Prof. NGUYEN QUANG (Ph.D.) CROSS-CULTURALCOMMUNICATION

Prof. NGUYEN QUANG (Ph.D.)Prof. NGUYEN QUANG (Ph.D.)

CROSS-CULTURAL CROSS-CULTURAL

COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATION


BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND

CONCEPTSCONCEPTS

FoodLanguage Appearance

Communication Style

Beliefs

Attitudes

Perceptions

Values

WHAT CULTURE?WHAT CULTURE?

customs: customs: dating customsdating customs

No Information given

In the vietnamese

culture Brief notesto explain

A U S R N

1

Young men and women go to parties/ social events together, which means they are in serious relationship.

2In their mid-teen (around the ages of 14 or

15), boys and girls start their dates.

3It is men who ask women on date, not

women.

4It is acceptable if people at the age of 18

stay overnight at their dates’ house.

5The man, not the woman goes to collect

his date at her home.

6The children’s dates are of the parents’

concern.


In the vietnamese

culture Brief notes to

explainA U S R N

7

It is the fact that if someone brings his/her date home and introduces him/her to the parents, which means they have a serious relationship.

8 It is men who pay for expenses on dates.

9 It is normal if people kiss each other in public.

10People date with many people before setting up

a long-term and serious relationship.

11 It is normal if female drinks alcohol on a date.

12Men should be a little bit earlier on dates than

women.

customs: dating customscustoms: dating customs


In the american

culture Brief notes to

explain

A U S R N

1

Young man and women go to parties/ social event together, which means they are in serious relationship.

vv

2

In their mid-teen (around the ages of 14 or 15), boys and girls start their dates.

vv

3 It is men who ask women on date, not women. vv vv

4It is acceptable if people at the age of 18 stay

overnight at their dates’ house.vv vv

5The man, not the woman goes to collect his date

at her home.vv vv

6

The children’s dates are of the parents’ concern.vv


In the american culture

Brief notes to

explainA U S R N

7It is the fact that if someone brings his/her date home

and introduces him/her to the parents, which means they have a serious relationship.

vv

8 It is men who pay for expenses on dates.vv vv

9 It is normal if people kiss each other in public.vv vv

10People date with many people before setting up a

long-term and serious relationship.

vv vv

11 It is normal if female drinks alcohol on a date. vv

12 Men should be a little bit earlier on dates than women.vv

Household budget managementHousehold budget management

M. I: Common cash

M. II: Separate cash

M. III: Mine-Yours-Ours

M. IV: Wife-controled

M. V: Husband-controled

Which model Which model would would

you prefer? you prefer? Why?Why?

Same or different?Same or different?

Work in group to discuss the situations described below and decide what would happen in similar situations in the Vietnamese culture.

Situations

Same Different

1 When people are invited to a party, they often take a bottle of wine or even bottles of beer.

2 When invited to a dinner party, people usually arrive within fifteen minutes of the appointed time.

3 At a formal party, people don’t wait to be introduced. They introduce themselves.

4 When people are being introduced, they try to make direct eye contact with the other person.

5 After a formal introduction people often use titles until they are asked to use first names.

6 People shake hands when they meet other people for the first time, but not every time they see them after that.

7 Male and female friends may kiss each other on the cheek if they see each other after a long time, or even each time they meet.


VERBAL COMMUNICATIONVERBAL COMMUNICATION NONVERBAL COMMUNICATIONNONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

INTRALANGUAGEINTRALANGUAGE PARALANGUAGEPARALANGUAGE EXTRALANGUAGEEXTRALANGUAGE

- Vocabulary- Vocabulary- Grammatical rules- Grammatical rules- Phonetic rules- Phonetic rules- Rules of laguage use- Rules of laguage use- ...- ...

- Vocal chracteristics- Vocal chracteristics + Pitch+ Pitch + Volume+ Volume + Rate+ Rate + Vocal quality+ Vocal quality- Types of vocal flow- Types of vocal flow- Vocal interferences - Vocal interferences - Silence/Pauses- Silence/Pauses- ...- ...

BODY LANGUAGEBODY LANGUAGE OBJECT LANGUAGEOBJECT LANGUAGE ENVIRONMENTAL LANGUAGEENVIRONMENTAL LANGUAGE

- Eye contact- Eye contact- Facial expressions- Facial expressions- Physical characteristics- Physical characteristics- Gestures- Gestures- Postures- Postures- Body movements- Body movements- Touch/Haptics/Tactile- Touch/Haptics/Tactile- ...- ...

- Clothing- Clothing- Jewellery/Accessories- Jewellery/Accessories- Make-up- Make-up- Perfume/Artificial scents- Perfume/Artificial scents- - FlowersFlowers- Gifts- Gifts- …- …

- Setting- Setting- Conversational distance/Proxemics- Conversational distance/Proxemics- Time/Chronemics- Time/Chronemics- Lighting system- Lighting system- Colour- Colour- Heat/Humidity/Ventilation- Heat/Humidity/Ventilation- …- …

Nguyen QuangNguyen Quang (1999)(1999)

WHAT COMMUNICATION?WHAT COMMUNICATION?

