Program: B.Sc/MSc Course Title: Pan-Africanism and Development Course Code: PAID512/PAID112Total Credits: 1.5Total lecture Hours: 7.5Course Lecturer: Uwem Essia

COURSE OVERVIEW AND OUTLINECourse Description•The origin of Pan-Africanism; founding fathers, and Pan-African conferences and meetings. Pre-World War II orientation of Pan-Africanism.•Post-World War II Pan-Africanist thought; advent of the Africanist school, and the birth of OAU (AU) and its evolving role.•The challenges of development facing African countries and the people, and how to render Pan Africanism more relevant.

COURSE OVERVIEW AND OUTLINE ..1Pedagogic Goal • The students appreciate and develop interest in pan

Africanist thought.Pedagogic Objectives– Students understand the origins of Pan-Africanism, particularly

Duboisism and Garveyism.– Students are able to identify the existing gaps in the pan-

Africanist literature and how to align Pan-Africanism towards solving Africa’s problems.

Learning Objectives– Students understand the motivation and context of the pre-World

War II Pan Africanist literature.– The factors that led to post –World War II Pan-Africanist thought.– The post 1980 development crises faced by different African

countries explained.– The need to reconstruct pan –Africanism to address the

development needs of African people and countries articulated.

COURSE OVERVIEW AND OUTLINE ..2Learning Outcomes– Pan-Africanist thought that address the development needs

of Africans popularized. – Students increase commitment to seeing Africa’s

development problems as having its internal logic, and not through the lens of western development theories.

– Students conduct more researches on the most appropriate ways that African countries and Pan-African institutions can support a pro-development pan Africanist scholarship.

Content Section 1: Origin of Pan-Africanism1.1. The Pre-Independence Pan-Africanist Thought1.2. Founding Fathers of Pan-Africanism1.3. The Pan African Conferences and Meetings

COURSE OVERVIEW AND OUTLINE ..3Section 2: Post World War II Afro-centricity•2.1. Rise of the Africanist School•2.2. The Transition into Afro-Pessimism (the post 1980 era)•2.3. African RenaissanceSection Three: Africa’s Economic Backwardness3.1. The Challenge of Leadership3.2. Economic Integration and Pan-Africanism 3.3. Role of the African UnionSection 4: Restructuring Pan-AfricanismBibliography

SECTION 1. ORIGIN OF PAN-AFRICANISM1.1. The Pre-Independence Pan-Africanist ThoughtFrom the Diaspora•Pan-Africanism was an ideology that aimed to dignify the black people.•It served as a political and cultural link to Africa that the Diaspora population sentimentally desired.•A platform to support the demand for fair treatment of the Negro population. •The basis for Pan-Africanist sentiments was specie ontology and not social ontology.•The beginning point was the inequities and injustices associated with slave trade.•The African Diaspora used the inequities as a weapon for rallying support for identity and affinity with Africa.

1. ORIGIN OF PAN-AFRICANISM ..11.1. The Pre-Independence Pan-Africanist ThoughtIn Africa•Pan-Africanism provided the collective platform for the pro-independence struggle.•As more countries gained independence, the focus shifted to Afrocentric leadership and scholarship.•The focus was on the sober and humanist analyses of the African narrative to arouse global sympathy.•Pan-Africanism occupied a statist platform that promoted the independence of all African states.

1. ORIGIN OF PAN-AFRICANISM ..21.1. The Pre-Independence Pan-Africanist ThoughtThe ideology•What was common in the Pan African literature was ending colonialism and racial oppression.•Improving the living condition of the Africans was canvassed, but not well articulated.•Alternative models of development for Africa were not promoted.•Pan-Africanism aimed at attracting the sympathy of the very oppressive colonists.•Not much was discussed on how the African countries can be developed.

1. ORIGIN OF PAN-AFRICANISM ..31.2. Founding Fathers of Pan-Africanism William Edward Burghardt "W. E. B." Du Bois ( February 23, 1868 – August 27, 1963). •Du Bois was an American sociologist, historian, civil rights activist, Pan Africanist, author and editor. •He was born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. He grew up in a fairly tolerant and integrated community. •He studied at the University of Berlin and Harvard, and was the first African American to earn a doctorate.•He became a professor of history, sociology and economics at Atlanta University. •Du Bois was one of the co-founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909.•DuBois can be described as the leading founding father of Pan-Africanism.

