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Tim Krupnick, CIMMYT
Programme Report 2012Work Plan 2013
2012 Activities
• closing ‘global system’ project
• ramping up the CWR project
• initiating CRP Genebanks
Aegilops tauschii- hessian fly resistance
CIAT
9.28.0
6.1
4.1
2.5
19501975
20002025
2050
Likelihood (in percent) that the summer average temperature in 2090 will exceed the highest summer temperature ever observed (1900-2006).
Source: Battisti, D.S., and R.L. Naylor. 2009. Historical warnings of future food insecurity with unprecedented seasonal heat. Science, 323, 240-244.
Climate change
Source: Valls J F M (2010) What specific changes in the current way genebanks and breeders to business and interact will be necessary to increase use of Crop Wild Relatives? Presentation for ‘Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: The Need for Crop Wild Relatives’, Bellagio, 7-9 September 2010. Photo adapted from Tollefson J (2010) Nature 466: 554-556.
Threats to diversity
Arachis (peanut, groundnut) - wild species distributions
Current
2055
Source: Jarvis, A., Ferguson, M., Williams, D., Guarino, L., Jones, P., Stalker, H., Valls, J., Pittman, R., Simpson, C. & Bramel, P. 2003. Biogeography of Wild Arachis: Assessing Conservation Status and Setting Future Priorities. Crop Science 43, 1100-1108.
Impact of climate change on CWR
State of ex situ conservation
• over 1700 facilities
• holding 7.4m accessions
• some are ‘state of the art’
State of ex situ conservation
• some are in a poor state
Phillippine national genebank Typhoon Xangsane, 2006
Phillippine National Genebank Phillippine National Genebank Fire, 28 January 2012Fire, 28 January 2012
Rescue and safeguard important crop diversity
Ensure conservation and availability
in perpetuity
Global System
Duplication
Evaluation Information systems
Regeneration Conservation Research
Global System Project
• 22 crops
• 95,000 accessions
• 246 collections
• 86 institutes
• 77 countries
• 9 networks
Source: Direct communication between Trust and national partners
Accessions in National Institutes
Regeneration projects
Results of the regeneration
• 74,410 regenerated
• 3,675 put in vitro
• 12,255 not viable
Safety duplication
• 37,218 accessions
• 41 countries
• 12 not Treaty Party
• in process 10,000 accessions
The Svalbard Global Seed Vault
• holds 747,141 samples
• 558,000 Trust funded
• 25,000 samples this month
Status 2012
Transferring samples
• 6 shipments / 1105 accessions destroyed or returned
• many still in quarantine
Photos International Rice Research Institute (IRRI); Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice). 2009.
• 43 projects• 59 collections• 20 crops• 143 traits• 58 NARS• 8 CGIAR• 43 countries
Evaluation projects
Crop Country Results
Sweet potato
CIP & Argentina
20 varieties performed very well (32 tons per hectare) in sandy, saline soils. Developed a method for screening in vitro cultures for salinity tolerance.
Maize Brazil 5 genotypes with tolerance to drought. Populations with resistance to Phaeosphaeria leaf spot and rust.
Banana India 4 genotypes with drought tolerance
Wheat, chickpea
Pakistan 127 wheat accessions resistant to yellow rust and potentially 25 tolerant to drought. 5 chickpea accessions highly resistant to Aschochyta blight.
Sweet potato
PNG 32 accessions resistant to scab disease (Elsinoe batatas) and 7 with cold tolerance
Some results
Genesys
Internationalcollections
Eurisco USDA
National National
http://www.genesys-pgr.org/
Collecting, Protecting and Preparing Crop Wild Relatives
Adapting Agriculture to
Climate Change
Musa acuminata- black sigatoga resistance
Manihot glaziovii- cassava mosaic
disease (CMD) resistance
Aegilops tauschii- hessian
fly resistance
Source: Okogbenin E (2010) The Use and Challenges of CWR in Breeding. Presentation for ‘Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: The Need for Crop Wild Relatives’, Bellagio, 7-9 September 2010.
Pest & disease resistance from CWR
CWR project: the crops
Species Common nameAvena sativa OatCajanus cajan PigeonpeaCicer arietinum ChickpeaDaucus carota CarrotEleusine coracana Finger milletHelianthus annuus SunflowerHordeum vulgare BarleyIpomoea batatas Sweet potatoLathyrus sativus Grass pea/Common chicklingLens culinaris LentilMalus domestica AppleMedicago sativa Alfalfa/LucerneMusa acuminata Cavendish bananaMusa balbisiana Guangdong plantain
Species Common nameOryza glaberrima African riceOryza sativa RicePennisetum glaucum Pearl milletPhaseolus lunatus Butter bean/Lima beanPhaseolus vulgaris Garden beanPisum sativum Garden peaSecale cereale RyeSolanum melongena Eggplant/AubergineSolanum tuberosum PotatoSorghum bicolor SorghumTriticum aestivum Bread wheatVicia faba Faba beanVicia sativa Common vetchVigna subterranea Bambara groundnutVigna unguiculata Cowpea
Research
Information
Prebreeding and Evaluation
Conservation
Collecting
Activities
Timeline
Research: gap analysis
Determine gaps Determine gaps in collectionsin collections
Model Model distributionsdistributions
Gather Gather taxonomic datataxonomic data
Gather Gather occurrence occurrence
datadata
Make collecting Make collecting recommendationsrecommendations
GeoreferencingGeoreferencing
Source: concept and images from Jarvis et al. 2009. Value of a Coordinate: geographic analysis of agricultural biodiversity. Presentation for Biodiversity Information Standards (TDWG), November 2009.
Gap analysis: progress so far
• CWR inventory of 92 genera
• http://www.cwrdiversity.org/checklist/
• global dataset of CWR geographic distributions
• 4 million records from 76 sources, including 20 herbaria
• generation of maps under way
Gap analysis: man vs. machine
Gap analysis: publication
Collecting CWR: the road ahead
• collecting targets identified
• gap analysis results due end November
• discussions on collecting initiated with Myanmar, Mozambique, Israel, Azerbaijan
• collecting starts
Using CWR
Figure out what Figure out what diversity is diversity is
presentpresent
Pick the most Pick the most diversitydiversity
Cross, cross, Cross, cross, crosscross
Figure out if its Figure out if its goodgood
Make it availableMake it available
Using CWR: strategies and case studies
Group of experts on the use of potato CWRCIP, Lima February 2012
• expert consultations
• ‘CWR Genomics: a key to unlocking diversity’ in Dec. 2012
• case studies on sunflower and rice