WHAT COMMUNICATION?WHAT COMMUNICATION?

SAFE AND UNSAFE TOPICSSAFE AND UNSAFE TOPICS

Work in groups of four or five students. Are the questions considered to be safe or not when you meet someone for the first time in an English-speaking country. Please, explain your answer. Then, compare with the Vietnamese culture.

QUESTIONSQUESTIONS SAFESAFE UNSAFEUNSAFE

1. What does your husband do?1. What does your husband do?

2. Do you believe in God?2. Do you believe in God?

3. How much money do you earn?3. How much money do you earn?

4. How many children do you have?4. How many children do you have?

5. Why aren’t you married?5. Why aren’t you married?

6. Why don’t you have children?6. Why don’t you have children?

7. Do you like sports?7. Do you like sports?

8. How old are you?8. How old are you?

9. Are you a Democrat or a Republican?9. Are you a Democrat or a Republican?

10. How much was your watch?10. How much was your watch?

11. Why don’t you work?11. Why don’t you work?

12. Are you from Britain?12. Are you from Britain?

13. Do you work down town?13. Do you work down town?

14. What did your father do for living?14. What did your father do for living?

Good manners (From Zanger, V.V., 1993)

Situations in Vietnam Yes No Explain

1 Imagine that you are invited to a small dinner to celebrate the graduation of a good friend. Do you bring along something to eat or drink? (What should it be, if the answer is ‘yes’?)

2 You bring your friend a gift for his graduation. Will he open it during the party?

3 At the party, your friend introduces you to his cousin, a woman doctor who is about 30 years old. Do you call her by her first name?

4 Your friend’s cousin invites you to a party at her house next week, but you know that you will be busy then. Do you tell her you will come anyway, just to be polite?

5 Do you ask your host for a drink if you are thirsty?

6 Do you light up a cigarette if you feel like smoking?

7 Your friend has a very nice house. Do you ask him how much it costs?

Good manners (From Zanger, V.V., 1993)

Situations in Vietnam Yes No Explain

8 Dinner is served and everyone sits down. Do you begin to eat?

9 The food is delicious, but you are not really hungry. Do you eat anyway, just to be polite.

10

One of the dishes is wonderful, and you would like to try a little more. Do you ask for it?

11

If your host asks you if you want more to eat, do you first say no, just to be polite?

12

After dinner, do you help your host take the dishes out to the kitchen, to be polite?

13

After eating, everyone leaves the table to relax. Are you shocked when your host sits down and puts his feet up on a nearby chair?

14

Several days after the party, you want to tell your friend what a good time you had. Would you stop by his house without calling first?


VERBALVERBAL


POSITIVE POLITENESS STRATEGIESPOSITIVE POLITENESS STRATEGIESSITUATION: You are talking to a colleague of yours in your officeSITUATION: You are talking to a colleague of yours in your office

STRATEGY 1STRATEGY 1Notice, attend to H (his interest, wants, needs, goods)Notice, attend to H (his interest, wants, needs, goods)

ENGLISHENGLISH VIETNAMESEVIETNAMESE

. You must be thirsty. How about some orange juice?. You must be thirsty. How about some orange juice?

. You've got a beautiful watch. Must be very expensive, heh?. You've got a beautiful watch. Must be very expensive, heh?. Chắc là cậu khát lắm nhỉ. Làm tí nước cam nhé?. Chắc là cậu khát lắm nhỉ. Làm tí nước cam nhé?. Đồng hồ của cậu đẹp thế. Chắc đắt lắm nhỉ?. Đồng hồ của cậu đẹp thế. Chắc đắt lắm nhỉ?

STRATEGY 2STRATEGY 2Exaggerate interest, approval, sympathy with HExaggerate interest, approval, sympathy with H


. Oh, yeah, you. Oh, yeah, you’’re re perfectlyperfectly right about it. right about it.

. You're . You're such a geniussuch a genius!!. Về chuyện này thì cậu . Về chuyện này thì cậu cực kìcực kì đúng. đúng.. Cậu đúng là . Cậu đúng là thiên tàithiên tài..

STRATEGY 3STRATEGY 3Intensify interest to HIntensify interest to H


. I come down the stairs, and . I come down the stairs, and what do you think I seewhat do you think I see? A ? A huge mess all over the place, the phone's off the hook and huge mess all over the place, the phone's off the hook and clothes are all over.clothes are all over.

