Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000Year
from solid fuel burningfrom liquid fuel burningfrom gas fuel burning
from cement productionfrom gas flaring
Global carbon emissions from the burning of fossil fuels amp the manufacture of cement (in million metric tons of carbon)
httpcdiacornlgovtrendsemistre_glob_2009html
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
3000
6000
9000
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000Year
Total emissions
Global carbon emissions from the burning of fossil fuels amp the manufacture of cement (in million metric tons of carbon)
httpcdiacornlgovtrendsemistre_glob_2009html
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Global Carbon Cycle
httpwwweiagovoiaf1605ggccebrochapter1html
(in billions metric tons carbon)
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
275
300
325
350
375
400
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000Year
ftpftpcmdlnoaagovccgco2trends
(in ppmv)
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentrations
3915 ppmv in 2011
275 ppmv in pre-industrial time
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Global Carbon Emissions present amp future
httpwwweiagovoiaf1605ggccebrochapter1html
(in millions metric tons of carbon equivalent)
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) including Carbon dioxide
GHGs are gases in an atmosphere that absorb and emit
radiation within the thermal infrared range
This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The Greenhouse effectA T M O S P H E R E
S U N
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The main GHGs in the Earths atmosphere are water vapor carbon dioxide methane
nitrous oxide and ozone
Without GHGs Earths surface would be on average about 33degC colder than at present
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Rise in the concentration of four GHGs
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Global Warming Potential (GWP) of different GHGs
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The burning of fossil fuels land use
change and other industrial activities
since the industrial revolution have
increased the GHGs in the atmosphere
to such a level that the earthrsquos surface
is heating up to temperatures that are
very destructive to life on earth
Global Warming
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Compare the above with the fact that the global temperature has not varied by more than 1 or 2oC during the past 100 centuries
The global temperature has risen by 074 plusmn 018degC over the last century (from 1906 to 2005)
Source Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Global warming has begun and so has the Climate Change
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Consequenceshelliphelliphelliphellip
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Consequenceshelliphelliphelliphellip
Source httpearthtrendswriorg
bull Persistent flooding is causing the submergence of the Carteret Islandsbull Saltwater intrusion is contaminating the islands freshwater supply and preventing the growth of crops bull The islands were declared uninhabitable by the government in 2005 and expected to be completely submerged by 2015
Worldrsquos first environmental refugees from Carteret Islands Papua New Guinea
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
bull death of coral reefs
bull fewer cubs for polar bears
bull spread of dengue and other diseases
bull heavy rains amp severe draughts
bull fires floods storms amp hurricanes
bull changed rainfall patterns
bull warming and aridity
bull loss of biodiversity
Consequenceshelliphelliphelliphellip
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year
Rate of increase of CO2 concentration (in ppmvyear)
18 ppmvyear in 2011
ftpftpcmdlnoaagovccgco2trends
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Year
actual valueat 10 ppmvyearat 15 ppmvyearat 25 ppmvyear
CO2 concentration in the future (ppmv)
global temperaturemay be up by 2oC
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
-Accelerated Climate Change-Mass extinctions-Ecosystems breakdowns-Large scale discontinuities
At the rate of 15 ppmv of CO2 increase per year 400 ppmv CO2 will be reached in 2017 and it is probable that the global temperature would go up by 2oC (compare it with the 001oC per decade estimate by WWF)
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Some say forget about the 2oC The limit is not 400 ppmv CO2
It is 550 ppmv CO2 (which is nearly twice the pre-industrial value)
which we may reach not
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
350
400
450
500
550
600
2000 2025 2050 2075 2100
Year
actual valueat 10 ppmvyearat 18 ppmvyearat 25 ppmvyear
CO2 concentration in the future (ppmv)
We are lucky Are we
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
Computer models of future CO2 emissions and controls on atmospheric CO2 have been developed by CCSP
These models indicate that projected annual global emissions during the next century would need to be reduced by more than 7575 in order to stabilize atmospheric CO2 at about 550 ppm550 ppm
According to the CCSP stabilizing atmospheric CO2 would require a transformation of the global energy require a transformation of the global energy system including reductions in the demand for system including reductions in the demand for energy and changes in the mix of energy technology energy and changes in the mix of energy technology and fuelsand fuels
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Discussion Point 5
Should we place a upper sealing limit on the global CO2 emissions to ensure sustainable development
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Sustainable Limit Calculations
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
1 Virgin material supply limit To stabilize the atmospheric CO2 concentration below approximately 550 ppmv by the year 2100 global anthropogenic emissions must be limited to about 7 to 8 x 1012 kg (= 7 to 8 giga tonnes) of C per year (IPCC 1996)
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
2 Allocation of virgin material Each of the average 75 billion people on the planet over the next 50 years is allocated an equal share of carbon emissions
That is roughly 1 tonne (1000 kg) of C equivalents per person per year
which is roughly 38 tonne of CO2 equivalents per person per year
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
NorwaySingapore
Japan
Iceland
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
UNDP defined Human Development Index (HDI)
HDI = LI3
+ EI3
+ GDPI3
LI (Life Index) = Life Expectancy - 25
85 - 25
GDPI (GDP Index) =ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100)
ln(40000) - ln(100)
EI (Education Index) = 2 Adult Literacy
3 100
1 School Enrollment
3 100+
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI 2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
Sustainable limit
HDI gt 08
Unsustainable amount of per capita CO2 emissions
are required to reach super high HDI (gt 09)
USA
Sri Lanka
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 6
How to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
But we replace our forests with cities highways amp golf courses
Emissions Reduction Option 1 Increase the use of carbon sinks (such as forests where 70 of all photosynthesis occurs)
Stop destroying forests and grow more trees
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The forest cover is already too small to help reducing global warming
How long does it take to grow a tree like this
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 2 Change to non-CO2 emitting energy sources
What are theyNuclear HydroRenewables (Geothermal Solar
Wave Tidal Wind Biomass and Biogas) Muscle Power
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in 1015 BTU)
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Fossil fuels
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
There is no immediate financial benefits for a switch to renewable energy in the profit-oriented energy markets
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear
Renewableenergy
Projection of World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
United States Energy Information Administration 2011
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
More people
More pollution
Emissions Reduction Option 3 Reduce Population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
If you are in USA you will be lighting 185 bulbs each with 200 W power
If you are in China you will be lighting 3 bulbs each with 200 W power
Electricity use in 2006
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
3000
6000
9000
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000Year
Total emissions
Global carbon emissions from the burning of fossil fuels amp the manufacture of cement (in million metric tons of carbon)
httpcdiacornlgovtrendsemistre_glob_2009html
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Global Carbon Cycle
httpwwweiagovoiaf1605ggccebrochapter1html
(in billions metric tons carbon)
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
275
300
325
350
375
400
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000Year
ftpftpcmdlnoaagovccgco2trends
(in ppmv)
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentrations
3915 ppmv in 2011
275 ppmv in pre-industrial time
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Global Carbon Emissions present amp future
httpwwweiagovoiaf1605ggccebrochapter1html
(in millions metric tons of carbon equivalent)
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) including Carbon dioxide
GHGs are gases in an atmosphere that absorb and emit
radiation within the thermal infrared range
This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The Greenhouse effectA T M O S P H E R E
S U N
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The main GHGs in the Earths atmosphere are water vapor carbon dioxide methane
nitrous oxide and ozone
Without GHGs Earths surface would be on average about 33degC colder than at present
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Rise in the concentration of four GHGs
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Global Warming Potential (GWP) of different GHGs
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The burning of fossil fuels land use
change and other industrial activities
since the industrial revolution have
increased the GHGs in the atmosphere
to such a level that the earthrsquos surface
is heating up to temperatures that are
very destructive to life on earth
Global Warming
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Compare the above with the fact that the global temperature has not varied by more than 1 or 2oC during the past 100 centuries
The global temperature has risen by 074 plusmn 018degC over the last century (from 1906 to 2005)
Source Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Global warming has begun and so has the Climate Change
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Consequenceshelliphelliphelliphellip
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Consequenceshelliphelliphelliphellip
Source httpearthtrendswriorg
bull Persistent flooding is causing the submergence of the Carteret Islandsbull Saltwater intrusion is contaminating the islands freshwater supply and preventing the growth of crops bull The islands were declared uninhabitable by the government in 2005 and expected to be completely submerged by 2015
Worldrsquos first environmental refugees from Carteret Islands Papua New Guinea
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
bull death of coral reefs
bull fewer cubs for polar bears
bull spread of dengue and other diseases
bull heavy rains amp severe draughts
bull fires floods storms amp hurricanes
bull changed rainfall patterns
bull warming and aridity
bull loss of biodiversity
Consequenceshelliphelliphelliphellip
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year
Rate of increase of CO2 concentration (in ppmvyear)
18 ppmvyear in 2011
ftpftpcmdlnoaagovccgco2trends
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Year
actual valueat 10 ppmvyearat 15 ppmvyearat 25 ppmvyear
CO2 concentration in the future (ppmv)
global temperaturemay be up by 2oC
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
-Accelerated Climate Change-Mass extinctions-Ecosystems breakdowns-Large scale discontinuities
At the rate of 15 ppmv of CO2 increase per year 400 ppmv CO2 will be reached in 2017 and it is probable that the global temperature would go up by 2oC (compare it with the 001oC per decade estimate by WWF)
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Some say forget about the 2oC The limit is not 400 ppmv CO2
It is 550 ppmv CO2 (which is nearly twice the pre-industrial value)
which we may reach not
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
350
400
450
500
550
600
2000 2025 2050 2075 2100
Year
actual valueat 10 ppmvyearat 18 ppmvyearat 25 ppmvyear
CO2 concentration in the future (ppmv)
We are lucky Are we
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
Computer models of future CO2 emissions and controls on atmospheric CO2 have been developed by CCSP
These models indicate that projected annual global emissions during the next century would need to be reduced by more than 7575 in order to stabilize atmospheric CO2 at about 550 ppm550 ppm
According to the CCSP stabilizing atmospheric CO2 would require a transformation of the global energy require a transformation of the global energy system including reductions in the demand for system including reductions in the demand for energy and changes in the mix of energy technology energy and changes in the mix of energy technology and fuelsand fuels
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Discussion Point 5
Should we place a upper sealing limit on the global CO2 emissions to ensure sustainable development
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Sustainable Limit Calculations
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
1 Virgin material supply limit To stabilize the atmospheric CO2 concentration below approximately 550 ppmv by the year 2100 global anthropogenic emissions must be limited to about 7 to 8 x 1012 kg (= 7 to 8 giga tonnes) of C per year (IPCC 1996)
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
2 Allocation of virgin material Each of the average 75 billion people on the planet over the next 50 years is allocated an equal share of carbon emissions
That is roughly 1 tonne (1000 kg) of C equivalents per person per year
which is roughly 38 tonne of CO2 equivalents per person per year
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
NorwaySingapore
Japan
Iceland
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
UNDP defined Human Development Index (HDI)
HDI = LI3
+ EI3
+ GDPI3
LI (Life Index) = Life Expectancy - 25
85 - 25
GDPI (GDP Index) =ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100)
ln(40000) - ln(100)
EI (Education Index) = 2 Adult Literacy
3 100
1 School Enrollment
3 100+
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI 2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
Sustainable limit
HDI gt 08
Unsustainable amount of per capita CO2 emissions
are required to reach super high HDI (gt 09)
USA
Sri Lanka
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 6
How to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
But we replace our forests with cities highways amp golf courses
Emissions Reduction Option 1 Increase the use of carbon sinks (such as forests where 70 of all photosynthesis occurs)
Stop destroying forests and grow more trees
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The forest cover is already too small to help reducing global warming
How long does it take to grow a tree like this
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 2 Change to non-CO2 emitting energy sources
What are theyNuclear HydroRenewables (Geothermal Solar
Wave Tidal Wind Biomass and Biogas) Muscle Power
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in 1015 BTU)
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Fossil fuels
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
There is no immediate financial benefits for a switch to renewable energy in the profit-oriented energy markets
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear
Renewableenergy
Projection of World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
United States Energy Information Administration 2011
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
More people
More pollution
Emissions Reduction Option 3 Reduce Population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
If you are in USA you will be lighting 185 bulbs each with 200 W power
If you are in China you will be lighting 3 bulbs each with 200 W power
Electricity use in 2006
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Global Carbon Cycle
httpwwweiagovoiaf1605ggccebrochapter1html
(in billions metric tons carbon)
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
275
300
325
350
375
400
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000Year
ftpftpcmdlnoaagovccgco2trends
(in ppmv)
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentrations
3915 ppmv in 2011
275 ppmv in pre-industrial time
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Global Carbon Emissions present amp future
httpwwweiagovoiaf1605ggccebrochapter1html
(in millions metric tons of carbon equivalent)
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) including Carbon dioxide
GHGs are gases in an atmosphere that absorb and emit
radiation within the thermal infrared range
This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The Greenhouse effectA T M O S P H E R E
S U N
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The main GHGs in the Earths atmosphere are water vapor carbon dioxide methane
nitrous oxide and ozone
Without GHGs Earths surface would be on average about 33degC colder than at present
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Rise in the concentration of four GHGs
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Global Warming Potential (GWP) of different GHGs
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The burning of fossil fuels land use
change and other industrial activities
since the industrial revolution have
increased the GHGs in the atmosphere
to such a level that the earthrsquos surface
is heating up to temperatures that are
very destructive to life on earth
Global Warming
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Compare the above with the fact that the global temperature has not varied by more than 1 or 2oC during the past 100 centuries
The global temperature has risen by 074 plusmn 018degC over the last century (from 1906 to 2005)
Source Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Global warming has begun and so has the Climate Change
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Consequenceshelliphelliphelliphellip
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Consequenceshelliphelliphelliphellip
Source httpearthtrendswriorg
bull Persistent flooding is causing the submergence of the Carteret Islandsbull Saltwater intrusion is contaminating the islands freshwater supply and preventing the growth of crops bull The islands were declared uninhabitable by the government in 2005 and expected to be completely submerged by 2015
Worldrsquos first environmental refugees from Carteret Islands Papua New Guinea
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
bull death of coral reefs
bull fewer cubs for polar bears
bull spread of dengue and other diseases
bull heavy rains amp severe draughts
bull fires floods storms amp hurricanes
bull changed rainfall patterns
bull warming and aridity
bull loss of biodiversity
Consequenceshelliphelliphelliphellip
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year
Rate of increase of CO2 concentration (in ppmvyear)
18 ppmvyear in 2011
ftpftpcmdlnoaagovccgco2trends
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Year
actual valueat 10 ppmvyearat 15 ppmvyearat 25 ppmvyear
CO2 concentration in the future (ppmv)
global temperaturemay be up by 2oC
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
-Accelerated Climate Change-Mass extinctions-Ecosystems breakdowns-Large scale discontinuities
At the rate of 15 ppmv of CO2 increase per year 400 ppmv CO2 will be reached in 2017 and it is probable that the global temperature would go up by 2oC (compare it with the 001oC per decade estimate by WWF)
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Some say forget about the 2oC The limit is not 400 ppmv CO2
