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Introduction:

About the Marcellus Shale Region

The Marcellus Shale region is the largest natural gas play in the United States,

and the second-largest in the world. It spans 95,000 square miles in Pennsylvania, New

York and West Virginia, along with parts of Maryland, Ohio and Virginia (Considine

2010). Conversely, the Barnett natural gas field in Texas spans 5,000 square miles.

Currently, the Barnett field is the most productive natural gas region in the United States

(Considine 2010).

It is estimated that the Marcellus Shale region has 489 trillion cubic feet of

recoverable natural gas, and only a fraction of that, or 14 trillion cubic feet, will be

recovered by 2015. By 2020, it is estimated that about 28 trillion cubic feet of natural gas

will be recovered from the Marcellus Shale region, making it a viable resource for

generations to come (Considine 2010).

Natural gas development has exploded in recent years, most notably in West

Virginia and Pennsylvania. Production in Pennsylvania increased dramatically since

2007, while production in West Virginia has begun to slow.

West Virginia lawmakers have imposed a severance tax on natural gas

production, but no such taxes are currently in place in Pennsylvania. The state legislature

has been debating that issue for quite some time, but newly elected governor Tom

Corbett (R) remains adamantly opposed to a severance tax. The governor’s proposed

2011-12 budget calls for massive cuts in education funding, while levying no new taxes

on natural gas production. Corbett contends the natural gas industry will generate enough

revenue through other sources, such as earned income and mercantile taxes, so there is no

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need to tax it further (Burke 2011). His goal is to turn Pennsylvania into the “Texas” of

natural gas production.

Bradford County in the Northern Tier of Pennsylvania is in the heart of the

Marcellus Shale boom, along with the other Northern Tier counties of Susquehanna,

Tioga, Sullivan and Wyoming (Mullin & Lonergan Associates 2010). If developed fully,

that area has the potential to be the second-largest natural gas field in the world (Mullin

& Lonergan Associates 2010). In 2009, 113 natural gas wells were drilled in Bradford

County, with 242 more drilled in 2010, according to the Pennsylvania Department of

Environmental Protection (Mocarsky 2010). The map below provides a detailed look at

active and permitted natural gas wells within that county.

Source: Northeast Driller

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Bradford, Tioga and Susquehanna counties produced more than a third of

Marcellus Shale gas in the state during the second half of 2010 (New data shows

Marcellus Shale’s promise, growth 2011). All three of those counties are the border of

Pennsylvania and New York, where a moratorium on drilling in that state’s Marcellus

Shale region has halted production. Economists estimate the legislative decision will cost

that New York $11 billion in lost revenue between now and 2020 (Considine 2010).

Types of Jobs Required

The extraction of natural gas from underneath the Marcellus Shale involves a

process called hydraulic fracturing, more commonly known as “fracking.” During

fracking, millions of gallons of chemically treated water are blasted thousands of feet

underground. The pressure cracks the shale, releasing the natural gas (Wastewater facility

not welcomed in neighborhood 2011).

Gas industry experts have known for years that the Marcellus Shale deposits in

Northern Pennsylvania contained natural gas, but energy companies felt it was too

expensive to extract it from the ground (Considine 2010). Fracking has made the process

much more cost effective.

The Marcellus Shale Education & Training Center, a joint venture between Penn

College of Technology in Williamsport and the Penn State Cooperative Extension,

recently conducted a needs assessment study to determine the types of jobs required to

extract natural gas. The findings indicated that 47% of the jobs created would be blue

collar jobs. An additional 20% would be general office jobs, and 33% of Marcellus

Shale-related jobs would require a specific skill set (Marcellus Shale Education &

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Training Center 2009). The graphic below illustrates the breakdown of the necessary

occupations.

Source: Marcellus Shale Education and Training Center

The MSETC study also determined that many educational institutions in the

Marcellus Shale region already offer programs that closely match specific gas-related

occupations, but few are currently offering courses directly related to the natural gas

industry. Penn College of Technology offers some courses directly related to drilling, as

does Lackawanna College. The study also determined that many schools in the Central

Pennsylvania and Northern Tier Workforce Development regions do offer programs that

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directly match the skilled occupations that the natural gas industry needs (Marcellus

Shale Education & Training Center 2009).

Direct Economic Impacts

The MSETC needs assessment study determined that natural gas drilling industry

will directly create 8,000 jobs in the next five years – in Central Pennsylvania and the

Northern Tier alone. It takes about 410 individuals, working at 150 different occupations

in order to drill one well, and an average of 20 to 30 contract companies will be utilized

in the process (Marcellus Shale Education & Training Center 2009).

