Professional Computer Ethics Lecture1

8/18/2019 Professional Computer Ethics Lecture1

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COURSE TITLE :PROFESSIONAL, ETHICAL &LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF

COMPUTING SYSTEMS

FACILITATOR :

NADINE MAITLAND

4/25/16Prepared by Nadine Maitland

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Semester 2 2016


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A change in you reuires a change your !hin"ing


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#a$e you taught about your ho% you thin" and %hatshapes your thoughts&

'hat are your $alues&

Are you totally ethical &

()or things to change* you ha$e to change+ )or thingsto get better* you ha$e to get better+, -.im ohn


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)ood or thought


Not e$erything that counts can be counted* and note$erything that can be counted counts+ -Sign hangingon 3insteins oice at Princeton ni$ersity

According to Albert 3instein the goal -of aneducaton! must be or the training oindependently acting and thin"ing indi$iduals %hosees the ser$ice to community their highest lie

achie$ement+, Albert 3instein


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'hat is 3thics


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ules/ guidelines to ollo% %hen interactions %ithothers as our actions aect others

An academic discipline -branch o philosophy 8

study o %hat it means to (do the right thing,

Assumes people are rational and ma"e ree choices

7n$ol$es the analysis and employment o concepts such asright and %rong* good and e$il* and responsibility+


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'hat is 3thics 9ontd+


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3thics comes rom the ree" %ord eche* %hichmeans character

According to :eborah .ohnson %riter o computer

Ethics the fourth edition: 3thics using a set oconcepts and theories used to ma"e moral decisionsand pro$ide ;ustiication or those rules -normati$e

$ie% point+


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'hat is 3thics 9ontd+


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!he normati$e lens is one %hich %e loo" at (humanarrangement* choices and actions,+

According to obert 9+ Solomon in his article ( Morality and the Good Life” ethics is a set otheories $alues or $irtue o right -$aluable action+


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:istinctions


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3thically mandatory -right

3thically prohibited -%rong

3thically acceptable -(o"ay,

Negati$e rights -liberties !he right to act %ithout intererence !he rights to lie

Positi$e rights -claim8rights An obligation o some people to pro$ide certain things or

others


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'hat is computer 3thics


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(9omputer ethics, %as not commonly used until the mid81>


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'hat is ?a%


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@ne deinition is that la% is a system o rules and guidelines %hich are enorced through social institutions to go$ern beha$ior+ ?a%s are made by o$ernments+

!he ormation o la%s themsel$es may be inluenced by a

9onstitution -%ritten or un%ritten and the rights areencoded therein+

!%o types Natural and 9on$entional

9on$entional la% is a system created by and or human

beings usually in public deliberations li"e a council oelders or representati$es in national legislatures+ 7t deri$esrom that part o the moral code %hich is enorceable+


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9on$entional la% - contd+


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Conventional law is derived from or contingentupon the mutual agreement of the parties, asopposed to that created by or dependent upon astatute or other act of the law.

Eample

A home mortgage in %hich the interest rate isagreed upon by the parties Both the borro%er and

the lender+


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Natural ?a%


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Natural la% is an un%ritten but uni$ersal la%+ 7t is atheory that states that an eternal* absolute moral la%can be disco$ered by reason and is deri$ed romreason+

7t applies to all rational creatures* eCistsindependently o human preerences and

inclinations* and is applied cross culturally+


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Natural la% -contd+


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According to the 7nternet 3ncyclopedia oPhilosophy

Natural la% reers to a type o moral theory* as %ell

as to a type o legal theory* but the core claims o thet%o "inds o theory are logically independent+

As discussed by Plato* Aristotle* and Auinas Natural la% moral theory states that * the moral

standards that go$ern human beha$ior are* in somesense* ob;ecti$ely deri$ed rom the nature o human

beings and the nature o the %orld+


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!he purpose o ?a% and 3thics


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!he role o con$entional and natural la% is to protect lie*liberty* and property o the group protected by these la%s+

