Prof.Dr. Aydın Öztürkaydin.ozturk@ege.edu.trhttp://www.ube.ege.edu.tr/~ozturk

Objectives:

The course gives the fundementals of computer graphics. A subset of topics dealing with two-dimensional drawing methods and graphics primitives will be discussed

Grading

• Midterm 25• Assignments 25• Project 50• Final -• Attendance 10

Course Outline

• Mathematics for Computer Graphics• Overview of Graphics Systems• Graphics Output Primitives• Attributes of Graphics Primitives• Geometric Transformations• Two-dimensional Viewing• Midterm• Interactive Input Methods and Graphical User

Interfaces• Color Models and Color Applicatios• Computer Animation• Final

Rules

Attendance is required at all times. Students are expected to come to class fully prepared to discuss textbook readings and course assignments. Some percentage of your final grade will be based on your attendance and class participation.

Computer Graphics with OpenGL▪ Third Edition▪ Hearn and Baker

Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 3rd edition/2005, F.S.Hill, Jr. Prentice Hall

OpenGL Programming Guide, Version 2, 5th edition, D. Shreiner,M.Woo, J.Neider, T.Davis, Addison-Wesley, 2005, ISBN: 0321335732

Computer graphics: generating 2D images of a 3D world represented in a computer.Main tasks:

modeling: creating and representing the geometry of objects in the 3D world

rendering: generating 2D images of the objects animation: describing how objects change in

time

Graphics is cool I like to see what I’m doing I like to show people what I’m doing

Graphics is interesting Involves simulation, algorithms,

architecture…I’ll never get an Oscar for my acting

But maybe I’ll get one for my CG special effects

Graphics is fun

Entertainment: Cinema

Pixar: Monster’s Inc. Square: Final Fantasy

Final Fantasy (Square, USA)

Entertainment: CinemaEntertainment: CinemaEntertainment: CinemaEntertainment: Cinema

Entertainment: Games

GT Racer 3

Polyphony Digital: Gran Turismo 3, A Spec

Video Games

Medical Visualization

MIT: Image-Guided Surgery Project

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Computer Aided Design (CAD)

Scientific Visualization

Everyday Use Microsoft’s Whistler OS will use graphics

seriously Graphics visualizations and debuggers Visualize complex software systems

Window system and large-screen interaction metaphors (François Guimbretière)

Outside In (Geometry Center, University of Minnesota)

Reflection models

Reference Image Copula-Frank

Blue-Metallic Paint

Moore’s LawPower of a CPU doubles every 18 months / 2

years

Number of transistors on GPU doubles each 6 months. Three times Moore’s Law

▪ Good article on Jen-Hsun Huang, Nvidia CEO: http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/10.07/Nvidia_pr.html

$7 Billion Man $5.6 Billion Man

Worldwiderevenues

Retro flashback???Lee Majors

Col. Steve Austin

But… Video game sales is roughly same as

Hollywood box office Americans bought $3.2 billion in VCRs

and DVDs in 2002 Total revenues to movie studios is 5

times total video game revenues

Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs) Most common display device today Evacuated glass bottle Extremely high voltage

Heating element (filament)

Electrons pulled towards anode focusing cylinder

Vertical and horizontal deflection plates

Beam strikes phosphor coating on front of tube

Contains a filament that, when heated, emits a stream of electronsElectrons are focused with an electromagnet into a sharp beam and directed to a specific point of the face of the picture tubeThe front surface of the picture tube is coated with small phospher dotsWhen the beam hits a phospher dot it glows with a brightness proportional to the strength of the beam and how long it is hit

What’s the largest (diagonal) CRT you’ve seen? Why is that the largest?

▪ Evacuated tube == massive glass▪ Symmetrical electron paths (corners vs. center)

How might one measure CRT capabilities? Size of tube Brightness of phosphers vs. darkness of tube Speed of electron gun Width of electron beam Pixels?

Vector Displays

Vector Displays Early computer displays: basically an

oscilloscope Control X,Y with vertical/horizontal plate

voltage Often used intensity as Z

Name two disadvantages Just does wireframe Complex scenes couse visible flicker

Raster Displays Raster: A rectangular array of points

or dots Pixel: One dot or picture element of

the raster Scan line: A row of pixels

Raster Displays Black and white television: an oscilloscope with

a fixed scan pattern: left to right, top to bottom▪ As beam sweeps across entire face of CRT,

beam intensity changes to reflect brightness Analog signal vs. digital display

Can a computer display work like a black and white TV?

Must synchronize▪ Your program makes decisions about the intensity

signal at the pace of the CPU…▪ The screen is “painted” at the pace of the

electron gun scanning the raster Solution: special memory to buffer image with scan-

out synchronous to the raster. We call this the framebuffer.

Digital description to analog signal to digital display

Phosphers Flourescence: Light emitted while the

phospher is being struck by electrons Phospherescence: Light emitted once

the electron beam is removed Persistence: The time from the

removal of the excitation to the moment when phospherescence has decayed to 10% of the initial light output

Refresh Frame must be “refreshed” to draw new images As new pixels are struck by electron beam,

others are decaying Electron beam must hit all pixels frequently to

eliminate flicker Critical fusion frequency

▪ Typically 60 times/sec▪ Varies with intensity, individuals, phospher

persistence, lighting...