However, there is a fine line between productive and unproductive wells in

Northern Pennsylvania’s Marcellus Shale region. Geologists are still working to

determine where that line is, and that is why so many gas companies have spent billions

to enter into leases with landowners to drill exploratory wells (Disappointing Marcellus

wells help define the play’s promise 2011). Market prices can range from hundreds of

dollars per acre to thousands of dollars per acre, and state law mandates that landowners

must be paid a minimum royalty of 12.5% in the event gas is found (TalismanUSA.com

2011). Some of these royalties have resulted significant income for many Northern

Pennsylvania property owners (Considine 2010).

Executives at the P & G Mehoopany Federal Credit Union, headquartered in

Tunkhannock, Wyoming County, have seen many landowners approach them about

making large deposits into their accounts (Stanziale 2011). Employees there frequently

have to explain that the financial institution can only insure assets up to $250,000.

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Beyond that, the credit union has no means to protect their customers from potential

losses.

Preliminary drilling seems to indicate that gas wells in Luzerne, Columbia,

southern Wyoming and northern Lackawanna counties are not as productive as the gas

companies have originally hoped (Disappointing Marcellus wells help define the play’s

promise 2011), but drilling companies are still interested in exploring the region.

Williams Production Appalachia recently announced plans to drill exploratory wells at

the border of Luzerne and Columbia counties, despite the fact that Encana Energy

Corporation decided to abandon drilling operations just a few miles away (Drilling rig to

return to Columbia/Luzerne border 2011). EXCO Holding PA, a subsidiary of Texas-

based EXCO Resources, also plans to drill exploratory wells in that area (Drilling rig to

return to Columbia/Luzerne border 2011).

Gas-related construction projects are also moving forward all over the region.

There is a proposal on the table to build a compressor station in Dallas Township,

Luzerne County (Pipeline planned for familiar site 2011), and another company has

expressed interest in building a treatment center for well water at the Wyoming Valley

Sanitary Authority complex in Hanover Township, near Wilkes-Barre (Wastewater

facility not welcomed in neighborhood 2011).

In addition, many energy companies are opening corporate offices in the region.

Oklahoma-based Williams recently announced plans to open offices in Wyoming

County, near Tunkhannock. The expansion is expected to create 100 new jobs by 2013

(Gas firm plans 100 new jobs 2011). Haliburton also has a presence in Pennsylvania, and

expects to be in the state for 30 to 40 years (Mahon 2011). Haliburton employees

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working in and around the natural gas industry receive a starting wage between $45,000

and $55,000, which is higher than the wages of most Pennsylvanians (Mahon 2011).

In a 2010 report presented to the American Petroleum Institute, author Timothy J.

Considine, Ph.D., of Natural Resources Economics Inc., said the economic benefits

would be far reaching.

“The development of the Marcellus Shale will have significant economic impacts

for the economy of the Marcellus region,” Considine wrote. “Leasing, exploring, drilling

and developing these natural gas reserves will directly generate thousands of high-paying

jobs and indirectly create many others as employment is stimulated in support industries

as workers spend these wages and households spend royalty income.”

Considine believes that natural gas drilling could substantially increase the

region’s gross domestic product, income, and ultimately tax revenue. Long-term, the

Marcellus Shale region could evolve into a major exporter of natural gas to eastern

Canada and the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States (Considine

2010).

“A larger industry in the long run will be a far greater generator of government

tax revenue than an industry stunted by high taxes and excessive regulations,” Considine

added (Considine 2010).

The region’s close proximity to the Transco pipeline, a 10,000-mile network of

gas lines constructed or the last 60 years, only makes it easier to move the gas to market.

The Transco line, which is owned by the Williams Energy Corporation, supplies gas to

major markets on the East Coast, from New York City to Atlanta (Transco update

includes increased horsepower 2011). In addition, the quality of the gas that is extracted

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from Marcellus Shale needs very little processing before it can be sold (Transco update

includes increased horsepower 2011).

The graphic below, provided to The Citizens’ Voice by Williams Energy, depicts

the planned upgrades to the Transco pipeline in the Northern Tier. The green dotted line

depicts the area where the upgrades will be made.