It is 550 ppmv CO2 (which is nearly twice the pre-industrial value)
which we may reach not
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
350
400
450
500
550
600
2000 2025 2050 2075 2100
Year
actual valueat 10 ppmvyearat 18 ppmvyearat 25 ppmvyear
CO2 concentration in the future (ppmv)
We are lucky Are we
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
Computer models of future CO2 emissions and controls on atmospheric CO2 have been developed by CCSP
These models indicate that projected annual global emissions during the next century would need to be reduced by more than 7575 in order to stabilize atmospheric CO2 at about 550 ppm550 ppm
According to the CCSP stabilizing atmospheric CO2 would require a transformation of the global energy require a transformation of the global energy system including reductions in the demand for system including reductions in the demand for energy and changes in the mix of energy technology energy and changes in the mix of energy technology and fuelsand fuels
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Discussion Point 5
Should we place a upper sealing limit on the global CO2 emissions to ensure sustainable development
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Sustainable Limit Calculations
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
1 Virgin material supply limit To stabilize the atmospheric CO2 concentration below approximately 550 ppmv by the year 2100 global anthropogenic emissions must be limited to about 7 to 8 x 1012 kg (= 7 to 8 giga tonnes) of C per year (IPCC 1996)
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
2 Allocation of virgin material Each of the average 75 billion people on the planet over the next 50 years is allocated an equal share of carbon emissions
That is roughly 1 tonne (1000 kg) of C equivalents per person per year
which is roughly 38 tonne of CO2 equivalents per person per year
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
NorwaySingapore
Japan
Iceland
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
UNDP defined Human Development Index (HDI)
HDI = LI3
+ EI3
+ GDPI3
LI (Life Index) = Life Expectancy - 25
85 - 25
GDPI (GDP Index) =ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100)
ln(40000) - ln(100)
EI (Education Index) = 2 Adult Literacy
3 100
1 School Enrollment
3 100+
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI 2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
Sustainable limit
HDI gt 08
Unsustainable amount of per capita CO2 emissions
are required to reach super high HDI (gt 09)
USA
Sri Lanka
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 6
How to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
But we replace our forests with cities highways amp golf courses
Emissions Reduction Option 1 Increase the use of carbon sinks (such as forests where 70 of all photosynthesis occurs)
Stop destroying forests and grow more trees
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The forest cover is already too small to help reducing global warming
How long does it take to grow a tree like this
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 2 Change to non-CO2 emitting energy sources
What are theyNuclear HydroRenewables (Geothermal Solar
Wave Tidal Wind Biomass and Biogas) Muscle Power
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in 1015 BTU)
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Fossil fuels
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
There is no immediate financial benefits for a switch to renewable energy in the profit-oriented energy markets
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear
Renewableenergy
Projection of World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
United States Energy Information Administration 2011
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
More people
More pollution
Emissions Reduction Option 3 Reduce Population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
If you are in USA you will be lighting 185 bulbs each with 200 W power
If you are in China you will be lighting 3 bulbs each with 200 W power
Electricity use in 2006
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
275
300
325
350
375
400
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000Year
ftpftpcmdlnoaagovccgco2trends
(in ppmv)
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentrations
3915 ppmv in 2011
275 ppmv in pre-industrial time
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Global Carbon Emissions present amp future
httpwwweiagovoiaf1605ggccebrochapter1html
(in millions metric tons of carbon equivalent)
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) including Carbon dioxide
GHGs are gases in an atmosphere that absorb and emit
radiation within the thermal infrared range
This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The Greenhouse effectA T M O S P H E R E
S U N
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The main GHGs in the Earths atmosphere are water vapor carbon dioxide methane
nitrous oxide and ozone
Without GHGs Earths surface would be on average about 33degC colder than at present
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Rise in the concentration of four GHGs
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Global Warming Potential (GWP) of different GHGs
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The burning of fossil fuels land use
change and other industrial activities
since the industrial revolution have
increased the GHGs in the atmosphere
to such a level that the earthrsquos surface
is heating up to temperatures that are
very destructive to life on earth
Global Warming
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Compare the above with the fact that the global temperature has not varied by more than 1 or 2oC during the past 100 centuries
The global temperature has risen by 074 plusmn 018degC over the last century (from 1906 to 2005)
Source Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Global warming has begun and so has the Climate Change
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Consequenceshelliphelliphelliphellip
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Consequenceshelliphelliphelliphellip
Source httpearthtrendswriorg
bull Persistent flooding is causing the submergence of the Carteret Islandsbull Saltwater intrusion is contaminating the islands freshwater supply and preventing the growth of crops bull The islands were declared uninhabitable by the government in 2005 and expected to be completely submerged by 2015
Worldrsquos first environmental refugees from Carteret Islands Papua New Guinea
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
bull death of coral reefs
bull fewer cubs for polar bears
bull spread of dengue and other diseases
bull heavy rains amp severe draughts
bull fires floods storms amp hurricanes
bull changed rainfall patterns
bull warming and aridity
bull loss of biodiversity
Consequenceshelliphelliphelliphellip
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year
Rate of increase of CO2 concentration (in ppmvyear)
18 ppmvyear in 2011
ftpftpcmdlnoaagovccgco2trends
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Year
actual valueat 10 ppmvyearat 15 ppmvyearat 25 ppmvyear
CO2 concentration in the future (ppmv)
global temperaturemay be up by 2oC
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
-Accelerated Climate Change-Mass extinctions-Ecosystems breakdowns-Large scale discontinuities
At the rate of 15 ppmv of CO2 increase per year 400 ppmv CO2 will be reached in 2017 and it is probable that the global temperature would go up by 2oC (compare it with the 001oC per decade estimate by WWF)
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Some say forget about the 2oC The limit is not 400 ppmv CO2
It is 550 ppmv CO2 (which is nearly twice the pre-industrial value)
which we may reach not
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
350
400
450
500
550
600
2000 2025 2050 2075 2100
Year
actual valueat 10 ppmvyearat 18 ppmvyearat 25 ppmvyear
CO2 concentration in the future (ppmv)
We are lucky Are we
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
Computer models of future CO2 emissions and controls on atmospheric CO2 have been developed by CCSP
These models indicate that projected annual global emissions during the next century would need to be reduced by more than 7575 in order to stabilize atmospheric CO2 at about 550 ppm550 ppm
According to the CCSP stabilizing atmospheric CO2 would require a transformation of the global energy require a transformation of the global energy system including reductions in the demand for system including reductions in the demand for energy and changes in the mix of energy technology energy and changes in the mix of energy technology and fuelsand fuels
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Discussion Point 5
Should we place a upper sealing limit on the global CO2 emissions to ensure sustainable development
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Sustainable Limit Calculations
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
1 Virgin material supply limit To stabilize the atmospheric CO2 concentration below approximately 550 ppmv by the year 2100 global anthropogenic emissions must be limited to about 7 to 8 x 1012 kg (= 7 to 8 giga tonnes) of C per year (IPCC 1996)
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
2 Allocation of virgin material Each of the average 75 billion people on the planet over the next 50 years is allocated an equal share of carbon emissions
That is roughly 1 tonne (1000 kg) of C equivalents per person per year
which is roughly 38 tonne of CO2 equivalents per person per year
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
NorwaySingapore
Japan
Iceland
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
UNDP defined Human Development Index (HDI)
HDI = LI3
+ EI3
+ GDPI3
LI (Life Index) = Life Expectancy - 25
85 - 25
GDPI (GDP Index) =ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100)
ln(40000) - ln(100)
EI (Education Index) = 2 Adult Literacy
3 100
1 School Enrollment
3 100+
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI 2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
Sustainable limit
HDI gt 08
Unsustainable amount of per capita CO2 emissions
are required to reach super high HDI (gt 09)
USA
Sri Lanka
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 6
How to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
But we replace our forests with cities highways amp golf courses
Emissions Reduction Option 1 Increase the use of carbon sinks (such as forests where 70 of all photosynthesis occurs)
Stop destroying forests and grow more trees
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The forest cover is already too small to help reducing global warming
How long does it take to grow a tree like this
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 2 Change to non-CO2 emitting energy sources
What are theyNuclear HydroRenewables (Geothermal Solar
Wave Tidal Wind Biomass and Biogas) Muscle Power
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in 1015 BTU)
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Fossil fuels
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
There is no immediate financial benefits for a switch to renewable energy in the profit-oriented energy markets
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear
Renewableenergy
Projection of World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
United States Energy Information Administration 2011
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
More people
More pollution
Emissions Reduction Option 3 Reduce Population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
If you are in USA you will be lighting 185 bulbs each with 200 W power
If you are in China you will be lighting 3 bulbs each with 200 W power
Electricity use in 2006
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Global Carbon Emissions present amp future
httpwwweiagovoiaf1605ggccebrochapter1html
(in millions metric tons of carbon equivalent)
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) including Carbon dioxide
GHGs are gases in an atmosphere that absorb and emit
radiation within the thermal infrared range
This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The Greenhouse effectA T M O S P H E R E
S U N
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The main GHGs in the Earths atmosphere are water vapor carbon dioxide methane
nitrous oxide and ozone
Without GHGs Earths surface would be on average about 33degC colder than at present
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Rise in the concentration of four GHGs
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Global Warming Potential (GWP) of different GHGs
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The burning of fossil fuels land use
change and other industrial activities
since the industrial revolution have
increased the GHGs in the atmosphere
to such a level that the earthrsquos surface
is heating up to temperatures that are
very destructive to life on earth
Global Warming
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Compare the above with the fact that the global temperature has not varied by more than 1 or 2oC during the past 100 centuries
The global temperature has risen by 074 plusmn 018degC over the last century (from 1906 to 2005)
Source Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Global warming has begun and so has the Climate Change
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Consequenceshelliphelliphelliphellip
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Consequenceshelliphelliphelliphellip
Source httpearthtrendswriorg
bull Persistent flooding is causing the submergence of the Carteret Islandsbull Saltwater intrusion is contaminating the islands freshwater supply and preventing the growth of crops bull The islands were declared uninhabitable by the government in 2005 and expected to be completely submerged by 2015
Worldrsquos first environmental refugees from Carteret Islands Papua New Guinea
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
bull death of coral reefs
bull fewer cubs for polar bears
bull spread of dengue and other diseases
bull heavy rains amp severe draughts
bull fires floods storms amp hurricanes
bull changed rainfall patterns
bull warming and aridity
bull loss of biodiversity
Consequenceshelliphelliphelliphellip
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year
Rate of increase of CO2 concentration (in ppmvyear)
18 ppmvyear in 2011
ftpftpcmdlnoaagovccgco2trends
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Year
actual valueat 10 ppmvyearat 15 ppmvyearat 25 ppmvyear
CO2 concentration in the future (ppmv)
global temperaturemay be up by 2oC
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
-Accelerated Climate Change-Mass extinctions-Ecosystems breakdowns-Large scale discontinuities
At the rate of 15 ppmv of CO2 increase per year 400 ppmv CO2 will be reached in 2017 and it is probable that the global temperature would go up by 2oC (compare it with the 001oC per decade estimate by WWF)
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Some say forget about the 2oC The limit is not 400 ppmv CO2
It is 550 ppmv CO2 (which is nearly twice the pre-industrial value)
which we may reach not
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
350
400
450
500
550
600
2000 2025 2050 2075 2100
Year
actual valueat 10 ppmvyearat 18 ppmvyearat 25 ppmvyear
CO2 concentration in the future (ppmv)
We are lucky Are we
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
Computer models of future CO2 emissions and controls on atmospheric CO2 have been developed by CCSP
These models indicate that projected annual global emissions during the next century would need to be reduced by more than 7575 in order to stabilize atmospheric CO2 at about 550 ppm550 ppm
According to the CCSP stabilizing atmospheric CO2 would require a transformation of the global energy require a transformation of the global energy system including reductions in the demand for system including reductions in the demand for energy and changes in the mix of energy technology energy and changes in the mix of energy technology and fuelsand fuels
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Discussion Point 5
Should we place a upper sealing limit on the global CO2 emissions to ensure sustainable development
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Sustainable Limit Calculations
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
1 Virgin material supply limit To stabilize the atmospheric CO2 concentration below approximately 550 ppmv by the year 2100 global anthropogenic emissions must be limited to about 7 to 8 x 1012 kg (= 7 to 8 giga tonnes) of C per year (IPCC 1996)
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
2 Allocation of virgin material Each of the average 75 billion people on the planet over the next 50 years is allocated an equal share of carbon emissions
That is roughly 1 tonne (1000 kg) of C equivalents per person per year
which is roughly 38 tonne of CO2 equivalents per person per year
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
NorwaySingapore
Japan
Iceland
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
UNDP defined Human Development Index (HDI)
HDI = LI3
+ EI3
+ GDPI3
LI (Life Index) = Life Expectancy - 25
85 - 25
GDPI (GDP Index) =ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100)
ln(40000) - ln(100)
EI (Education Index) = 2 Adult Literacy
3 100
1 School Enrollment
3 100+
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI 2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
Sustainable limit
HDI gt 08
Unsustainable amount of per capita CO2 emissions
are required to reach super high HDI (gt 09)
USA
Sri Lanka
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 6
How to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
But we replace our forests with cities highways amp golf courses
Emissions Reduction Option 1 Increase the use of carbon sinks (such as forests where 70 of all photosynthesis occurs)
Stop destroying forests and grow more trees
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The forest cover is already too small to help reducing global warming
How long does it take to grow a tree like this
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 2 Change to non-CO2 emitting energy sources
What are theyNuclear HydroRenewables (Geothermal Solar
Wave Tidal Wind Biomass and Biogas) Muscle Power
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in 1015 BTU)
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Fossil fuels
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
There is no immediate financial benefits for a switch to renewable energy in the profit-oriented energy markets
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear
Renewableenergy
Projection of World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
United States Energy Information Administration 2011
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
More people
More pollution
Emissions Reduction Option 3 Reduce Population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
If you are in USA you will be lighting 185 bulbs each with 200 W power
If you are in China you will be lighting 3 bulbs each with 200 W power
Electricity use in 2006
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) including Carbon dioxide
GHGs are gases in an atmosphere that absorb and emit
radiation within the thermal infrared range
This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The Greenhouse effectA T M O S P H E R E
S U N
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The main GHGs in the Earths atmosphere are water vapor carbon dioxide methane
nitrous oxide and ozone
Without GHGs Earths surface would be on average about 33degC colder than at present
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Rise in the concentration of four GHGs
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Global Warming Potential (GWP) of different GHGs
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The burning of fossil fuels land use
change and other industrial activities
since the industrial revolution have
increased the GHGs in the atmosphere
to such a level that the earthrsquos surface
is heating up to temperatures that are
very destructive to life on earth
Global Warming
