Prognosis of Different Cellular Generations.pdf

International Journal of Electronics and Computer Science Engineering 557

Available Online at www.ijecse.org ISSN- 2277-1956

ISSN 2277-1956/V2N2-557-564

Prognosis of Different Cellular Generations

Preetish Ranjan 1, Prabhat Kumar 2

1Department of Computer Science, R P Sharma Institute of Technology, Patna, Bihar 2Department of Information Technology, National Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar

[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract- Technological advancement in mobile telephony from 1G to 3G, 4G and 5G has a very axiomatic fact that made an entire world a global village. The cellular system employs a different design approach and technology that most commercial radio and television system use. In the cellular system, the service area is divided into cells and a transmitter is designed to serve an individual cell. The system seeks to make efficient use of available channels by using low-power transmitters to allow frequency reuse at a smaller distance. Maximizing the number of times each channel can be reused in a given geographical area is the key to an efficient cellular system design. During the past three decades, the world has seen significant changes in telecommunications industry. There have been some remarkable aspects to the rapid growth in wireless communications, as seen by the large expansion in mobile systems.

This paper focuses on “Past, Present & Future of Cellular Telephony” and some light has been thrown upon the technologies of the cellular systems, namely 1G, 2G, 2.5G, 3G and future generations like 4G and 5G systems as well.

Keywords – Cellular system, 1G,2G,3G,4G,5G

I. INTRODUCTION

The first and second generation cellular systems are the WWAN. The first public cellular telephone system called Advanced Mobile Phone Systems (AMPS) was introduced in 1979 in the US. And after that, mobile systems have seen a change of generation, from 1G to 2G to 3G, every ten years or so. At the introduction of 1G service, mobile device size was large, all equipment were bulky. 1G systems were introduced to provide voice services and low rate circuit-switched data services. The 2G systems based on TDMA and CDMA were primarily designed to improve voice quality and provide a set of rich voice features. For second generation systems three major problems impacting cost and quality of service remained unsolved. These include what method to use for band compression of voice, whether to use a nonlinear or linear modulation scheme and how to deal with the issue of multipath delay spread caused by multipath propagation of radio waves in which there may not only be phase cancellation but also a significant time difference between the direct and reflected waves. Taking these considerations of 2G, the focus of the third generation (3G) mobile system has been on the economy of network and radio transmission design provide seamless service from the customer’s perspective.

Wireless system beyond 3G (e.g. 4G & 5G) will consist of layered combination of different technologies:

• Cellular systems

• WLANs for dedicated indoor applications

• Worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) for metropolitan area

• WPANs for short-range and low mobility application around a room in the office or at home (such as Bluetooth).

In a cellular radio system, a land area to be supplied with radio service is divided into regular shaped cells, which can be hexagonal, square, circular or some other irregular shapes, although hexagonal cells are conventional. Each of these cells is assigned multiple frequencies (f1 - f6) which have corresponding radio base stations. The group of

IJECSE, Volume2, Number 2

Preetish Ranjan and Prabhat Kumar.

ISSN 2277-1956/V2N2-557-564

frequencies can be reused in other cells, provided that the same frequencies are not reused in adjacent neighbouring cells as that would cause co-channel interference. The increased capacity in a cellular network, compared with a network with a single transmitter, comes from the fact that the same radio frequency can be reused in a different area for a complete different transmission. If there is a single plain transmitter, only one transmission can be used on any given frequency. Unfortunately, there is inevitably some level of interference from the signal from the other cells which use the same frequency. This means that, in a standard FDMA system, there must be at least a one cell gap between cells which reuse the same frequency.

To distinguish signals from several different transmitters, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and code division multiple access (CDMA) were developed. With FDMA, the transmitting and receiving frequencies used in each cell are different from the frequencies used in each neighbouring cell. The principle of CDMA is more complex, but achieves the same result; the distributed transceivers can select one cell and listen to it. Other available methods of multiplexing such as Polarisation Division Multiple Access (PDMA) and time division multiple access (TDMA) cannot be used to separate signals from one cell to the next since the effects of both vary with position and this would make signal separation practically impossible .TDMA, however, is used in combination with either FDMA or CDMA in a number of systems to give multiple channels within the coverage area of a single cell.

II. EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT GENERATION IN CELLULAR ARCHITECTURE

A.1G

The process began with the designs in the 1970s that had been called as 1G. Almost all of the systems from this generation were analog systems where voice was considered to be the main traffic. The first generation wireless standards used plain TDMA and FDMA. These systems could often be listened to by third parties. Some of the standards are NMT, AMPS, Hicap, CDPD, Mobitex, DataTac, TACS and ETACS. [3]The first wireless telecommunications was analog cellular telephones that operated in the 800 MHz band with a 30 kHz wide carrier. Because the primary intent was for voice communications, the data rate was limited to between 9.6 Kbps and 14.4 Kbps. The technology also limited the number of users, as each channel could only carry one conversation. Early analog cellular telephones were large, heavy and expensive. The heaviest part of the telephone was the battery. A common cellular telephone from this time period was the "bag phone", which reduced the weight of the telephone handset by putting the batteries in a shoulder bag connected to the handset via a power cord. Innovations in battery and telephone technology reduced the size and weight over time; however, the telephones were often as large as or larger than a standard telephone handset. Presently, analog cellular is present in the RadioShack line only as a feature on some telephones which can operate on both analog and digital system.

Table-1

Timeline Technique Developed/introduced by

1960s Analog cellular Developed in the 1960's by Bell Labs

1970s CMRT(cellular mobile radio telephone Introduced in the mid 1970's by AT&T

1980s AMPS(advance mobile phone service) Based on CMRT technology, AMPS was introduced and implemented in the early 1980's by AT&T

B. 2G

2G was commercially launched in the 1990s which was the beginning of a digital technology network. Time division multiple access (TDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), and global system for mobile-communications (GSM) are included in 2G. TDMA and CDMA were deployed in various parts of the US, while GSM was deployed as the common standard in Europe. 2G could serve not only voice communication but also short message service (SMS) due to its high data rate. The 2G systems also supported larger numbers of subscribers and so helped to alleviate the capacity problems faced by 1G such as AMPS or TACS systems. However, 2G could not able to transfer image because it requires some better data transfer rate. 2G was developed for General Packet Radio

559 Prognosis of Different Cellular Generations

ISSN 2277-1956/V2N2-557-564

Service (GPRS) which provide an always-on connection to the internet that allows users to toggle between surfing the web, a phone call, or text messaging without losing the connection. After 2G was launched, the previous mobile telephone systems were retrospectively dubbed 1G. 1G uses analog radio signal while 2G uses digital radio signal but both systems use digital signalling to connect the radio towers (which listen to the handsets) to the rest of the telephone system.

Feature of 2G:

Capacity • Digital voice data can be compressed and multiplexed much more effectively than analog voice encodings

through the use of various codec, allowing more calls to be packed into the same amount of radio bandwidth.

• The digital systems were designed to emit less radio power from the handsets. This meant that cells could be smaller, so more cells could be placed in the same amount of space. This was also made possible by cell towers and related equipment getting less expensive.

Advantages

• The lower power emissions helped resolve health concerns.

• Going all-digital allowed for the introduction of digital data services, such as SMS and email.

• With analog systems it was possible to have two or more “cloned” handsets that had the same phone number. Hence, less cellular fraud.

• It enhanced privacy of user. A key digital advantage not often mentioned is that digital cellular calls are much harder to eavesdrop on by use of radio scanners. While the security algorithm used have proved not to be as secure as initially advertised, 2G phones are immensely more private than 1G phones, which have no protection against eavesdropping. [4]

Disadvantages

• In less populous areas, the weaker digital signal may not be sufficient to reach a cell tower.

• Analogue has a smooth decay curve, digital a jagged stepped one. This can be both an advantage and a disadvantage. Under good conditions, digital will sound better. Under slightly worse conditions, analog will experience static, while digital has occasional dropouts. As conditions worsen, though, digital will start to fail completely, by dropping calls or being unintelligible, while analog slowly gets worse, generally holding a call longer and allowing at least a few words to get through.

• While digital calls tend to be free of static and background noise, the lossy compression used by the codecs takes a toll therefore there may be loss of data.