3$ery human society* %hether ci$iliDed or primiti$e*practices ethics because e$ery society attaches a $alue* or acontinuum o good to bad* right to %rong* to each actionaccording to %here that indi$iduals action alls %ithin thedomain o that societys rules and cannons donates a action

good or bad -EiDDa* 1>>=*201+


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!ypes o oences


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9riminal oenses can be bro"en do%n into t%ogeneral categories F

malum in se -Gnaturally e$il as ad;udged by thesense o a ci$iliDed community,

malum prohibitum -(%rong only because a statute

ma"es it so,


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!he :istinction bet%een ?a% and ethics


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A Henn diagram that best represents the conceptualrelationship bet%een la% I ethics


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3thics should guide ho% %e li$e


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S!@P )or eCample* the ethical imperati$e (do not steal,

-applies to identity thet* hac"ing* and sot%arepiracy and any criminal oence that contradicts

moral or ethical standards/ guidelines this can be ;ustiied using t%o ethical theories* i+e+ deontologyand teleology -conseuentialism

S!A! eading the A9M and 7333 9odes o 3thics

-basic concept continually acuire s"ills

(3$ery man is guilty o all the good he did not do+, )ranJois8Marie Arouet -16>4 F 1


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3thical :ilemma


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A ethical dilemma is a situation that there is anapparent conlict bet%een moral imperati$es andobeying one %ould result in $iolating another+

3Cample Someone enters a house as"ing or the %hereabouts o a person they intend to "ill+ Ponder %hether it is right to lie about %here this person islocatedK+ !here are t%o conlicting ethicalimperati$es (do not lie, and (do not "ill,+


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7s (Business 3thics, an oCymoron&


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:o (Proits, I (3thics, miC&

Lou can ma"e money helping others* e+g+ sell shoes to helpthose %ithout shoes+

:o you belie$e biblical sayings&(!he lo$e o money root o all e$il+,Money itsel is not e$il

eminder Lou are responsible to not harm others+

9hallenge Are you responsible to help others&


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'hy study ethics -contd


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Suggestion 2 :egree in 9omputing %ith classes that discussethics is best+

Part o proessional standard* e+g+ A9M

Halued by S97! sta I some S97! graduates

3thics classes can positi$ely impact the thin"ing and/or beha$iour o some students

#ighly intellectual mind game

Hery important


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7ndi$idual Attributes o People


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Aptitude

Achie$ement

Attitude

Apathy (nuh care, Arrogance (bossy, - o$er estimate o sel %orth or lo%

estimate o others Alienation (nutting nah g%an i mi, Astute -%hiD "id* illed %ith insight I solutions


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'hat is proessional ethics&


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!here are special aspects to ma"ing ethicaldecisions in a proessional conteCt+

According to Baase -200


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3lements o Proessionalism


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9ertiication -proo gone through theacademia

9ompetent -ability to perorm

competently and maintain uality9haracter -ethics

9ulture -ethos and etiuette

9itiDenry -la%8abiding


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9haracteristics o a Proession


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Mastery o a 3soteric Body o Eno%ledge

Autonomy

)ormal @rganiDations

9ode o 3thics

9ulture o Practice


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Beneits o Proessionalism


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Appropriate conduct

-based on established morals

Beneits to country/org+/%orld -?eads to re%ards!angible contribution to society

9ollecti$e Status

3le$ated e8numeration


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Proession organiDation


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Proessional and regulatory bodies play three roles -#ar$ey I Mason*1>>5+ )irst* they are set up to saeguard the public interest+ !his is %hat gi$es

them their legitimacy+

Second* proessional bodies also represent the interest o theproessional practitioners and they act as a proessional association ortrade union -including legitimating restricti$e practices* or as alearned society contributing to continuous proessional de$elopment+

!hird* the proessional or regulatory body represents its o%n sel8interest the organiDations act to maintain their o%n pri$ileged andpo%erul position as a controlling body+ !his is %here control*legitimated by public interest becomes conounded by control based onsel8interest+


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Proession organiDation -contd


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!he proessional bodies ha$e $arying unctions anging rom

Set and assess proessional eCaminationsPublish proessional ;ournals or magaDinesPro$ide net%or"s or proessionals to meet and discuss their ield o eCpertise

