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Joachim Schmid
OPTIMISATION OF SUSTAINABILITY OF GRAPEVINE VARIETIES BY SELECTING
ROOTSTOCK VARIETIES UNDER DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND CREATING
NEW ROOTSTOCK VARIETIES
Joachim Schmid,Frank Manty, Ernst Rühl
Geisenheim UniversityInstitut for Grapevine Breeding
Joachim Schmid Titel der Präsentation16.01.2015 2
Entrance to UNESCO world heritage site
Rüdesheim
Joachim Schmid
Joachim Schmid
• Rootstock breeding and the use ofrootstocks is the result and the answer to the introduction of phylloxera
• All present rootstocks are hybrids of wild Vitis species with specific characteristics
Titel der Präsentation 16.01.2015 4
Joachim Schmid
VITIS RIPARIA
5
AdvantagesPhylloxera tolerantvery high frost resistance (<‐40°C)early bud break, early ripeninggood rooting ability
Disadvantagessusceptible to droughtLow lime tolerance
Joachim Schmid
VITIS BERLANDIERI
6
AdvantagesPhylloxera toleranthigh lime tolerancesalt tolerantmedium to good drought tolerance
Disadvantagespoor rooting abilitylate ripening
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VITIS RUPESTRIS
7
AdvantagesPhylloxera tolerantgood rooting abilityaverage lime tolerancegood drought tolerance – but susceptible on shallow soils
Disadvantageslow vigour (in the motherblock)early bud break
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VITIS CINEREA
8
AdvantagesPhylloxera resistantgood drought tolerance
Disadvantagespoor rooting abilitylow lime tolerancelate bud break
Joachim Schmid
ROOTSTOCK BREEDERS IN HUNGARY, AUSRTRIA AND GERMANY
Sigmund TELEKI (1854‐1910) & Franz KOBER (1864‐1943)
Vitis berlandieri x Vitis riparia• Teleki 8 B• Kober 5 BB• Kober 125 AA• Teleki 5 C / 5 C Geisenheim• Selektion Oppenheim 4 / SO 4• Binova
Carl BÖRNER (1880‐1953)
Vitis riparia x Vitis cinerea (x Vitis solonis)• Börner (Geisenheim)• Sori (Geisenheim)• Rici (Neustadt)• Cina (Neustadt)
Joachim Schmid
ROOTSTOCK BREEDERS IN FRANCE
Alexis MILLARDET (1838‐1902) & Marquis Charles de GRASSET (1830‐1899)
Vitis riparia x Vitis rupestris / Vitis berlandieri / Vitis vinifera• 101‐14 Millardet et de Grasset• 420 A Millardet et de Grasset• 41 B Millardet et de Grasset
Georges COUDERC (1850‐1928)
Vitis riparia x Vitis rupestris / Vitis berlandieri / Vitis solonis • 3309 Couderc• 161‐49 Couderc• 157‐11 Couderc• 1616 Couderc
Franz Georges RICHTER (1858‐????)
Vitis berlandieri x Vitis rupestris • 110 Richter• 99 Richter
Joachim Schmid
ROOTSTOCK BREEDERS IN ITALY
Federico PAULSEN (1885‐1937)
Vitis berlandieri x Vitis rupestris• 1103 Paulsen• 775 Paulsen• 779 Paulsen• 1447 Paulsen
Antonio RUGGERI (1859‐1915)
Vitis berlandieri x Vitis rupestris• 140 Ruggeri• 131 Ruggeri• 42 Ruggeri
Joachim Schmid
V. cordifolia
V. berlandieri
V. vinifera
V. rupestris
V. cinerea
V. riparia
V. solonis
V. labruscaV. champinii
V. rotundifolia
44‐53 Malègue
3309 Couderc, 101‐14 Mgt, Schwarzmann
GravesacSO 4Teleki 8BKober 5BB5 C GeisenheimKober 125 AA420 A161‐49 CBinova34 E.M.R.S.B. 1
99 Richter110 Richter779 Paulsen1103 Paulsen140 Ruggeri
41 B Mgt333 EMFercal
VR 039‐16VR 043‐43
AxR # 11202 C
196‐17 Castel4010 Castel
Harmony, Freedom
BörnerCinaRici
1616 CSORI
26 G
1613 C
(according to C. Vasconcelos, 1995, modified)
Joachim Schmid
ROOTING HORIZONS AND ROOT DISTRIBUTION OF VITIS SPECIES
Vitis berlandieri V. riparia V. rupestrisV. cinerea
SO45C5 BB
125 AA8B
3309C101‐14 MgtSchwarzmann 1103 Paulsen
Richter 110Börner
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ROOTSTOCKS USED IN GERMAN VITICULTURE