1) 2.5G (GPRS) -

2.5G ("second and a half generation") is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a packet-switched domain in addition to the circuit-switched domain. It does not necessarily provide faster services because bundling of timeslots is used for circuit-switched data services as well. The first major step in the evolution of GSM networks to 3G occurred with the introduction of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). CDMA2000 networks similarly evolved through the introduction of 1xRTT. The combination of these capabilities came to be known as 2.5G. GPRS could provide data rates from 56 kbps up to 115 kbps. It can be used for services such as Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) and for internet communication services such as email and World Wide Web access. GPRS data transfer is typically charged per megabyte of traffic transferred, while data communication via traditional circuit switching is billed per minute of connection time, independent of whether the user actually is utilizing the capacity or is in an idle state.



ISSN 2277-1956/V2N2-557-564

2) 2.75G (EDGE) -

GPRS networks evolved to EDGE networks with the introduction of 8PSK encoding. Enhanced data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), or IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC) is a backward-compatible digital mobile phone technology that allows improved data transmission rates, as an extension on top of standard GSM. EDGE was deployed on GSM networks beginning in 2003—initially by Cingular (now AT&T) in the United States. EDGE is standardized by 3GPP as part of the GSM family and it is an upgrade that provides a potential three-fold increase in capacity of GSM/GPRS networks. The specification achieves higher data-rates (up to 236.8 kbps) by switching to more sophisticated methods of coding (8PSK), within existing GSM timeslots.

C.3G

3G is the third generation of mobile communication networks and is expected to meet the world standardization in order to provide global access for the same services. This standardization will integrate worlds of mobile and fixed telecommunications services in a digital data environment to serve the user as a comprehensive personal tool for unlimited communications. This means that 3G users can conduct all communication activities from a mobile platform, receiving similar services regardless of location or environment. There are two 3G standards competing; the WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) which become the UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) and the CDMA2000 (Code Division Multiple Access). WCDMA and the CDMA2000 are regarded as the two main standards in the world even though there are still other variants of 3G such as NTT DoCoMo’s Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access (FOMA) and the Chinese TD-SCDMA (Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access), which are also competing for market share. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is working on 3G international standardization through its project IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications) that aims at setting the global standard for 3G. This will create a truly single, worldwide standard, which will make it easy for users travelling to utilize their phones worldwide. [5] The two main types of 3G are UMTS or Universal Mobile Telephone Service and CDMA 2000. UMTS is spread out over the present GSM networks, while CDMA2000 takes 3G speeds to CDMA networks. The two types have a couple of high-speed misses, the voice-plus-data 1xEV-DV and the data-only 1xEV-DO, which are currently available in chosen suburban regions and major cities.

Feature of 3G

• 3G technology includes UMTS and 1xEV-DO ranging from 144 Kbps up to 2 Mbps. Some of the included features are full-motion video, quick web browsing, 3D games and streaming music.

• It is huge challenge to create the important infrastructure for 3G technology. There are also several differences in the terms of the license.

• 3G is still considered as a baby, with high prices being expected due to the high fees for frequency licensing.

• 3G provides us a bigger degree of security compared to 2G predecessors. It allows the user to authenticate the network that it is connected to, the consumer can be ascertain that the network is the right one and not impersonated. End to end security is provided aside from the 3G network infrastructure security. [12]

3G security features (beyond GSM)

• Protection against active attacks on the radio interface

• New integrity mechanism added to protect critical signalling information on the radio interface

• Enhanced authentication protocol provides mutual authentication and freshness of cipher/integrity key towards the user

• Enhanced encryption– Stronger algorithm, longer key– Encryption terminates in the radio network controller rather than the base station


ISSN 2277-1956/V2N2-557-564

• Core network security–There is protection of signalling between network nodes

• Potential for secure global roaming – Adoption of 3GPP authentication by TIA TR-45 / 3GPP2

D.4G

With the deployment of 3G in process, the interest of many research bodies shifts towards future systems beyond 3G. Depending on the time such new systems are planned to be introduced and on the characteristic of improving or replacing existing systems they are called B3G (beyond 3G) or 4G (4thgeneration mobile communication system). There is no formal definition for what 4G is; however, there are certain objectives that are projected for 4G. These objectives include: that 4G will be a fully IP-based integrated system. 4G will be capable of providing between 100 Mbps and 1 Gbps speed both indoors and outdoors, with premium quality and high security. [1] The term 4G is used broadly to include several types of broadband wireless access communication systems, not only cellular telephone systems. While neither standards bodies nor carriers have concretely defined or agreed upon what exactly 4G will be, fourth generation networks are likely to use a combination of WiMAX and Wi-Fi technologies [2]. With 4G, a range of new services and models will be available. These services and models need to be further examined for their interface with the design of 4Gsystems