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Compare the above with the fact that the global temperature has not varied by more than 1 or 2oC during the past 100 centuries
The global temperature has risen by 074 plusmn 018degC over the last century (from 1906 to 2005)
Source Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Global warming has begun and so has the Climate Change
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Consequenceshelliphelliphelliphellip
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Consequenceshelliphelliphelliphellip
Source httpearthtrendswriorg
bull Persistent flooding is causing the submergence of the Carteret Islandsbull Saltwater intrusion is contaminating the islands freshwater supply and preventing the growth of crops bull The islands were declared uninhabitable by the government in 2005 and expected to be completely submerged by 2015
Worldrsquos first environmental refugees from Carteret Islands Papua New Guinea
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
bull death of coral reefs
bull fewer cubs for polar bears
bull spread of dengue and other diseases
bull heavy rains amp severe draughts
bull fires floods storms amp hurricanes
bull changed rainfall patterns
bull warming and aridity
bull loss of biodiversity
Consequenceshelliphelliphelliphellip
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year
Rate of increase of CO2 concentration (in ppmvyear)
18 ppmvyear in 2011
ftpftpcmdlnoaagovccgco2trends
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Year
actual valueat 10 ppmvyearat 15 ppmvyearat 25 ppmvyear
CO2 concentration in the future (ppmv)
global temperaturemay be up by 2oC
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
-Accelerated Climate Change-Mass extinctions-Ecosystems breakdowns-Large scale discontinuities
At the rate of 15 ppmv of CO2 increase per year 400 ppmv CO2 will be reached in 2017 and it is probable that the global temperature would go up by 2oC (compare it with the 001oC per decade estimate by WWF)
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Some say forget about the 2oC The limit is not 400 ppmv CO2
It is 550 ppmv CO2 (which is nearly twice the pre-industrial value)
which we may reach not
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
350
400
450
500
550
600
2000 2025 2050 2075 2100
Year
actual valueat 10 ppmvyearat 18 ppmvyearat 25 ppmvyear
CO2 concentration in the future (ppmv)
We are lucky Are we
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
Computer models of future CO2 emissions and controls on atmospheric CO2 have been developed by CCSP
These models indicate that projected annual global emissions during the next century would need to be reduced by more than 7575 in order to stabilize atmospheric CO2 at about 550 ppm550 ppm
According to the CCSP stabilizing atmospheric CO2 would require a transformation of the global energy require a transformation of the global energy system including reductions in the demand for system including reductions in the demand for energy and changes in the mix of energy technology energy and changes in the mix of energy technology and fuelsand fuels
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Discussion Point 5
Should we place a upper sealing limit on the global CO2 emissions to ensure sustainable development
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Sustainable Limit Calculations
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
1 Virgin material supply limit To stabilize the atmospheric CO2 concentration below approximately 550 ppmv by the year 2100 global anthropogenic emissions must be limited to about 7 to 8 x 1012 kg (= 7 to 8 giga tonnes) of C per year (IPCC 1996)
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
2 Allocation of virgin material Each of the average 75 billion people on the planet over the next 50 years is allocated an equal share of carbon emissions
That is roughly 1 tonne (1000 kg) of C equivalents per person per year
which is roughly 38 tonne of CO2 equivalents per person per year
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
NorwaySingapore
Japan
Iceland
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
UNDP defined Human Development Index (HDI)
HDI = LI3
+ EI3
+ GDPI3
LI (Life Index) = Life Expectancy - 25
85 - 25
GDPI (GDP Index) =ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100)
ln(40000) - ln(100)
EI (Education Index) = 2 Adult Literacy
3 100
1 School Enrollment
3 100+
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI 2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
Sustainable limit
HDI gt 08
Unsustainable amount of per capita CO2 emissions
are required to reach super high HDI (gt 09)
USA
Sri Lanka
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 6
How to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
But we replace our forests with cities highways amp golf courses
Emissions Reduction Option 1 Increase the use of carbon sinks (such as forests where 70 of all photosynthesis occurs)
Stop destroying forests and grow more trees
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The forest cover is already too small to help reducing global warming
How long does it take to grow a tree like this
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 2 Change to non-CO2 emitting energy sources
What are theyNuclear HydroRenewables (Geothermal Solar
Wave Tidal Wind Biomass and Biogas) Muscle Power
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in 1015 BTU)
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Fossil fuels
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
There is no immediate financial benefits for a switch to renewable energy in the profit-oriented energy markets
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear
Renewableenergy
Projection of World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
United States Energy Information Administration 2011
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
More people
More pollution
Emissions Reduction Option 3 Reduce Population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
If you are in USA you will be lighting 185 bulbs each with 200 W power
If you are in China you will be lighting 3 bulbs each with 200 W power
Electricity use in 2006
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The Greenhouse effectA T M O S P H E R E
S U N
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The main GHGs in the Earths atmosphere are water vapor carbon dioxide methane
nitrous oxide and ozone
Without GHGs Earths surface would be on average about 33degC colder than at present
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Rise in the concentration of four GHGs
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Global Warming Potential (GWP) of different GHGs
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The burning of fossil fuels land use
change and other industrial activities
since the industrial revolution have
increased the GHGs in the atmosphere
to such a level that the earthrsquos surface
is heating up to temperatures that are
very destructive to life on earth
Global Warming
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Compare the above with the fact that the global temperature has not varied by more than 1 or 2oC during the past 100 centuries
The global temperature has risen by 074 plusmn 018degC over the last century (from 1906 to 2005)
Source Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Global warming has begun and so has the Climate Change
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Consequenceshelliphelliphelliphellip
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Consequenceshelliphelliphelliphellip
Source httpearthtrendswriorg
bull Persistent flooding is causing the submergence of the Carteret Islandsbull Saltwater intrusion is contaminating the islands freshwater supply and preventing the growth of crops bull The islands were declared uninhabitable by the government in 2005 and expected to be completely submerged by 2015
Worldrsquos first environmental refugees from Carteret Islands Papua New Guinea
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
bull death of coral reefs
bull fewer cubs for polar bears
bull spread of dengue and other diseases
bull heavy rains amp severe draughts
bull fires floods storms amp hurricanes
bull changed rainfall patterns
bull warming and aridity
bull loss of biodiversity
Consequenceshelliphelliphelliphellip
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year
Rate of increase of CO2 concentration (in ppmvyear)
18 ppmvyear in 2011
ftpftpcmdlnoaagovccgco2trends
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Year
actual valueat 10 ppmvyearat 15 ppmvyearat 25 ppmvyear
CO2 concentration in the future (ppmv)
global temperaturemay be up by 2oC
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
-Accelerated Climate Change-Mass extinctions-Ecosystems breakdowns-Large scale discontinuities
At the rate of 15 ppmv of CO2 increase per year 400 ppmv CO2 will be reached in 2017 and it is probable that the global temperature would go up by 2oC (compare it with the 001oC per decade estimate by WWF)
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Some say forget about the 2oC The limit is not 400 ppmv CO2
It is 550 ppmv CO2 (which is nearly twice the pre-industrial value)
which we may reach not
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
350
400
450
500
550
600
2000 2025 2050 2075 2100
Year
actual valueat 10 ppmvyearat 18 ppmvyearat 25 ppmvyear
CO2 concentration in the future (ppmv)
We are lucky Are we
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
Computer models of future CO2 emissions and controls on atmospheric CO2 have been developed by CCSP
These models indicate that projected annual global emissions during the next century would need to be reduced by more than 7575 in order to stabilize atmospheric CO2 at about 550 ppm550 ppm
According to the CCSP stabilizing atmospheric CO2 would require a transformation of the global energy require a transformation of the global energy system including reductions in the demand for system including reductions in the demand for energy and changes in the mix of energy technology energy and changes in the mix of energy technology and fuelsand fuels
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Discussion Point 5
Should we place a upper sealing limit on the global CO2 emissions to ensure sustainable development
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Sustainable Limit Calculations
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
1 Virgin material supply limit To stabilize the atmospheric CO2 concentration below approximately 550 ppmv by the year 2100 global anthropogenic emissions must be limited to about 7 to 8 x 1012 kg (= 7 to 8 giga tonnes) of C per year (IPCC 1996)
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
2 Allocation of virgin material Each of the average 75 billion people on the planet over the next 50 years is allocated an equal share of carbon emissions
That is roughly 1 tonne (1000 kg) of C equivalents per person per year
which is roughly 38 tonne of CO2 equivalents per person per year
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
NorwaySingapore
Japan
Iceland
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
UNDP defined Human Development Index (HDI)
HDI = LI3
+ EI3
+ GDPI3
LI (Life Index) = Life Expectancy - 25
85 - 25
GDPI (GDP Index) =ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100)
ln(40000) - ln(100)
EI (Education Index) = 2 Adult Literacy
3 100
1 School Enrollment
3 100+
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI 2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
Sustainable limit
HDI gt 08
Unsustainable amount of per capita CO2 emissions
are required to reach super high HDI (gt 09)
USA
Sri Lanka
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 6
How to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
But we replace our forests with cities highways amp golf courses
Emissions Reduction Option 1 Increase the use of carbon sinks (such as forests where 70 of all photosynthesis occurs)
Stop destroying forests and grow more trees
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The forest cover is already too small to help reducing global warming
How long does it take to grow a tree like this
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 2 Change to non-CO2 emitting energy sources
What are theyNuclear HydroRenewables (Geothermal Solar
Wave Tidal Wind Biomass and Biogas) Muscle Power
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in 1015 BTU)
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Fossil fuels
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
There is no immediate financial benefits for a switch to renewable energy in the profit-oriented energy markets
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear
Renewableenergy
Projection of World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
United States Energy Information Administration 2011
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
More people
More pollution
Emissions Reduction Option 3 Reduce Population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
If you are in USA you will be lighting 185 bulbs each with 200 W power
If you are in China you will be lighting 3 bulbs each with 200 W power
Electricity use in 2006
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The main GHGs in the Earths atmosphere are water vapor carbon dioxide methane
nitrous oxide and ozone
Without GHGs Earths surface would be on average about 33degC colder than at present
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Rise in the concentration of four GHGs
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Global Warming Potential (GWP) of different GHGs
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The burning of fossil fuels land use
change and other industrial activities
since the industrial revolution have
increased the GHGs in the atmosphere
to such a level that the earthrsquos surface
is heating up to temperatures that are
very destructive to life on earth
Global Warming
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Compare the above with the fact that the global temperature has not varied by more than 1 or 2oC during the past 100 centuries
The global temperature has risen by 074 plusmn 018degC over the last century (from 1906 to 2005)
Source Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Global warming has begun and so has the Climate Change
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Consequenceshelliphelliphelliphellip
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Consequenceshelliphelliphelliphellip
Source httpearthtrendswriorg
bull Persistent flooding is causing the submergence of the Carteret Islandsbull Saltwater intrusion is contaminating the islands freshwater supply and preventing the growth of crops bull The islands were declared uninhabitable by the government in 2005 and expected to be completely submerged by 2015
Worldrsquos first environmental refugees from Carteret Islands Papua New Guinea
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
bull death of coral reefs
bull fewer cubs for polar bears
bull spread of dengue and other diseases
bull heavy rains amp severe draughts
bull fires floods storms amp hurricanes
bull changed rainfall patterns
bull warming and aridity
bull loss of biodiversity
Consequenceshelliphelliphelliphellip
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year
Rate of increase of CO2 concentration (in ppmvyear)
18 ppmvyear in 2011
ftpftpcmdlnoaagovccgco2trends
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Year
actual valueat 10 ppmvyearat 15 ppmvyearat 25 ppmvyear
CO2 concentration in the future (ppmv)
global temperaturemay be up by 2oC
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
-Accelerated Climate Change-Mass extinctions-Ecosystems breakdowns-Large scale discontinuities
At the rate of 15 ppmv of CO2 increase per year 400 ppmv CO2 will be reached in 2017 and it is probable that the global temperature would go up by 2oC (compare it with the 001oC per decade estimate by WWF)
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Some say forget about the 2oC The limit is not 400 ppmv CO2
It is 550 ppmv CO2 (which is nearly twice the pre-industrial value)
which we may reach not
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
350
400
450
500
550
600
2000 2025 2050 2075 2100
Year
actual valueat 10 ppmvyearat 18 ppmvyearat 25 ppmvyear
CO2 concentration in the future (ppmv)
We are lucky Are we
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
Computer models of future CO2 emissions and controls on atmospheric CO2 have been developed by CCSP
These models indicate that projected annual global emissions during the next century would need to be reduced by more than 7575 in order to stabilize atmospheric CO2 at about 550 ppm550 ppm
According to the CCSP stabilizing atmospheric CO2 would require a transformation of the global energy require a transformation of the global energy system including reductions in the demand for system including reductions in the demand for energy and changes in the mix of energy technology energy and changes in the mix of energy technology and fuelsand fuels
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Discussion Point 5
Should we place a upper sealing limit on the global CO2 emissions to ensure sustainable development
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Sustainable Limit Calculations
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
1 Virgin material supply limit To stabilize the atmospheric CO2 concentration below approximately 550 ppmv by the year 2100 global anthropogenic emissions must be limited to about 7 to 8 x 1012 kg (= 7 to 8 giga tonnes) of C per year (IPCC 1996)
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
2 Allocation of virgin material Each of the average 75 billion people on the planet over the next 50 years is allocated an equal share of carbon emissions
That is roughly 1 tonne (1000 kg) of C equivalents per person per year
which is roughly 38 tonne of CO2 equivalents per person per year
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
NorwaySingapore
Japan
Iceland
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
UNDP defined Human Development Index (HDI)
HDI = LI3
+ EI3
+ GDPI3
LI (Life Index) = Life Expectancy - 25
85 - 25
GDPI (GDP Index) =ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100)
ln(40000) - ln(100)
EI (Education Index) = 2 Adult Literacy
3 100
1 School Enrollment
3 100+
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI 2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
Sustainable limit
HDI gt 08
Unsustainable amount of per capita CO2 emissions
are required to reach super high HDI (gt 09)
USA
Sri Lanka
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 6
How to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
But we replace our forests with cities highways amp golf courses
Emissions Reduction Option 1 Increase the use of carbon sinks (such as forests where 70 of all photosynthesis occurs)
Stop destroying forests and grow more trees
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The forest cover is already too small to help reducing global warming
How long does it take to grow a tree like this
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 2 Change to non-CO2 emitting energy sources
What are theyNuclear HydroRenewables (Geothermal Solar
Wave Tidal Wind Biomass and Biogas) Muscle Power
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in 1015 BTU)
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Fossil fuels
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
There is no immediate financial benefits for a switch to renewable energy in the profit-oriented energy markets
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear
Renewableenergy
Projection of World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
United States Energy Information Administration 2011
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
More people
More pollution
Emissions Reduction Option 3 Reduce Population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
If you are in USA you will be lighting 185 bulbs each with 200 W power
If you are in China you will be lighting 3 bulbs each with 200 W power
Electricity use in 2006
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Rise in the concentration of four GHGs
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Global Warming Potential (GWP) of different GHGs