Kober 5 BB125 AASO 4Binova5C GeisenheimTeleki 8 B161-49 C420 A
3309 C(101-14 Mgt.)
Sori
1103 PaulsenRichter 110
BörnerCinaRici
V. berl. x V. rip
V. rip. x V. rup.
V. berl. x V. rup.
V. solonis. x V. rip
V. rip. x V. cinerea
Joachim Schmid
REACTION ON PHYLLOXERA ATTACKS ON LEAVES AND ROOTS
15
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Rootstocks Clonal Selektion
KOBER 5 BB 1. cl. 13 Gm2. cl. 13-3 Gm3. cl. 13-5 Gm4. cl. 13-11 Gm5. cl. 13-13 Gm6. cl. 13-15 Gm7. cl. 13-21 Gm8. cl. Wü 1379. cl. 40 HP10. cl. 11 Op11. cl. N 10112. cl. Fr 14813. cl. We 48
SO 4 (SEL. OPPENHEIM 4)1. cl. 2 Gm2. cl. 47 Gm3. cl. 60 Gm4. cl. Wü 25. cl. Wü 186. cl. Wü 627. cl. Wü 1028. cl. 50 HP9. cl. 14 Op10. cl. 16 Op11. cl. 31 Op12. cl. N 20113. cl. N 20214. cl. N 20315. cl. N 20416. cl. FR 78
BINOVA cl. 1 Op
KOBER 125 AA 1. cl. 1 Gm2. cl. 2 Gm3. cl. 3 Gm4. cl. 4 Gm5. cl. 5 Gm6. Sel. Dümmler FR 267. cl. F 2618. cl. 80 HP9. cl. N 50110. cl. N 502
Joachim Schmid
Rootstocks Clonal Selektion
5 C GEISENHEIM 1. cl. 6 Gm2. cl. 6-13 Gm3. cl. 6-16 Gm4. cl. 6-22 Gm5. cl. 6-52 Gm6. cl. 6-53 Gm7. cl. 10 Gm
TELEKI 8 B 1. cl. 349-4 Gm2. cl. 349-7 Gm3. cl. 361-2 Gm4. cl. 361-3 Gm5. cl. 361-5 Gm6. cl. L-6 Gm
161-49 COUDERC1. 161-49 C cl. 3 Gm2. 161-49 C cl. 8 Gm
420A1. 420 A cl. 2 Gm2. 420 A cl. 7 Gm
3309 COUDERC1. 3309 C cl. 18 Gm2. 3309 C cl. 2 Gm3. 3309 C cl. FR 465/5
Börner cl.1 GmCina cl. N 401Rici cl. N 301
101-14 MGt101-14 MGt cl. 3 Gm101-14 MGt cl. 8 Gm
SoriSori cl. 14 GmSori cl. 32 Gm
1103 Paulsen1103 Paulsen cl. 92 Gm1103 Paulsen cl. 94 Gm
Richter 110Richter 110 cl. 4 GmRichter 110 cl. 6 Gm
Joachim Schmid
• GLRaV1, GLRaV2, GLRaV3, GLRaV4, GLRaV5, GLRaV9• GVA• GVB• GfkV-A • GfkV-B • GFLV• ARMV• ToRSV• RG• RRSV• RSPaV• Phytoplasms • Agrobacterium vitis
TESTING OF CLONAL MATERIAL(PCR AND ELISA)
Titel der Präsentation 16.01.2015 18
Joachim Schmid
PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR ROOTSTOCKS:
vigour and appropriate growth behaviour
good rooting ability
capability of resistance to stress, diseases & pests
early and good wood ripening / lignification
good graftability (callussing and rooting)
ecological variability / special on-site adaptability
efficiency of nutrients uptake
compatibility with scion variety (affinity)
plant longevity
positive effects on grape and wine quality
19
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INTERDEPENDENCIES OF SCION -ROOTSTOCK - SOIL
trellis system
plant spacing
fertilisation andmanuring
location(micro climate)
soil
scion variety
rootstock
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leaf area
Productionof carbohydrate
Canopytranslucency
Effects of increasing vigour
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- rootstocks‘ impact on vegetation and growth habit
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Richter 110
101-14 MGt
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- do weaker rootstocks help reducing yields ?