. Tớ lao ngay xuống cầu thang. . Tớ lao ngay xuống cầu thang. Rồi cậu biết tớ thấy cái gì Rồi cậu biết tớ thấy cái gì khôngkhông? Đồ đạc thì vứt bừa bãi khắp nơi, điện thoại thì treo ? Đồ đạc thì vứt bừa bãi khắp nơi, điện thoại thì treo lủng lẳng, quần áo thì ném lung tung.lủng lẳng, quần áo thì ném lung tung.


STRATEGY 4STRATEGY 4Use in-group identity markersUse in-group identity markers


. Let'. Let'ss clean up the kitchen, will you? clean up the kitchen, will you?

. Yes, but . Yes, but wewe shouldn't forget that ----- shouldn't forget that -----. . Bọn mìnhBọn mình dọn bếp đi. dọn bếp đi.. Vâng, nhưng . Vâng, nhưng chúng tachúng ta cũng không nên quên rằng cũng không nên quên rằng ----------

STRATEGY 5STRATEGY 5Seek agreementSeek agreement


A. I'm an MU fan.A. I'm an MU fan.B. Oh, yeah? B. Oh, yeah? Me tooMe too..

A. Tôi là cổ động viên của Manchester.A. Tôi là cổ động viên của Manchester..B. Thế a? .B. Thế a? Tôi cũng thếTôi cũng thế..

STRATEGY 6STRATEGY 6Avoid disagreementAvoid disagreement


A. Can you hear me?A. Can you hear me?B. B. BarelyBarely..

A.Cậu có nghe rõ mình nói không?A.Cậu có nghe rõ mình nói không?B. B. Cũng tàm tạmCũng tàm tạm..


STRATEGY 7STRATEGY 7Presuppose/Raise/Assert common groundPresuppose/Raise/Assert common ground


. . We bothWe both are surely hungry now. Let me get something to eat. are surely hungry now. Let me get something to eat. . Chắc là . Chắc là cả hai đứa mìnhcả hai đứa mình đều đói rồi. Để tớ kiếm cái gì ăn đã. đều đói rồi. Để tớ kiếm cái gì ăn đã.

STRATEGY 8STRATEGY 8JokeJoke


. OK if I . OK if I tackle those cookiestackle those cookies now? now? . Để tớ . Để tớ xử lí mấy cái bánh nàyxử lí mấy cái bánh này nhé? nhé?

STRATEGY 9STRATEGY 9Assert or presuppose S's knowledge of or concern for H's wantsAssert or presuppose S's knowledge of or concern for H's wants


.. I know you love roses I know you love roses but the florist didn't have any more, so I but the florist didn't have any more, so I bought you some daisies instead.bought you some daisies instead.

. . Anh biết em rất thích hoa hồngAnh biết em rất thích hoa hồng, nhưng ngoài hàng lại hết mất , nhưng ngoài hàng lại hết mất rồi nên anh đành phải mua mấy bông cúc vậyrồi nên anh đành phải mua mấy bông cúc vậy


STRATEGY 10STRATEGY 10Offer/PromiseOffer/Promise


. Take it easy. . Take it easy. I'll help youI'll help you.. . Không sao đâu. . Không sao đâu. Tớ sẽ giúp cậuTớ sẽ giúp cậu..

STRATEGY 11STRATEGY 11Be optimisticBe optimistic


. . I'm sure you won't mind if I'm sure you won't mind if I borrow your bike.I borrow your bike. Này, Này, tớ lấy xe cậutớ lấy xe cậu phóng ra đây một tí. phóng ra đây một tí.

STRATEGY 12STRATEGY 12Include both S and H in the activityInclude both S and H in the activity


. . Let'sLet's have some cookies, then. have some cookies, then. . Vậy thì . Vậy thì tata làm mấy cái bánh nhé. làm mấy cái bánh nhé.


STRATEGY 13STRATEGY 13Give (or ask for) reasonsGive (or ask for) reasons


. . Why don't youWhy don't you come and have a cup of tea? come and have a cup of tea? . . Sao ông khôngSao ông không qua tôi trà lá cho vui? qua tôi trà lá cho vui?

STRATEGY 14STRATEGY 14Assume or assert reciprocityAssume or assert reciprocity


. . I'llI'll give you some money give you some money if youif you promise not to tell it to anyone. promise not to tell it to anyone. . . Tớ sẽTớ sẽ có quà cho cậu có quà cho cậu nếu cậunếu cậu hứa không nói với ai chuyện này. hứa không nói với ai chuyện này.

STRATEGY 15STRATEGY 15Give gifts to HGive gifts to H


. I. I’’ve just been out shopping. Hereve just been out shopping. Here’’s hot dog for you. Like it?s hot dog for you. Like it? . Mình vừa đi chợ về. Có xúc xích cho cậu đây. Thích không?. Mình vừa đi chợ về. Có xúc xích cho cậu đây. Thích không?


