the neglected remains of a fully functioning grain silo. While initially I saw the site and invi-sioned starting from scratch, there is a reason this newly repolished neighbor-hood has kept it. Locals have said it is one of the only remains of the industrial past of Puerto Madero besides the eccentric yellow cranes dotting along the boardwalk. This silo has a certain charm and significance which led me to feel the need to include it in the project. It is one of the most recognized views in Puerto Madero and thus provides a catalytic site from which the system can expand west, out into the city, eventually connecting back to the surrounding farm lands of Buenos Aires.

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As previously mentioned, the Puerto Madero site is an initial site of the intend-ed vertical farming system series to eventually extend out into the city. The city map above shows the western progression of future sites stemming from the catalytic initial site. The urban density in reference to residential zones are far more populous in the eastern most neighborhoods of Buenos Aires. The future sites are proposed in sites with existing context issues such as neglect-ed, worn down green space or open sites where previous demolition has taken place.

The image to the right is a view towards the initial main site looking southwest from the public park that neighbors it. During my site visit it was clear most of the buildings on the boardwalk zone of Puerto Madero are eight stories or less. When asking about city zoning codes for building heights, locals mentioned that it is suggested but not mandatory, as well as the strictness of the code depends on the bribery skills of the designer or proposed building owner or the governing body of the city and Argentina at that time.

The opposite page shows preliminary site analysis and climate conditions.

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Of the precendent studies researched for this graduate project, SOA’s La Tour Vivante was the most applicable and prominent in resources and information. The difficulty with chosing a vertical farming program exists in the new, raw field that this type of architecture belongs to. There is slim pickings for case studies. Most of the projects are competition entries that were never built or hypothetical in nature from the beginning. This project has never been built but provides an excellent prototype for a building of this type of program. With a program size comparable to my graduate project, the information on design process and supplemental drawings proved to be very useful and my main point of reference. With different contextual conditions, the buildings differ in specific sizing of certain components of the program such as the market place and residential zones, however the building systems and technical detail have shaped many of the pre-design decision for my graduate project.

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While the program of the Vertical Safari and my graduate project differ in many ways, in many ways they are quite similar. The Vertical Safari is also very conceptual and was designed in a purely hypothetical sense, however pro-grammatically, the design had to handle many of the challenges that come with vertical programs such as these.

The main comparison between the two would be accommodating the vegeta-tion areas and the habitat of animals. It would have been nice to see a greater detail in the mechanics and structure of the building, but this precedent pro-vides excellent conceptual ideas to fuel the creative planning of the project.

What is most valuable to me in this precedent is the diagramming process the designer went through to vertically organize the program efficiently and properly.

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The Eco-Blade Hostel in Barcelona, Spain is another competition-based, hypothetical project, however a model precedent in several ways. The building combines temporary, hostel residences with a small program of vertical farm-ing that occurs concurrently throughout the building. What I most appreciated from this precedent was the combination of residential zones with public park-like vegetation zones. This can be directly applied to the program studies of my building. While still quite conceptual, the building offers some insight and possibilities on the topic of the building envelope options.

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Besides the program layout of the Tour Vivante, this is most useful precedent drawing I have found. The simple clarity of the program as well as graphics has directly influenced my project.

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The program of the vertical farming facility is quite diverse and extensive. It is important that the program offer a mixed-use facility in order to be economi-cally valueable to the neighborhood and city.

The program is divided up into five main parts: eat, shop, live, learn, and grow. “Eat” is the part of the program involving a on-site restaurant to contribute to the dining out culture of Buenos Aires and offer public interest all hours of the day. “Shop” is the marketplace that is the main method of distributing food and making it available to the public of consumers and community members. “Live” is the part of the program accommodating for the farmers’ residences in the facility as to promote community between the neighborhood members and the farmers now living as a part of that neighborhood. “Learn” encompasses the educational component of the program. Vertical farming requires new technology and engineering that differs from a traditional farming method. The farmers living and working in the facility have to opportunity for an education that is necessary to the sustainable success of the facility and community.

“Grow” covers the majority of the program, the actual farming component. This extensive section covers over 80% of the facility. It includes over nearly 20 stories of growing area for the produce (tomatoes, strawberries, salads, green beans, and small squash), produce seedling nursuries, laboratories for research, and growing systems such as aeroponics and hydroponics. The unique aspect of this vertical farming program is it includes adequate space to house dairy cows and egg-laying chickens. There will be no animal products in terms of butchery produced or sold on site. Since special accommodations must be made to ensure healthy cows and chickens, the program allots for grazing and feeding areas for the cows as well as dairy pasteurization rooms; chicken living quarters including a chick nursery and egg laying coops. Cows can produce up to 7400 liters of milk a year per cow, and chickens can lay up to 300 eggs per year, thus food processing and storage is necessary for just the animal products and will be provided within the program square meterage.

A benefit to this extensive program is each system feeds into another in terms of water supply, energy supply, food and nutrient supply, etc. so it only further promotes the sustainable programs and systems vertical farming can initiate.

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Students in architecture, engineering, construction as well as other related fields are encouraged to participate in a student competition on The Archi-tecture and Engineering of Sustainable Buildings. Team projects including students from different disciplines are very much encouraged.

OPEN CHALLENGE PROGRAMThe student competition calls for open submission designs for any building type larger than 100,000 square feet (9,300 square meters). Topics of interest include achieving sustainability through integrated design, construction and operation of buildings; energy generation, conservation; health issues; climate issues; water and wastewater; waste management; assessing building sustain-ability; material choice and selection; design vs. operation and ways to achieve net zero-energy buildings. Preference will be given to project with complex requirements, such as building types, climatic characteristics, use of advanced building systems and technologies, and those that demonstrate innovation and design excellence. Register by 02.15.12. Submissions due by 05.17.12.

resourcesSelected readings from essays. The literature shown here.

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Clear & de-finitive analysis & understanding of

program & context...

Experimentation for schematic

design (concept & experimental models, plans,

sections, eleva-tions, etc.)

Refinement of sen-sibilities drawn from

program & context analysis

... Development for schematic design

(study models, plans, sections, elevations,

etc.)...

Register for design competition

Refined exploration for schematic design bridging into

design development, drawings, models, etc. communicative

components must substantially convey overall project

...Experimentation of detail and

dissemination technique

Refinements & explorations for design development

...Refinement of detail &

dissemination technique; all intended final drawings,

models, and other com-municative components for

final must be iterated

Final Reviews

Final Manual & Booklet

...Submissions

for design competition

due

PROJECT:BAdesign project manual . v finney