A closer look at Employment Data

For statistical purposes, the Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry

classifies natural gas drillers as miners. The mining and logging industry saw 100 new

jobs created in December 2010 alone (Center for Workforce Information and Analysis

2011). The mining industry itself has seen an 80-percent increase in job growth since

2009, and there is more to come. Bradford County leads the state in new job openings for

miners, with 24. Lycoming County has nine openings for miners, while Tioga County has

four (Center for Workforce Information and Analysis 2011).

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The statewide unemployment rate is at 8.5%, and is projected to fall steadily.

Many Northern Tier counties, however, already enjoy unemployment rates that are much

lower than that. Currently, the unemployment rate in Bradford County is 6.9%. Tioga

County is at 7%, while Sullivan and Wyoming Counties boast 7.5% and 7.8%

unemployment rates respectively. Meanwhile, the unemployment rates in Lycoming and

Susquehanna Counties are at 9%, slightly above the state average (Center for Workforce

Information and Analysis 2011).

Contrast that with the more urbanized areas of Lackawanna and Luzerne

Counties, where unemployment is at near record highs. Lackawanna County’s current

unemployment rate is at 9.4%, while Luzerne County’s unemployment rate is at 10.1%

(Center for Workforce Information and Analysis 2011). As of July 2010, the Wilkes-

Barre/Scranton metro area had the highest unemployment rate in the state (Lynott 2010).

Residual Economic Impacts

Other industries are also reaping the benefits of natural gas drilling. The

management industry is exploding, while manufacturing and government are seeing

modest gains (Center for Workforce Information and Analysis 2011). Since 2009,

management has seen a 30% increase in job growth. Manufacturing jobs have increased

by 8%, and government jobs have seen a 4% increase since 2009 (Center for Workforce

Information and Analysis 2011). The Pennsylvania Department of Labor also noted gains

in temporary employment, the hotel and motel industry – excluding casino hotels – and

non-residential plumbing and heating employment (Center for Workforce Information

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and Analysis 2011). In addition, more corporate regional offices are also moving into the

state (Center for Workforce Information and Analysis 2011).

Pennsylvania Department of Labor statistics indicate that leisure and hospitality is

the fastest-growing industry in the state, seeing a net gain of 5,753 jobs between July and

December 2010 (Center for Workforce Information and Analysis 2011). A more long-

range view indicates that the arts, entertainment and recreation industry has gained 7,300

jobs since 2007, up 8.5%. Education, meanwhile, is up 5.79% since 2007. The industry

has seen 15,000 new jobs since that time (Center for Workforce Information and Analysis

2010).

Northern Tier chambers of commerce are singing the praises of the gas boom and

what it has done for businesses in their service areas. Maureen Dispenza, executive

director of the Wyoming County Chamber of Commerce, can’t believe what has

happened in her quiet neighborhood. Small retailers are thriving in the county seat of

Tunkhannock, especially those retailers who cater to the growing natural gas industry.

Restaurants, hotels, and small business owners are all reaping the benefits, she said

(Dispenza 2011).

Bill Kelley, owner of Taylor Rental in Montrose, has seen his business explode in

the past three years. He started as a small business that rented primarily construction and

party equipment, but now he has expanded operations into Tunkhannock. The natural gas

boom has inspired him to launch a spinoff business called BX3 Oil Field Supply

(Wyoming chamber gets boost from gas companies 2011).

Right now, nearly 70% of the natural gas workforce is imported from out-of-state

(Mahon 2011), largely because local workers are not adequately trained to work at active

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drilling sites. Penn College of Technology in Williamsport is looking to change that, so it

opened the Marcellus Shale Workforce Resource Center in 2010. The school is in the

process of doing a study to determine how much of the Marcellus Shale workforce is

local (Mahon 2011). Meanwhile, all those out-of-town workers need places to eat, sleep,

and, ultimately, live.

Housing

The influx of workers has added to an existing shortage of accessible, modern

rental properties in the Northern Tier. Units that were once renting for $375 or $400 per

month are now renting for $800 to $1,200 per month. The region’s price floor for a two

bedroom unit has gone from $600 per month to $1,200 to $1,500 per month. Landlords

are withdrawing from the Section 8 program, and opting not to renew leases with good

tenants in order to raise their prices (Mullin & Lonergan Associates 2010).

Housing issues aside, Bradford County boasts one of the lowest unemployment

rates in the state, down to around 7% from 10.0%, and it leads Pennsylvania in new job

creation (Mullin & Lonergan Associates 2010). In addition, Bradford, Susquehanna, and

Tioga counties account for 56% of the state’s total natural gas production (Mullin &

Lonergan Associates 2010), surpassing production in the western part of the state.

