Prof. ViV MdiiM - Scholar Idea · 2018-12-10 · c. Baermann Wetzel funnel technique Principle The Baermann technique is used to isolatetechnique is used to isolate lungworm larvae

03/02/1437

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By

Prof. Mahmoud Rushdi F l f V i M di iFaculty of Veterinary Medicine

Assiut UniversityEgypt

www.education.advetresearch.com

Precautions to be taken during collection and preservation of fecal sample

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Precautions during collection of fecal sample

1. Fecal sample must be collected directly from the rectum.

22. Fecal sample must be preserved in clean container that keeps the moisture as sealed plastic bag, plastic cup with cover or screw capped glass container.

3. Sufficient quantity of the sample must be

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obtained to permit through examination.

4. It is essential to label the container with number, name and date of collection.


6. Fecal sample must be preserved directly after collection in cold container.

7 Fecal sample must be transported directly

Precautions during collection of fecal sample

7. Fecal sample must be transported directly after collection to the laboratory.

8. Samples that will be examined in the same day of collection must be kept in the refrigerator.

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9. For prolonged storage, formalin 3% must be added to the fecal sample.

10.In case of negative results, fecal sample must be collected and examined for three days.


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Parasitological analysis of Feces

I Gross (Macroscopical or physicalI. Gross (Macroscopical or physicalexaminations)

II. Microscopical Examination of Feces


Gross (Macroscopical or physical examination)

1 Volume (per 24 hours)1. Volume (per 24 hours)

2. Color of faeces

3. Odour of faeces

4. Consistency of faeces

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5. Presence of blood

4. Consistency of faeces


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6. Presence of mucous

Physical examination

7. Presence of fibrin

8. Presence of undigested food material

9 Presence of adult worm or segments

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9. Presence of adult worm or segments.


1. Volume (per 24 hours)

Normal amount of feces varies according to animal species, amount of feed intake and

f i k

Abnormal values:

• Increase …………….. Diarrhea.

amount of water intake.

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• Decrease …………… Constipation

• Absence …………….. Intestinal obstruction


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2. Color of fecesColor of feces is influenced by:

• Nature of feed.• Concentration of bile in the feces.• Rate of passage of ingesta through theRate of passage of ingesta through the

digestive tract.

Dark brown or black feces may be due to:

a. Hemorrhage in the stomach or small intestine.b. Feeding diet rich in meat.

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c. Oral administration of iron, sulphur or bismuth compound.

d. Elimination of excessive amount of bilirubin.

Red color ……………Blood


3. Odour of feces

Freshly voided feces are normally odorless.

Offensive or fetid odour occurs in cases of:

• Obstruction of bile flow.

E i t i i t k

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• Excessive protein intake.

• Coccidia infestations or salmonella infection.


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4. Consistency of feces

Depends upon:• Water content.• Type of feedType of feed.• Rate of passage of ingesta through the

digestive tract.

•Watery feces observed in cases of diarrhea.

•Milk fed animal excrete feces with medium

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•Milk fed animal excrete feces with medium consistency.

•Dehydration causes the formation of firm balls of feces.


5. Presence of blood

• Bleeding in the rectum causes appearance f f h d bl d th t f fof fresh red blood on the outer surface of

fecal balls.

• Feces mixed with dark red colour indicate hemorrhage in the small intestine.

• Bleeding into the stomach gives feces

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• Bleeding into the stomach, gives feces black tarry colour (melena).


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6. Presence of mucous

• Large amount of mucous passed with small amount of liquid feces tinged with blood is indicati e of ac te inflammationindicative of acute inflammation.

• Severe constipation may be accompanied by presence of mucous.

7. Presence of fibrin

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Long strand of fibrin indicates fibrinousenteritis.


8. Presence of undigested food material

It indicates improper mastication and digestion.p p g

9. Presence of adult worm or segments


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1. Qualitative evaluation methods

II. Microscopical Examination of Feces

a. Direct smear.

b. Concentration techniques:1. Sedimentation.

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1. Sedimentation. 2. Floatation.

3. Sedimentation – floatation technique.


c. Baermann wetzel funnel technique.

Microscopical Examination of Feces

d. Vaida technique.

e. Culture of nematode larvae.

f. Identification of oocyst.

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2. Quantitative evaluation methodsMcMaster technique.


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a. Direct smearImportance:

1. QUALITATIVE EVALUATION METHODS

• Very quick and simple to prepare.• Is efficient only when parasitic ova or oocysts

are present in increased numbers.

Interpretation1. Test is screen.2 Negative cases necessitate that concentration

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2. Negative cases necessitate that concentration techniques are required.

3. Positive cases need further examination with high power magnification that may assist their identification.


b. Concentration techniques:

1. Sedimentation

Principle

1. QUALITATIVE EVALUATION METHODS

Principle

The sedimentation technique is a

qualitative method for detecting trematode

eggs in the faeces. Most trematode eggs are

l ti l l d h d t

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relatively large and heavy compared to

nematode eggs. This technique concentrates

them in sediment.


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2. Floatation

Principle

b. Concentration techniques

Flotation method is a qualitative test for

the detection of nematode, cestodes eggs and

coccidia oocysts in the faeces. It is based on

the separating of eggs from faecal material and

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the separating of eggs from faecal material and

concentrating them by means of a flotation fluid

with an appropriate specific gravity.


3. Sedimentation - floatation technique

Principle

The sedimentation and flotation method

technique is a qualitative method for detecting

trematode eggs in the sediment and also for the

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detection of nematode, cestodes eggs and

coccidia oocysts in the flotation fluid.


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c. Baermann Wetzel funnel technique

Principle

The Baermann technique is used to isolateThe Baermann technique is used to isolate

lungworm larvae from faecal samples of cattle and

equines and infective larvae from faecal cultures.

It is based on the active migration of larvae from

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faeces suspended in water and their subsequent

collection and identification.


d. Vaida technique

Principle

The Vaida technique is used to isolate

lungworm larvae from faecal samples of

sheep and goat. It is based on the active

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migration of larvae from faeces suspended in

water and their subsequent collection and

identification.


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e. Culture of nematode larvae

PrincipleMany nematode eggs are similar and species

such as Haemonchus Mecistocirrus Ostertagiasuch as Haemonchus, Mecistocirrus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus, Cooperia, Bunostomum, and Oesophagostomum cannot be clearly differentiated from the eggs in faecal samples. For these parasites, differentiation can be achieved by the use of faecal cultures. They

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achieved by the use of faecal cultures. They provide a suitable environment for the hatching and development of helminth eggs into the infective stage.


5. Sporulation of coccidian Oocyst

• This technique is needed to identify coccidia.

• Mix a fresh sample of faeces with several volumes of 2.5 % potassium dichromate solution and transfer thin layer of the mixture to Petri dish or other glass container. Oxygen is necessary for oocyst

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yg y ydevelopment.

• Sporulation will occur in few days to weeks.


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2. QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION METHODS

(McMaster Counting Technique)

The simplest and most effective method for determining the number of eggs or oocysts per gram of faeces is the McMaster Counting Technique.

The McMaster counting technique is a quantitative technique to determine the number

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of eggs present per gram of faeces (e.p.g.). A flotation fluid is used to separate eggs from faecal material in a counting chamber (McMaster) with two compartments.


Prof. M. Rushdi

Documents

Prof. ViV MdiiM - Scholar Idea · 2018-12-10 · c. Baermann Wetzel funnel technique Principle The Baermann technique is used to isolatetechnique is used to isolate lungworm larvae