Prog Lang Kapa Lung An

8/12/2019 Prog Lang Kapa Lung An

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The Difference and Similarities of

the following terms in C, C++ and

JAVA

Control Flow, Selection Statement and Iteration of:

(a,e,and g)

C C provides two sytles of flow control:

Branching

Looping

Branching is deciding what actions to take and looping

is deciding how many times to take a certain action.

Branching:

Branching is so called because the program chooses to

follow one branch or another.

if statement

This is the most simple form of the branching

statements.

It takes an expression in parenthesis and an statementor block of statements. if the expression is true then the

statement or block of statements gets executed

otherwise these statements are skipped.

switch statement:

The switch statement is much like a nested if .. else

statement. Its

mostly a matter of preference which you use, switch

statement can be slightly more efficient and easier to

read.

while loop

The most basic loop in C is the while loop.A whilestatement is like a repeating if statement. Like an If

statement, if the test condition is true: the statments

get executed. The difference is that after the

statements have been executed, the test condition is

checked again. If it is still true the statements get

executed again.This cycle repeats until the test

condition evaluates to false.

for loop

for loop is similar to while, it's just written differently.

for statements are often used to proccess lists such a

range of numbers:

C++ A simple C++ statement is each of the individual

instructions of a program, like the variable declarations

andexpressions seen in previous sections. They always

end with a semicolon (;), and are executed in the same

order in which they appear in a program.

If and else

The if keyword is used to execute a statement or block,

if, and only if, a condition is fulfilled. Its syntax is:

if (condition) statement

Here, condition is the expression that is being

evaluated. If this condition is true, statement is

executed. If it is false, statement is not executed (it is

simplyignored), and the program continues right afterthe entire selection statement.

Selection statements with if can also specify what

happens when the condition is not fulfilled, by using the

elsekeyword to introduce an alternative statement. Its

syntax is:

if (condition) statement1 else statement2

where statement1 is executed in case condition is true,

and in case it is not, statement2 is executed.

Loops repeat a statement a certain number of times, or

while a condition is fulfilled. They are introduced by the

keywords while, do, and for.

Iteration

The while loop

The simplest kind of loop is the while-loop. Its syntax is:

while (expression) statement

The while-loop simply repeats statement while

expression is true. If, after any execution of statement,

expressionis no longer true, the loop ends, and theprogram continues right after the loop.

The do-while loop

A very similar loop is the do-while loop, whose syntax is

do statement while (condition);

It behaves like a while-loop, except that condition is

evaluated after the execution of statement instead of

before, guaranteeing at least one execution of

statement, even if condition is never fulfilled.

The for loopThe for loop is designed to iterate a number of times. Its

syntax is:

for (initialization; condition; increase) statement;

Like the while-loop, this loop repeats statement while

condition is true. But, in addition, the for loop provides

specific locations to contain an initialization and an

increase expression, executed before the loop begins

the first time, and after each iteration, respectively.


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JAVA

Java Control statements control the order of execution

in a java program, based on data values and conditional

logic. There are three main categories of control flow

statements;Selection statements: if, if-else and switch.

Loop statements: while, do-while and for.

Transfer statements: break, continue, return, try-catch-

finally and assert.

We use control statements when we want to change

the default sequential order of execution

Selection Statements

The If Statement

The if statement executes a block of code only if the

specified expression is true. If the value is false, then

the if block is skipped and execution continues with the

rest of the program. You can either have a single

statement or a block of code within an if statement.

Note that the conditional expression must be a Boolean

expression.

The simple if statement has the following syntax:

if ()

The If-else Statement

The if/else statement is an extension of the if

statement. If the statements in the if statement fails,

thestatements in the else block are executed. You can

either have a single statement or a block of code withinif-else blocks. Note that the conditional expression must

be a Boolean expression.

Expressions and Assignments of:

C Operators are used with operands to

build expressions. For example the following is an

expression containing two operands and one oprator.

4 + 5

The following list of operators is probably not completebut does highlight the common operators and a few of

the outrageous ones....