1. ORIGIN OF PAN-AFRICANISM ..41.2. Founding Fathers of Pan-Africanism William Edward Burghardt "W. E. B." Du Bois ( February 23, 1868 – August 27, 1963). •DuBois saw Africa as one united continent since the Diaspora blacks could not trace their particular roots.•He adopted a holistic view of the African Diaspora as being part of the suffering working people.•Using the Marxian framework, he conceptualized Africans as part of the working poor that are exploited by capitalists.•He argued that black people shared a common destiny with other working poor people.•He forged for the organic unity of all the oppressed people, whether black or white.

1. ORIGIN OF PAN-AFRICANISM .. 51.2. Founding Fathers of Pan-Africanism William Edward Burghardt "W. E. B." Du Bois ( February 23, 1868 – August 27, 1963). •In his view, as long as black laborers remained as slaves, white laborers cannot be free. •He believed that the pan African movement will be strengthened in a more democratic world.•DuBois attracted support for the African cause through his holistic approach.•The Indians, Chinese, Latin American countries and others united to fight for Africa’s freedom.•Africa’s freedom also because a component of the grand communist struggle.

1. ORIGIN OF PAN-AFRICANISM …61.2. Founding Fathers of Pan-Africanism William Edward Burghardt "W. E. B." Du Bois ( February 23, 1868 – August 27, 1963).

•George Washington argued however that working people were getting trained for vocational jobs. •His view was shared by George Padmore who saw pan-Africanism (that is, the focus on the identity of black people), as divisive.

1. ORIGIN OF PAN-AFRICANISM… 71.2. Founding Fathers of Pan-AfricanismMarcus Mosiah Garvey, Jr., (17 August 1887 – 10 June 1940)

•Garvey was a Jamaican politician, publisher, journalist, entrepreneur, and orator.•He supported Black Nationalism and Pan Africanism movements.•He founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL) •He also founded the Black Star Line that promoted the return of the African diaspora to Africa.

1. ORIGIN OF PAN-AFRICANISM …81.2. Founding Fathers of Pan-AfricanismMarcus Mosiah Garvey, Jr., (17 August 1887 – 10 June 1940)

•Garvey, saw no future for the African Diaspora in the Western countries. •He likened the African Diaspora to the Biblical Israelites that were held in captivity in Babylon.•He therefore advocated for their movement back to Africa. •Garveyism is the profound response to the inequities and frustrations of racism. •Garvey believed that Africa was for all the Africans.•Garvey’s work inspired Kwame Nkrumah immensely.

1. ORIGIN OF PAN-AFRICANISM …91.2. Founding Fathers of Pan-AfricanismKwame Nkrumah (1909 – 27 April 1972) •Nkrumah led Ghana to independence in 1957 and served as its first Prime Minister and President.•Nkrumah was deposed in 1966. •He can be described as an influential 20th-century advocate of Pan Africanism.•He was a founding member of the Organization of African Unity (OAU).•He was the winner of the Lenin Peace Prize in 1963. He envisioned himself as an African Lenin.

1. ORIGIN OF PAN-AFRICANISM …101.3. The Pan African Conferences and Meetings•First Pan African Conference was in London in July 1900. – It discussed the struggle against racism, rights of the

black Diaspora and freedom for the African colonies.•First pan African meeting was held in February 1919 in Paris at the instance of DuBois. – It discussed slavery, dignity for the black working class,

and Africans' rights to participate in government.•Second Pan African Conference was held simultaneously in London, Paris and Brussels. – It adopted the "London Manifesto" which focused on

the rights of the Negro people.

1. ORIGIN OF PAN-AFRICANISM …111.3. The Pan African Conferences and Meetings•Third Pan African Congress was in London (November and December 1923). – Emphasized land rights, control over produce, and the right

to political representation of the black people.

•Fourth Pan African Congress held in New York in August 1927 – Emphasized the need for African countries to build stronger

ties with the then USSR.

•Fifth Pan African Congress was held in Manchester in October 1945. – It took far-reaching decisions on how to confront colonialism.– Clamor for the rights and freedom of African countries.

1. ORIGIN OF PAN-AFRICANISM …121.3. The Pan African Conferences and Meetings•First Pan African Meeting held on the African soil took place in 1958 in Accra.– Focused on the fight for the independence of Africa from

colonialism•Sixth Pan African Congress held in June 1974 in Dar-es-Salaam with 52 delegates mainly from Africa Diaspora.– Focused on class struggle, neocolonialism, imperial ism and

underdevelopment. – However the machinery to confront all those problems was

not put in place.•Seventh Pan African Congress held in Uganda in 1993.– Discussed the strategies for post independence pan

Africanism.– What roles should government , and the people and donors

play.