Features of 4G

A) High performance

Industry experts say that users will not be able to take advantages of rich multimedia content across wireless networks with 3G. In contrast to this 4G will feature extremely high quality video of quality comparable to HD (high definition) TV. Wireless downloads at speeds reaching 100 Mbps, i.e. 50 times of 3G, are possible with 4G. [4].

B) Interoperability and easy roaming

Multiple standards of 3G make it difficult to roam and interoperate across various networks, whereas 4G provides a global standard that provides global mobility. Various heterogeneous wireless access networks typically differ in terms of coverage, data rate, latency and loss rate. Therefore, each of them is practically designed to support a different set of specific services and devices. 4G will encompass various types of terminals, which may have to provide common services independently of their capabilities. This concept is referred to as service personalization [5].

C) Fully converged services

If a user want to access the network from different platforms: cell phones, laptops, PDAs he is free to do so in 4G which delivers connectivity intelligent and flexible enough to support streaming video, VoIP telephony, still or moving images, e-mail, Web browsing, e-commerce, and location-based services through a wide variety of devices.

D) Low cost

4G systems will prove far cheaper than 3G, since they can be built on existing networks and won't require operators to completely retool and won't require carriers to purchase costly extra spectrum.

E) Devices: more user friendly interface

4G devices are expected to be more visual and intuitive rather than today’s text and menu based systems. They will be able to interact with the environment around it and act accordingly.

F) Enhanced GPS Services

In addition to locating individuals, a 4G version of GPS might be able to let people be virtually present in a variety of places.

G) Scalability



ISSN 2277-1956/V2N2-557-564

It is most challenging aspect of the mobile networks. It refers to ability to handle ever increasing number of users and services. Since an all IP core layer of 4G is easily scalable, it is ideally suited to meet this challenge.

H) Crisis-Management applications

Natural disasters can affect the entire communications infrastructure but 4G can be helpful in restoring all its services in minimum amount of time and it may be helpful in saving more lives.

Challenges in migration to 4G

A) Multimode user terminals

With 4G there will be a need to design a single user terminal that can operate in different wireless networks and overcome the design problems such as limitations in size of the device, its cost and power consumption.

B) Selection among various wireless systems

Every wireless system has its unique characteristics and roles. The proliferation of wireless technologies complicates the selection of most suitable technology for a particular service at a particular place and time.

C) Security

Heterogeneity of wireless networks complicates the security issue. Dynamic reconfigurable, adaptive and lightweight security mechanisms should be developed [6].

D) Network infrastructure and QoS support Integrating the existing non-IP and IP-based systems and providing QoS guarantee for end-to-end services that involve different systems is also a big challenge.

E) Charging/ billing

It is troublesome to collect, manage and store the customers’ accounts information from multiple service providers. Similarly, billing customers with simple but information is not an easy task.

F) Attacks on application level

4G cellular wireless devices will be known for software applications which will provide innovative feature to the user but will introduce new holes, leading to more attacks at the application level.

G) Jamming and spoofing

Spoofing refers to fake GPS signals being sent out, in which the GPS receiver thinks that the signals comes from a satellite and calculates the wrong co-ordinates. Criminals may use such techniques to interfere with police work.

E.5G

5G Technology stands for 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G mobile technology has changed the means to use cell phones within very high bandwidth. User never experienced ever before such a high value technology. Nowadays mobile users have much awareness of the cell phone (mobile) technology. The 5G technologies include all type of advanced features which makes 5G mobile technology most powerful and in huge demand in near future. 5G technologies which are on hand held phone offering more power and features than at least 1000 lunar modules. A user can also hook their 5G technology cell phone with their Laptop to get broadband internet access. 5G technology including camera, MP3 recording, video player, large phone memory, dialing speed, audio player and much more you never imagine. For children rocking fun Bluetooth technology and Piconets may be there.