STRATEGY 16STRATEGY 16Comfort and encourageComfort and encourage


. Oh, I'm . Oh, I'm sorrysorry to hear that. to hear that. . Khổ quá. Khổ quá nhỉ nhỉ

STRATEGY 17STRATEGY 17Ask personal questionsAsk personal questions


. Are you . Are you married or singlemarried or single??

. . How much do you earnHow much do you earn a month? a month?. Cậu đã . Cậu đã có gia đình chưacó gia đình chưa??. . Lương lậuLương lậu có được không? có được không?


NEGATIVE POLITENESS STRATEGIESNEGATIVE POLITENESS STRATEGIESSITUATION: You are talking to a colleague of yours in your officeSITUATION: You are talking to a colleague of yours in your office

STRATEGY 1STRATEGY 1Be conventionally indirectBe conventionally indirect


. Why. Why for God's sake for God's sake are you painting your house purple?are you painting your house purple? . Tại sao . Tại sao đang yên đang lành đang yên đang lành anh lại sơn nhà mầu tím thế này?anh lại sơn nhà mầu tím thế này?

STRATEGY 2STRATEGY 2Question/HedgeQuestion/Hedge


. . I rather thinkI rather think it's hopeless. it's hopeless.

. . I wonder ifI wonder if you could possibly ----- you could possibly -----. . Tôi cũng có nghĩ là Tôi cũng có nghĩ là chuyện ấy có lẽ cũng vô vọng thôi.chuyện ấy có lẽ cũng vô vọng thôi.. . Tôi không hiểu Tôi không hiểu anh có thể ----- anh có thể ----- đ ược khôngđ ược không??

STRATEGY 3STRATEGY 3Be pessimisticBe pessimistic


. . I don't suppose you couldI don't suppose you could type this report for me. type this report for me. . . Có lẽ chị bận quá nên không thểCó lẽ chị bận quá nên không thể đánh máy báo cáo này cho tôi đánh máy báo cáo này cho tôi được đâu nhỉđược đâu nhỉ??

STRATEGY 4STRATEGY 4Minimise the impositionMinimise the imposition


.. I just want to ask you if I can I just want to ask you if I can borrow this paper. borrow this paper. Tôi muốn hỏi xem liệu tôi có thểTôi muốn hỏi xem liệu tôi có thể mượn tờ báo này được không? mượn tờ báo này được không?

STRATEGY 5STRATEGY 5Give deferenceGive deference


. . Excuse meExcuse me. . Could Could you tell me the time please?you tell me the time please? . . Phiền anh có thể Phiền anh có thể cho biết bây giờ là mấy giờ cho biết bây giờ là mấy giờ không ạkhông ạ??

STRATEGY 6STRATEGY 6ApologiseApologise


. . I normally wouldn't ask you thisI normally wouldn't ask you this, but -----, but -----

. . I’m terribly sorryI’m terribly sorry, but -----, but -----. . Thường thì tôi cũng không dám phiền anh chuyện nàyThường thì tôi cũng không dám phiền anh chuyện này, , nhưng -----nhưng -----. . Tôi rất xin lỗiTôi rất xin lỗi, nhưng -----, nhưng -----


STRATEGY 7STRATEGY 7Impersonalise S and HImpersonalise S and H


. . OneOne shouldn't do such a thing. shouldn't do such a thing. . . Người taNgười ta không nên làm những chuyện như vậy. không nên làm những chuyện như vậy.

STRATEGY 8STRATEGY 8State the FTA as a general ruleState the FTA as a general rule


. . We don'tWe don't beat about the bush in business discussions. beat about the bush in business discussions. We We go go straight to the point. Right?straight to the point. Right?

. Trong bàn luận công việc, . Trong bàn luận công việc, ta khôngta không nói quanh co. nói quanh co. Ta phảiTa phải đi đi thẳng vào vấn đề. Đúng không nào?thẳng vào vấn đề. Đúng không nào?

STRATEGY 9STRATEGY 9NominaliseNominalise


. . It isIt is my pleasuremy pleasure to be able to inform you that -----. to be able to inform you that -----. . . Đây là niềm vui của tôiĐây là niềm vui của tôi khi được thông báo với ông rằng ----- khi được thông báo với ông rằng -----


STRATEGY 10STRATEGY 10 Go on record as incurring a debt or not indebting HGo on record as incurring a debt or not indebting H


. . I'd be grateful ifI'd be grateful if you would ----- you would ----- . . Tôi sẽ rất biết ơn nếuTôi sẽ rất biết ơn nếu anh có thể ----- anh có thể -----

STRATEGY 11STRATEGY 11Avoid asking personal questionsAvoid asking personal questions


---------- ----------


Positive or negativePositive or negative

utterancesutterances PPPP NPNP

John, could you open the door, John, could you open the door, please? My hands are dirty.please? My hands are dirty. Mary, let’s open the door.Mary, let’s open the door. How old are you, Hoa?How old are you, Hoa? What would you like to drink?What would you like to drink? Some lemon tea? I know you like Some lemon tea? I know you like it.it. I know you like white coffee and I know you like white coffee and this is one for you.this is one for you. You have a beautiful watch. How You have a beautiful watch. How much is it?much is it?