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The burning of fossil fuels land use
change and other industrial activities
since the industrial revolution have
increased the GHGs in the atmosphere
to such a level that the earthrsquos surface
is heating up to temperatures that are
very destructive to life on earth
Global Warming
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Compare the above with the fact that the global temperature has not varied by more than 1 or 2oC during the past 100 centuries
The global temperature has risen by 074 plusmn 018degC over the last century (from 1906 to 2005)
Source Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Global warming has begun and so has the Climate Change
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Consequenceshelliphelliphelliphellip
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Consequenceshelliphelliphelliphellip
Source httpearthtrendswriorg
bull Persistent flooding is causing the submergence of the Carteret Islandsbull Saltwater intrusion is contaminating the islands freshwater supply and preventing the growth of crops bull The islands were declared uninhabitable by the government in 2005 and expected to be completely submerged by 2015
Worldrsquos first environmental refugees from Carteret Islands Papua New Guinea
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
bull death of coral reefs
bull fewer cubs for polar bears
bull spread of dengue and other diseases
bull heavy rains amp severe draughts
bull fires floods storms amp hurricanes
bull changed rainfall patterns
bull warming and aridity
bull loss of biodiversity
Consequenceshelliphelliphelliphellip
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year
Rate of increase of CO2 concentration (in ppmvyear)
18 ppmvyear in 2011
ftpftpcmdlnoaagovccgco2trends
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Year
actual valueat 10 ppmvyearat 15 ppmvyearat 25 ppmvyear
CO2 concentration in the future (ppmv)
global temperaturemay be up by 2oC
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
-Accelerated Climate Change-Mass extinctions-Ecosystems breakdowns-Large scale discontinuities
At the rate of 15 ppmv of CO2 increase per year 400 ppmv CO2 will be reached in 2017 and it is probable that the global temperature would go up by 2oC (compare it with the 001oC per decade estimate by WWF)
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Some say forget about the 2oC The limit is not 400 ppmv CO2
It is 550 ppmv CO2 (which is nearly twice the pre-industrial value)
which we may reach not
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
350
400
450
500
550
600
2000 2025 2050 2075 2100
Year
actual valueat 10 ppmvyearat 18 ppmvyearat 25 ppmvyear
CO2 concentration in the future (ppmv)
We are lucky Are we
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
Computer models of future CO2 emissions and controls on atmospheric CO2 have been developed by CCSP
These models indicate that projected annual global emissions during the next century would need to be reduced by more than 7575 in order to stabilize atmospheric CO2 at about 550 ppm550 ppm
According to the CCSP stabilizing atmospheric CO2 would require a transformation of the global energy require a transformation of the global energy system including reductions in the demand for system including reductions in the demand for energy and changes in the mix of energy technology energy and changes in the mix of energy technology and fuelsand fuels
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Discussion Point 5
Should we place a upper sealing limit on the global CO2 emissions to ensure sustainable development
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Sustainable Limit Calculations
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
1 Virgin material supply limit To stabilize the atmospheric CO2 concentration below approximately 550 ppmv by the year 2100 global anthropogenic emissions must be limited to about 7 to 8 x 1012 kg (= 7 to 8 giga tonnes) of C per year (IPCC 1996)
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
2 Allocation of virgin material Each of the average 75 billion people on the planet over the next 50 years is allocated an equal share of carbon emissions
That is roughly 1 tonne (1000 kg) of C equivalents per person per year
which is roughly 38 tonne of CO2 equivalents per person per year
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
NorwaySingapore
Japan
Iceland
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
UNDP defined Human Development Index (HDI)
HDI = LI3
+ EI3
+ GDPI3
LI (Life Index) = Life Expectancy - 25
85 - 25
GDPI (GDP Index) =ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100)
ln(40000) - ln(100)
EI (Education Index) = 2 Adult Literacy
3 100
1 School Enrollment
3 100+
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI 2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
Sustainable limit
HDI gt 08
Unsustainable amount of per capita CO2 emissions
are required to reach super high HDI (gt 09)
USA
Sri Lanka
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 6
How to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
But we replace our forests with cities highways amp golf courses
Emissions Reduction Option 1 Increase the use of carbon sinks (such as forests where 70 of all photosynthesis occurs)
Stop destroying forests and grow more trees
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The forest cover is already too small to help reducing global warming
How long does it take to grow a tree like this
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 2 Change to non-CO2 emitting energy sources
What are theyNuclear HydroRenewables (Geothermal Solar
Wave Tidal Wind Biomass and Biogas) Muscle Power
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in 1015 BTU)
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Fossil fuels
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
There is no immediate financial benefits for a switch to renewable energy in the profit-oriented energy markets
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear
Renewableenergy
Projection of World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
United States Energy Information Administration 2011
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
More people
More pollution
Emissions Reduction Option 3 Reduce Population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
If you are in USA you will be lighting 185 bulbs each with 200 W power
If you are in China you will be lighting 3 bulbs each with 200 W power
Electricity use in 2006
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Global Warming Potential (GWP) of different GHGs
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The burning of fossil fuels land use
change and other industrial activities
since the industrial revolution have
increased the GHGs in the atmosphere
to such a level that the earthrsquos surface
is heating up to temperatures that are
very destructive to life on earth
Global Warming
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Compare the above with the fact that the global temperature has not varied by more than 1 or 2oC during the past 100 centuries
The global temperature has risen by 074 plusmn 018degC over the last century (from 1906 to 2005)
Source Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Global warming has begun and so has the Climate Change
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Consequenceshelliphelliphelliphellip
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Consequenceshelliphelliphelliphellip
Source httpearthtrendswriorg
bull Persistent flooding is causing the submergence of the Carteret Islandsbull Saltwater intrusion is contaminating the islands freshwater supply and preventing the growth of crops bull The islands were declared uninhabitable by the government in 2005 and expected to be completely submerged by 2015
Worldrsquos first environmental refugees from Carteret Islands Papua New Guinea
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
bull death of coral reefs
bull fewer cubs for polar bears
bull spread of dengue and other diseases
bull heavy rains amp severe draughts
bull fires floods storms amp hurricanes
bull changed rainfall patterns
bull warming and aridity
bull loss of biodiversity
Consequenceshelliphelliphelliphellip
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year
Rate of increase of CO2 concentration (in ppmvyear)
18 ppmvyear in 2011
ftpftpcmdlnoaagovccgco2trends
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Year
actual valueat 10 ppmvyearat 15 ppmvyearat 25 ppmvyear
CO2 concentration in the future (ppmv)
global temperaturemay be up by 2oC
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
-Accelerated Climate Change-Mass extinctions-Ecosystems breakdowns-Large scale discontinuities
At the rate of 15 ppmv of CO2 increase per year 400 ppmv CO2 will be reached in 2017 and it is probable that the global temperature would go up by 2oC (compare it with the 001oC per decade estimate by WWF)
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Some say forget about the 2oC The limit is not 400 ppmv CO2
It is 550 ppmv CO2 (which is nearly twice the pre-industrial value)
which we may reach not
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
350
400
450
500
550
600
2000 2025 2050 2075 2100
Year
actual valueat 10 ppmvyearat 18 ppmvyearat 25 ppmvyear
CO2 concentration in the future (ppmv)
We are lucky Are we
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
Computer models of future CO2 emissions and controls on atmospheric CO2 have been developed by CCSP
These models indicate that projected annual global emissions during the next century would need to be reduced by more than 7575 in order to stabilize atmospheric CO2 at about 550 ppm550 ppm
According to the CCSP stabilizing atmospheric CO2 would require a transformation of the global energy require a transformation of the global energy system including reductions in the demand for system including reductions in the demand for energy and changes in the mix of energy technology energy and changes in the mix of energy technology and fuelsand fuels
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Discussion Point 5
Should we place a upper sealing limit on the global CO2 emissions to ensure sustainable development
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Sustainable Limit Calculations
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
1 Virgin material supply limit To stabilize the atmospheric CO2 concentration below approximately 550 ppmv by the year 2100 global anthropogenic emissions must be limited to about 7 to 8 x 1012 kg (= 7 to 8 giga tonnes) of C per year (IPCC 1996)
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
2 Allocation of virgin material Each of the average 75 billion people on the planet over the next 50 years is allocated an equal share of carbon emissions
That is roughly 1 tonne (1000 kg) of C equivalents per person per year
which is roughly 38 tonne of CO2 equivalents per person per year
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
NorwaySingapore
Japan
Iceland
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
UNDP defined Human Development Index (HDI)
HDI = LI3
+ EI3
+ GDPI3
LI (Life Index) = Life Expectancy - 25
85 - 25
GDPI (GDP Index) =ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100)
ln(40000) - ln(100)
EI (Education Index) = 2 Adult Literacy
3 100
1 School Enrollment
3 100+
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI 2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
Sustainable limit
HDI gt 08
Unsustainable amount of per capita CO2 emissions
are required to reach super high HDI (gt 09)
USA
Sri Lanka
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 6
How to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
But we replace our forests with cities highways amp golf courses
Emissions Reduction Option 1 Increase the use of carbon sinks (such as forests where 70 of all photosynthesis occurs)
Stop destroying forests and grow more trees
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The forest cover is already too small to help reducing global warming
How long does it take to grow a tree like this
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 2 Change to non-CO2 emitting energy sources
What are theyNuclear HydroRenewables (Geothermal Solar
Wave Tidal Wind Biomass and Biogas) Muscle Power
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in 1015 BTU)
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Fossil fuels
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
There is no immediate financial benefits for a switch to renewable energy in the profit-oriented energy markets
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear
Renewableenergy
Projection of World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
United States Energy Information Administration 2011
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
More people
More pollution
Emissions Reduction Option 3 Reduce Population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
If you are in USA you will be lighting 185 bulbs each with 200 W power
If you are in China you will be lighting 3 bulbs each with 200 W power
Electricity use in 2006
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The burning of fossil fuels land use
change and other industrial activities
since the industrial revolution have
increased the GHGs in the atmosphere
to such a level that the earthrsquos surface
is heating up to temperatures that are
very destructive to life on earth
Global Warming
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Compare the above with the fact that the global temperature has not varied by more than 1 or 2oC during the past 100 centuries
The global temperature has risen by 074 plusmn 018degC over the last century (from 1906 to 2005)
Source Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Global warming has begun and so has the Climate Change
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Consequenceshelliphelliphelliphellip
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Consequenceshelliphelliphelliphellip
Source httpearthtrendswriorg
bull Persistent flooding is causing the submergence of the Carteret Islandsbull Saltwater intrusion is contaminating the islands freshwater supply and preventing the growth of crops bull The islands were declared uninhabitable by the government in 2005 and expected to be completely submerged by 2015
Worldrsquos first environmental refugees from Carteret Islands Papua New Guinea
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
bull death of coral reefs
bull fewer cubs for polar bears
bull spread of dengue and other diseases
bull heavy rains amp severe draughts
bull fires floods storms amp hurricanes
bull changed rainfall patterns
bull warming and aridity
bull loss of biodiversity
Consequenceshelliphelliphelliphellip
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year
Rate of increase of CO2 concentration (in ppmvyear)
18 ppmvyear in 2011
ftpftpcmdlnoaagovccgco2trends
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Year
actual valueat 10 ppmvyearat 15 ppmvyearat 25 ppmvyear
CO2 concentration in the future (ppmv)
global temperaturemay be up by 2oC
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
-Accelerated Climate Change-Mass extinctions-Ecosystems breakdowns-Large scale discontinuities
At the rate of 15 ppmv of CO2 increase per year 400 ppmv CO2 will be reached in 2017 and it is probable that the global temperature would go up by 2oC (compare it with the 001oC per decade estimate by WWF)
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Some say forget about the 2oC The limit is not 400 ppmv CO2
It is 550 ppmv CO2 (which is nearly twice the pre-industrial value)
which we may reach not
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
350
400
450
500
550
600
2000 2025 2050 2075 2100
Year
actual valueat 10 ppmvyearat 18 ppmvyearat 25 ppmvyear
CO2 concentration in the future (ppmv)
We are lucky Are we
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
Computer models of future CO2 emissions and controls on atmospheric CO2 have been developed by CCSP
These models indicate that projected annual global emissions during the next century would need to be reduced by more than 7575 in order to stabilize atmospheric CO2 at about 550 ppm550 ppm
According to the CCSP stabilizing atmospheric CO2 would require a transformation of the global energy require a transformation of the global energy system including reductions in the demand for system including reductions in the demand for energy and changes in the mix of energy technology energy and changes in the mix of energy technology and fuelsand fuels
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Discussion Point 5
Should we place a upper sealing limit on the global CO2 emissions to ensure sustainable development
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Sustainable Limit Calculations
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
1 Virgin material supply limit To stabilize the atmospheric CO2 concentration below approximately 550 ppmv by the year 2100 global anthropogenic emissions must be limited to about 7 to 8 x 1012 kg (= 7 to 8 giga tonnes) of C per year (IPCC 1996)
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
2 Allocation of virgin material Each of the average 75 billion people on the planet over the next 50 years is allocated an equal share of carbon emissions
That is roughly 1 tonne (1000 kg) of C equivalents per person per year
which is roughly 38 tonne of CO2 equivalents per person per year
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
NorwaySingapore
Japan
Iceland
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
UNDP defined Human Development Index (HDI)
HDI = LI3
+ EI3
+ GDPI3
LI (Life Index) = Life Expectancy - 25
85 - 25
GDPI (GDP Index) =ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100)
ln(40000) - ln(100)
EI (Education Index) = 2 Adult Literacy
3 100
1 School Enrollment
3 100+
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI 2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
Sustainable limit
HDI gt 08
Unsustainable amount of per capita CO2 emissions
are required to reach super high HDI (gt 09)
USA
Sri Lanka
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 6
How to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
But we replace our forests with cities highways amp golf courses
Emissions Reduction Option 1 Increase the use of carbon sinks (such as forests where 70 of all photosynthesis occurs)
Stop destroying forests and grow more trees
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The forest cover is already too small to help reducing global warming
How long does it take to grow a tree like this
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 2 Change to non-CO2 emitting energy sources
What are theyNuclear HydroRenewables (Geothermal Solar
Wave Tidal Wind Biomass and Biogas) Muscle Power
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in 1015 BTU)
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Fossil fuels
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
There is no immediate financial benefits for a switch to renewable energy in the profit-oriented energy markets
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear
Renewableenergy
Projection of World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
United States Energy Information Administration 2011
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
More people
More pollution
Emissions Reduction Option 3 Reduce Population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
If you are in USA you will be lighting 185 bulbs each with 200 W power
If you are in China you will be lighting 3 bulbs each with 200 W power
Electricity use in 2006
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Compare the above with the fact that the global temperature has not varied by more than 1 or 2oC during the past 100 centuries
The global temperature has risen by 074 plusmn 018degC over the last century (from 1906 to 2005)
Source Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Global warming has begun and so has the Climate Change
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Consequenceshelliphelliphelliphellip
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Consequenceshelliphelliphelliphellip
Source httpearthtrendswriorg