:eal %ith complaints against proessionals and implement disciplinaryprocedures

Not all proessional bodies ha$e regulatory unctions+ 7n some proessions it is

necessary to be registered %ith the regulator but not the proessional body* %homay pro$ide a set o ser$ices to their proessional members %ithout regulatingthem+

Most proessional bodies oer a %ay to climb up the membership ladder to%ards being a )ello% or in some cases a 9hartered proessional+


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9odes o 3thics


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9odes ha$e been di$ided into primarily normati$e andprimarily regulatory codes+ 7n traditional proessions such regulatory codes %ere ;ustiied as part

o the social contract the proession had %ith society+ 7n return orthese enorceable moral promises* society granted the proession the

right to sel8regulation+

A code can also be normati$e+ Norms are Gethical rules o thumb+G!hey are rules that ha$e been de$eloped or analyDing and decidingcases in a particular area o ethics+ !hey tend to be less authoritati$ethan the basic duties stated in a regulatory code+ !hey are a %ay oormaliDing* generaliDing* and communicating ethical %isdom andeCperience in a particular ield+


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!rends in 9odes o 3thics


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!here are se$eral concerns %ith regulatory type o codes+ )irst it leads to a Gblac" letter la%G approach to proessional practice8 i particular

action is not ruled out by the code then it is permissible+ 7n a rapidly changing discipline such codes are generally outdated and can

sometimes be $ery inleCible - not able to address ne% issues that may arise

Norms are $ery dierent rom la%s in that they are meant toguide ;udgment rather than to regulate beha$ior+

7n the early 1>>0s* the A9M* B9S* and 7333 codes %ere signiicantlyre$ised+ !he tendency o these re$isions is a%ay rom regulatory codesto%ard normati$e codes+ !hese norms get %ritten as imperati$es+

9omputer scientists and engineers ha$e begun to de$elop a sense othemsel$es as a proession+


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ACM Code of Et#c$


General Moral !mperatives

1+1 9ontribute to society and human %ell being+

1+2 A$oid harm to others+

1+ Be honest and trust%orthy+

1+4 Be air and ta"e action not to discriminate+

#onor property rights including copyrights I patents+ i$e proper credit or intellectual property+ espect the pri$acy o others+ #onor conidentiality+


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ACM Code of Et#c$


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+ More &pecific 'rofessional (esponsibilities

2+1 Stri$e to achie$e the highest uality* eecti$eness and dignity in both the processand products o proessional %or"+

2+2 Acuire and maintain proessional competence+

2+ Eno% and respect eCisting la%s pertaining to proessional %or"+

2+4 Accept and pro$ide appropriate proessional re$ie%+

2+5 i$e comprehensi$e and thorough e$aluations o computer systemsand their impacts* including analysis o possible ris"s+

2+6 #onor contracts* agreements and assigned responsibilities+

2+< 7mpro$e public understanding o computing and its conseuences+2+= Access 9omputing and communication resources only %hen authoriDed to do

so+


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ACM Code of Et#c$


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)rgani*ational Leadership !mperatives

Articulate social responsibilities o members o anorganiDational unit and encourage ull acceptance o those

responsibilities+

Manage personnel and resources to design and buildinormation systems that enhance the uality o %or"ing lie+

Ac"no%ledge and support proper and authoriDed uses o anorganiDations computing and communications resources+


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ACM Code of Et#c$


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2+5 i$e comprehensi$e and thorough e$aluations ocomputer systems and their impacts* includinganalysis o possible ris"s+

2+6 #onor contracts* agreements and assignedresponsibilities+

2+< 7mpro$e public understanding o computing and itsconseuences+

2+= Access 9omputing and communication resources only %hen authoriDed to do so+


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ACM Code of Et#c$


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!!!. )rgani*ational Leadership !mperatives

Articulate social responsibilities o members o anorganiDational unit and encourage ull acceptance othose responsibilities+

Manage personnel and resources to design and buildinormation systems that enhance the uality o %or"inglie+