Johari windowJohari window

Knownto

self

Not knownto self

Known toothers

Not knownto others

OpenHidden

Orblind

secret unknown

The OpenThe Open

. . # Work in pairs. # Work in pairs. # Include in the # Include in the OPEN OPEN pane all pane all

the items of information about the items of information about yourself that you yourself that you feel free to share feel free to share with your friend or loved one. with your friend or loved one.

# Discuss whether they are the # Discuss whether they are the same in the anglophone culturessame in the anglophone cultures

The secretThe secret

# Work individually. # Work individually. # Include in the # Include in the SECRETSECRET

pane all the items of information pane all the items of information about yourself that you are about yourself that you are unwilling unwilling to share with your friend or loved to share with your friend or loved oneone. .

# Discuss whether they are # Discuss whether they are the same in the Anglophone the same in the Anglophone cultures.cultures.

The blindThe blind

# Work in pairs# Work in pairs# Include in the # Include in the BLINDBLIND pane two items pane two items

of information about your partner that you are of information about your partner that you are unwilling to share with him/herunwilling to share with him/her. .

# Discuss whether they are the same # Discuss whether they are the same with other Vietnamese.with other Vietnamese.

The unknownThe unknown

# Work in pairs. # Work in pairs. # Include in the # Include in the UNKNOWNUNKNOWN pane pane

two items of information about two items of information about yourselves in the English-speaking yourselves in the English-speaking environment. environment.

# Fancy how you would cope with # Fancy how you would cope with them. them.

# Discuss whether they are the # Discuss whether they are the same with other Vietnamese and with same with other Vietnamese and with native speakers of English.native speakers of English.

Conversation structuresConversation structuresBowling styleBowling style

(Levine & Adelman, 1993)(Levine & Adelman, 1993)

LOW LOW CONTEXTCONTEXT

CULTURESCULTURES

INFORMATION INFORMATION IMPLICITLY IMPLICITLY RECEIVEDRECEIVED

HIGHHIGHCONTEXTCONTEXT

CULTURESCULTURES

INFORMATION INFORMATION EXPLICITLY EXPLICITLY CONVEYEDCONVEYED

JAPANESE JAPANESE

VIETNAMESEVIETNAMESE

ARABICARABIC

LATIN AMERICANLATIN AMERICAN

ITALIANITALIAN

ENGLISHENGLISH

FRENCHFRENCH

SCANDINAVIAN (EXCEPT FINLAND)SCANDINAVIAN (EXCEPT FINLAND)

NORTH AMERICANNORTH AMERICAN

GERMANGERMAN

SWISS-GERMANSWISS-GERMAN

A-A-A patternA-A-A pattern

A.A.GreetingGreetingB.B.GreetingGreetingA.Asking a question?A.Asking a question?

A.A.AAnsweringnswering AAddingdding AAskingskingB.B.AAnsweringnswering AAddingdding AAskingskingA.AA.Answeringnswering AAddingdding AAskingskingB. ...B. ...A. ...A. ...

A.A.or B. Closing and farewellor B. Closing and farewellB.B.FarewellFarewell

American conversational styleAmerican conversational style

SituationsSituations TruTruee

FalsFalsee

ExplainExplain

Americans donAmericans don’’t appreciate a t appreciate a person who dominates a person who dominates a conversationconversation

Americans listen politely until Americans listen politely until the other person has finished the other person has finished talkingtalking

Interrupting someone who is Interrupting someone who is speaking is considered rude in speaking is considered rude in the U.Sthe U.S. . Even children are Even children are taught explicitly not to taught explicitly not to interruptinterrupt

Silence in a conversation is Silence in a conversation is uncomfortable and is often uncomfortable and is often interpreted as disapproval, interpreted as disapproval, disagreement or unsuccessful disagreement or unsuccessful communicationcommunication

Addressing systemsAddressing systemsEnglish Addressing systemEnglish Addressing system

Title alone (Title alone (TT)) Title plus Last Name (Title plus Last Name (TLNTLN)) Last name alone (Last name alone (LNLN)) First name (First name (FNFN):):

* Full form* Full form

* Diminutive* Diminutive

* +y (a) * +y (a) Terms of Endearment (Terms of Endearment (TETE)) Multiple Names (Multiple Names (MNMN)) Kinship Term (Kinship Term (KTKT)) Kinship Term with First Name (Kinship Term with First Name (KFNKFN)) Neutral dyad I-YOU (Neutral dyad I-YOU (NDND)) Address Form Avoidance (Address Form Avoidance (AFAAFA))

Vietnamese Addressing systemVietnamese Addressing systemCircular Relationship (CR)Circular Relationship (CR)