Table – 2 Comparison


ISSN 2277-1956/V2N2-557-564

Technology 1G 2G 2.5G 3G 4G 5G

Implementation Period

1984 1991 1999

Frequency BW 400-800 MHz 800-900 MHz 1800-1900 MHz 1.5-2.8 GHz 2-8GHz Development

Phase

Data rate 1.9 Kbps 14.4 Kbps 384 Kbps Up to 2 Mbps

100 Mbps moving &

1Gbps stationary

More than 1 Gbps

Access FDMA TDMA,CDMA TDMA,CDMA W-CDMA

VSF-OFCDM &

VSF-CDMA

Working

Core network Telecom network

Telecom network Telecom network Telecom

networks, some IP networks

Internet Internet

Switching

Circuit Circuit Circuit Circuit/packet Packet Digital packet

Standard

NMT,AMPS,

Hicap ,CDPD

TACS,ETACS

GSM, DEN,

D-MPS

GPRS, EDGE

WCDMA, CDMA 2000

Single standard

Development Phase

Multiplexing FDMA TDMA/CDMA TDMA,CDMA CDMA CDMA CDM A

Services Analog voice Digital voice

Higher

capacity, Packetized data

Higher capacity,

packetized data upto2mbps

Completely IP based,

speed upto100

mbps

Speed more than 4G

III. CONCLUSION

It is evident that with the prognosis of different generation there is always some advancement of technology, data transfer rate and quality of service. But these generations brought along or will bring some challenges too. There may be some concern about security issues such as user authentication, authorization and efficiency of algorithm used. It is very difficult to migrate from one technology to other because it incurs huge investment. All these challenges must be overcome to enjoy future telecom generations.

IV. REFERENCE [1] “4G as a Next Generation Wireless Network”. Afaq H. Khan, Mohammed A. Qadeer, Juned A. Ansari, Sariya Waheed , Department of

Computer Engineering , Zakir Husain College of Engineering & Technology ,Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India , 2009 IEEE



ISSN 2277-1956/V2N2-557-564

[2] “Features in Future: 4G Visions from a Technical Perspective”. Jun-Zhao Sun, JaakkoSauvola, and Douglas Howie ,Media Team, Machine Vision and Media Processing Unit, InfotechOulu, University of Oulu, Finland, Tutkijantie 2 B, FIN-90570 University of Oulu, Finland, 2001 IEEE

[3] www.differencebetween.com

[4] Wikipedia

[5] From “Telecom & media insight” issue September 2005

[6] “on the security of 3GPP networks” Michael Walker ,Vodafone (chairman) , encrypt 2000

[7] www.umtsworld.com .

[8] From article of RajatKhare, Joint MD and Co-Founder of “Appin Technologies”

[9] www.gsmworld.com .

[10] Journal from www.crummer.rollins.edu/journal “4G:a look into the future of wireless communication” By: Allen H. Kupetz and K. Terrell Brown issue : Jan-March 2004

[11] From journal “Emerging Wireless Technologies” by K. W. Richardson , ECE journal June 2000

[12] From “5G mobile concepts” by Toni Janevski , Faculty of EE & IT , Republic of Macedonia, IEEE 2009

[13] “3G MMS utilization in Indonesia: an explanatory research” by Indrawati, Institute of Management Telecom, Indonesia, San Murugesan, University of Australia issue IEEE 2010

[14] From “UMTS protocols and Protocol Testing”, International Engineering Consortium , www.iec.org .

[15] From journal “A look into the future of wireless communications – beyond 3G”, www.voicendata.com , www.atp.nist.gov , www.cnn.com , www.linkair.com .

[16] From “The LTE guide”3GPP, issue October 20, 2010

[17] From “3GPP Wireless Standards” by Shishir Pandey ,TIFR, issue April 10, 2009

[18] Mobile communication beyond 3G in the global context by Werner Mohr, Munich ,Germany, a document of Siemen mobiles

[19] “mobile communication” by author Jochen & Schiller

[20] “wireless communication” by author Andreas F. Molisch

[21] “handbook of wireless networks and mobile computing” by author Ivan Stojmenovoic of Wiley publication

Documents

Prognosis of Different Cellular Generations.pdf