Ac"no%ledge and support proper and authoriDed uses oan organiDations computing and communicationsresources+


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ACM Code of Et#c$


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3nsure that users and those %ho %ill be aected by a system ha$e their needsclearly articulated during the assessment and design o reuirements+ ?aterthe system must be $alidated to meet reuirements+

Articulate and support policies that protect the dignity o users and othersaected by a computing system+

9reate opportunities or members o the organiDation to learn the principlesand limitations o computer systems+

7H+ Compliance with the Code

4+1 phold and promote the principles o this code+

4+2 !reat $iolations o this code as inconsistent %ith membership


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ACM Code of Et#c$


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• 'e* the members o the 7333* in recognition o theimportance o our technologies in aecting theuality o lie throughout the %orld* and inaccepting a personal obligation to our proession*

its members and the communities %e ser$e* dohereby commit oursel$es to the highest ethical andproessional conduct and agree!o accept responsibility in ma"ing engineering

decisions consistent %ith the saety* health and %elare o the public* and to disclose promptlyactors that might endanger the public or theen$ironmentO


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ACM Code of Et#c$


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to a$oid real or percei$ed conlicts o interest %hene$erpossible* and to disclose them to aected parties %hen theydo eCistO

to be honest and realistic in stating claims or estimates based on a$ailable dataO

to re;ect bribery in all its ormsO


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ACM Code of Et#c$


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To +-%oe t#e unde%$tandn( oftec#noo(/, t$ a--%o-%ate a--caton, and-otenta con$e"uence$4To +antan and +-%oe ou% tec#nca

co+-etence and to unde%ta3e tec#noo(cata$3$ fo% ot#e%$ on/ f "uafed '/ t%ann(o% e5-e%ence, o% afte% fu d$co$u%e of-e%tnent +taton$4To $ee3, acce-t, and offe% #one$t c%tc$+

of tec#nca *o%3, to ac3no*ed(e andco%%ect e%%o%$, and to c%edt -%o-e%/ t#econt%'uton$ of ot#e%$4


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ACM Code of Et#c$


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To t%eat fa%/ a -e%$on$ %e(a%de$$ of $uc#facto%$ a$ %ace, %e(on, (ende%, d$a't/, a(e, o%natona o%(n4

To aod n2u%n( ot#e%$, t#e% -%o-e%t/,%e-utaton, o% e+-o/+ent '/ fa$e o% +acou$acton4

To a$$$t coea(ue$ and co6*o%3e%$ n t#e%-%ofe$$ona deeo-+ent and to $u--o%t t#e+ n

foo*n( t#$ code of et#c$. A--%oed '/ t#e IEEE 7oa%d of D%ecto%$, Au(u$t899


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3thical :ecision ma"ing


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Phase 1 Brainstorming phase -BAAS3 rd 3dition

?ist all the people and organiDations aected -sta"eholders

?ist ris"* issues* problems and conseuences

?ist beneits* identiy %ho gets each beneit

7n cases %here there is no simple yes or no decision* but ratherone has to choose some action* list the possible course oactions that can be ta"en


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3thical :ecision ma"ing contd


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Phase 2 continue 7dentiy the code o ethics that applies eCample A9M code and

also the guideline in section >+5++ consider the ethical theorieseg+ -Eants and Mills approaches then categoriDe actions as

ethically obligatory* ethically prohibited or ethically acceptable+

7 there are se$eral ethically acceptable options* select anoption* considering the ethical merits o each courtesy to

others* practicality* sel interest* personal preerences etc+


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)ood or thought


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(3$en i you are on the right trac"* you %ill get run

o$er i you ;ust sit there+, -'ill ogers

7 you dont li"e something* change it+ 7 you cantchange it* change the %ay you thin" about it+ -.imohn


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Assessment


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!est 15Qelection Paper 10Q7ndi$idual Presentation 10Q

7ndi$idual Participation 5Qroup Presentation 10Qroup Paper 10Q)inal 3Camination 40Q

!eCt 9omputer 3thics


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!eCt 9omputer 3thics:eborah .ohnson


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Documents

Professional Computer Ethics Lecture1