PROGRESSIVE

MOVEMENT

Do Now

If You Were There…

You live in a big-city neighborhood in the 1890s. You and your brother are looking for jobs. You know that the man down the street is the “ward boss.” He can always get city jobs for his friends and neighbors. But in return you’ll have to promise to vote the way he tells you to in the upcoming election.

Would you ask the ward boss for a job?

Why or Why Not?

THE GILDED AGE • gild·ed

• ˈgildid/

• adjective

• 1.

• covered thinly with gold leaf or gold paint.

• "an elegant gilded birdcage“

• The “Gilded Age” was a novel written by Mark Twain and

Charles Dudley Warner.

• Meant to satirize the inequality of the time period.

• Despite economic growth, we have a declining care for

humanity. (working conditions, immigrants, tenements)

THE GILDED AGE • The phrase, The Gilded Age, highlights the

inequality between wealthy business owners

and workers who labored under terrible

conditions

• Politics during this age were corrupt (guilty of

dishonest practices)

• City and county politics were influenced by

political machines (powerful organizations

that used both legal and illegal methods to get

their candidates elected to public office)

The Progressive Movement

• Many Americans cried

for reform.

• The people claimed

government and big

business were taking

advantage of them,

rather than serving them.

Progressives • Progressivism is a combination of many New ideas

• Government should regulate (control) big business

• Progressives felt that society had an obligation to

protect all the people, and help the poor

• Progressives wanted to help those who lacked wealth

and influence

• Goal: to eliminate the causes of problems such as

crime, disease, and poverty.

• Fought for things such as education reform and better

working conditions.

Origins of Progressives

Activists determined to solve society’s

problems through political action.

Middle-Class

Urban

College Educated

Majority White & Many Women

Represented smaller

movements but all working for

the single goal of bettering society.

Political & Religious Roots

Inspired by religious movement called, Social Gospel.

Believed that society must take responsibility for those who are less fortunate.

Inspired by political movement called, Populism.

Supports the interests of the general population against the social elite – social equality for all.

Believed in creating a more democratic society.

Challenge Social Darwinism

Social Darwinism

Believed the wealthiest would survive, while others would

fall behind.

Natural Order

Progressive Challenge

Government should protect average Americans’ rights against monopolies and

political corruption.

Help those in need

Problems in Politics

Political Machines • Political Machines were powerful organizations

linked to political parties. These groups controlled local government in many cities.

• These groups were controlled by a Political Boss. They gained votes for their parties by doing favors for people.

• They would offer turkey dinners and summer boat rides, and offer jobs to immigrants in return for votes.

• Much of their support came from immigrants and the poor because of the services they provided such as jobs and social services.

• Many political bosses were dishonest

TAMMANY HALL • New York City’s corrupt political machine

• After winning city elections in 1888, Tammany Hall rewarded its supporters

with over 12,000 jobs

• William Marcy Tweed (“Boss Tweed”) stole up $200 million from NYC

• Spoils system = practice of giving jobs to your political supporters

• The spoils system helped many untrained and unqualified workers get

government jobs

Mob Mentality • Corrupt politicians found numerous ways to make money. • They received Kickbacks. • Sometimes contractors would overcharge for a project and

give the extra money to the political boss • A carpenter was paid $360,751 (roughly $4.9 million today)

for one month's labor in a building with very little woodwork. A furniture contractor received $179,729 ($2.5 million) for three tables and 40 chairs. And the plasterer, a Tammany functionary, Andrew J. Garvey, got $133,187 ($1.82 million) for two days' work; his business acumen earned him the sobriquet "The Prince of Plasterers." Tweed personally profited from a financial interest in a Massachusetts quarry that provided the courthouse's marble. When a committee investigated why it took so long to build the courthouse, it spent $7,718 ($105,000) to print its report. The printing company was owned by Tweed.

Boss Tweed • Boss Tweed headed New York City’s political

machine in the 1860’s and 1870’s.

• Tweed was so powerful he controlled the police, courts, and some newspapers.