bull Persistent flooding is causing the submergence of the Carteret Islandsbull Saltwater intrusion is contaminating the islands freshwater supply and preventing the growth of crops bull The islands were declared uninhabitable by the government in 2005 and expected to be completely submerged by 2015
Worldrsquos first environmental refugees from Carteret Islands Papua New Guinea
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
bull death of coral reefs
bull fewer cubs for polar bears
bull spread of dengue and other diseases
bull heavy rains amp severe draughts
bull fires floods storms amp hurricanes
bull changed rainfall patterns
bull warming and aridity
bull loss of biodiversity
Consequenceshelliphelliphelliphellip
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year
Rate of increase of CO2 concentration (in ppmvyear)
18 ppmvyear in 2011
ftpftpcmdlnoaagovccgco2trends
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Year
actual valueat 10 ppmvyearat 15 ppmvyearat 25 ppmvyear
CO2 concentration in the future (ppmv)
global temperaturemay be up by 2oC
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
-Accelerated Climate Change-Mass extinctions-Ecosystems breakdowns-Large scale discontinuities
At the rate of 15 ppmv of CO2 increase per year 400 ppmv CO2 will be reached in 2017 and it is probable that the global temperature would go up by 2oC (compare it with the 001oC per decade estimate by WWF)
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Some say forget about the 2oC The limit is not 400 ppmv CO2
It is 550 ppmv CO2 (which is nearly twice the pre-industrial value)
which we may reach not
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
350
400
450
500
550
600
2000 2025 2050 2075 2100
Year
actual valueat 10 ppmvyearat 18 ppmvyearat 25 ppmvyear
CO2 concentration in the future (ppmv)
We are lucky Are we
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
Computer models of future CO2 emissions and controls on atmospheric CO2 have been developed by CCSP
These models indicate that projected annual global emissions during the next century would need to be reduced by more than 7575 in order to stabilize atmospheric CO2 at about 550 ppm550 ppm
According to the CCSP stabilizing atmospheric CO2 would require a transformation of the global energy require a transformation of the global energy system including reductions in the demand for system including reductions in the demand for energy and changes in the mix of energy technology energy and changes in the mix of energy technology and fuelsand fuels
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Discussion Point 5
Should we place a upper sealing limit on the global CO2 emissions to ensure sustainable development
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Sustainable Limit Calculations
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
1 Virgin material supply limit To stabilize the atmospheric CO2 concentration below approximately 550 ppmv by the year 2100 global anthropogenic emissions must be limited to about 7 to 8 x 1012 kg (= 7 to 8 giga tonnes) of C per year (IPCC 1996)
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
2 Allocation of virgin material Each of the average 75 billion people on the planet over the next 50 years is allocated an equal share of carbon emissions
That is roughly 1 tonne (1000 kg) of C equivalents per person per year
which is roughly 38 tonne of CO2 equivalents per person per year
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
NorwaySingapore
Japan
Iceland
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
UNDP defined Human Development Index (HDI)
HDI = LI3
+ EI3
+ GDPI3
LI (Life Index) = Life Expectancy - 25
85 - 25
GDPI (GDP Index) =ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100)
ln(40000) - ln(100)
EI (Education Index) = 2 Adult Literacy
3 100
1 School Enrollment
3 100+
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI 2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
Sustainable limit
HDI gt 08
Unsustainable amount of per capita CO2 emissions
are required to reach super high HDI (gt 09)
USA
Sri Lanka
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 6
How to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
But we replace our forests with cities highways amp golf courses
Emissions Reduction Option 1 Increase the use of carbon sinks (such as forests where 70 of all photosynthesis occurs)
Stop destroying forests and grow more trees
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The forest cover is already too small to help reducing global warming
How long does it take to grow a tree like this
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 2 Change to non-CO2 emitting energy sources
What are theyNuclear HydroRenewables (Geothermal Solar
Wave Tidal Wind Biomass and Biogas) Muscle Power
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in 1015 BTU)
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Fossil fuels
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
There is no immediate financial benefits for a switch to renewable energy in the profit-oriented energy markets
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear
Renewableenergy
Projection of World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
United States Energy Information Administration 2011
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
More people
More pollution
Emissions Reduction Option 3 Reduce Population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
If you are in USA you will be lighting 185 bulbs each with 200 W power
If you are in China you will be lighting 3 bulbs each with 200 W power
Electricity use in 2006
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Consequenceshelliphelliphelliphellip
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Consequenceshelliphelliphelliphellip
Source httpearthtrendswriorg
bull Persistent flooding is causing the submergence of the Carteret Islandsbull Saltwater intrusion is contaminating the islands freshwater supply and preventing the growth of crops bull The islands were declared uninhabitable by the government in 2005 and expected to be completely submerged by 2015
Worldrsquos first environmental refugees from Carteret Islands Papua New Guinea
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
bull death of coral reefs
bull fewer cubs for polar bears
bull spread of dengue and other diseases
bull heavy rains amp severe draughts
bull fires floods storms amp hurricanes
bull changed rainfall patterns
bull warming and aridity
bull loss of biodiversity
Consequenceshelliphelliphelliphellip
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year
Rate of increase of CO2 concentration (in ppmvyear)
18 ppmvyear in 2011
ftpftpcmdlnoaagovccgco2trends
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Year
actual valueat 10 ppmvyearat 15 ppmvyearat 25 ppmvyear
CO2 concentration in the future (ppmv)
global temperaturemay be up by 2oC
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
-Accelerated Climate Change-Mass extinctions-Ecosystems breakdowns-Large scale discontinuities
At the rate of 15 ppmv of CO2 increase per year 400 ppmv CO2 will be reached in 2017 and it is probable that the global temperature would go up by 2oC (compare it with the 001oC per decade estimate by WWF)
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Some say forget about the 2oC The limit is not 400 ppmv CO2
It is 550 ppmv CO2 (which is nearly twice the pre-industrial value)
which we may reach not
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
350
400
450
500
550
600
2000 2025 2050 2075 2100
Year
actual valueat 10 ppmvyearat 18 ppmvyearat 25 ppmvyear
CO2 concentration in the future (ppmv)
We are lucky Are we
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
Computer models of future CO2 emissions and controls on atmospheric CO2 have been developed by CCSP
These models indicate that projected annual global emissions during the next century would need to be reduced by more than 7575 in order to stabilize atmospheric CO2 at about 550 ppm550 ppm
According to the CCSP stabilizing atmospheric CO2 would require a transformation of the global energy require a transformation of the global energy system including reductions in the demand for system including reductions in the demand for energy and changes in the mix of energy technology energy and changes in the mix of energy technology and fuelsand fuels
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Discussion Point 5
Should we place a upper sealing limit on the global CO2 emissions to ensure sustainable development
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Sustainable Limit Calculations
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
1 Virgin material supply limit To stabilize the atmospheric CO2 concentration below approximately 550 ppmv by the year 2100 global anthropogenic emissions must be limited to about 7 to 8 x 1012 kg (= 7 to 8 giga tonnes) of C per year (IPCC 1996)
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
2 Allocation of virgin material Each of the average 75 billion people on the planet over the next 50 years is allocated an equal share of carbon emissions
That is roughly 1 tonne (1000 kg) of C equivalents per person per year
which is roughly 38 tonne of CO2 equivalents per person per year
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
NorwaySingapore
Japan
Iceland
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
UNDP defined Human Development Index (HDI)
HDI = LI3
+ EI3
+ GDPI3
LI (Life Index) = Life Expectancy - 25
85 - 25
GDPI (GDP Index) =ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100)
ln(40000) - ln(100)
EI (Education Index) = 2 Adult Literacy
3 100
1 School Enrollment
3 100+
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI 2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
Sustainable limit
HDI gt 08
Unsustainable amount of per capita CO2 emissions
are required to reach super high HDI (gt 09)
USA
Sri Lanka
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 6
How to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
But we replace our forests with cities highways amp golf courses
Emissions Reduction Option 1 Increase the use of carbon sinks (such as forests where 70 of all photosynthesis occurs)
Stop destroying forests and grow more trees
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The forest cover is already too small to help reducing global warming
How long does it take to grow a tree like this
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 2 Change to non-CO2 emitting energy sources
What are theyNuclear HydroRenewables (Geothermal Solar
Wave Tidal Wind Biomass and Biogas) Muscle Power
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in 1015 BTU)
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Fossil fuels
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
There is no immediate financial benefits for a switch to renewable energy in the profit-oriented energy markets
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear
Renewableenergy
Projection of World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
United States Energy Information Administration 2011
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
More people
More pollution
Emissions Reduction Option 3 Reduce Population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
If you are in USA you will be lighting 185 bulbs each with 200 W power
If you are in China you will be lighting 3 bulbs each with 200 W power
Electricity use in 2006
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Consequenceshelliphelliphelliphellip
Source httpearthtrendswriorg
bull Persistent flooding is causing the submergence of the Carteret Islandsbull Saltwater intrusion is contaminating the islands freshwater supply and preventing the growth of crops bull The islands were declared uninhabitable by the government in 2005 and expected to be completely submerged by 2015
Worldrsquos first environmental refugees from Carteret Islands Papua New Guinea
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
bull death of coral reefs
bull fewer cubs for polar bears
bull spread of dengue and other diseases
bull heavy rains amp severe draughts
bull fires floods storms amp hurricanes
bull changed rainfall patterns
bull warming and aridity
bull loss of biodiversity
Consequenceshelliphelliphelliphellip
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year
Rate of increase of CO2 concentration (in ppmvyear)
18 ppmvyear in 2011
ftpftpcmdlnoaagovccgco2trends
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Year
actual valueat 10 ppmvyearat 15 ppmvyearat 25 ppmvyear
CO2 concentration in the future (ppmv)
global temperaturemay be up by 2oC
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
-Accelerated Climate Change-Mass extinctions-Ecosystems breakdowns-Large scale discontinuities
At the rate of 15 ppmv of CO2 increase per year 400 ppmv CO2 will be reached in 2017 and it is probable that the global temperature would go up by 2oC (compare it with the 001oC per decade estimate by WWF)
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Some say forget about the 2oC The limit is not 400 ppmv CO2
It is 550 ppmv CO2 (which is nearly twice the pre-industrial value)
which we may reach not
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
350
400
450
500
550
600
2000 2025 2050 2075 2100
Year
actual valueat 10 ppmvyearat 18 ppmvyearat 25 ppmvyear
CO2 concentration in the future (ppmv)
We are lucky Are we
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
Computer models of future CO2 emissions and controls on atmospheric CO2 have been developed by CCSP
These models indicate that projected annual global emissions during the next century would need to be reduced by more than 7575 in order to stabilize atmospheric CO2 at about 550 ppm550 ppm
According to the CCSP stabilizing atmospheric CO2 would require a transformation of the global energy require a transformation of the global energy system including reductions in the demand for system including reductions in the demand for energy and changes in the mix of energy technology energy and changes in the mix of energy technology and fuelsand fuels
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Discussion Point 5
Should we place a upper sealing limit on the global CO2 emissions to ensure sustainable development
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Sustainable Limit Calculations
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
1 Virgin material supply limit To stabilize the atmospheric CO2 concentration below approximately 550 ppmv by the year 2100 global anthropogenic emissions must be limited to about 7 to 8 x 1012 kg (= 7 to 8 giga tonnes) of C per year (IPCC 1996)
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
2 Allocation of virgin material Each of the average 75 billion people on the planet over the next 50 years is allocated an equal share of carbon emissions
That is roughly 1 tonne (1000 kg) of C equivalents per person per year
which is roughly 38 tonne of CO2 equivalents per person per year
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
NorwaySingapore
Japan
Iceland
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
UNDP defined Human Development Index (HDI)
HDI = LI3
+ EI3
+ GDPI3
LI (Life Index) = Life Expectancy - 25
85 - 25
GDPI (GDP Index) =ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100)
ln(40000) - ln(100)
EI (Education Index) = 2 Adult Literacy
3 100
1 School Enrollment
3 100+
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI 2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
Sustainable limit
HDI gt 08
Unsustainable amount of per capita CO2 emissions
are required to reach super high HDI (gt 09)
USA
Sri Lanka
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 6
How to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
But we replace our forests with cities highways amp golf courses
Emissions Reduction Option 1 Increase the use of carbon sinks (such as forests where 70 of all photosynthesis occurs)
Stop destroying forests and grow more trees
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The forest cover is already too small to help reducing global warming
How long does it take to grow a tree like this
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 2 Change to non-CO2 emitting energy sources
What are theyNuclear HydroRenewables (Geothermal Solar
Wave Tidal Wind Biomass and Biogas) Muscle Power
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in 1015 BTU)
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Fossil fuels
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
There is no immediate financial benefits for a switch to renewable energy in the profit-oriented energy markets
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear
Renewableenergy
Projection of World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
United States Energy Information Administration 2011
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
More people
More pollution
Emissions Reduction Option 3 Reduce Population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
If you are in USA you will be lighting 185 bulbs each with 200 W power
If you are in China you will be lighting 3 bulbs each with 200 W power
Electricity use in 2006
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
bull death of coral reefs
bull fewer cubs for polar bears
bull spread of dengue and other diseases
bull heavy rains amp severe draughts
bull fires floods storms amp hurricanes
bull changed rainfall patterns
bull warming and aridity
bull loss of biodiversity
Consequenceshelliphelliphelliphellip
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year
Rate of increase of CO2 concentration (in ppmvyear)
18 ppmvyear in 2011
ftpftpcmdlnoaagovccgco2trends
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Year
actual valueat 10 ppmvyearat 15 ppmvyearat 25 ppmvyear
CO2 concentration in the future (ppmv)
global temperaturemay be up by 2oC
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
-Accelerated Climate Change-Mass extinctions-Ecosystems breakdowns-Large scale discontinuities
At the rate of 15 ppmv of CO2 increase per year 400 ppmv CO2 will be reached in 2017 and it is probable that the global temperature would go up by 2oC (compare it with the 001oC per decade estimate by WWF)
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Some say forget about the 2oC The limit is not 400 ppmv CO2
It is 550 ppmv CO2 (which is nearly twice the pre-industrial value)
which we may reach not
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
350
400
450
500
550
600
2000 2025 2050 2075 2100
Year
actual valueat 10 ppmvyearat 18 ppmvyearat 25 ppmvyear
CO2 concentration in the future (ppmv)
We are lucky Are we
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
Computer models of future CO2 emissions and controls on atmospheric CO2 have been developed by CCSP
These models indicate that projected annual global emissions during the next century would need to be reduced by more than 7575 in order to stabilize atmospheric CO2 at about 550 ppm550 ppm
According to the CCSP stabilizing atmospheric CO2 would require a transformation of the global energy require a transformation of the global energy system including reductions in the demand for system including reductions in the demand for energy and changes in the mix of energy technology energy and changes in the mix of energy technology and fuelsand fuels
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Discussion Point 5
Should we place a upper sealing limit on the global CO2 emissions to ensure sustainable development
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Sustainable Limit Calculations
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
1 Virgin material supply limit To stabilize the atmospheric CO2 concentration below approximately 550 ppmv by the year 2100 global anthropogenic emissions must be limited to about 7 to 8 x 1012 kg (= 7 to 8 giga tonnes) of C per year (IPCC 1996)
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
2 Allocation of virgin material Each of the average 75 billion people on the planet over the next 50 years is allocated an equal share of carbon emissions
That is roughly 1 tonne (1000 kg) of C equivalents per person per year
which is roughly 38 tonne of CO2 equivalents per person per year
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
NorwaySingapore
Japan
Iceland
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
UNDP defined Human Development Index (HDI)
HDI = LI3
+ EI3
+ GDPI3
LI (Life Index) = Life Expectancy - 25
85 - 25
GDPI (GDP Index) =ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100)
