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Professor S.J. Grant
Spring 2006
Advertising Strategy & Tactics
BUYER BEHAVIOR, MARKETING 3250
Outline
Evaluating advertisingStrategy
• Is advertising on strategy?
Tactics• How well is it executed?
• Executions• Structural• Stylistic
Advertising Strategy
Reach vs. frequencyReach: how many people see
advertisingFrequency: how many times each
person sees advertising
Which is better?
Advertising Strategy
Points of parity vs. points of differencePoints of parity
• Category benefits
Points of difference• Brand benefits
Which is better?
Advertising Strategy
Executions“The Big Idea”“Hard Sell” vs “Soft Sell”Story grammar
Big Idea
What is the “big idea”?Distilling your central message or
concept to a few key wordsExample: Subway is about a healthy
fast-food alternative• Jared• Low number of fat grams• Eat fresh• Being “good”
Hard Sell
What is the hard sell?Presenting the compelling benefits of
an idea, a product, or a serviceUrges the consumer to take action
CharacteristicsA hard sell would list specific items
and sale prices Make specific, actionable offers
Soft Sell
What is the soft sell?It says "Welcome, come look around.
Get a feel for who we are and how we can help you."
CharacteristicsSoft sell advertisement might sell the
look and feel of a store Doesn’t encourage immediate
purchase
Story Grammar
Drama is used to illustrate a problem, episodes to address problem and outcomeOften use extreme situations to
illustrate the problem
Symbols & Meaning
Advertising communication relies on meaning, which threads events and objects into an interdependent scheme
Meaning comes fromSelf-awarenessSelf-definition
Advertising – and consumption – is symbolic of human aspiration
Symbols & Meaning
Visual and figurative language of advertising is deliberately chosen to convey a subliminal message in addition to the central message
Thematic inferences are code for whom the product is intended
Thematic Inferences
GenderWomen are communal – “Isn’t it hot?”Men are goal-directed – “Turn on the
AC” Social class
Upscale value distinction, tradition Middle class prefer order, organizationWorking class seek functionality, value
Thematic Inferences
How are themes communicated?Visual cues that are imbued with
meaning • Colors
• Browns, greens, earth tones communicate aridity, masculinity; primary colors imply childishness
• Reverse type• Implies
• Phallic symbols• Connote power, strength, dominance
technical expertise
Thematic Inferences
More visual cues• Fonts
• Bold, block type implies FUNCTIONALITY• Italic type communicates VELOCITY
• Serif type conveys formality• Black and white
• Conveys seriousness, drama, journalistic veridicality
• Proximity• Close-ups imply intimacy, personal relevance
Thematic Inferences
More cues• Film allusions• Literary references
• Orwell’s “1984”
• Biblical figures• Samsonite• Adam & Eve
• Mythology• Historical events
Examples in Advertising
IBMMasculine, traditional, organized
Apple Feminine, friendly, alternative
Marlboro Arid, strong, independent, frontier
Harley-Davidson Rugged individuality, nonconformist,
testosterone
Layering of Meaning
Meanings are layered to create a unique brand impression Many layers of meaning add to the
complexity of the brand, which can become a point of differentiation
Layering also allows a brand to communicate how a concrete attribute can map into an abstract benefit
Layering of Meaning
Example 1: Ivory soap Name Plain, white bar Advertising
emphasizes purity Product is gently
cleansing Advertising features
the chaste, clean-cut “Ivory girl”
Example 2: Coca-Cola Name is a bubbly
concoction of sounds Curvaceous, hand-fitting
bottle is informal, classic Cursive script of brand
logo conveys sense of flowing abundance
Times of relaxation, fun are primary usage occasions
Red is associated with joy, passion, vigor
Layering of Meaning
Resemblance? How do scripts differ?