PROF. R. K.GHOSH, FAPS, FISWS,RAISWS

DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE

BIDHAN CHANDRA KRISHI VISWAVIDYALAYA,

MOHANPUR, NADIA, WEST BENGAL

Email: rajbckv@rediffmail.com

WEED - THE MOST IMPORTANT PEST

AS IT CAUSES MAXIMUM LOSSES

Losses due to weeds

At Global level

11.5 % of the Total food production

Production Losses in INDIA

Due to PEST

30,000 = 00 Crores annum-1

Due to WEED Pest (12.5%)

11, 500=00 Crores /annum

Chilli- Average production losses due to weeds (2010-11)

42 % in India

Weed 37%

Insect 29%

Disease 22%

Others 12%

LOSSES CAUSED BY

VARIOUS PESTS

PEST : ANY HARMFUL ORGANISM CAUSING CROP YIELD LOSSES

(33 % yield Losses)

Different

Chilli

Cultivars

Weed Management Status in Chilli

Dominant Weed flora in Chilli field

MONOCOTS

Dactyloctenium aegyptium

Digitaria sanguinalis

Echinochloa colona

Eleusine indica

Sporobolus diander

Cyperus rotundus

DICOTS

Amaranthus viridis

Cleome viscosa

Commelina benghalensis

Digera arvensis

Euphorbia hirta / tenella

Gnaphalium luteoalbum

Melilotus alba / indica

Physalis minima

Portuleca oleracea

Scoparia dulcis

Solanum nigram

Spilanthus paniculata

Trianthema portulecastrum

Important Weed flora in Chilli

Eleusine

indica

Digitaria

sanguinalis

Cyperus

rotundus

Echinochloa

colonum

Trianthema

portulecastrum

Physalis minima

Cleome viscosa

Amaranthus

viridis

Melilotus alba

Digera arvensis

METHODS OF WEED MANAGEMENT

Pre-infested

More important

Post-infested

Weed Prevention

Minimize

Weed Seed Bank

And Invasive Weed

Weed Control

Critical Crop – Weed

Competition (CCWC)

Weed Eradication

Pernicious Weed

Annual Planning is most Important

Weed Utilization

Weed Biomass survey in field crops at some blocks

of Hooghly, Nadia, North 24 Parganas

Sl No. Crop Field *Mean Fresh Weight

(g m-2 )

•Mean Dry Weight

(g m-2 )

1. Rice 92.35 17.86

2. Potato 73.86 11.86

3. Jute 147.63 37.85

4. Wheat 81.98 14.86

5. Onion 189.32 51.65

6. Tomato 45.12 10.62

7. Chilli 128.65 21.96 8. Pointed gourd 207.12 62.87

9. Ridge gourd 241.58 64.58

10. Soybean 231.47 41.65

11. Berry Garden 287.52 100.21

12. Banana Garden 412.64 185.32

13. Guava Garden 325.48 89.62

14. Mango Garden 186.96 68.21

15. Home Garden 254.65 59.62

Mean 193.76 55.92

* Mean Fresh & Dry Weight (g m-2 ): Average of the data recorded from 10 spots

NPK Value of on-field Weed Compost

N % P % K %

0.53 0.28 0.94

COMPOST

PIT

AT FIELD

SITE

Mechanical Control

Hand weeding is the environment safe

but damage roots and not economic

Farmers are searching for alternatives

Chemical Weed Control

Time and energy saving – Power sprayer

Less expensive & cost saving

Could able to control weeds in both inter and intra rows of the crop

Always use the green label environment safer organic herbicides

Use Safener and Surfactants with safer organic herbicides

Care taken about proper dose and time of application

Needs Awareness for proper use of bio or synthetic chemicals

PESTICIDE USE

Percent of total pesticides

Pesticides World India

Herbicides 53 21

Insecticides 23 61

Fungicides 21 13

Other Pesticides 03 05

Pesticide use ha-1 (DWSR, 2011)

India – Less than 1 kg (Thailand, Japan -10 kg)

India 1.7% world pesticide consumption

Growth rate of Pesticide annum-1

Insecticides - 2.5 % Fungicides - 3.3 %

Herbicides - 5.0 %

Now a days

Farmers are using

excellent safer

herbicides

Field Experiments at BCKV Farm during

2005 -06, 2008-09 and 2009-10

Season – Rabi (Winter)

Variety – Bullet (Local)

(Duration 5 months)

Fertilizer management (SIC):

NC @ 4 t ha-1

N:P:K :: 120:60:60 Kg ha-1

(Full P & 20 % K at basal ; 20 % N at 10 DAS and rest 80

% each of N & K at 30, 60, 90 and 120 DAS)

Design : RBD Replication: 3 Weed Management Treatments: 12 (Twelve)

A General wheel hoe was applied at 30 DAS and

at 60 DAS earthing up was made in each plot

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March April May June July August SeptemberOctober NovemberDecember January February

Max

imu

m &

Min

imu

m R

elati

e H

um

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y (

%),

Rain

fall

(mm

)

Months

Rainfall(mm)

Max.Relative

Humidity (%)

Min.Relative

Humidity (%)

Max.