I YOU

Anh/Chị

Cô/Chú

Bác

Ông/BàCôCôÔng/Bà

Bác

Cô/Chú

Anh/Chị

Em

Cháu/Con

Cháu/Con

Cháu/Con

Cháu/Con Cháu/Con

Cháu/Con

Cháu/Con

Cháu/Con

Em

Horisontal Relationship-Type I (HR-I)Horisontal Relationship-Type I (HR-I)

I YOU

Tao MàyTôi Cậu

Mình CậuTớ CậuTớ ẤyTớ Given name

Mình Given nameGiven name Given name

TớĐằng ấyTớ

Mình

Đằng này Đằng ấyĐây Đấy

Người ta MìnhMình Người ta

Mình/Ta Ta/MìnhAi Ai

Horisontal Relationship-Type II (HR-II)Horisontal Relationship-Type II (HR-II)

II YOUYOU

TôiTôi

TôiTôi

TôiTôi

TôiTôi

TôiTôi

TôiTôi

Chức danhChức danh

CụCụ

Ông/BàÔng/Bà

BácBác

Cô/ChúCô/Chú

Anh/ChịAnh/Chị

Kinship terms Kinship terms above “Ego"above “Ego"

Dynamic Relationship-Type I (DR-I)Dynamic Relationship-Type I (DR-I)

Em/CháuEm/Cháu

TôiTôi Chức danhChức danh

Dynamic Relationship-Type II (Dynamic Relationship-Type II (DR-IIDR-II))

Anh/Chị/Cô/Bác/Ông/Bà/CụAnh/Chị/Cô/Bác/Ông/Bà/Cụ

Em/Cháu/ConEm/Cháu/Con

Title (you)Title (you)Tôi (I)Tôi (I)

Dynamic Relationship-Type III (DR-III)Dynamic Relationship-Type III (DR-III)

II YouYou

Anh/ChÞAnh/ChÞ

C«/D×/Chó/CËuC«/D×/Chó/CËu

Bè/MÑBè/MÑ

B¸cB¸c ¤ng/Bµ¤ng/BµCôCô CôCô

¤ng/Bµ¤ng/Bµ B¸cB¸c

C«/D×/Chó/CËu C«/D×/Chó/CËu

Anh/ChÞAnh/ChÞ

EmEm EmEm

Ch¸u/ConCh¸u/Con Ch¸u/ConCh¸u/Con

ConCon ConCon

Ch¸u/ConCh¸u/Con

Ch¸u/ConCh¸u/Con

Ch¸u/ConCh¸u/Con Ch¸u/ConCh¸u/Con

Ch¸u/ConCh¸u/Con

Ch¸u/ConCh¸u/Con

Bè/MÑBè/MÑ

CROSS-CULTURAL AWARENESSCROSS-CULTURAL AWARENESS

Pragmatic forcePragmatic force EnglishEnglish VietnameseVietnamese

NeutralisationNeutralisation- I-YOU dyad- I-YOU dyad - 00

familialisationfamilialisation- K & KF (used among - K & KF (used among family members)family members)

- CR (widely used)CR (widely used)- DR-IIIDR-III

FamiliarityFamiliarity- Terms of endearment- Terms of endearment - HR-IHR-I

- Terms of endearmentTerms of endearment

equalityequality- I-YOU dyad I-YOU dyad - HR-IIHR-II

-- DR-II- DR-II

respectrespect-- T- T-- TLN- TLN

-- HR-II- HR-II

respectrespect

& solidarity& solidarity-- 0- 0 -- DR-I- DR-I


NONVERBALNONVERBAL


What nonverbal communication?What nonverbal communication?

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATIONNONVERBAL COMMUNICATION(Nonverbal communication)(Nonverbal communication)

PARALANGUAGEPARALANGUAGE EXTRALANGUAGEEXTRALANGUAGE

- - Vocal characteristics:Vocal characteristics: + Pitch+ Pitch + Volume+ Volume + Rate+ Rate + Vocal quality+ Vocal quality- Types of vocal flow- Types of vocal flow- Vocal interferences- Vocal interferences- Silence/Pauses- Silence/Pauses- ...- ...

BODY LANGUAGEBODY LANGUAGE OBJECT LANGUAGEOBJECT LANGUAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL LANGUAGELANGUAGE

- - Eye contactEye contact- Facial- Facial expressionsexpressions- Physical - Physical characteristicscharacteristics- Gestures- Gestures- Postures- Postures- Body movements- Body movements- - Touch /Haptics /TactileTouch /Haptics /Tactile- ...- ...

- Clothing- Clothing- Jewellery - Jewellery /Accessories/Accessories- Make-up- Make-up- Perfume/ Artificial - Perfume/ Artificial scentsscents- Gift- Gift- Flowers- Flowers......