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Length of internodes of Pinot noir on different rootstocks
125 AA
SORI
cm
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Do rootstocks have aninfluence on color density
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ANTHOCYAN CONTENT OF PINOT NOIR GRAPES ON DIFFERENT ROOTSTOCKS IN RELATION TO CONFERED VIGOUR (SOBE, 2010)
Vigour
Vigour
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BUNCH ROT
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Berry weight of Pinot Noir on different rootstocks
Berry weight (g/10
0 be
rries)
Rootstock varieties
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POTASSIUM CONTENT IN GRAPE JUICE ON DIFFERENT SOIL TYPES
0200
400600800
1000
120014001600
18002000
pota
ssiu
m (m
g/l)
stoney loam65% Ca CO3
argillaceousschist (acid)
loess 20% Ca CO3
sandy loam(acid)
soil type
Börner125 AA
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Joachim Schmid
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A - GeisenheimB - HattenheimC - HeppenheimD - IngelheimE - OppenheimF - LonsheimG -Bad DürkheimH - RoschbachI - EndingenJ - HeilbronnK- Marktheidenfeld
Current Adaptation Trial Sites
Joachim Schmid
DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE ROSCHBACHSCION VARIETY PINOT NOIR CL. 20-19 GM
Vineyard site Roschbach
Year of planting 2002
Row spacing 2,00m
Vine spacing 1,20m
Training system VSP, single cane Guyot
Soil type Clayey loamto loamy sand
Water holdingcapacity (mm)
180
Lime contenttopsoil (%)
0
Lime contentsub soil (%)
0‐5
38
Joachim Schmid
Medium vigourMedium vigour
High vigourHigh vigour
Low vigourLow vigour
Joachim Schmid
DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE GEISENHEIMSCION VARIETY PINOT NOIR CL. 20-19 GM
Vineyard site Geisenheim
Year of planting 2003
Row spacing 1,80m
Vine spacing 1,30m
Training system VSP, single cane Guyot
Soil type Loamy to clayey loam
Water holdingcapacity (mm)
360
Lime contenttopsoil (%)
8‐20
Lime contentsub soil (%)
20‐40
40
Joachim Schmid
Medium vigourMedium vigour
High vigourHigh vigour
Low vigourLow vigour
Joachim Schmid
DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE OPPENHEIMSCION VARIETY PINOT NOIR CL. 20-19 GM
42
Vineyard site Oppenheim
Year of planting 2000
Row spacing 2,00m
Vine spacing 1,07m
Training system VSP, single cane Guyot
Soil type sandy loam
Water holdingcapacity (mm)
190
Lime contenttopsoil (%)
15 – 20
Lime contentsub soil (%)
25 ‐ 50
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Medium vigourMedium vigour
High vigourHigh vigour
Low vigourLow vigour
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TELEKI 8B
Teleki 8B
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161-49 C
161‐49 C
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BÖRNER
Börner
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GRAPES OF PINOT NOIR ON THE ROOTSTOCK 161-49C AND ON BÖRNER ON THE TRIAL SITE OPPENHEIM
47
161‐49 C Börner
Joachim Schmid
• Some problems still remain• small genetic basis of the used varieties
(10 varieties grown on 90% of vineyardsworldwide)
• large number of grapevine growing regions(different climates and different soils)
Titel der Präsentation 16.01.2015 48
Joachim Schmid 49
PHYLLOXERA RESISTANT ROOTSTOCKS ARE NOT SUITABLE FOR ALL SITES
Joachim Schmid 50
Joachim Schmid
Aims of Rootstock Breeding
phylloxera resistence sufficient wood production (cuttings) good grafting affinity good rooting ability adaptation to
soils with high lime content sites with drought conditions
positive effects on grape and wine quality
Joachim Schmid
HOW CAN WE REACH THIS AIMS ?