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Min.Temperatu

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Average Meteorological data during the experimental period of 2005-06, 2008-09 and 2009-10

Weedy Check (Control) Hand Weeding

Propaquizafop 5% +

Oxyfluorfen 12% EC mixture

@ 50 + 120 g a.i ha-1

At POE (20 DAS)

Oxyfluorfen 23.5% EC

@ 200 g ha-1 at PE

BCKV Farm, 2009-10

Effect of treatments on the weed biomass and Green Chilli yield

(Pooled data for three years Rabi 2005 -06, 2008-09 and 2009-10)

Treatments Weed biomass (g m-2)

At 25 DAA

Monocot Dicot

Green Chilli

yield (t ha-1)

% increase

over WC

T1 Weedy check (Control) 5.58 6.43 4.45 -

T2 Hand weeding at 20 & 40 DAS 1.94 1.09 8.72 95.9

T3 Oxyfluorfen 23.5% EC @ 150 g ha-1 3.17 4.21 7.17 56.6

T4 Oxyfluorfen 23.5% EC @ 200 g ha-1 2.35 2.46 7.88 77.0

T5 Pendimethalin 30% EC @ 1 kg ha-1 3.02 4.38 7.56 69.9

T6 Propaquizafop 10 EC @ 50 g ha-1 2.32 6.03 7.28 63.6

T7 Propaquizafop 10 EC @ 75 g ha-1 2.07 6.20 7.46 67.6

T8 Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 50 g ha-1 2.38 5.95 7.01 57.5

T9 Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl @ 67.5 g ha-1 2.12 6.58 7.31 64.3

T10 Quizalofop-ethyl @ 50 g ha-1 2.05 5.31 7.52 69.0

T11 Propaquizafop 5% + Pendimethalin

12% EC mixture @ 50 + 600 g a.i ha-1 1.57 1.88 8.04

87.7

T12 Propaquizafop 5% + Oxyfluorfen

12% EC mixture @ 50 + 120 g a.i ha-1 1.43 1.19 8.41

89.0

CD at 5 % 0.715 1.278 1.862

T1 – T 12 A common Mechanical weeding at 30 DAS + Earthing up at 60 DAS in all plots

Follow up Crop Black Gram (Vigna radiata)

Season–Summer (March- May)

Variety–Basant bahar (PDU-1)

(Duration 3 months)

Fertilizer management (SIC):

NC @ 2 t ha-1

N:P:K :: 20: 40:40 Kg ha-1 (Full NPK at Basal)

Design : RBD Replication: 3 In Twelve (12) Weed Management Treated plots the

Black gram was sown following minimal tillage

A General hand weeding was applied at 30 DAS in each plot

After recording the plant population at 15 DAS

No Phytotoxic effect

on Follow Up Crop

Black Gram

(Vigna radiata)

Treatments Population (m-2 )

at 15 DAS

Black gram yield

(t ha-1)

T1 Weedy check (Control) 32 0.505

T2 Hand weeding at 20 & 40 DAS 33 0.695

T3 Oxyfluorfen 23.5% EC @ 150 g ha-1 31 0.618

T4 Oxyfluorfen 23.5% EC @ 200 g ha-1 32 0.635

T5 Pendimethalin 30% EC @ 1 kg ha-1 34 0.616

T6 Propaquizafop 10 EC @ 50 g ha-1 32 0.608

T7 Propaquizafop 10 EC @ 75 g ha-1 33 0.625

T8 Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 50 g ha-1 31 0.600

T9 Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl @ 67.5 g ha-1 33 0.611

T10 Quizalofop-ethyl @ 50 g ha-1 34 0.618

T11 Propaquizafop 5% + Pendimethalin

12% EC mixture @ 50 + 600 g a.i ha-1 32 0.664

T12 Propaquizafop 5% + Oxyfluorfen

12% EC mixture @ 50 + 120 g a.i ha-1 31 0.679

CD at 5 % NS 0.0902

Effect of treatments on the Population and grain yield of Follow UP Black gram

(Pooled data for three years Summer 2005 -06, 2008-09 and 2009-10)

Field Experiments at Sekhampur Farm

during 2011-12

Season – Rabi (Winter)

Variety – Bullet (Local)

(Duration 5 months)

Fertilizer management (SIC):

NC @ 4 t ha-1

N:P:K :: 120:60:60 Kg ha-1

(Full P & 20 % K at basal ; 20 % N at 10 DAS and rest 80

% each of N & K at 30, 60, 90 and 120 DAS)

Design : RBD Replication: 3 Weed Management Treatments: 7(Seven)