• He collected millions of dollars in illegal payments.

• Political Cartoonist Thomas Nast exposed Tweed’s operations in his newspaper, Harpers Weekly -- created a national outcry, and soon Tweed and many of his cronies were facing criminal charges

• Tweed was sentenced to prison and died in jail in 1878.

Spoils System • The Spoils System (Patronage)– rewarding

political supporters with jobs and favors. Was common since Andrew Jackson.

• President Rutherford B. Hayes and James Garfield tried to change the spoils system, and supported Civil Service- the body of no elected government workers.

• Garfield believed people should be appointed to jobs based on qualifications, not on who supported who.

Spoils System ctd • Garfield was assassinated by an

unsuccessful office seeker named Charles Guiteau in 1881 before he could launch his reforms.

• Chester A. Arthur succeeded Garfield.

• He set up the Civil Service Commission.

• This commission set up exams for people who wanted government jobs called the Pendleton Civil Service Act. Government job applicants were required to pass a test before being hired (originally included only 10% of govt. job, later 90% would be required to test).

Muckrakers • Journalists helped reformers by exposing

corruption

• Muckrakers wrote about problems that were

hidden and exposed them

• They “Raked the Muck” or cleaned up the dirt

and corruption in the world.

• They wrote about issues, such as, child labor,

racial discrimination, slum housing, and

corruption in business and politics.

Famous Muckrakers • Lincoln Steffens – Exposed corrupt machine

politics in NYC, Chicago, and other cities in

articles published by McClure’s Magazine,

called “The Shame of the Cities.”

• Ida Tarbell – Described the unfair practices

of the oil trust

Upton Sinclair

• Sinclair was a

muckraker who wrote a

book about the

meatpacking industry

• Sinclair wanted to show

the public how the

workers were mistreated

Sinclair • Instead, he uncovered disgusting

truths including, meat falling on the ground, rats and other rodents being grounded into the meat, and mislabeling the products.

• Congress responded by passing the Meat Inspection Act in 1906, along with the Pure Food and Drug Act, banning the sale of harmful food and the foreign and interstate traffic of contaminated or mislabeled food and drug products

Reform Successes • Goal: help the urban poor

• Settlement Houses: community centers where volunteer middle-class

"settlement workers" would live, hoping to share knowledge and culture

with, and alleviate the poverty of their low-income neighbors. The

"settlement houses" provided services such as daycare, education, and

healthcare to improve the lives of the poor.

• City Planners: design safer building codes and new public parks.

• Civil Engineers: improved transportation by paving streets and building

bridges.

• Sanitation Engineers: began to solve problem of waste disposal and impure

water supply.

• Education: laws stating all children must attend school – new schooling –

philosopher, John Dewey – problem solving, not memorization.

VOTING REFORMS • Seventeenth Amendment – Americans can vote directly

for U.S. senators instead of having state legislatures vote

for them

• Referendum – some states allowed voters to overrule a

law that the government had proposed or passed

• Recall –allowed voters to sign a petition in order to

remove a corrupt politician before his term ended

• Initiative – allowed voters to propose a new law by

collection signatures on a petition

17th Amendment • Progressive changed the way U.S. Senators were

elected.

• The constitution allowed state legislatures to vote for senators directly.

• Previously, political bosses corrupted this process.

• In 1912, Congress passed the 17th Amendment to the constitution to allow direct election of Senators.

Government Reforms

• Robert La Follette “Fighting Bob” won support in

Wisconsin by attacking big business and railroads

• Prior to him, the candidates were chosen by the political

machine boss.

• Now state voters could choose their candidates in a

Primary

HOMEWORK

• In notebooks/Google Drawing: Design a poster using a

slogan that could be used in an advertising campaign that

would raise awareness about one of the following

problems of the Gilded Age: child labor, slum housing,

corruption in politics, big business, racial/ethnic

discrimination.

DO NOW • Imagine you are standing in

the alley with these 3 boys.