C contains the following operator groups.

Arithmetic

Assignment

Logical/relational

Bitwise

Odds and ends!

Operator precedence table.

The order (precedence) that operators are evaluated

can be seen here.

Arithmetic

+

-

/

*

% modulo

Decrement (post and pre)++ Increment (post and pre)

Assignment

These all perform an arithmetic operation on the lvalue

and assign the result to the lvalue. So what does this

mean in English? Here is an example:

counter = counter + 1;

can be reduced to

counter += 1;

Here is the full set.

=

*= Multiply

/= Divide.

%= Modulus.

+= add.

-= Subtract.

= Right shift.

&= Bitwise AND.

^= bitwise exclusive OR (XOR).

|= bitwise inclusive OR.

Logical/Relational

== Equal to

!= Not equal to>

=

>

~ one's complement

Odds and ends!

sizeof() size of objects and data types.

strlen may also be of interest.

& Address of (Unary operator)

pointer (Unary operator)

? Conditional expressions


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: Conditional expressions

, Series operator.

C++ There are three types of expressions:

Arithmetic expression

Relational expression

Logical expression

Java An expression is a syntactic construction that

has a value. Expressions are formed by combining

variables, constants, and method returned values using

operators. Java expressions can have side-effects, which

are actions that are executed when the expression is

evaluated. In particular, an assignment expression is

usually used for its side effect of assigning a new value

to a variable. Method invokations also frequently have

side effects.

Recursion, Data Types, Type CheckingC

C Programming Recursion

A function that calls itself is known as recursive function

and the process of calling function itself is known

asrecursion in C programming.

In the C programming language, data types refer to an

extensive system used for declaring variables or

functions of different types. The type of a variable

determines how much space it occupies in storage and

how the bit pattern stored is interpreted.

The types in C can be classified as follows:

S.N. Types and Description

Basic Types:

They are arithmetic types and consists of the two types:

(a) integer types and (b) floating-point types.

2 Enumerated types:

They are again arithmetic types and they are used to

define variables that can only be assigned certain

discrete integer values throughout the program.

3 The type void:

The type specifier void indicates that no value isavailable.

4 Derived types:

They include (a) Pointer types, (b) Array types, (c)

Structure types, (d) Union types and (e) Function types.

C++

Simply put, recursion is when a function calls itself. That

is, in the course of the function definition there is a call

to that very same function. At first this may seem like a

never ending loop, or like a dog chasing its tail. It can

never catch it. So too it seems our function will never

finish. This might be true is some cases, but in practice

we can check to see if a certain condition is true and in

that case exit (return from) our function. The case in

which we end our recursion is called a base case .

0down votefavorite

I am trying to achieve type checking of template class

parameters by disallowing implicit type conversionssuch as string->bool thereby throwing compile error.

The specific scenario is a simple one as follows:

#include

#include

using namespace std;

template

class myPair {

T a, b;

public:

myPair(T first, T second ) {

a = first;

b = second;

}

void test();

};

typedef myPair boolParm;

template

void myPair::test() {

if(a == true) {

cout


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compile errors and disallowing string/int parameters to

pass in the constructor. It should only allow bool. I tried

by using an overloaded constructor myPair(bool first,

string second) but it didn't match since I guess the

implicit type conversion from string->bool happens

before the constructor is called. Is there any solution

using template specializations in this scenario? Any help

is highly appreciated Thanks

Java

Recursion is a basic programming technique you can

use in Java, in which a method calls itself to solve some

problem. A method that uses this technique is

recursive. Many programming problems can be solved

only by recursion, and some problems that can be

solved by other techniques are better solved by

recursion.

Primitive Data Types:

There are eight primitive data types supported by Java.

Primitive data types are predefined by thelanguage and

named by a keyword. Let us now look into detail about

the eight primitive data types.

byte:

Byte data type is an 8-bit signed two's complement

integer.