A General wheel hoe was applied at 30 DAS and

at 60 DAS earthing up was made in each plot

Treatments Weed control efficiency Green chilli

yield (t ha-1) 15 DAA 30 DAA 40 DAA

T1 Propaquizafop 10 EC @ 500 ml

ha-1 at 20 DAS

61.6 49.7 50.0 4.47

T2 Propaquizafop 10 EC@ 625 ml

ha-1 at 20 DAS

70.7 59.6 57.4 4.75

T3 Propaquizafop 10 EC @750 ml

ha-1 at 20 DAS

81.8 67.3 73.9 5.13

T4 Propaquizafop 10 EC @ 1250 ml

ha-1 at 20 DAS

85.9 76.6 76.6 5.73

T5 Pendimethalin 30%EC @ 4160

ml ha-1 at 20 DAS

29.3 21.1 23.4 4.80

T6 Hand Weeding at 20 and 40 DAS 91.9 91.2 87.2 5.90

T7 Weedy Check (Control) 3.17

CD at 5% 1.754

Weed Control Efficiency and Green Chilli yield

at Sekhampur, Birbhum, West Bengal during 2011-12

T1 – T7 A common Mechanical weeding at 30 DAS in all plots

At Sekhampur, Birbhum, West

Bengal during 2011-12 Propaquizafop 10 EC

@ 1250 ml ha-1 at 20 DAS

Hand Weeding

at 20 and 40 DAS Propaquizafop 10 EC

@ 500 ml ha-1 at 20 DAS

Weedy Check (Control)

Initial

21 DAA

Harvest

From Initial to 3,7 & 21 DAA

7 DAA

Fungi Total Bacteria

Population of Actinomycetes

Effect on

Microflora

BCKV Trial

2009-10

BCKV, West Bengal, India Developed Weed Management

Annual Planning Package For cultivated Field and Horticultural crops

BCKV also Develops PE bioherbicides from Tectona, Bamboo, Calotropis, Parthenium and Cucumber

Glyphosate 71 SG + Oxyfluorfen 23.5 %

@ 2 g litre of water -1 at 21 DBP/ DBS +

PE botanical or safer chemical Herbicides +

One Hand Weeding or Mechanical weeding

(Wheel Hoe for aerobic & Weeder for anaerobic

situation) at 20- 30 DAS/DAP/DAT

Grow legume cover crops like Vigna, Senji,

Sesbania etc. in field either as intercrop / guard

crop or in between crops wherever possible

Bamboo root and Bamboo

Leaves powder

Preparation of bamboo

aqueous leaf extract

Cucumber Leaves

Drying of Tectona leaves and Parthenium plants

Raw juice Extract from Calotropis leaves

Calo hexen Calo methanol Par hexen Par methanol

Tec hexen Tec methanol

Bioherbicides

Mixture of Tectona,

Calotropis &

Parthenium

@ 50 ml l-1

at 1 DAT +

1 hand weeding

at 25 DAS

Crude Solvent Extract

Oryza sativa

(Paddy)

Gossypium hirsutam

(Cotton)

Solanum tuberosum

(Potato)

Capsicum annum

(Chilli)

Tagetes erecta

(Marigold)

Brassica campestris

(Rapeseed)

Camellia sinensis

(Tea)

Allium cepa

(Onion)

Polianthes tuberosa

(Raganigandha)

Effect of Aqueous Plant Extracts on Green Chilli Yield

(Pooled data for 8 locations on Summer 2012)

Treatments Green Chilli yield

(t ha-1)

T1 Weedy Check (Control) 4.34

T2 Hand Weeding at 20 and 40 DAS 6.56

T3 Bamboo leaf and root extract 6.29

T4 Cucumber leaf & stem extract 6.24

T5 Calotropis + Parthenium extract 6.31

T6 Calotropis + Tectona extract 6.25

T7 Parthenium + Tectona extract 6.30

T8 Calotropis + Parthenium + Tectona

Leaf extract

6.38

T9 Quizalofop-p-ethyl @50g ha-1 at 20 DAS 6.35

CD at 5 % 1.951

All botanical treatments T3 - T8 aqueous extracts were applied at 1 DAS

All Treatments received a common mechanical weeding (wheel hoe) at 30 DAS

Pabdhara,

North 24 Parganas

(Alluvial Soil)

Gosaba, Sundarban,

South 24 Parganas

(Saline soil) Haringhata,

Nadia

(Inceptisol)

Amarpur, Burdwan

(New Alluvial soil)

Uluberia, Howrah

(Old Alluvial soil)

Chandamari,

Nadia

(New Alluvial soil)

Testing of PE Aqueous Plant Extracts on

IWM and Green Chilli Yield

(On Farm 6 locations on Summer 2012)

Awareness

Programme for

Model village to

use eco-safe

chemicals

CONCLUSION

Use Glyphosate 71 SG + Oxyfluorfen 23.5

EC @ 2 g litre-1

water at 21 DBS / DBP or

Growing of legumes mix crop /2 MBS / MBP

PE Herbicide + 2 Mechanical Weeding (MW)

PE Bio-Herbicide + 1 MW + 1 HW

Proper Dose, Time & Method of application

of environment safe organic chemicals

Use PE Green labeled organic chemicals

Spaying – On moist Soil only not on crop in

standing water

For easy measuring the required chemicals

Container must provides with Scale Cover

Training at villages more and more

Aware Farmers to contact with plant doctor