Program of conserving forest genetic resoures and breeding ...genetyka-lesna.pl/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Program-of-conserving... · Program of conserving forest genetic resources

Program of conserving forest genetic resources and breeding of forest trees in Poland for the years

2011-2035

Jan Kowalczyk

Forest Research Institute

Poland

Details about Poland's Forests

• 9,3 million hectares of forest land – Coniferous 87% (5 species), broadleaf 14% (14 species)

– 0,24 per capita in ha

– 81,5 % state owned, 18,5 % private

– 91% artificial afforestation

• Growing stock ~ 906 mill. m3

• Annual growth ~ 76242 in thousand m3

• Annual loggings ~ 35467 in thous. m3

GUS Forestry 2011

GLOBAL CHANGE AND FOREST TREE BREEDING, Kaunas, 8-9 November 2012 2

Demand for FRM

• Pine – 8 000 kg

• Spruce – 1 500 kg

• Larch – 1 000 kg

• Fir – 15 000 kg

• Oak – 1 000 000 kg

• Beech 87 000 kg


Background

• Previous program (1991-2010) has been realized

• The pro-ecological principles of forest management may lead to a reduction of the production functions

• In spite of the considerable increase of timber production in the years 1991 – 2010 (an increase from 24 to 34 million cubic meters) the demand for wood continues to exceed supply


Background

• In the context of the global climatic changes the forest tree breeding should first of all be directed towards a genetic modification of forest populations in order to increase their potential to adopt to the changing environmental conditions

• Adaptation of seed management procedures to the requirements of the European Union and protection of the Polish forest against the uncontrolled introduction of seeds and planting material of unknown origin

GLOBAL CHANGE AND FOREST TREE BREEDING, Kaunas, 8-9 November 2012

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The aim of tree breeding is...

• increasing the value of the products made of wood (production)

combining

• adoption to the changing environmental conditions (diversity conservation)


The program was developed by the following team GLOBAL CHANGE AND FOREST TREE BREEDING, Kaunas, 8-9 November 2012

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Realisation of the previous program

• Increase of the area of reserved seed stand to 15 700 ha 16 737 ha

• Maintain the area of production seed stand at a level of 220 000 ha 216 707 ha

• Increase the number of plus trees of 9270, 10274

• Establish 1160 ha 1260 of clonal seed orchards and 800 ha 699 of seedlings seed orchards

• Establish 50 000 ha 60 000 of progeny plantation

• Conservation stands 3157 ha


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What about gain?

• No clear demonstration

• Mean volume 264 m3/ ha per ha - 2011

• Mean volume 150 m3/ ha per ha - 1967


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Silviculture Age clas

BREEDING

OTHERS

Program of testing the progeny of basic forest material (BFM)

• Determination of the breeding value of reserved seed stands, plus trees, clonal and seedling seed orchards

• Qualification of basic forest material to the category of tested units

• Verification of the current borders of region and of the rules for the transfer of forest reproductive material

• Development of a database concerning the genetic characteristic of BFM registered in the Country-wide Register

• Increase of the market value of the FRM


State of realization of the testing program

• Started in 2005 and 2006 from common beech

• Scots pine, Norway spruce, Silver fir

• Currently are being established: 109 plots

– 56 test areas for plus trees

– 53 test areas for reserved seed stand

• It is big common effort for all institutions coordinated by IBL


Technical infrastructure for forest seed management

It is not possible to provide forest nurseries with a steady supply of seed of a determined origin, quality and sivicultural value without a quality technical infrastructure for seed management that would assure their proper extraction, storage, stratification and evaluation.


Technical infrastructure of forest seed management


Location of seed testing stations and stations for the for the control of seed quality


Assumptions pertinent to the „Program…”

• The program is a continuation and development of the programs currently being realized, thus the main aims of these programs as well as the models of their realization are being preserved.

• The programs covers both the activities in the field of conservation of biodiversity, including gene conservation, and the breeding program of forest trees. Joint approach will permit attaining systematic progress in the carrying out of the various functions of managed forest communities, including their production functions.