by crossbreeding of varietieswith well known characteristicslike:
125 AA5BB41B
Getting a wider genetic range byusing wild Vitis species with specialcharacteristics
Joachim Schmid
CROSSBREEDING
till now
124 populations> 60.000 seeds> 20.000 seedlings
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NECROTIC REACTION AFTER PHYLLOXERA ATTACK ON THE LEAF
1351 seedlings with total phylloxera resistance
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FEMALE CROSSBREEDING PARTNERS AND THE PERCENTAGE OF PHYLLOXERARESISTANT SEEDLINGS IN THE POPULATION
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
phyl
loxe
ra r
esis
tant
see
dlin
gs
(%)
Berl. R
ess,
125 A
ADog
Ridg
eBino
va16
1-49 C
Georgi
kon 2
8Gm 62
8-1
Ferca
l
V. nov
o mex
icana
5 BB
112 D 41
B10
1-14 M
G14
3 A
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Production of cuttings
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Success in the nursery
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Adaptation to different sites First informations after a few years
A wide range of different soiltypes necessary
Special attention: limestone, high pH Influence of rootstock on vigour, yield and
quality
Joachim Schmid
ROOTSTOCKS AND CROSSBREEDING FAMILIESUSED IN THE ADAPTATION TRAILS
59
Joachim Schmid 60
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Joachim Schmid
Gm 9242-1
Gm 9242-3
New Phylloxera resistant rootstocks on limey soil
Joachim Schmid
A number ofnew rootstocks
show clear advantages in comparison to the variety Börner
Joachim Schmid 64
THE CHOISE OF ROOTSTOCKS INFLUENCES …
vine vigouryieldsugar contentorganic acidsmineral content (K, Ca, Mg)anthocyan contentberry weightstructur of the grapechlorophyll content
Joachim Schmid
• Thanks to the phylloxera situation viticulture without rootstocks is not possible.
• Rootstocks are crucial for optimal plant growth and wine quality.• Sustainable viticulture is possible only with healthy rootstock and scion
material. • Only clonal selection can guarantee the supply of healthy and virus
tested plant material.• Breeding of new phylloxera resistant rootstock varieties as well as a high
number of selected clones contribute towards a higher biodiversity.• This allows a better adaptation to different soil types and various climatic
situations.
65
Joachim Schmid 66
ConclusionThe introduction of new completely phylloxera resistant rootstocks will contribute to a larger biodiversity, which is a good protection measure against phylloxera and possible new root diseases. Performance characteristics of the new Geisenheim rootstock crosses are comparable with most of the common rootstocks. An increase in rootstock biodiversity is crucial for the future development of a sustainable viticulture.
Joachim Schmid
Apart from enabling the cultivation of vines on phylloxera infested sites, choosing the right rootstock is essential for modern grape quality management.
Choosing the wrong rootstock can have a disastrous effect on wine quality
The right rootstock is- a life insurance against Phylloxera- a guarantee for sustainable wine production
Joachim Schmid