SECTION 2: POST WORLD WAR II AFRO-CENTRICITY2.1. Rise of the Africanist School•Three developments impacted on post-World War II pan-Africanism:– The intellectual construction of black people as a backward

race.– Shift of focus from colonization to modernizing the former

colonies. – Interest in Area Studies (village and zone) by international

development partners and donors. •The Africanist school was the dominant infrastructure of knowledge for ‘developing’ Africa.•Prescriptions of the Africanist school followed the Western epistemological order. •Research and scholarship generally worked from the answer to the problem. •To Gerald Myers, Afro-centricity meant understanding the old world of Africa in a new sense.

2: POST WORLD WAR II AFRO-CENTRICITY ..12.1. Rise of the Africanist School•The Africanist school believed that low capital formation caused Africa’s underdevelopment.•This was the period when African countries received aid from both the Eastern and the Western blocs.•It was argued that Africa needed a good dose of FDI to stimulate growth.•Reliance on foreign aid and loans promoted the culture of dependence.•African countries became net exporters of primary produce and importers of finished goods.

2: POST WORLD WAR II AFRO-CENTRICITY..22.2. The Transition into Afro-Pessimism (the post 1980 era)•The Africanist development doctrine promoted import addiction and unsustainable public spending.•Solutions were found in the implementation of austerity measures and structural adjustment programs (SAPs).•What followed were series of strikes, riots, wars, hunger and mounting debt crisis. •The education system failed to deliver employable graduates.•A leading Afro-pessimist, Ali Mazrui, indeed proposed that small African countries needed to be re-colonized. •The AU project has been characterized by the signing of treaties with little done to achieve economic development.•Many African scholars began to clamor for alternative development models for Africa

2: POST WORLD WAR II AFRO-CENTRICITY ..32.3. African Renaissance•The African Renaissance Institute (ARI) was founded in 1999 with headquarters in Gaborone, Botswana. •The ARI seeks to gather a critical mass of African scientists to promote Africa’s development.•The African Renaissance concept was popularized by former South African President Thabo Mbeki.•Mbeki noted that social cohesion, democracy, economic rebuilding was important to Africa’s emergence as a significant global player.

2: POST WORLD WAR II AFRO-CENTRICITY ..42.3. African Renaissance•The AR project of the AU has focused on promoting the utilization of indigenous languages.•AU has strengthened the work of the Centre for Linguistic and Historical Studies by Oral Tradition (CELHTO), based in Niamey, Niger.•The Charter for African Cultural Renaissance was adopted in Khartoum, Sudan on 24th January 2006.•The Charter is a cultural tool to promote Pan-Africanism spirit and fight against poverty.•The Pan –African Festival was held in Algiers, Algeria in 2009. •The AR Monument is located on Collines des Mamelles, outside of Dakar in Senegal.

SECTION 3: AFRICA’S ECONOMIC BACKWARDNESS3.1. The Challenge of Leadership•Progress has been made in several areas, but Africa is still one of the poorest regions of the world.•Africa has now become synonymous with poverty, diseases, unemployment and ethnic conflicts. •Many African countries are unable to convert their natural resource endowment into growth promoting assets. •Africa lacks a science and technology strategy to promote economic growth and competitiveness.•Africa’s failed development experiences are a portrayal of its leaders’ insensitivity, and incompetence.•Recent neo-Africanist literature still blames the failed leadership to Africa’s interaction with the colonists.

3: AFRICA’S ECONOMIC BACKWARDNESS ..13.1. The Challenge of Leadership•African leaders are unable to promote an integrative development roadmap for the region.•The enabling environment for developing networks of continental infrastructures is lacking. •Failed development has caused many Africans to emigrate to Europe and America. •Disturbing experiences of corruption, diseases, terrorism and authoritarianism are widespread.•More Africans are compelled to argue that living under colonial role was more preferred.•Africa’s per capita income (about $600 per year) is among the lowest in the world.

3: AFRICA’S ECONOMIC BACKWARDNESS ..23.1. The Challenge of Leadership•However, many MNCs still consider Africa a favorable destination to do business. – Accordingly, many neo-Africanist writers argue that

Afro-pessimism is an inverted ideology.

•African countries are largely polarized along post-colonial lines – e.g. Anglophones and Francophone.•Cross-border trade is constrained by poor infrastructures and other unnecessary barriers. •The countries and sub-region in Africa are politically, socially and religiously divided.