• What social problem or

problems does this photograph

show?

• In your notebook, describe

each problem you see in two

sentences or more. Use vivid

and descriptive language that

might stir someone into action.

• When asked, share your

response with the class.

Read Page 205

• How did the muckrakers get their name. Why were they

important?

Section 2: Origins of

Progressives

• In the late 1800’s women had less responsibilities:

• More children spent time in school

• Men worked away from home

• Technology helped with housework

Do Now: Notebooks

• Read song lyrics and answer questions on the worksheet.

Child Labor Reform

• By 1900, more than 1.75 million children living in America worked

in factories, mines, and mills earning very low wages.

• Children made as little as 40 cents a day.

• As muckrakers began to publish account of the work & living

conditions of child workers, progressives began to lobby for

reforms.

• However, laws alone could not end child labor as children were

instructed to lie to government inspectors about their age.

Workplace Safety

• Working conditions were dangerous and unsanitary.

• Triangle Shirtwaist Fire – Triangle Shirtwaist Factory was

a clothing factory in NYC that employed mostly Jewish

and Italian immigrant women. On March 25, 1911, a fire

had started on the 8th floor of the factory – occupied 8, 9,

& 10 floors of Asch building.

• Unextinguished cigarette butt thrown in a waste basket

with piles of cloth scraps ignited the fire, which spread

quickly amongst all the flammable clothing. 146 women

died in this tragedy. This is the deadliest industrial

accident that was ever occurred in NYC.

Workers’ Laws

• Labor leaders and reformers passed workers

compensation laws in many states. This law guaranteed a

portion of lost wages to workers injured on the job.

• 1908 Supreme Court Case Muller v. Oregon: upheld the

limit of the 10 hour workday to women and children

stating it was hazardous to the health of these individuals.

• Despite this, work conditions remained poor for most

people.

Labor Organizations

• Led by Samuel Gompers

• Allowed only skilled workers

• Limited membership to mostly native-born Americans

• Favored capitalism – an economic system in which private businesses run most industries and competition determines the price of goods

AFL

American Federation of Labor

• Led by William “Big Bill” Haywood

• Allowed immigrants, women, African Americans to join.

• Favored Socialism – a system in which the government owns and operates a country’s means of production.

• Goal: to overthrow capitalism and form one big union of workers, staged violent strikes.

• Support faded due to aggressive tactics.

IWW

Industrial Workers of the World

(Wobblies)

Education

• Progressive movement fought for educational

opportunities for women. By 1910, about 40% of college

students were women.

• Most women found jobs as social workers and teachers.

Jobs such as doctors and lawyers were dominated by men

and much more difficult to find.

• Many women also used their education to become active

in reform, hence the Temperance Movement.

Temperance Movement

• Social problems such as family violence and criminal

behavior blamed on factors, such as, immigration,

urbanization, and alcohol.

• The Temperance Movement was the movement against

the sale of alcohol.

• They supported Prohibition, which was a law to prohibit

the making and the sale of alcohol.

• The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union led the way.

• 18th Amendment – banned sale of alcohol in U.S.

• Costly for U.S. come the time of the Great Depression

Suffrage

• Suffrage is the right of women to vote.

• A person who fought for the right to vote was a Suffragist

• Famous ones were Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony

formed the NAWSA (National American Women’s Suffrage

Association) to promote women’s right to vote in 1890.

• Success in 1890: women won the right to vote in Wyoming, Colorado,

Idaho, and Utah.

• Alice Paul organized NWP (National Women’s Party) – used parades,

picketing, hunger strikes, etc. Picketed outside White House – were

jailed, started a hunger strike in prison, and were force fed.

• By 1920, U.S. Congress passed 19th Amendment granting women the

right to vote.

Opposition

• Many men, and some

women, were against

suffrage

• Many thought it would

upset society’s “Natural

Balance,” and lead to

divorce and neglected

children.

African Americans Challenge

Discrimination • Booker T.Washington – born into slavery. His strategy was not to fight

discrimination directly.