Education

In October of 2010, The Times Leader reported that enrollment was on the rise in

Bradford County schools, specifically the Wyalusing Area School District. At Wyalusing

Area, the majority of those students were directly associated with the gas industry,

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superintendent Ray Fleming said (Mocarsky 2010). Elk Lake school district in

Susquehanna County has also seen enrollment declines slow, as has the Northern Tioga

school district in Tioga County (Mocarsky 2010).

“The student enrollments in Bradford County schools have been declining almost

across the board until last year. In the 2009-2010 school year, we received 57 new

students and the majority of those students were associated with the gas industry,” said

Fleming. “That doesn’t seem like much, but it was a major impact on our school district

because we were expecting a little further decline again. We had to hire additional

teachers and had to do a few other things to get that working (Mocarsky 2010).”

The enrollment increase at Wyalusing Area resulted in the hiring of three new

teachers, six or seven aides, and a custodian (Mocarsky 2010). Futhermore, the

employment market is booming. Fleming cannot find substitute custodians, cafeteria

workers or secretaries because they’re all working for the gas companies (Mocarsky

2010). He believes the impact would be greater, were it not for a shortage of available

housing (Mocarsky 2010).

The Dark Side

The natural gas industry has been heavily criticized by environmental advocates

who believe the fracking process contaminates the drinking water supply. In 2009, the

Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection cited Cabot Oil and Gas for

violating a variety of environmental regulations, resulting in a settlement that left Cabot

on the hook for more than $120,000 in fines (Dimock Twp. Property Owners Sue Gas

Driller Cabot 2009). Fifteen residents of Dimock Township, Susquehanna County,

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subsequently sued Cabot in Federal court, claiming that the Houston-based driller caused

property damage, created health hazards, and manipulated them into signing unfair

contracts (Dimock Twp. Property Owners Sue Gas Driller Cabot 2009).

Many Northeastern Pennsylvania lawmakers, including State Rep. Phyllis Mundy,

D-Kingston, have publicly advocated for a moratorium on gas drilling while state

regulators scramble to catch up to the ever-increasing need for their services. The

Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection has continually expanded its

regulatory force over the last few years, but even the government has trouble recruiting

and retaining qualified employees. Many of them are leaving the public sector for more

lucrative opportunities with private sector energy companies (DEP losing staff to gas

drilling industry 2011).

In addition, a recent New York Times expose revealed that Pennsylvania natural

gas frack water, which is extremely salty, had high concentrations of naturally occurring

radioactive materials in it. Frack water can contain hazardous materials such as barium,

strontium, and other radioactive elements, which can ultimately reach the Earth’s surface.

Between 10 and 40 percent of the water used in fracking will resurface during the first

few weeks of gas drilling (Urbina 2011). In a subsequent article, the newspaper slammed

drillers for not recycling enough “frack” water, and further alleged that recycling it does

not eliminate all of its contaminants (Urbina 2011). The story also stated that some

drillers are selling that brine for use as a road de-icer in the winter. When the ice melts or

is washed away by rain, the runoff can end up in the water supply (Urbina 2011).

The New York Times series fueled the collective fire of the anti-drilling

contingent, and prompted U.S. Sen. Robert P. Casey Jr., D-PA, to call for increased

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testing of public water supplies in the Marcellus Shale region (Casey calls for water

testing 2011). John Hanger, the former secretary of the Pennsylvania Department of

Environmental Protection, recently wrote on his blog that DEP “should order today all

public systems to test immediately for radioactive pollutants” (Casey calls for water

testing 2011). The issue is also haunting Hanger’s successor, Michael Krancer. The

acting director, whose confirmation is pending, was recently asked to respond to the New

York Times allegations, and he said DEP was considering increased testing (Swift 2011).

Krancer disputed several claims in the article (Swift 2011), and his predecessor,

Hanger, criticized the New York Times for not detailing the stricter regulations, increased

staff and more frequent inspections of well sites that have been adopted in the past three

years. Hanger believes one of his administration’s greatest achievements is the enhanced

enforcement of Marcellus Shale drilling regulations (Swift 2011). In a related move, the

Delaware River Basin Commission approved a 30-day extension on the public comment

period for its proposed natural gas drilling regulations (River basin commission adds 30

days to drilling comment period 2011).