- Setting- Setting- Conversational - Conversational distance/ distance/ ProxemicsProxemics- Time/ Chronemics- Time/ Chronemics- Lighting system- Lighting system- Colour- Colour- Heat- Heat- ...- ...

[Nguyen Quang][Nguyen Quang]

WHAT PARALANGUAGE?WHAT PARALANGUAGE?

Paralanguage is the total sum Paralanguage is the total sum of all vocal nonverbal cues of all vocal nonverbal cues found in communication. It is found in communication. It is used mostly for the used mostly for the expression of expression of the howthe how rather rather than than the whatthe what of of communication. communication.

Nguyen QuangNguyen Quang (2002)(2002)

VOCAL CHARACTERISTICSVOCAL CHARACTERISTICS

Vocal characteristicsVocal characteristics

PitchPitch VolumeVolume RateRate Vocal Vocal

qualityquality

Types of vocal flowTypes of vocal flow

1. Wavy-Thick:1. Wavy-Thick:

2. Wavy-Thin2. Wavy-Thin

3. Softer-Louder:3. Softer-Louder:

4. Louder-Softer:4. Louder-Softer:

5. Flat-Thick:5. Flat-Thick:

6. Flat-Thin:6. Flat-Thin:

7. Continuous rise:7. Continuous rise:

8. Continuous fall:8. Continuous fall:

9. Sharp-Thick:9. Sharp-Thick:

10. Sharp-Thin:10. Sharp-Thin:

silencesilence

One can utter words without saying anythingOne can utter words without saying anything. . (Searle(Searle,, 1962:24) 1962:24)

It is not the case that the man who is silent says nothingIt is not the case that the man who is silent says nothing.. (Greek proverb)(Greek proverb)

Silence is also speechSilence is also speech.. ((African proverbAfrican proverb))

Speech is silver but silence is goldenSpeech is silver but silence is golden.. ((Polish Polish proverb)proverb)

It is better to remain silent and be thought a fool than to It is better to remain silent and be thought a fool than to open open

your mouth and remove all doubtyour mouth and remove all doubt.. (English proverb)(English proverb)

A man of many words has little refinementA man of many words has little refinement.. (Japanese proverb)(Japanese proverb)

Silence and fillersSilence and fillers

““Interactive silences, or pauses, are products of Interactive silences, or pauses, are products of the interaction itself and can communicate the interaction itself and can communicate various messages about thevarious messages about the relationship between relationship between two interactantstwo interactants..” ”

((Richmond & McCroskeyRichmond & McCroskey, 2000), 2000)

““SSilence is an indispensable component of human ilence is an indispensable component of human communication without which the proper communication without which the proper decoding of the information would be decoding of the information would be impossible.impossible.””

((Larweczka, 2002Larweczka, 2002))

MEANINGS OF SILENCEMEANINGS OF SILENCE

POSITIVE POSITIVE SILENCESILENCE

promoting, solidifying promoting, solidifying or maintaining the or maintaining the existing relationshipexisting relationship


NEGATIVE NEGATIVE SILENCESILENCE

isolating, ignoring, isolating, ignoring, disagreeing, etcdisagreeing, etc.. which which would destroy or melt away would destroy or melt away the existing good will of the existing good will of interactioninteraction


NEUTRAL NEUTRAL SILENCESILENCE

Both negative and positive values Both negative and positive values

of silence existof silence exist

FUNCTIONS OF SILENCEFUNCTIONS OF SILENCE

EVALUATINEVALUATINGG

providing judgments of providing judgments of another’sanother’s behabehavior (character, vior (character, motives motives andand perpersonality), or sonality), or showing favorshowing favor or disfavor, or disfavor, assent or dissentassent or dissent

33

AFFECTINGAFFECTINGhealing, wounding, healing, wounding, solidifying,solidifying, or toor to weakening weakening anan exexisting relationshipisting relationship

22

FACE-FACE-SAVINGSAVING

saving face, concealing saving face, concealing things or being covert in things or being covert in publicpublic

11

FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS

ACTIVAACTIVATINGTING

making a hint that making a hint that somebody continue or stop somebody continue or stop doing somethingdoing something

66

HIDHIDINGINGhiding information but hiding information but revealing feelings and revealing feelings and attitudesattitudes

55

LINKAGELINKAGEbinding people together, binding people together, separating or isolating separating or isolating someone from otherssomeone from others

44

SILENCE ACROSS CULTURES

AvailabilityAvailability

ProportionProportion

ManifestationManifestation

SILENCE ACROSS CULTURES

77%

52%

66

15%

21%

2%

19%

81%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Facial expressionsFacial expressions GesturesGestures Touching Touching behaviourbehaviour