Minimum value is -128 (-2^7)

Maximum value is 127 (inclusive)(2^7 -1)

Default value is 0

Byte data type is used to save space in large arrays,

mainly in place of integers, since a byte is four times

smaller than an int.Example: byte a = 100 , byte b = -50

short:

Short data type is a 16-bit signed two's complement

integer.

Minimum value is -32,768 (-2^15)

Maximum value is 32,767 (inclusive) (2^15 -1)

Short data type can also be used to save memory as

byte data type. A short is 2 times smaller than an int

Default value is 0.

Example: short s = 10000, short r = -20000

int:Int data type is a 32-bit signed two's complement

integer.

Minimum value is - 2,147,483,648.(-2^31)

Maximum value is 2,147,483,647(inclusive).(2^31 -1)

Int is generally used as the default data type for integral

values unless there is a concern about memory.

The default value is 0.

Example: int a = 100000, int b = -200000

long:

Long data type is a 64-bit signed two's complement

integer.

Minimum value is -9,223,372,036,854,775,808.(-2^63)

Maximum value is 9,223,372,036,854,775,807

(inclusive). (2^63 -1)

This type is used when a wider range than int is needed

Default value is 0L.

Example: long a = 100000L, int b = -200000L

float:Float data type is a single-precision 32-bit IEEE 754

floating point.

Float is mainly used to save memory in large arrays of

floating point numbers.

Default value is 0.0f.

Float data type is never used for precise values such as

currency.

Example: float f1 = 234.5f

double:

double data type is a double-precision 64-bit IEEE 754

floating point.

This data type is generally used as the default data type

for decimal values, generally the default choice.

Double data type should never be used for precise

values such as currency.

Default value is 0.0d.

Example: double d1 = 123.4

boolean:

boolean data type represents one bit of information.

There are only two possible values: true and false.

This data type is used for simple flags that track

true/false conditions.

Default value is false.Example: boolean one = true

char:

char data type is a single 16-bit Unicode character.

Minimum value is '\u0000' (or 0).

Maximum value is '\uffff' (or 65,535 inclusive).

Char data type is used to store any character.

Example: char letterA ='A'

Reference Data Types:

Reference variables are created using defined

constructors of the classes. They are used to access

objects. These variables are declared to be of a specifictype that cannot be changed. For example, Employee,

Puppy etc.

Class objects, and various type of array variables come

under reference data type.

Default value of any reference variable is null.

A reference variable can be used to refer to any object

of the declared type or any compatible type.

Example: Animal animal = new Animal("giraffe");


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Type System - C, C++ and Java

type system is a collection of rules that assign a

property called a type to the various constructssuch

as variables, expressions, functions or modulesa

computer program is composed of.[1] The main

purpose of a type system is to reduce bugs in computer

programs[2] by defining interfaces between different

parts of a computer program, and then checking that

the parts have been connected in a consistent way. Thischecking can happen statically (at compile time),

dynamically (at run time), or it can happen as a a

combination of static and dynamic checking

Type Checking - C, C++ and Java

Some object-oriented languages (notably Java) perform

some type checking at runtime (dynamic type checking).

If combined with static type checking, dynamic type

checking is more powerful than static type checking

alone. However, it also adds overhead to program

execution.

C++ uses static type checking because the language

cannot assume any particular runtime support for bad

operations. Static type checking notifies the

programmer about misuses of types during compilation,

and thus maximizes execution speed. As you learn C++,

you will see that most of the language design decisions

favor the same kind of high-speed, production-oriented

programming the C language is famous for.

Strings - C, C++ and Java

Java strings are immutable, i.e. once created, their value

cannot be changed without doing unnatural things in

Java and/or native code.Java strings keep textual information in 2-byte unicode.

Java strings are objects, i.e. like every other type, the

String type extends the Object type.

C-strings are simply pointers to memory holding single-

byte char-typed or platform-specifc wchar_t-typed

data.

Programmers have to explicitly manage

allocation/deallocation of character data.