• He encouraged African Americans to improve their educational and

economic well-being.

• Ida B. Wells – addressed discrimination directly in her Memphis

newspaper called “Free Speech”, in which she drew attention to the

lynchings of African Americans.

• W.E.B. Du Bois – college graduate who earned a doctorate from

Harvard University. Studied and publicized cases of racial prejudice.

Believed African Americans should protest unjust treatment and

demand equal rights.

•

NAACP

• National Associate for the Advancement of Colored People – Du Bois

and other reformers founded this organization that called for economic

and educational equality for African Americans.

• Won the case of Guinn v. United States which made grandfather

clauses illegal.

• These laws were used in the South to keep African Americans from

voting.

Failures to Reform

• Native Americans – kept cultural traditions

• Chinese immigrants – discrimination and little support from

reformers

• Mexican immigrants – increased population and poor living

conditions

Section 3: Progressive Presidents

Theodore Roosevelt

• Theodore “Teddy” Roosevelt was elected to the office of Vice President

• A powerful republican leader named Mark Hanna warned America there was now only one life between “That Cowboy” and the Whitehouse.

• Roosevelt believed in conservation- the protection and preservation of natural resources. He was a famous outdoorsman.

• Less than a year later, President McKinley was assassinated

Trustbuster

• Roosevelt was extremely progressive

• He ordered the justice system to use the Sherman Anti-Trust act, which wasn’t used to this point in history, to break up trusts

• Roosevelt went after the Northern Securities Company, a railroad monopoly in the northwest, and broke it apart.

• Roosevelt was a trustbuster is someone that wanted to break up big corporations.

Labor Crisis

• 1902 – 100,000 United Mine Workers, a union went on strike.

• The public opinion was against the owners

• Roosevelt invited owners and union leaders to talk at the White House.

• Owners refused to show up, and Roosevelt was furious

• He threatened to send the army in to run the mines and take them over himself.

Labor Crisis

• Owners caved, and workers received better pay and

reasonable hours per week

• Other Presidents sent troops in against the strikers. This

was the first time in history troops were sent in to battle

the owners

Square Deal

• When Roosevelt ran for president in 1904, he promised a Square Deal – equal treatment for all.

• He also promised government would regulate business

• Before this, the country practiced Laissez-faire. This French term generally means, “let people do as they choose.”

• He supported the pure food and drug act, which gave government permission to visit businesses and inspect products

President Taft

• No president had run for more than two terms. So Roosevelt did not run again

• Taft easily defeated democrat William Jennings Bryan

• He was not as exciting as Roosevelt, but won more anti-trust cases in 4 years than Roosevelt did in 7 years.

Problems for Taft

• Taft supported the 16th Amendment – which gave congress the power to tax people’s incomes. (Money they make)

• Progressives believed Taft would use the money to lower tariffs, but tariffs stayed the same and progressives were angry.

• Roosevelt was watching and was disappointed and enraged.

Roosevelt Challenges Taft

• In 1912 Roosevelt decided to run against Taft.

• Taft won the republican nomination over Roosevelt, but Roosevelt was still very popular

• Roosevelt and his supporters formed the Progressive Party. They nominated Roosevelt.

Election of 1912

• The republican vote was split between Roosevelt and Taft

• Woodrow Wilson, the democrat snuck in and stole the election. He gained 42% of the popular vote, Roosevelt got 27% and Taft got 22%.

• Wilson almost swept the election, receiving 435 of 531 electoral votes.

Wilson continues

Progressivism

• Wilson’s New Freedom program included many

progressive era ideas, and was able to pass laws

to lower taxes on sugar, wool, steel, and farm

equipment that were imported.

• The progressive movement changed life in

America, however while change was taking place

many people were forgotten along the way.

Section 4 Excluded from Reform

Prejudice

• Non-White, Non-protestant, -Non Native residents faced Discrimination – unequal treatment because of one’s race, religion, ethnic background, or place of birth.