Raster Displays Interlaced Scanning Assume can only scan 30 times /

second To reduce flicker, divide frame into

two “fields” of odd and even lines1/30 Sec 1/30 Sec

1/60 Sec 1/60 Sec 1/60 Sec 1/60 SecField 1 Field 1Field 2 Field 2

Frame Frame

CRT timing Scanning (left to right, top to bottom)

▪ Vertical Sync Pulse: Signals the start of the next field

▪ Vertical Retrace: Time needed to get from the bottom of the current field to the top of the next field

▪ Horizontal Sync Pulse: Signals the start of the new scan line

▪ Horizontal Retrace: The time needed to get from the end of the current scan line to the start of the next scan line

Wood chips Chrome spheres Trash

Daniel Rozin – NYU: (movies) http://fargo.itp.tsoa.nyu.edu/~danny/art.html

Color CRTs are much more complicated Requires manufacturing very precise geometry Uses a pattern of color phosphors on the screen:

Why red, green, and blue phosphors?Delta electron gun arrangement In-line electron gun arrangement

Color CRTs have Three electron guns A metal shadow mask to differentiate the beams

Raster CRT pros: Allows solids, not just wireframes Leverages low-cost CRT technology (i.e., TVs) Bright! Display emits light

Cons: Requires screen-size memory array Discreet sampling (pixels) Practical limit on size (call it 40 inches) Bulky Finicky (convergence, warp, etc)

CRT technology hasn’t changed much in 50 years

Early television technology▪ high resolution ▪ requires synchronization between video

signal and electron beam vertical sync pulse Early computer displays

▪ avoided synchronization using ‘vector’ algorithm

▪ flicker and refresh were problematic

Raster Displays (early 70s)▪ like television, scan all pixels in regular pattern▪ use frame buffer (video RAM) to eliminate sync

problems RAM

▪ ¼ MB (256 KB) cost $2 million in 1971▪ Do some math…

- 1280 x 1024 screen resolution = 1,310,720 pixels

- Monochrome color (binary) requires 160 KB- High resolution color requires 5.2 MB

Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) LCDs: organic molecules, naturally in crystalline

state, that liquefy when excited by heat or E field

Crystalline state twists polarized light 90º

Transmissive & reflective LCDs: LCDs act as light valves, not light emitters, and

thus rely on an external light source. Laptop screen

▪ backlit▪ transmissive display

Palm Pilot/Game Boy▪ reflective display

Plasma display panels Similar in principle to

fluorescent light tubes Small gas-filled capsules

are excited by electric field,emits UV light

UV excites phosphor Phosphor relaxes, emits

some other color

Plasma Display Panel Pros Large viewing angle Good for large-format displays Fairly bright

Cons Expensive Large pixels (~1 mm versus ~0.2 mm) Phosphors gradually deplete Less bright than CRTs, using more

power

Digital Micromirror Devices (projectors) or Digital Light Processing

Microelectromechanical (MEM) devices, fabricated with VLSI techniques

DMDs are truly digital pixelsVary grey levels by modulating pulse lengthColor: multiple chips, or color-wheelGreat resolutionVery brightFlicker problems

Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) Arrays The display of the future? Many think so. OLEDs function like regular semiconductor LEDs But they emit light

▪ Thin-film deposition of organic, light-emitting molecules through vapor sublimation in a vacuum.

▪ Dope emissive layers with fluorescent molecules to create color.

http://www.kodak.com/global/en/professional/products/specialProducts/OEL/creating.jhtml

OLED pros: Transparent Flexible Light-emitting, and quite bright (daylight

visible) Large viewing angle Fast (< 1 microsecond off-on-off) Can be made large or small Available for cell phones and car stereos

OLED cons: Not very robust, display lifetime a key issue Currently only passive matrix displays

▪ Passive matrix: Pixels are illuminated in scanline order, but the lack of phospherescence causes flicker

▪ Active matrix: A polysilicate layer provides thin film transistors at each pixel, allowing direct pixel access and constant illum.

Display Walls (Princeton)

Stereo

Graphics Hardware Frame buffer is

anywherein system memory

System Bus

CPU Video Controller

System Memory

Monitor

Frame bufferCartesian

Coordinates

Graphics Hardware Permanent place for

frame buffer Direct connection to

video controller

System Bus

CPU Video Controller

System Memory Monitor

Frame bufferCartesian

Coordinates

FrameBuffer

The need for synchronization

System Bus

CPU Video Controller

System Memory Monitor

FrameBuffer

synchronized

The need for synchronization Double buffering

System Bus

CPU Video Controller

System Memory Monitor

DoubleBuffer

synchronized

previouscurrent

DisplayProcessorDisplay

ProcessorSystemMemorySystemMemory

CPUCPU

FrameBufferFrameBuffer

MonitorVideoController

VideoController

System Bus

I/O Devices

Figure 2.29 from Hearn and Baker

DAC

Store the actual intensities of R, G, and B individually in the framebuffer

24 bits per pixel = 8 bits red, 8 bits green, 8 bits blue 16 bits per pixel = ? bits red, ? bits green, ?

bits blue

Store indices (usually 8 bits) in framebufferDisplay controller looks up the R,G,B values before

triggering the electron guns

Frame Buffer

DACPixel color = 14

Color LookupTable

0

1024

14R G B

Figure. Renderings of spheres based on the measured “blue-metallic-paint” [2] BRDF with the eight models. From left to right; Top row: Measured, Ashikhmin-Shirley, Blinn-Phong, Cook-Torrance, Lafortune, Polynomial model (Ashikhmin-Shirley, p=3). Bottom row: Oren-Nayar, Ward, Ward-Duer, Polynomial model (Lafortune, p=5), Polynomial model (Ward, p=5).

Figure. Renderings of a car using copula-based model with different enviroment maps.