Concerned citizens groups have organized anti-drilling campaigns, and people

living near proposed gas-related project sites have been increasingly vocal about their

disapproval of such projects. Amidst community outcry, Chief Energy has to scramble to

find an alternate site for a proposed natural gas compressor station near the Dallas Area

School District Campus (Chief abandons controversial site 2011), and Hanover Township

residents have protested plans to construct a wastewater treatment facility near the

Wyoming Valley Sanitary Authority campus (Wastewater facility not welcomed in

neighborhood 2011). Common complaints include noise and road damage from increased

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truck traffic, and concerns about safety and hazardous materials that can have an adverse

effect on one’s health.

State and industry regulators insist they are doing all they can to address those

concerns, and pro-drilling organizations like the Marcellus Shale Coalition continue to

laud the economic benefits of this industry, stating that the benefits outweigh the risks.

Conclusion

A common misconception among opponents of natural gas drilling is that the

industry only benefits a select few people in rural areas – those who have enough land to

lease. The data clearly indicates that this is not the case. Everyone benefits. The

Marcellus Shale boom is creating thousands of jobs for people who live in both rural and

urban areas, and who work in a variety of disciplines.

The Marcellus Shale coalition has repeatedly cited a Penn State University study

that indicated that as of 2010, 88,588 jobs were directly or indirectly created by natural

gas drilling. The industry also added $8.04 billion in value to the regional economy, and

generated an estimated $785 million in tax revenue. The study estimates that by 2020, the

Marcellus Shale industry will create almost 212,000 jobs and generate $18.85 billion in

value for the regional economy (Jobs, Revenue and Opportunity for the Commonwealth

2010).

“We have already in the transportation industry seen a pickup in business related

to the Marcellus Shale,” said John Vargo, executive vice president of PGT Trucking, a

company with a strong presence in the Eastern United States. “And with those

productions – 2,000-plus wells that will be new and operational each year, transportation

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of the pipe, drill heads, rigging, and other equipment supplies – not just for flatbed

trucking, but for all phases of the trucking industry, is going to be a phenomenal thing

(Jobs, Revenue and Opportunity for the Commonwealth 2010).”

While the exact economic impact is hard to quantify, it is clear that energy

companies are continuing to make significant investments in the Marcellus Shale region.

Regional chambers of commerce have seen first-hand what it the natural gas industry has

done, and housing prices in the Northern Tier have soared.

Anecdotal evidence of growth can easily be seen on a road trip through the

Northern Tier. Equipment dealers are selling tanker trucks for both freshwater and brine

water, and once-deserted rural motels have full parking lots, full of trucks with out-of-

state tags. Cars parked in front of local businesses don Texas and Oklahoma license

plates, while drilling rigs adorn the expansive rural landscape.

In terms of economic benefit, it is important to look at this issue in broad context.

While it is very unlikely that a gas company will approach me about leasing my suburban

back yard, it is not out of the realm of possibility that I could work for an energy

company and be paid a salary that would allow me to maintain my suburban home. It is

also possible, perhaps likely, that I could eat fresh produce grown by a local farmer who

might have sold his land if he didn’t get a gas lease. In the middle of a country road trip, I

might also stop at a rural diner that might have gone out of business without the

additional customers the natural gas industry has created.

Whether we like it or not, the natural gas industry is here. The energy companies

are likely to stick around, and they will need staff members to keep their operations

afloat. Both Chesapeake Energy and Cabot Oil and Gas are making a conscious effort to

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hire local workers, and Williams Energy is following suit. Company executives recently

confirmed those intentions at a Business-to-Business forum in Tunkhannock. If

projections of massive growth are accurate, the energy companies will not be unable to

continue to import workers.

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Works Cited

Baker, Robert. “Gas firm plans 100 new jobs.” [Article] February 11, 2011, The Citizens’

Voice.

Baker, Robert. “Wyoming chamber gets boost from gas companies.” [Article] April 7,

2011, The Citizens’ Voice.

Bradford County Office of Planning and Grants and Pennsylvania Department of

Environmental Protection. “Active and Permitted Marcellus Gas Wells in Bradford

County.” [Map] Northeast Driller, February 24, 2011.

Bureau of Labor Statistics. “Economy at a Glance: Pennsylvania.” [Table]. Retrieved

March 29, 2011 from http://www.bls.gov/eag/eag/pa.htm.

Burke, Marisa. “Governor Corbett’s Interview.” [Television Interview] March 2011,

www.wnep.com.