ln(40000) - ln(100)
EI (Education Index) = 2 Adult Literacy
3 100
1 School Enrollment
3 100+
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI 2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
Sustainable limit
HDI gt 08
Unsustainable amount of per capita CO2 emissions
are required to reach super high HDI (gt 09)
USA
Sri Lanka
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 6
How to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
But we replace our forests with cities highways amp golf courses
Emissions Reduction Option 1 Increase the use of carbon sinks (such as forests where 70 of all photosynthesis occurs)
Stop destroying forests and grow more trees
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The forest cover is already too small to help reducing global warming
How long does it take to grow a tree like this
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 2 Change to non-CO2 emitting energy sources
What are theyNuclear HydroRenewables (Geothermal Solar
Wave Tidal Wind Biomass and Biogas) Muscle Power
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in 1015 BTU)
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Fossil fuels
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
There is no immediate financial benefits for a switch to renewable energy in the profit-oriented energy markets
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear
Renewableenergy
Projection of World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
United States Energy Information Administration 2011
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
More people
More pollution
Emissions Reduction Option 3 Reduce Population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
If you are in USA you will be lighting 185 bulbs each with 200 W power
If you are in China you will be lighting 3 bulbs each with 200 W power
Electricity use in 2006
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year
Rate of increase of CO2 concentration (in ppmvyear)
18 ppmvyear in 2011
ftpftpcmdlnoaagovccgco2trends
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Year
actual valueat 10 ppmvyearat 15 ppmvyearat 25 ppmvyear
CO2 concentration in the future (ppmv)
global temperaturemay be up by 2oC
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
-Accelerated Climate Change-Mass extinctions-Ecosystems breakdowns-Large scale discontinuities
At the rate of 15 ppmv of CO2 increase per year 400 ppmv CO2 will be reached in 2017 and it is probable that the global temperature would go up by 2oC (compare it with the 001oC per decade estimate by WWF)
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Some say forget about the 2oC The limit is not 400 ppmv CO2
It is 550 ppmv CO2 (which is nearly twice the pre-industrial value)
which we may reach not
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
350
400
450
500
550
600
2000 2025 2050 2075 2100
Year
actual valueat 10 ppmvyearat 18 ppmvyearat 25 ppmvyear
CO2 concentration in the future (ppmv)
We are lucky Are we
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
Computer models of future CO2 emissions and controls on atmospheric CO2 have been developed by CCSP
These models indicate that projected annual global emissions during the next century would need to be reduced by more than 7575 in order to stabilize atmospheric CO2 at about 550 ppm550 ppm
According to the CCSP stabilizing atmospheric CO2 would require a transformation of the global energy require a transformation of the global energy system including reductions in the demand for system including reductions in the demand for energy and changes in the mix of energy technology energy and changes in the mix of energy technology and fuelsand fuels
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Discussion Point 5
Should we place a upper sealing limit on the global CO2 emissions to ensure sustainable development
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Sustainable Limit Calculations
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
1 Virgin material supply limit To stabilize the atmospheric CO2 concentration below approximately 550 ppmv by the year 2100 global anthropogenic emissions must be limited to about 7 to 8 x 1012 kg (= 7 to 8 giga tonnes) of C per year (IPCC 1996)
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
2 Allocation of virgin material Each of the average 75 billion people on the planet over the next 50 years is allocated an equal share of carbon emissions
That is roughly 1 tonne (1000 kg) of C equivalents per person per year
which is roughly 38 tonne of CO2 equivalents per person per year
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
NorwaySingapore
Japan
Iceland
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
UNDP defined Human Development Index (HDI)
HDI = LI3
+ EI3
+ GDPI3
LI (Life Index) = Life Expectancy - 25
85 - 25
GDPI (GDP Index) =ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100)
ln(40000) - ln(100)
EI (Education Index) = 2 Adult Literacy
3 100
1 School Enrollment
3 100+
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI 2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
Sustainable limit
HDI gt 08
Unsustainable amount of per capita CO2 emissions
are required to reach super high HDI (gt 09)
USA
Sri Lanka
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 6
How to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
But we replace our forests with cities highways amp golf courses
Emissions Reduction Option 1 Increase the use of carbon sinks (such as forests where 70 of all photosynthesis occurs)
Stop destroying forests and grow more trees
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The forest cover is already too small to help reducing global warming
How long does it take to grow a tree like this
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 2 Change to non-CO2 emitting energy sources
What are theyNuclear HydroRenewables (Geothermal Solar
Wave Tidal Wind Biomass and Biogas) Muscle Power
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in 1015 BTU)
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Fossil fuels
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
There is no immediate financial benefits for a switch to renewable energy in the profit-oriented energy markets
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear
Renewableenergy
Projection of World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
United States Energy Information Administration 2011
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
More people
More pollution
Emissions Reduction Option 3 Reduce Population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
If you are in USA you will be lighting 185 bulbs each with 200 W power
If you are in China you will be lighting 3 bulbs each with 200 W power
Electricity use in 2006
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Year
actual valueat 10 ppmvyearat 15 ppmvyearat 25 ppmvyear
CO2 concentration in the future (ppmv)
global temperaturemay be up by 2oC
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
-Accelerated Climate Change-Mass extinctions-Ecosystems breakdowns-Large scale discontinuities
At the rate of 15 ppmv of CO2 increase per year 400 ppmv CO2 will be reached in 2017 and it is probable that the global temperature would go up by 2oC (compare it with the 001oC per decade estimate by WWF)
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Some say forget about the 2oC The limit is not 400 ppmv CO2
It is 550 ppmv CO2 (which is nearly twice the pre-industrial value)
which we may reach not
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
350
400
450
500
550
600
2000 2025 2050 2075 2100
Year
actual valueat 10 ppmvyearat 18 ppmvyearat 25 ppmvyear
CO2 concentration in the future (ppmv)
We are lucky Are we
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
Computer models of future CO2 emissions and controls on atmospheric CO2 have been developed by CCSP
These models indicate that projected annual global emissions during the next century would need to be reduced by more than 7575 in order to stabilize atmospheric CO2 at about 550 ppm550 ppm
According to the CCSP stabilizing atmospheric CO2 would require a transformation of the global energy require a transformation of the global energy system including reductions in the demand for system including reductions in the demand for energy and changes in the mix of energy technology energy and changes in the mix of energy technology and fuelsand fuels
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Discussion Point 5
Should we place a upper sealing limit on the global CO2 emissions to ensure sustainable development
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Sustainable Limit Calculations
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
1 Virgin material supply limit To stabilize the atmospheric CO2 concentration below approximately 550 ppmv by the year 2100 global anthropogenic emissions must be limited to about 7 to 8 x 1012 kg (= 7 to 8 giga tonnes) of C per year (IPCC 1996)
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
2 Allocation of virgin material Each of the average 75 billion people on the planet over the next 50 years is allocated an equal share of carbon emissions
That is roughly 1 tonne (1000 kg) of C equivalents per person per year
which is roughly 38 tonne of CO2 equivalents per person per year
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
NorwaySingapore
Japan
Iceland
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
UNDP defined Human Development Index (HDI)
HDI = LI3
+ EI3
+ GDPI3
LI (Life Index) = Life Expectancy - 25
85 - 25
GDPI (GDP Index) =ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100)
ln(40000) - ln(100)
EI (Education Index) = 2 Adult Literacy
3 100
1 School Enrollment
3 100+
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI 2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
Sustainable limit
HDI gt 08
Unsustainable amount of per capita CO2 emissions
are required to reach super high HDI (gt 09)
USA
Sri Lanka
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 6
How to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
But we replace our forests with cities highways amp golf courses
Emissions Reduction Option 1 Increase the use of carbon sinks (such as forests where 70 of all photosynthesis occurs)
Stop destroying forests and grow more trees
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The forest cover is already too small to help reducing global warming
How long does it take to grow a tree like this
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 2 Change to non-CO2 emitting energy sources
What are theyNuclear HydroRenewables (Geothermal Solar
Wave Tidal Wind Biomass and Biogas) Muscle Power
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in 1015 BTU)
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Fossil fuels
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
There is no immediate financial benefits for a switch to renewable energy in the profit-oriented energy markets
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear
Renewableenergy
Projection of World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
United States Energy Information Administration 2011
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
More people
More pollution
Emissions Reduction Option 3 Reduce Population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
If you are in USA you will be lighting 185 bulbs each with 200 W power
If you are in China you will be lighting 3 bulbs each with 200 W power
Electricity use in 2006
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
-Accelerated Climate Change-Mass extinctions-Ecosystems breakdowns-Large scale discontinuities
At the rate of 15 ppmv of CO2 increase per year 400 ppmv CO2 will be reached in 2017 and it is probable that the global temperature would go up by 2oC (compare it with the 001oC per decade estimate by WWF)
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Some say forget about the 2oC The limit is not 400 ppmv CO2
It is 550 ppmv CO2 (which is nearly twice the pre-industrial value)
which we may reach not
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
350
400
450
500
550
600
2000 2025 2050 2075 2100
Year
actual valueat 10 ppmvyearat 18 ppmvyearat 25 ppmvyear
CO2 concentration in the future (ppmv)
We are lucky Are we
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
Computer models of future CO2 emissions and controls on atmospheric CO2 have been developed by CCSP
These models indicate that projected annual global emissions during the next century would need to be reduced by more than 7575 in order to stabilize atmospheric CO2 at about 550 ppm550 ppm
According to the CCSP stabilizing atmospheric CO2 would require a transformation of the global energy require a transformation of the global energy system including reductions in the demand for system including reductions in the demand for energy and changes in the mix of energy technology energy and changes in the mix of energy technology and fuelsand fuels
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Discussion Point 5
Should we place a upper sealing limit on the global CO2 emissions to ensure sustainable development
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Sustainable Limit Calculations
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
1 Virgin material supply limit To stabilize the atmospheric CO2 concentration below approximately 550 ppmv by the year 2100 global anthropogenic emissions must be limited to about 7 to 8 x 1012 kg (= 7 to 8 giga tonnes) of C per year (IPCC 1996)
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
2 Allocation of virgin material Each of the average 75 billion people on the planet over the next 50 years is allocated an equal share of carbon emissions
That is roughly 1 tonne (1000 kg) of C equivalents per person per year
which is roughly 38 tonne of CO2 equivalents per person per year
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
NorwaySingapore
Japan
Iceland
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
UNDP defined Human Development Index (HDI)
HDI = LI3
+ EI3
+ GDPI3
LI (Life Index) = Life Expectancy - 25
85 - 25
GDPI (GDP Index) =ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100)
ln(40000) - ln(100)
EI (Education Index) = 2 Adult Literacy
3 100
1 School Enrollment
3 100+
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI 2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
Sustainable limit
HDI gt 08
Unsustainable amount of per capita CO2 emissions
are required to reach super high HDI (gt 09)
USA
Sri Lanka
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 6
How to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
But we replace our forests with cities highways amp golf courses
Emissions Reduction Option 1 Increase the use of carbon sinks (such as forests where 70 of all photosynthesis occurs)
Stop destroying forests and grow more trees
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The forest cover is already too small to help reducing global warming
How long does it take to grow a tree like this
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 2 Change to non-CO2 emitting energy sources
What are theyNuclear HydroRenewables (Geothermal Solar
Wave Tidal Wind Biomass and Biogas) Muscle Power
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in 1015 BTU)
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Fossil fuels
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
There is no immediate financial benefits for a switch to renewable energy in the profit-oriented energy markets
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear
Renewableenergy
Projection of World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
United States Energy Information Administration 2011
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
More people
More pollution
Emissions Reduction Option 3 Reduce Population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
If you are in USA you will be lighting 185 bulbs each with 200 W power
If you are in China you will be lighting 3 bulbs each with 200 W power
Electricity use in 2006
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Some say forget about the 2oC The limit is not 400 ppmv CO2
It is 550 ppmv CO2 (which is nearly twice the pre-industrial value)
which we may reach not
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
350
400
450
500
550
600
2000 2025 2050 2075 2100
Year
actual valueat 10 ppmvyearat 18 ppmvyearat 25 ppmvyear
CO2 concentration in the future (ppmv)
We are lucky Are we
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
Computer models of future CO2 emissions and controls on atmospheric CO2 have been developed by CCSP
These models indicate that projected annual global emissions during the next century would need to be reduced by more than 7575 in order to stabilize atmospheric CO2 at about 550 ppm550 ppm
According to the CCSP stabilizing atmospheric CO2 would require a transformation of the global energy require a transformation of the global energy system including reductions in the demand for system including reductions in the demand for energy and changes in the mix of energy technology energy and changes in the mix of energy technology and fuelsand fuels
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Discussion Point 5
Should we place a upper sealing limit on the global CO2 emissions to ensure sustainable development
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Sustainable Limit Calculations
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
1 Virgin material supply limit To stabilize the atmospheric CO2 concentration below approximately 550 ppmv by the year 2100 global anthropogenic emissions must be limited to about 7 to 8 x 1012 kg (= 7 to 8 giga tonnes) of C per year (IPCC 1996)
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
2 Allocation of virgin material Each of the average 75 billion people on the planet over the next 50 years is allocated an equal share of carbon emissions
That is roughly 1 tonne (1000 kg) of C equivalents per person per year
which is roughly 38 tonne of CO2 equivalents per person per year
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
NorwaySingapore
Japan
Iceland
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
UNDP defined Human Development Index (HDI)
HDI = LI3
+ EI3
+ GDPI3
LI (Life Index) = Life Expectancy - 25
85 - 25
GDPI (GDP Index) =ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100)
ln(40000) - ln(100)
EI (Education Index) = 2 Adult Literacy
3 100
1 School Enrollment
3 100+
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI 2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
Sustainable limit
HDI gt 08
Unsustainable amount of per capita CO2 emissions
are required to reach super high HDI (gt 09)
USA
Sri Lanka
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 6
How to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
But we replace our forests with cities highways amp golf courses
Emissions Reduction Option 1 Increase the use of carbon sinks (such as forests where 70 of all photosynthesis occurs)
Stop destroying forests and grow more trees
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The forest cover is already too small to help reducing global warming
How long does it take to grow a tree like this
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 2 Change to non-CO2 emitting energy sources
What are theyNuclear HydroRenewables (Geothermal Solar
Wave Tidal Wind Biomass and Biogas) Muscle Power
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in 1015 BTU)
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Fossil fuels
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
There is no immediate financial benefits for a switch to renewable energy in the profit-oriented energy markets
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear
Renewableenergy
Projection of World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
United States Energy Information Administration 2011
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
More people
More pollution
Emissions Reduction Option 3 Reduce Population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
If you are in USA you will be lighting 185 bulbs each with 200 W power
If you are in China you will be lighting 3 bulbs each with 200 W power
Electricity use in 2006
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
350
400
450
500
550
600
2000 2025 2050 2075 2100