Different character encodings are provided at platform

API level. Normally no support for different encodings

within one application.Pointers - C, C++ and Java

Java classes and arrays are reference types, and

references to objects and arrays are akin to pointers in

C. Unlike C pointers, however, references in Java are

entirely opaque. There is no way to convert a reference

to a primitive type, and a reference cannot be

incremented or decremented. There is no address-of

operator like &, dereference operator like * or >, or

sizeof operator. Pointers are a notorious source of bugs.

Eliminating them simplifies the language and makes

Java programs more robust and secure

Recursive types - C, C++ and Java

After going back and forth, I am quite convinced that

the declaration that you quote is actually the point of

instantiation of the template. Had it been in a member

function (including the constructor, whether user

defined or implicitly generated) then the code would

have been correct, since a class is considered completeinside the definition of the methods (i.e. if the point of

instantiation where MoveTree::MoveTree() : variation()

{} then the code would be correct (14.7.1 explains the

rules for implicit instantiaitons for those curious enough

to read on)


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Programs of C, C++, Java

Conversion of Temperature

C

#include

#include

void main()

{

float celsius,fahrenheit;

clrscr();

printf("nEnter temp in Celsius : ");

scanf("%f",&celsius);

fahrenheit = (1.8 * celsius) + 32;

printf("nTemperature in Fahrenheit : %f ",fahrenheit);

getch();

}

C++

#include

#include

void main()

{

//clear the screen.clrscr();

//declare variable type float

float a,b;

//Input the Temperature in given unit

save them in 'a'

cout


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void main()

{

cout


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#define KEY "Enter the calculator Operation you want to

do:"

// Function prototype declaration

void addition();

void subtraction();

void multiplication();

void division();

void modulus();void power();

int factorial();

void calculator_operations();

// Start of Main Program

int main()

{

int X=1;

char Calc_oprn;

// Function call

calculator_operations();

while(X)

{

printf("\n");

printf("%s : ", KEY);

Calc_oprn=getche();

switch(Calc_oprn)

{

case '+': addition();break;

case '-': subtraction();

break;

case '*': multiplication();

break;

case '/': division();

break;

case '?': modulus();

break;

case '!': factorial();

break;

case '^': power();

break;

case 'H':

case 'h': calculator_operations();

break;

case 'Q':

case 'q': exit(0);

break;

case 'c':

case 'C': system("cls");

calculator_operations();break;

default : system("cls");

printf("\n**********You have entered unavailable

option");

printf("***********\n");

printf("\n*****Please Enter any one of below available

");

printf("options****\n");

calculator_operations();

}

}

}

C++

// CalculatorFinal.cpp : Defines the entry point for the

console application.

//

#include "stdafx.h" // Including header

#include // Including ioStream

using namespace std; // Namespace

void calc (double x, double y);

double result;

double n1,n2; // Declaring Variables

char q,operation;

int main()

{

cout


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cout


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char name;

double score1;

double score2;

int score3;

int score4;

int main()

{

cout > name;

cout > score1;

cout > score2;

cout > score3;

cout > score4;

}

C++

1. #include

2. using namespace std;

3. int main()

4.

5. {

6. char usergrade;

7. int totalgrades = 0;

int numgrade = 1;

int count = 0;

int average = 0;int A = 4, a = 4;

int B = 3, b = 3;

int C = 2, c = 2;

int D = 1, d = 1;

int F = 0, f = 0;

16.

cout > numgrade;

19.

while (count < numgrade){

cout > usergrade;

cout


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#include

int Partition(int a[], int beg, int end) //Function to

Find Pivot Point

{

int p=beg, pivot=a[beg], loc;

for(loc=beg+1;loca[loc])

{

a[p]=a[loc];

a[loc]=a[p+1];

a[p+1]=pivot;

p=p+1;

}

}

return p;

}

Java

import java.io.IOException;

public class QuickSort {

public static int[] compute(int[] array, int lower, int

higher )throws IOException{

if(lower1)

compute(array, lower, pivot-1);

if(pivot+1

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