• Around this time there was:

• Anti-Catholicism – Anti Catholics

• Anti-Semitism – Anti Jewish

• Anti-Asian – Prejudice against all countries in Asia

Discrimination Against

African Americans • 4/5 African Americans lived

in the South

• The Supreme Court passed Plessy vs. Ferguson, a court case that legalized segregation which was separating a group based on race. The court case recognized “separate, but equal”.

• Nothing was separate but equal in reality

Discrimination ctd

• The Ku Klux Klan, which was around during reconstruction, was reborn during 1915 in Georgia.

• The Klan lashed out against minorities, especially African Americans, as well as Catholics, Jews, and immigrants.

• They called for 100% Americans

• The Klan was big in the north as well during this time, including upstate NY. They had over 2 million members.

Racial Hatred

• People who lost their jobs between 1893 and 1907 blamed minorities.

• More than 2,000 African Americans were lynched. Lynching were used against Chinese in the West.

Lynching Map

Failures of

Progressivism

• Progressive leaders were usually from upper and middle

classes

• Unions often would not allow women, African

Americans, or immigrants from joining.

• Temperance movement was designed to stop the drinking

of Irish Catholics.

Struggle for Equal Opportunity

• Booker T. Washington was born into slavery, learned to read, and founded the Tuskegee Institute

• He believed of African Americans had more economic power (money), they would be in a better position to demand equality

• He set up schools to give African American education, which led to better jobs.

Washington Ctd…

• He founded the National Negro Business League to

promote business development

• He stressed to work patiently, many who were victims

took offense.

• Some African Americans tried Back-to-Africa

programs, however they weren’t popular

Other Successes/Failures

• Ida B. Wells was the editor of an African American newspaper in Memphis, Tennessee.

• She was forced out of town when she released the names of white members involved in a lynching.

• She revealed in her book that the ones that were lynched were the ones who were successful

Do Now: Note Cards

• Imagine you are walking through a grocery store (today). What

kind of products do you see? Where are they made? Where do

they come from? Are there a lot of choices? Or not many?

Meat Packing Industry

• What do you know???

How is your food produced

today?

Video Clip - Corn

Video Clip - Monsanto

Chapter 17, Section 3 – 6

Jigsaw

Do Now Use the Instagram Template to draw a picture of one of the

problems Progressives tried to solve during the turn of the

20th century:

1. Living Conditions in Cities (Tenements, Garbage, etc.)

2. Child Labor

3. Working Conditions

4. Corrupt Political Machines / Government

5. Women’s Suffrage (Right to vote)

6. African-American Inequality (Segregation & Right to

Vote)

Group Activity

• Using your number from the Do Now, research the assigned

problem. Use the graphic organizer to fully complete the

exercise. Research the reform using the textbook (Chapter

17, Section 3- 5) and the chromebooks. Be sure to grade the

Progressive solution. Was it successful? Why or why not?

• Students will explain their findings to other groups. One rep

per group.

• Groups will take notes during presentations

Homework – W.E.B. Du Bois

Introduction – T.R., Taft,

Wilson

Field Site Review – T.R.

Reflection – Twitter Wall What did Roosevelt do to earn immortalization at Mount

Rushmore? Most people can easily answer why the others figures

were chosen. So……………..after studying about the life and work

of Theodore Roosevelt, YOU decide why YOU THINK he was

placed among such prestigious company (George Washington - the

father of our country, Thomas Jefferson - author of the Declaration

of Independence, and Abraham Lincoln - the “Great Emancipator”

who united the country).

Reflection – Mount Rushmore

• Write 3 to 4 sentence

response in notebooks across

from T.R. graphic organizer.

4 Corners

Taft Video

Wilson Video

Do Now

• Progressive Review 1

Do Now

• Do Now: Using graphic organizer from the previous

day, students will draw a sensory figure of either

Roosevelt, Taft, or Wilson. Provide 5 senses:

1. what I hear

2. what I see

3. what I say.

4. what I feel

5. what I think

Graffiti Vocabulary Wall