Year
actual valueat 10 ppmvyearat 18 ppmvyearat 25 ppmvyear
CO2 concentration in the future (ppmv)
We are lucky Are we
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
Computer models of future CO2 emissions and controls on atmospheric CO2 have been developed by CCSP
These models indicate that projected annual global emissions during the next century would need to be reduced by more than 7575 in order to stabilize atmospheric CO2 at about 550 ppm550 ppm
According to the CCSP stabilizing atmospheric CO2 would require a transformation of the global energy require a transformation of the global energy system including reductions in the demand for system including reductions in the demand for energy and changes in the mix of energy technology energy and changes in the mix of energy technology and fuelsand fuels
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Discussion Point 5
Should we place a upper sealing limit on the global CO2 emissions to ensure sustainable development
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Sustainable Limit Calculations
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
1 Virgin material supply limit To stabilize the atmospheric CO2 concentration below approximately 550 ppmv by the year 2100 global anthropogenic emissions must be limited to about 7 to 8 x 1012 kg (= 7 to 8 giga tonnes) of C per year (IPCC 1996)
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
2 Allocation of virgin material Each of the average 75 billion people on the planet over the next 50 years is allocated an equal share of carbon emissions
That is roughly 1 tonne (1000 kg) of C equivalents per person per year
which is roughly 38 tonne of CO2 equivalents per person per year
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
NorwaySingapore
Japan
Iceland
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
UNDP defined Human Development Index (HDI)
HDI = LI3
+ EI3
+ GDPI3
LI (Life Index) = Life Expectancy - 25
85 - 25
GDPI (GDP Index) =ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100)
ln(40000) - ln(100)
EI (Education Index) = 2 Adult Literacy
3 100
1 School Enrollment
3 100+
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI 2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
Sustainable limit
HDI gt 08
Unsustainable amount of per capita CO2 emissions
are required to reach super high HDI (gt 09)
USA
Sri Lanka
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 6
How to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
But we replace our forests with cities highways amp golf courses
Emissions Reduction Option 1 Increase the use of carbon sinks (such as forests where 70 of all photosynthesis occurs)
Stop destroying forests and grow more trees
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The forest cover is already too small to help reducing global warming
How long does it take to grow a tree like this
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 2 Change to non-CO2 emitting energy sources
What are theyNuclear HydroRenewables (Geothermal Solar
Wave Tidal Wind Biomass and Biogas) Muscle Power
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in 1015 BTU)
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Fossil fuels
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
There is no immediate financial benefits for a switch to renewable energy in the profit-oriented energy markets
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear
Renewableenergy
Projection of World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
United States Energy Information Administration 2011
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
More people
More pollution
Emissions Reduction Option 3 Reduce Population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
If you are in USA you will be lighting 185 bulbs each with 200 W power
If you are in China you will be lighting 3 bulbs each with 200 W power
Electricity use in 2006
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
Computer models of future CO2 emissions and controls on atmospheric CO2 have been developed by CCSP
These models indicate that projected annual global emissions during the next century would need to be reduced by more than 7575 in order to stabilize atmospheric CO2 at about 550 ppm550 ppm
According to the CCSP stabilizing atmospheric CO2 would require a transformation of the global energy require a transformation of the global energy system including reductions in the demand for system including reductions in the demand for energy and changes in the mix of energy technology energy and changes in the mix of energy technology and fuelsand fuels
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Discussion Point 5
Should we place a upper sealing limit on the global CO2 emissions to ensure sustainable development
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Sustainable Limit Calculations
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
1 Virgin material supply limit To stabilize the atmospheric CO2 concentration below approximately 550 ppmv by the year 2100 global anthropogenic emissions must be limited to about 7 to 8 x 1012 kg (= 7 to 8 giga tonnes) of C per year (IPCC 1996)
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
2 Allocation of virgin material Each of the average 75 billion people on the planet over the next 50 years is allocated an equal share of carbon emissions
That is roughly 1 tonne (1000 kg) of C equivalents per person per year
which is roughly 38 tonne of CO2 equivalents per person per year
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
NorwaySingapore
Japan
Iceland
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
UNDP defined Human Development Index (HDI)
HDI = LI3
+ EI3
+ GDPI3
LI (Life Index) = Life Expectancy - 25
85 - 25
GDPI (GDP Index) =ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100)
ln(40000) - ln(100)
EI (Education Index) = 2 Adult Literacy
3 100
1 School Enrollment
3 100+
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI 2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
Sustainable limit
HDI gt 08
Unsustainable amount of per capita CO2 emissions
are required to reach super high HDI (gt 09)
USA
Sri Lanka
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 6
How to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
But we replace our forests with cities highways amp golf courses
Emissions Reduction Option 1 Increase the use of carbon sinks (such as forests where 70 of all photosynthesis occurs)
Stop destroying forests and grow more trees
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The forest cover is already too small to help reducing global warming
How long does it take to grow a tree like this
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 2 Change to non-CO2 emitting energy sources
What are theyNuclear HydroRenewables (Geothermal Solar
Wave Tidal Wind Biomass and Biogas) Muscle Power
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in 1015 BTU)
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Fossil fuels
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
There is no immediate financial benefits for a switch to renewable energy in the profit-oriented energy markets
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear
Renewableenergy
Projection of World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
United States Energy Information Administration 2011
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
More people
More pollution
Emissions Reduction Option 3 Reduce Population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
If you are in USA you will be lighting 185 bulbs each with 200 W power
If you are in China you will be lighting 3 bulbs each with 200 W power
Electricity use in 2006
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Discussion Point 5
Should we place a upper sealing limit on the global CO2 emissions to ensure sustainable development
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Sustainable Limit Calculations
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
1 Virgin material supply limit To stabilize the atmospheric CO2 concentration below approximately 550 ppmv by the year 2100 global anthropogenic emissions must be limited to about 7 to 8 x 1012 kg (= 7 to 8 giga tonnes) of C per year (IPCC 1996)
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
2 Allocation of virgin material Each of the average 75 billion people on the planet over the next 50 years is allocated an equal share of carbon emissions
That is roughly 1 tonne (1000 kg) of C equivalents per person per year
which is roughly 38 tonne of CO2 equivalents per person per year
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
NorwaySingapore
Japan
Iceland
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
UNDP defined Human Development Index (HDI)
HDI = LI3
+ EI3
+ GDPI3
LI (Life Index) = Life Expectancy - 25
85 - 25
GDPI (GDP Index) =ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100)
ln(40000) - ln(100)
EI (Education Index) = 2 Adult Literacy
3 100
1 School Enrollment
3 100+
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI 2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
Sustainable limit
HDI gt 08
Unsustainable amount of per capita CO2 emissions
are required to reach super high HDI (gt 09)
USA
Sri Lanka
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 6
How to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
But we replace our forests with cities highways amp golf courses
Emissions Reduction Option 1 Increase the use of carbon sinks (such as forests where 70 of all photosynthesis occurs)
Stop destroying forests and grow more trees
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The forest cover is already too small to help reducing global warming
How long does it take to grow a tree like this
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 2 Change to non-CO2 emitting energy sources
What are theyNuclear HydroRenewables (Geothermal Solar
Wave Tidal Wind Biomass and Biogas) Muscle Power
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in 1015 BTU)
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Fossil fuels
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
There is no immediate financial benefits for a switch to renewable energy in the profit-oriented energy markets
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear
Renewableenergy
Projection of World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
United States Energy Information Administration 2011
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
More people
More pollution
Emissions Reduction Option 3 Reduce Population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
If you are in USA you will be lighting 185 bulbs each with 200 W power
If you are in China you will be lighting 3 bulbs each with 200 W power
Electricity use in 2006
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Sustainable Limit Calculations
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
1 Virgin material supply limit To stabilize the atmospheric CO2 concentration below approximately 550 ppmv by the year 2100 global anthropogenic emissions must be limited to about 7 to 8 x 1012 kg (= 7 to 8 giga tonnes) of C per year (IPCC 1996)
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
2 Allocation of virgin material Each of the average 75 billion people on the planet over the next 50 years is allocated an equal share of carbon emissions
That is roughly 1 tonne (1000 kg) of C equivalents per person per year
which is roughly 38 tonne of CO2 equivalents per person per year
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
NorwaySingapore
Japan
Iceland
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
UNDP defined Human Development Index (HDI)
HDI = LI3
+ EI3
+ GDPI3
LI (Life Index) = Life Expectancy - 25
85 - 25
GDPI (GDP Index) =ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100)
ln(40000) - ln(100)
EI (Education Index) = 2 Adult Literacy
3 100
1 School Enrollment
3 100+
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI 2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
Sustainable limit
HDI gt 08
Unsustainable amount of per capita CO2 emissions
are required to reach super high HDI (gt 09)
USA
Sri Lanka
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 6
How to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
But we replace our forests with cities highways amp golf courses
Emissions Reduction Option 1 Increase the use of carbon sinks (such as forests where 70 of all photosynthesis occurs)
Stop destroying forests and grow more trees
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The forest cover is already too small to help reducing global warming
How long does it take to grow a tree like this
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 2 Change to non-CO2 emitting energy sources
What are theyNuclear HydroRenewables (Geothermal Solar
Wave Tidal Wind Biomass and Biogas) Muscle Power
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in 1015 BTU)
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Fossil fuels
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
There is no immediate financial benefits for a switch to renewable energy in the profit-oriented energy markets
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear
Renewableenergy
Projection of World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
United States Energy Information Administration 2011
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
More people
More pollution
Emissions Reduction Option 3 Reduce Population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
If you are in USA you will be lighting 185 bulbs each with 200 W power
If you are in China you will be lighting 3 bulbs each with 200 W power
Electricity use in 2006
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
1 Virgin material supply limit To stabilize the atmospheric CO2 concentration below approximately 550 ppmv by the year 2100 global anthropogenic emissions must be limited to about 7 to 8 x 1012 kg (= 7 to 8 giga tonnes) of C per year (IPCC 1996)
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
2 Allocation of virgin material Each of the average 75 billion people on the planet over the next 50 years is allocated an equal share of carbon emissions
That is roughly 1 tonne (1000 kg) of C equivalents per person per year
which is roughly 38 tonne of CO2 equivalents per person per year
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
NorwaySingapore
Japan
Iceland
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
UNDP defined Human Development Index (HDI)
HDI = LI3
+ EI3
+ GDPI3
LI (Life Index) = Life Expectancy - 25
85 - 25
GDPI (GDP Index) =ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100)
ln(40000) - ln(100)
EI (Education Index) = 2 Adult Literacy
3 100
1 School Enrollment
3 100+
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI 2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
Sustainable limit
HDI gt 08
Unsustainable amount of per capita CO2 emissions
are required to reach super high HDI (gt 09)
USA
Sri Lanka
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 6
How to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
But we replace our forests with cities highways amp golf courses
Emissions Reduction Option 1 Increase the use of carbon sinks (such as forests where 70 of all photosynthesis occurs)
Stop destroying forests and grow more trees
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The forest cover is already too small to help reducing global warming
How long does it take to grow a tree like this
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 2 Change to non-CO2 emitting energy sources
What are theyNuclear HydroRenewables (Geothermal Solar
Wave Tidal Wind Biomass and Biogas) Muscle Power
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in 1015 BTU)
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Fossil fuels
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
There is no immediate financial benefits for a switch to renewable energy in the profit-oriented energy markets
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear
Renewableenergy
Projection of World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
United States Energy Information Administration 2011
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
More people
More pollution
Emissions Reduction Option 3 Reduce Population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
If you are in USA you will be lighting 185 bulbs each with 200 W power
If you are in China you will be lighting 3 bulbs each with 200 W power
Electricity use in 2006
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
2 Allocation of virgin material Each of the average 75 billion people on the planet over the next 50 years is allocated an equal share of carbon emissions
That is roughly 1 tonne (1000 kg) of C equivalents per person per year
which is roughly 38 tonne of CO2 equivalents per person per year
Source Graedel TE and Klee RJ 2002 Getting serious about sustainability Env Sci amp Tech 36(4) 523-9
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
NorwaySingapore
Japan
Iceland
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
UNDP defined Human Development Index (HDI)
HDI = LI3
+ EI3
+ GDPI3
LI (Life Index) = Life Expectancy - 25
85 - 25
GDPI (GDP Index) =ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100)
ln(40000) - ln(100)
EI (Education Index) = 2 Adult Literacy
3 100
1 School Enrollment
3 100+
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI 2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
Sustainable limit
HDI gt 08
Unsustainable amount of per capita CO2 emissions
are required to reach super high HDI (gt 09)
USA
Sri Lanka
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 6
How to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
But we replace our forests with cities highways amp golf courses
Emissions Reduction Option 1 Increase the use of carbon sinks (such as forests where 70 of all photosynthesis occurs)
Stop destroying forests and grow more trees
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The forest cover is already too small to help reducing global warming
How long does it take to grow a tree like this
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 2 Change to non-CO2 emitting energy sources
What are theyNuclear HydroRenewables (Geothermal Solar
Wave Tidal Wind Biomass and Biogas) Muscle Power
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in 1015 BTU)
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Fossil fuels
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
There is no immediate financial benefits for a switch to renewable energy in the profit-oriented energy markets
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear
Renewableenergy
Projection of World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
United States Energy Information Administration 2011
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
More people
More pollution
Emissions Reduction Option 3 Reduce Population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
If you are in USA you will be lighting 185 bulbs each with 200 W power
If you are in China you will be lighting 3 bulbs each with 200 W power
Electricity use in 2006
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
NorwaySingapore
Japan
Iceland
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
UNDP defined Human Development Index (HDI)
HDI = LI3
+ EI3
+ GDPI3
LI (Life Index) = Life Expectancy - 25
85 - 25
GDPI (GDP Index) =ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100)
ln(40000) - ln(100)
EI (Education Index) = 2 Adult Literacy
3 100
1 School Enrollment
3 100+
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI 2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
Sustainable limit
HDI gt 08
Unsustainable amount of per capita CO2 emissions
are required to reach super high HDI (gt 09)
USA
Sri Lanka
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 6
How to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
But we replace our forests with cities highways amp golf courses
Emissions Reduction Option 1 Increase the use of carbon sinks (such as forests where 70 of all photosynthesis occurs)
Stop destroying forests and grow more trees
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The forest cover is already too small to help reducing global warming
How long does it take to grow a tree like this
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 2 Change to non-CO2 emitting energy sources
