Programming Languages FILS 2014-2015

Andrei Vasilateanu

Administration

Course Master:

• Andrei Vasilateanu, andraevs@gmail.com

Teaching Assistants: • Radu Serban

Grading:

• Final exam 40%

• Laboratory 60% • 2 Tests 30%

• Attendance 10%

• Homework + Activity 20%

Course Policies:

• Individual HW, >50% in exam, no late HW

Bibliography

The lectures are not enough, extra reading is necessary

Romanian:

• L.D.Serbanati, C.Bogdan, Programare orientata spre obiecte cu exemplificari in limbajul Java

English:

• C. Horstmann, G. Cornell, “Core Java 2”

• K.Mughal, R. Rasmussen, “Programmer's Guide to Java SCJP Certification”

• http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/

Short context

Specialization: Information Engineering

Year 1 Programming Languages Data Structures and algorithms Introduction to Web Programming

Year 2 Object Oriented Programming Operating Systems

Year 3 Databases Algorithm Design and Complexity Mobile Device Application Development Neural Networks and Genetic Algorithms Human Computer Interaction Functional Programming Software Development Methods Web Application Development

Year 4 Software Design Techniques Distributed Systems Artificial Intelligence Semantic Web Compiler Techniques

Overview of the course

Introduction to PL and Java

Language Fundamentals, Datatypes, Variables

Expressions, Control Structures, Methods, Recursion

OOP Basics

Association

Inheritance relations

Polymorphism

I/O in Java

Programming Languages

Language = a set of symbols of communication and the elements used to manipulate them

Natural languages (English, Romanian)

Artificial (constructed) language

• Formal Language -> Programming Language

Communicate instructions to the computer

Programming paradigms

Paradigm = the set of practices that define a scientific discipline at any particular period of time

Fundamental style of computer programming

Imperative programming

• Machine-model based, State, HOW

Object Oriented programming

• Programming with Data Types

Functional programming

• Equations; Expression Evaluation

Logic programming

• First-order Logic Deduction

Level of abstraction

Machine-level (switches)

Assembly language

• Use symbols instead of binary digits to describe fields of instructions

• Every aspect of machine visible in program:

• One statement per machine instruction.

• Register allocation, call stack, etc. must be managed explicitly.

• MOV AL, 61h ; Load AL with 97 decimal (61 hex)

• Avoids Absolute Addressing, Uses Symbolic Names

High level language (FORTRAN, LISP, COBOL)

http://amturing.acm.org/lectures.cfm

High Level Languages Most programs are created using a high level programming

language such as Java, C, C++, or BASIC. With a high level language, a programmer creates a program using powerful, "big" operations which will later be converted into many little machine operations.

A line from a program in the language "C": int sum = 0;

The machine operations that correspond to this line: • set up a small part of main memory to hold a number, • store the number zero there, and • arrange things so other parts of the program can use it.

It might take a hundred machine operations to do all this. A source program (or source file) is a text file that contains

instructions written in a high level language. It can not be executed (made to run) by a processor without some intermediate steps.

Usually a source program is translated into a machine language program. An application program called a translator takes a source file as input and produces an executable program in an other programming language program as output.

Compilation Interpretation

Type system

How values and expressions are classified into types, how they are manipulated and how they interact

Typed and untyped

• Verify if the operation is applicable to the type of data

Static and dynamic typing

• Determine the type at compile or runtime

Weak and strong typing

• Treating value of one type as the value of another type

Introduction to Java Java was originally designed for programming consumer devices,

but it was first successfully used to write Internet applets. Java was designed to be safe and portable, benefiting both Internet

users and students. The Java language itself is relatively simple, but Java contains a vast

set of library packages that are required to write useful programs.

The Java Characteristics Sun Microsystems added features to Java that eliminate the possibility of

creating code with the most common kinds of bugs. • The Java designers eliminated manual memory allocation and deallocation.

Memory in Java is automatically garbage collected. You never have to worry about memory corruption.

• They introduced true arrays and eliminated pointer arithmetic. • You never have to worry about overwriting an area of memory because of an off-

by-one error when working with a pointer. • They eliminated multiple inheritance, replacing it with a new notion of interface.

Interfaces give you most of what you want from multiple inheritance, without the complexity that comes with managing multiple inheritance hierarchies.

The Java Characteristics • Object Oriented • Distributed. An extensive library of routines for coping with TCP/IP protocols . • Robust. A lot of emphasis on early and later dynamic (run-time) checking. • Secure. Java enables the construction of virus-free, tamper-free systems. • Architecture Neutral. It is generated an architecture-neutral object file format. • Portable. No "implementation-dependent" aspects of the specification. • Interpreted. The JVM can execute Java bytecodes directly on any machine • Multithreaded • Dynamic. It was designed to adapt to an evolving environment.

Java Execution Enviroment

Phase 1 The program is created with an editor and stored on the disk

Compiler

The Java Compiler creates the bytecode and stores it on the disk.

The Classloader loads the bytecode in the memory.

Main Memory

Bytecide checker confirms the program is correct and does not contradict the security measures.

The interpreter reads the bytecode, translates it In the machine language and executes the result of the translation, storing the values of the data until the program is executed.

Phase 2

Phase 3

Editor

Class Loader

Bytecode

Bytecode

Phase 4

Phase 5

Main Memory

Main Memory

Java Application Program Development and Execution