• The program determines the scope of factual and material task as well as supplementary activities, which include preliminary: – Scientific research essential for the realization „Program” – Conservation of the gene resources other plant components of the

forest ecosystems – Establishment of a technical infrastructure serving the realization of

the „Program”


Communities, populations and genotypes

Conservation of the forest genetic resources in the Gene Bank

Conservation stands

Breeding genotypes

Breeding populations

Conservation trees

Conservation plantation in situ Conservation plantation ex situ

Clone archives, Conservation seed orchards

Progeny plantations

Valuable native population Age >150 years

Populations with a defined Genetic structure

Scheme of action for the conservation of forest genetic diversity


Main task of breeding of forest trees:

• Identification and protection of genetic variability

• Rational utilization of genetic resources for the needs of man


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merging

PSS

Population of forest trees

Genotypic selection

Propagation

Testing

Selection

SO, SSO

Next

generations of

breeding

populations

Seed production

Forest nurseries

Commercial

plantations

Forest seed management

Silviculture

Seed orchard management,

Flower and fruiting

stimulation

Inbreeding control

Selection strategies

Special programs

Phenotypic selection

Conservation stands

Conservation

plantations

RSS, PT

SSO

SO, Progeny

plantation

Seed production

Progeny

plantations of

known genetic

value

Tested stands


Breeding for special aims

• The breeding programs for special aims are proposed as supplementary to the main breeding program.

• They will concern small populations (up to 50 progenies) selected on the basis of the traits defined below.

• In these programs it is permitted and recommended to use artificial crossing and other available techniques including molecular ones.

• In order to obtain a high genetic gain it is recommended that in one population no more than two traits be simultaneously selected.


Work is being planned for the following species:

Species Selection aim

Silver birch and black alder volume production, wood quality, chemical qualities of wood

European larch volume production, wood quality

Douglas fir volume production, wood quality

Pendunculate and sessile oak wood quality (choice timber)

Norway spruce resistance to biotic and abiotic factors

European ash resistance to biotic and abiotic factors

European white elm, wych elm, field elm

resistance to biotic and abiotic factors


Breeding scheme for silver birch

Phenotypic selection 50 trees

1 per progeny

Crossing/ BWB

50 individuals

50 full sib families

5000 individuals for testing

1 experimental area

50 full sib families

500 candidates

Pollination with pollen mixture

20 000 progeny trees

4 experimental plots

Backward selection of 50 trees

1 per progeny

quality volume Wood traits


Research needs

a) evaluation of the genetic variability of silviculturally important traits at the level of populations and genotypes, selection of populations and genotypes for the realisation of selected breeding programs aimed at: – improvement of populations and genotypes in terms of qualitative

and quantitative traits (timber volume production in short and long term cycles);

– improvement of populations and genotypes in their resistance to biotic and abiotic factors;

– increase of plasticity of the populations and genotypes chosen for further breeding;

– establishment of breeding populations of high genetic variability

b) studies on the mating system of forest forming species; c) determination of genetic parameters of selected and breeding

populations (heritability. combining ability, genetic correlations);


Research needs ..

d. adaptation of the existing methods of auto vegetative propagation and the development of new methods;

e. selection of stocks for the needs of seed orchards, particularly for Douglas fir;

f. use of molecular methods for the characterisation and modelling of genetic variability in the breeding populations: – genetic identification of the basic and reproductive forest material

(DNA certificates for seed lots obtained from plus trees (PT) and from clonal seed orchards);

– studies on the natural reproductive processes taking place in the breeding populations and conditioning maintenance of genetic variability within them (in clonal and seedling seed orchards and in seed stands);

– studies on loci determining quantitative properties responsible for the productive value of forest forming species


Research needs ..

g) breeding of the basic forest tree species using genetic markers (DNA): – selection of trees aimed at the production of wood and

adaptation to variable conditions of the environment; – in vitro propagation of selected clones; – verification of the selected clones in tests; – estimation of genetic gain on the basis of tree growth

simulation, taking into consideration the molecular characteristic and growth parameters of the species;

– determination of selection directions in order to improve quality of selected traits from the point of view of usage of the timber in paper industry, including variation in the structure of the wood (fibre/cell length, proportion of early and late wood) in the selected trees;


Research needs ..

h) study on the possibility of using molecular markers in the breeding process, including identification of DNA markers for the characterisation of genetic quantitative characters and resistance of forest trees, to be followed by selection based on the markers: – early evaluation of quantitative characters in forest

reproductive material (transplants) on the basis of molecular analyses;

– alternative methods of breeding for quantitative traits based on an analysis of parents through progeny trials;


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Research needs ..

i. evaluation of the testing program and perfection of its methodology.

j. an inventory and utilization of the already established trial areas aimed at comparative studies;

k. utilization of molecular markers for the verification of correctness in the establishment of provenance and progeny trials;

l. studies on the possibility of using indigenous and introduced species for the intensification of wood production;

m. evaluation of the possibility of intensifying tree selection, including the prospects of introducing genetically modified varieties of trees (GMOs).


Conditions for the realization of the „Program”

• In the legal sphere

• In the technical sphere

• In the economic sphere

• In the field of popularizing knowledge about selection

• In the field of scientific research


Thank you for kind attention


Documents

Program of conserving forest genetic resoures and breeding ...genetyka-lesna.pl/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Program-of-conserving... · Program of conserving forest genetic resources