SilenceSilence

Western Europe and Western Europe and North AmericaNorth America

Eastern AsiaEastern Asia

66%

How to classify body languageHow to classify body language

BodyBodylanguagelanguage

Parts of the bodyParts of the body

OriginOrigin FunctionsFunctions

Body languageBody language

I am an American businessman and now I am working in a I am an American businessman and now I am working in a development project in Vietnam. It is not easy to understand all development project in Vietnam. It is not easy to understand all these different cultures, especially, it is the first time I work in the these different cultures, especially, it is the first time I work in the intercultural environment in Vietnam. My first culture shock intercultural environment in Vietnam. My first culture shock happened when I worked with my Vietnamese colleague. As happened when I worked with my Vietnamese colleague. As usual, whenever sharing my ideas or listening to her, I often usual, whenever sharing my ideas or listening to her, I often looked at her. However, she always avoided looking at me. Did looked at her. However, she always avoided looking at me. Did she confuse when working with a man, especially a foreigner? she confuse when working with a man, especially a foreigner?

GROUP GROUP DISCUSSIONDISCUSSION

+ Work in groups of 3+ Work in groups of 3

+ Explain in details the + Explain in details the reasons of this reasons of this Vietnamese woman’s Vietnamese woman’s reaction. reaction.

+ In your opinion, how + In your opinion, how should the man react? should the man react? Why?Why?

ACTIVITY ACTIVITY

ACTIVITY: EYE CONTACTACTIVITY: EYE CONTACT

Look at these pictures. In your group, you should compare Look at these pictures. In your group, you should compare and discuss your answers to the following questions:and discuss your answers to the following questions:

a.a. Based on these people’s gazez, what could you say about them?Based on these people’s gazez, what could you say about them? b.b. Why do you think so? Why do you think so? c.c. Do you interpret these gazez in the same or different ways? Do you interpret these gazez in the same or different ways?

Note that you can use the suggested words below to help you. Then Note that you can use the suggested words below to help you. Then

get ready to demonstrate these eye contacts to the whole class.get ready to demonstrate these eye contacts to the whole class.

shiftyshifty confidentconfident coldcold hard hard scared scared shyshy dishonest dishonest slysly modest modest

arrogant arrogant strong strong determined determined sexysexy aggressive aggressive tiredtired

shiftyshifty confidentconfident coldcold hard hard scared scared shyshy dishonest dishonest slysly modest modest

arrogant arrogant strong strong determined determined sexysexy aggressive aggressive tiredtired

ACTIVITY

DISCUSSION

+ WORK IN GROUPS OF 3. + DISCUSS THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IN YOUR GROUPS.+ REPORT THE ANSWERS TO THE WHOLE CLASS

Based on the facial expressions, what can you say about their attitudes? Why do you think so?Is your opinion same or different with other members’ in your group?

You can use some of the suggested words. Then illustrate these expressions to your class members.

perplexed perplexed serious serious

suspicious suspicious confident confident

anxious anxious frightened frightened

thoughtful happy thoughtful happy

disapproving saddisapproving sad

indifferentindifferent

ACTIVITY

Answer these questions by putting a tick in the relevant box.

In VietnamIn Vietnam YesYes NoNo It dependsIt depends

1.1. Is it rude to stare at Is it rude to stare at strangers/new colleagues/new strangers/new colleagues/new classmate? classmate?

2.2. Do businessmen use lots of eye Do businessmen use lots of eye contact in business conversation? contact in business conversation?

3.3. Is it impolite for women to have Is it impolite for women to have eye contact with men in business?eye contact with men in business?

4.4. Do employees/students avoid Do employees/students avoid eye contact with their eye contact with their bosses/teachers?bosses/teachers?

5.5. Lack of eye contact means lack Lack of eye contact means lack of respect or interest in of respect or interest in conversations. conversations.

* FURTHER DISCUSSION * FURTHER DISCUSSION Do you have any Do you have any questionsquestions or or cultural tips/ reminderscultural tips/ reminders to share with the whole class ? to share with the whole class ?

GESTURESGESTURES

ACTIVITY

+ WORK IN GROUPS OF 3. + WITHOUT WORDS, NONVERBALLY COMMUNICATE THE FOLLOWING IDEAS.+ DISCUSS VIETNAMESE-AMERICAN CROSS-CULTURAL DIFFERENCES.(The instructor is there to help you)

- No!- No! - Stop it!- Stop it!- I don’t know.- I don’t know. - Sorry, it’s my fault.- Sorry, it’s my fault.- After you.- After you. - Why on earth?- Why on earth?- He’s mad.- He’s mad. - - It’s boring.It’s boring.- - Good luck!Good luck! - I love you.- I love you.- I can’t hear you.- I can’t hear you. - It’s O.K.- It’s O.K.- Relax!- Relax! - That’s enough.- That’s enough.- Come here!- Come here! - Oh, I forgot!- Oh, I forgot!

A big A big ‘Than‘Than

k k you’ you’

… … and and hope hope you you

have have had a had a huge huge timetime

Documents

Prof. NGUYEN QUANG (Ph.D.) CROSS-CULTURALCOMMUNICATION