3: AFRICA’S ECONOMIC BACKWARDNESS ..33.2. Economic Integration and Pan-Africanism •Since the 1950s African countries have experimented with several formal sub-regional groups.•In 2005 African leaders consider implementation of an African Union Government. •The Union desired an economic and monetary union, and a common foreign and defense policy.•Ultimately the idea was to become a single economic bloc like the European Community.•But it is doubtful is a United States of Africa as envisaged by Gadafi will solve Africa’s problems.

3: AFRICA’S ECONOMIC BACKWARDNESS ..43.2. Economic Integration and Pan-Africanism •Apart from the logistic required, African leaders will hardly surrender sovereignty.•A more practical solution is for form viable continental platforms that connect businesses and groups.•E.g., the manufacturers associations of the different African countries can build cross-border value chains.•The central banks create guidelines to ease cross convertibility of African currencies. •Networking of private entrepreneurs and business groups, supported by governments can do a lot.•It is possible to achieve collective self-reliance and reduce dependence on imports from other continents.

3: AFRICA’S ECONOMIC BACKWARDNESS ..53.2. Economic Integration and Pan-Africanism•Striving to achieve economic Integration first can make political integration, if indeed desirable, less difficult.•But the fact that African countries tend to produce similar goods must be dealt with. •There is need for a clear Pan-Africanist economic ideology and entry points for partnerships.•The traditional Pan-Africanist bulk-passing to former colonist is now defunct.•Contemporary pan-Africanism should aim to empower African peoples and eliminate poverty.

3: AFRICA’S ECONOMIC BACKWARDNESS ..63.2. Economic Integration and Pan-Africanism•Africa will develop faster with stronger regional and cross-border economies.•Stronger business ties will strengthen the states’ collective bargaining power in global trade.•At present the multiplicity of regional economic communities (RECs) has been more divisive.•Equally, poor convertibility of African currencies has made more cross-border trade difficult.

3: AFRICA’S ECONOMIC BACKWARDNESS ..73.3. Role of the African Union •AU has enhanced the cohesion, solidarity and integration of the countries and peoples of Africa.•Formation of NEPAD in 2001 strengthened Africa’s capacity to deal with its development challenges.•The African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) has made African leadership more accountable.•But effective collaboration among African countries has remained a major challenge.•An effective and mutually beneficial framework for economic collaboration is urgently required.

3: AFRICA’S ECONOMIC BACKWARDNESS .83.2. Role of the African Union•Africans must overcome the colonial idiosyncrasies that have worked against genuine intra-African cooperation.•Sound cross-border transportation systems and IT connectivity will support the continent’s growth.•The AU/NEPAD need a policy framework and blueprint to deal with the multifaceted crisis within Africa.•What should “development” be in the African context needs to be well defined with appropriate performance indicators.•NEPAD/AU should have a common front for dealing with the Economic Partnerships Agreement (EPAs).•EPAs regulate trade between EU and the ACP to replace the Cotonou Agreement. •Critics of EPAs think that it has negative impacts on the integration of African economies.

SECTION 4: RESTRUCTURING PAN-AFRICANISM

• Pan-Africanism must be founded on the view that only Africans can sustainably develop Africa.

• Western approaches will continue to be useful, but there is need for an African way of seeing things.

• Africans should strive to re-invent their traditions, poetry, philosophy and languages.

• African people should nurture philosophies and ideologies that support their development.

• Pan-Africanism should remain an African dream, to develop Africa using mainly its resources.

• The African project should no longer be the brainchild of African diaspora intellectuals.

4: RESTRUCTURING PAN-AFRICANISM ..1• Pan-Africanism should focus on Africa’s current

development challenges.• Pan-Africanism has to be a vehicle of development. it

should strive to build cooperative economies. • Colonial systems need to be restructured to suit

Africa’s development needs.• Democracy should be re-engineered to suit the psyche

of African people.• Development has to center around collective self-

reliance, intra-African trade, and convertibility of African currencies.

• Modernization should not amount to ignoring useful cultural norms, values and practices.

4: RESTRUCTURING PAN-AFRICANISM ..2• The agenda of AU should focus on reducing Africa’s

dependence on external markets. • Supporting South-South cooperation is important.• Promoting strategic partnership with India, China,

South Korea, Turkey, Brazil, etc. is essential. • Issues of language, culture, democracy and

literature should be left to individual countries.• It should be clear that dealing with poverty will

open several new doors.• NEPAD - CAADP and other initiatives of the AU need

to be rendered more context relevant.

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