Center for Workforce Information and Analysis, Pennsylvania Department of Labor and

Industry. “Pennsylvania’s Employment Situation: January 2011.” Retrieved February 15,

2011 from http://www.paworkstats.state.pa.us/default.asp.

Considine, Timothy J., Ph.D. “The Economic Impacts of the Marcellus Shale:

Implications for New York, Pennsylvania and West Virginia.” [A report to The American

Petroleum Institute] July 14, 2010.

“Dimock Twp. property owners sue gas driller Cabot.” [Article] November 21, 2009, The

Times Leader. Retrieved March 2, 2011 from

http://www.timesleader.com/news/Dimock_Twp__property_owners_sue_gas_driller_Ca

bot_11-21-2009.html.

Dispenza, Maureen; Executive Director, Wyoming County Chamber of Commerce.

[Telephone Interview]. January 21, 2011.

Legere, Laura. “Casey calls for water testing.” [Article] March 2, 2011, The Citizens’

Voice.

Legere, Laura. “DEP losing staff to gas drilling industry.” [Article] January 24, 2011, The

Times-Tribune.

Legere, Laura. “Disappointing Marcellus wells help define the play’s promise.” [Article].

February 24,, 2011, Northeast Driller.

Legere, Laura. “New data shows Marcellus Shale’s promise, growth.” [Article] February

24, 2011, Northeast Driller.

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Legere, Laura. “River basin commission adds 30 days to drilling comment period.”

[Article] March 3, 2011, The Citizens’ Voice.

Lynott, Jerry. “NEPA unemployment rate still Pa.’s highest.” [Article] The Times Leader,

July 28, 2010. Retrieved December 15, 2011 from

http://www.timesleader.com/news/NEPA-unemployment-rate-still-Pas-highest.html.

Mahon, Ed. “Workers finding a future in gas drilling.” The Centre Daily Times.

Published February 24, 2011 in Northeast Driller.

Marcellus Shale Coalition. “Jobs, Revenue and Opportunity for the Commonwealth.”

[Fact Sheet] June 2, 2010. Retrieved March 12, 2011 from

http://marcelluscoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/msc-jobs-revenue-

opportunity.pdf.

Marcellus Shale Coalition. “The Marcellus Multiplier.” [PowerPoint presentation]

October 21, 2010. Retrieved October 27, 2010 from

http://www.scrantonchamber.com/uploads/press/ShalePresentationPart11287772770.pdf.

Marcellus Shale Education & Training Center. “Marcellus Shale Workforce Needs

Assessment Review.” [PowerPoint Presentation]. June 2009.

Mocarsky, Steve. “Enrollment up rise in Shale area schools.” [Article]. October 29, 2010,

The Times Leader. Retrieved January 14, 2011 from

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n_Shale_area_schools_09-17-

2010.html?searchterm=enrollment+up+rise+in+shale+area+schools.

Mullin & Longeran Associates, Inc. “The Effects of Marcellus Shale Drilling on Housing

in the Northern Tier. [Legal Brief] November 5, 2010.

Skrapits, Elizabeth. “Chief abandons controversial site.” [Article] February 24, 2011, The

Citizens’ Voice.

Skrapits, Elizabeth. “Drilling rig to return to Columbia/Luzerne border.” [Article] March

1, 2011, The Citizens’ Voice.

Skrapits, Elizabeth. “Pipeline planned for familiar site.” [Article] February 14, 2011, The

Citizens’ Voice.

Skrapits, Elizabeth. “Transco upgrade includes increased horsepower.” [Article] March

13, 2011, The Citizens’ Voice.

Skrapits, Elizabeth. “Wastewater facility not welcomed in neighborhood.” [Article]

February 14, 2011, The Citizens’ Voice.

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Stanziale, Kathy, Vice President of Human Resources/Compliance, P & G Mehoopany

Employees Federal Credit Union. [Personal Interview] March 17, 2011.

Swift, Robert. “DEP hopeful weighs need for more testing.” [Article] March 3, 2011, The

Citizens’ Voice.

TalismanUSA.com. “Landowners: Royalties.” [Web site]. Retrieved April 6, 2011 from

http://www.talismanusa.com/landowners/royalties.html.

Urbina, Ian. “Wastewater Recycling No Cure-All in Gas Process.” [Article] March 1,

2011, New York Times. Retrieved March 2, 2011 from

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ecycling%20No%20Cure-All%20in%20Gas%20Process&st=cse.