What are theyNuclear HydroRenewables (Geothermal Solar
Wave Tidal Wind Biomass and Biogas) Muscle Power
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in 1015 BTU)
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Fossil fuels
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
There is no immediate financial benefits for a switch to renewable energy in the profit-oriented energy markets
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear
Renewableenergy
Projection of World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
United States Energy Information Administration 2011
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
More people
More pollution
Emissions Reduction Option 3 Reduce Population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
If you are in USA you will be lighting 185 bulbs each with 200 W power
If you are in China you will be lighting 3 bulbs each with 200 W power
Electricity use in 2006
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
USA
Sri LankaSustainable limit
NorwaySingapore
Japan
Iceland
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
UNDP defined Human Development Index (HDI)
HDI = LI3
+ EI3
+ GDPI3
LI (Life Index) = Life Expectancy - 25
85 - 25
GDPI (GDP Index) =ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100)
ln(40000) - ln(100)
EI (Education Index) = 2 Adult Literacy
3 100
1 School Enrollment
3 100+
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI 2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
Sustainable limit
HDI gt 08
Unsustainable amount of per capita CO2 emissions
are required to reach super high HDI (gt 09)
USA
Sri Lanka
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 6
How to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
But we replace our forests with cities highways amp golf courses
Emissions Reduction Option 1 Increase the use of carbon sinks (such as forests where 70 of all photosynthesis occurs)
Stop destroying forests and grow more trees
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The forest cover is already too small to help reducing global warming
How long does it take to grow a tree like this
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 2 Change to non-CO2 emitting energy sources
What are theyNuclear HydroRenewables (Geothermal Solar
Wave Tidal Wind Biomass and Biogas) Muscle Power
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in 1015 BTU)
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Fossil fuels
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
There is no immediate financial benefits for a switch to renewable energy in the profit-oriented energy markets
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear
Renewableenergy
Projection of World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
United States Energy Information Administration 2011
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
More people
More pollution
Emissions Reduction Option 3 Reduce Population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
If you are in USA you will be lighting 185 bulbs each with 200 W power
If you are in China you will be lighting 3 bulbs each with 200 W power
Electricity use in 2006
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
UNDP defined Human Development Index (HDI)
HDI = LI3
+ EI3
+ GDPI3
LI (Life Index) = Life Expectancy - 25
85 - 25
GDPI (GDP Index) =ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100)
ln(40000) - ln(100)
EI (Education Index) = 2 Adult Literacy
3 100
1 School Enrollment
3 100+
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI 2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
Sustainable limit
HDI gt 08
Unsustainable amount of per capita CO2 emissions
are required to reach super high HDI (gt 09)
USA
Sri Lanka
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 6
How to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
But we replace our forests with cities highways amp golf courses
Emissions Reduction Option 1 Increase the use of carbon sinks (such as forests where 70 of all photosynthesis occurs)
Stop destroying forests and grow more trees
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The forest cover is already too small to help reducing global warming
How long does it take to grow a tree like this
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 2 Change to non-CO2 emitting energy sources
What are theyNuclear HydroRenewables (Geothermal Solar
Wave Tidal Wind Biomass and Biogas) Muscle Power
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in 1015 BTU)
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Fossil fuels
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
There is no immediate financial benefits for a switch to renewable energy in the profit-oriented energy markets
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear
Renewableenergy
Projection of World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
United States Energy Information Administration 2011
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
More people
More pollution
Emissions Reduction Option 3 Reduce Population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
If you are in USA you will be lighting 185 bulbs each with 200 W power
If you are in China you will be lighting 3 bulbs each with 200 W power
Electricity use in 2006
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1
HDI 2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources httphdrstatsundporgbuildtablesrc_reportcfm
Sustainable limit
HDI gt 08
Unsustainable amount of per capita CO2 emissions
are required to reach super high HDI (gt 09)
USA
Sri Lanka
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 6
How to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
But we replace our forests with cities highways amp golf courses
Emissions Reduction Option 1 Increase the use of carbon sinks (such as forests where 70 of all photosynthesis occurs)
Stop destroying forests and grow more trees
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The forest cover is already too small to help reducing global warming
How long does it take to grow a tree like this
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 2 Change to non-CO2 emitting energy sources
What are theyNuclear HydroRenewables (Geothermal Solar
Wave Tidal Wind Biomass and Biogas) Muscle Power
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in 1015 BTU)
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Fossil fuels
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
There is no immediate financial benefits for a switch to renewable energy in the profit-oriented energy markets
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear
Renewableenergy
Projection of World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
United States Energy Information Administration 2011
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
More people
More pollution
Emissions Reduction Option 3 Reduce Population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
If you are in USA you will be lighting 185 bulbs each with 200 W power
If you are in China you will be lighting 3 bulbs each with 200 W power
Electricity use in 2006
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 6
How to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
But we replace our forests with cities highways amp golf courses
Emissions Reduction Option 1 Increase the use of carbon sinks (such as forests where 70 of all photosynthesis occurs)
Stop destroying forests and grow more trees
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The forest cover is already too small to help reducing global warming
How long does it take to grow a tree like this
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 2 Change to non-CO2 emitting energy sources
What are theyNuclear HydroRenewables (Geothermal Solar
Wave Tidal Wind Biomass and Biogas) Muscle Power
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in 1015 BTU)
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Fossil fuels
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
There is no immediate financial benefits for a switch to renewable energy in the profit-oriented energy markets
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear
Renewableenergy
Projection of World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
United States Energy Information Administration 2011
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
More people
More pollution
Emissions Reduction Option 3 Reduce Population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
If you are in USA you will be lighting 185 bulbs each with 200 W power
If you are in China you will be lighting 3 bulbs each with 200 W power
Electricity use in 2006
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
But we replace our forests with cities highways amp golf courses
Emissions Reduction Option 1 Increase the use of carbon sinks (such as forests where 70 of all photosynthesis occurs)
Stop destroying forests and grow more trees
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The forest cover is already too small to help reducing global warming
How long does it take to grow a tree like this
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 2 Change to non-CO2 emitting energy sources
What are theyNuclear HydroRenewables (Geothermal Solar
Wave Tidal Wind Biomass and Biogas) Muscle Power
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in 1015 BTU)
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Fossil fuels
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
There is no immediate financial benefits for a switch to renewable energy in the profit-oriented energy markets
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear
Renewableenergy
Projection of World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
United States Energy Information Administration 2011
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
More people
More pollution
Emissions Reduction Option 3 Reduce Population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
If you are in USA you will be lighting 185 bulbs each with 200 W power
If you are in China you will be lighting 3 bulbs each with 200 W power
Electricity use in 2006
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The forest cover is already too small to help reducing global warming
How long does it take to grow a tree like this
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 2 Change to non-CO2 emitting energy sources
What are theyNuclear HydroRenewables (Geothermal Solar
Wave Tidal Wind Biomass and Biogas) Muscle Power
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in 1015 BTU)
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Fossil fuels
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
There is no immediate financial benefits for a switch to renewable energy in the profit-oriented energy markets
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear
Renewableenergy
Projection of World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
United States Energy Information Administration 2011
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
More people
More pollution
Emissions Reduction Option 3 Reduce Population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
If you are in USA you will be lighting 185 bulbs each with 200 W power
If you are in China you will be lighting 3 bulbs each with 200 W power
Electricity use in 2006
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 2 Change to non-CO2 emitting energy sources
What are theyNuclear HydroRenewables (Geothermal Solar
Wave Tidal Wind Biomass and Biogas) Muscle Power
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in 1015 BTU)
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Fossil fuels
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
There is no immediate financial benefits for a switch to renewable energy in the profit-oriented energy markets
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear
Renewableenergy
Projection of World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
United States Energy Information Administration 2011
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
More people
More pollution
Emissions Reduction Option 3 Reduce Population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
If you are in USA you will be lighting 185 bulbs each with 200 W power
If you are in China you will be lighting 3 bulbs each with 200 W power
Electricity use in 2006
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in 1015 BTU)
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Fossil fuels
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
There is no immediate financial benefits for a switch to renewable energy in the profit-oriented energy markets
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear
Renewableenergy
Projection of World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
United States Energy Information Administration 2011
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
More people
More pollution
Emissions Reduction Option 3 Reduce Population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
If you are in USA you will be lighting 185 bulbs each with 200 W power
If you are in China you will be lighting 3 bulbs each with 200 W power
Electricity use in 2006
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Petroleum
Coal
Dry Natural Gas
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear ElectricPower
Electric Power fromRenewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Fossil fuels
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
There is no immediate financial benefits for a switch to renewable energy in the profit-oriented energy markets
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear
Renewableenergy
Projection of World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
United States Energy Information Administration 2011
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
More people
More pollution
Emissions Reduction Option 3 Reduce Population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
If you are in USA you will be lighting 185 bulbs each with 200 W power
If you are in China you will be lighting 3 bulbs each with 200 W power
Electricity use in 2006
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Fossil fuels
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
There is no immediate financial benefits for a switch to renewable energy in the profit-oriented energy markets
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear
Renewableenergy
Projection of World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
United States Energy Information Administration 2011
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
More people
More pollution
Emissions Reduction Option 3 Reduce Population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
If you are in USA you will be lighting 185 bulbs each with 200 W power
If you are in China you will be lighting 3 bulbs each with 200 W power
Electricity use in 2006
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable18xls
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
There is no immediate financial benefits for a switch to renewable energy in the profit-oriented energy markets
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear
Renewableenergy
Projection of World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
United States Energy Information Administration 2011
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
More people
More pollution
Emissions Reduction Option 3 Reduce Population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
If you are in USA you will be lighting 185 bulbs each with 200 W power
If you are in China you will be lighting 3 bulbs each with 200 W power
Electricity use in 2006
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
There is no immediate financial benefits for a switch to renewable energy in the profit-oriented energy markets
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear
Renewableenergy
Projection of World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
United States Energy Information Administration 2011
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
More people
More pollution
Emissions Reduction Option 3 Reduce Population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
If you are in USA you will be lighting 185 bulbs each with 200 W power
If you are in China you will be lighting 3 bulbs each with 200 W power
Electricity use in 2006
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear
Renewableenergy
Projection of World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in )
United States Energy Information Administration 2011
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
More people
More pollution
Emissions Reduction Option 3 Reduce Population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
If you are in USA you will be lighting 185 bulbs each with 200 W power
If you are in China you will be lighting 3 bulbs each with 200 W power
Electricity use in 2006
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
More people
More pollution
Emissions Reduction Option 3 Reduce Population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
If you are in USA you will be lighting 185 bulbs each with 200 W power
If you are in China you will be lighting 3 bulbs each with 200 W power
Electricity use in 2006
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
If you are in USA you will be lighting 185 bulbs each with 200 W power
If you are in China you will be lighting 3 bulbs each with 200 W power
Electricity use in 2006
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
0102030405060708090
100
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Emissions Reduction Option 4 Carbon Capture amp Storage (CCS)
Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Advantage Problems
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
bull Well-characterized volumebull Known seal bull Potential fuel recovery to offset cost
bull Smallest capacity (~25 gigatons carbon)bull Limited in numberbull Requires infrastructure to transport CO2
Formations Containing Saline Water
bull Large capacity (~250 to 900 gigatons of carbon)bull Wide distribution
bull Poorly characterizedbull Greatest geologic uncertaintybull Unknown seal effectiveness
Unmineable Coal Beds
bull Adjacent to many large power plants (CO2 source)bull Potential fuel (methane) recovery to offset cost
bull Poorly characterizedbull Difficult to define unmineable coalbull Potential coal resources may be rendered unusable
httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
Environmental issues Potential for mobilization of ground-water contaminants leakage of CO2 and CO2-saturated saline water induced seismicity
Regulatory issues Determination of rules affecting injection wells multiple regulatory jurisdictions (State Federal local) post-injection ownership and liability
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012 httpgeologycomusgssequestration
US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)
The CCSP models illustrate the widely held view that sequestration is necessary but insufficient to control atmospheric CO2
Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 is likely to require substantial substantial changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon changes in energy sources and use as well as carbon managementmanagement
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Take 10 mins
Discussion Point 7
What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
Food for thought
What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability
1048707 Global climate change
1048707 Energy production and use
1048707 Food production
1048707 Resources depletion
1048707 Toxics in the environment
1048707 Making sustainable lifestyles attractive
Base for your CP551 project
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
ldquoScientists study the world as it is engineers create the world that never
has beenrdquo- Theodore von Karman
ldquosustainable engineering is about taking the world back to where it had been while making it more civilized
than it was thenrdquo- shanthini
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
Prof R Shanthini updated 18 Nov 2012
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus
ldquoYou may give men such gifts as are suitable but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortalsrdquo
ndash Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
