Upload
others
View
1
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Bernd Noche
M. Sc. Melissa Robles
Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften Abteilung Maschinenbau
Transportsysteme und -logistik Keetmanstraße 3-9
47058 Duisburg
Telefon: 0203 379-2785 Telefax: 0203 379-3048 E-Mail: [email protected] E-Mail: melissa.robles-aguirre @uni-due.de
Intermodal Passenger Transport –
Focus: Sustainable People Mobility
Intermodale Transportketten / Intermodal Transport Chains
Introduction
Definitions and Concepts
Importance of Sustainable Mobility in Cities
Towards Sustainable Mobility Technologies
Policies
La Rochelle, France
Conclusion
Content
2
01.07.2014 36 Slides
Intermodal Passenger Transport – Focus: Sustainable People Mobility © Noche / Robles
Intermodale Transportketten / Intermodal Transport Chains
Former times – worldwide
Cities as central place for the trade, exchange of ideas, natural resources sharing (water), amenities (electricity, entertainment) within short distance.
Benefits for all the city members
Nowadays – Europe
More than 60 % of the European population lives in urban areas where just under 85 % of the EU’s gross domestic product is created. (Commission of the European Community)
Introduction
3
01.07.2014 36 Slides
Intermodal Passenger Transport – Focus: Sustainable People Mobility © Noche / Robles
Intermodale Transportketten / Intermodal Transport Chains
Sustainable Mobility
Sustainable development is the “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” (World Commission on Environment and Development)
Mobility (2 types)
“Potential mobility” is the capability to reach objectives. “The more activity objectives can be reached in the time available, the higher the potential mobility.” (Umweltbundesamt)
“Realized mobility” is the actual reaching of objectives. “The more activity objectives are actually reached, the higher the realized mobility.” (Umweltbundesamt)
Definitions and Concepts
4
01.07.2014 36 Slides
Intermodal Passenger Transport – Focus: Sustainable People Mobility © Noche / Robles
Intermodale Transportketten / Intermodal Transport Chains
Relation between transport and mobility
Mobility generates traffic but,
reaching activity objectives is the decisive
factor for mobility, not the distance traveled!
“The closer the starting point and destination are together, the less traffic is generated for the same mobility.” (German Federal Minister of the Environment, Nature Conservation and Reactor Safety)
Definitions and Concepts
5
01.07.2014 36 Slides
Intermodal Passenger Transport – Focus: Sustainable People Mobility © Noche / Robles
Intermodale Transportketten / Intermodal Transport Chains
Dimensions of sustainable mobility [1]
1. Ecology dimension
Rate of consumption of renewable and non-renewable resources by traffic < levels of substitution or regeneration of these resources.
Rate of pollution < environment ability to absorb them.
1. Noise
2. Air Pollution
3. Greenhouse gases
4. Land use and surface sealing
5. Nature conservation
“Urban traffic is responsible for 40 % of CO2 emissions and 70 % of emissions of other pollutants arising from road transport” (Commision of European Communities)
Definitions and Concepts
6
01.07.2014 36 Slides
Intermodal Passenger Transport – Focus: Sustainable People Mobility © Noche / Robles
Intermodale Transportketten / Intermodal Transport Chains
Dimensions of sustainable mobility [2]
2. Economy dimension
Short and long term conditions for cost-effective living of citizens and efficient commercial activities of enterprises.
1. Efficient commercial traffic
2. Foodstuff production close to costumers
3. Transportation costs
“Every year nearly 1 % of the EU´s Gross Domestic Product is lost to the European economy as a result of the congestion phenomenon”(Commision of European Communities)
Definitions and Concepts
7
01.07.2014 36 Slides
Intermodal Passenger Transport – Focus: Sustainable People Mobility © Noche / Robles
Intermodale Transportketten / Intermodal Transport Chains
Dimensions of sustainable mobility [3]
3. Social dimension
All social groups should be able to participate in social activities in a reasonable time.
Possibility for all groups to use transport systems without suffering injury.
1. Securing necessary mobility for all
2. Quality of streets and places for rest and recreation
3. Traffic avoidance in urban development
4. Reduction of injure and dead risks when using transportation means
“One in three fatal accidents now happen in urban areas, and it is the most vulnerable people, namely pedestrians and cyclists, who are the main victims”(Commision of European Communities)
Definitions and Concepts
8
01.07.2014 36 Slides
Intermodal Passenger Transport – Focus: Sustainable People Mobility © Noche / Robles
Intermodale Transportketten / Intermodal Transport Chains
The 9 principles of sustainable transportation
I. Entitlement to access
II. Equity
III. Individual and community responsibility
IV. Protection of health and safety
V. Education and public participation
VI. Integrated planning
VII. Conservation of land and other resources
VIII. Prevention of pollution
IX. Economic well-being (The Vancouver Conference)
Definitions and Concepts
9
01.07.2014 36 Slides
Intermodal Passenger Transport – Focus: Sustainable People Mobility © Noche / Robles
Intermodale Transportketten / Intermodal Transport Chains
Consequents of unsustainable transportation systems [1]
1. Air pollution
CO2 emissions by sector
(EU 25, Million tons CO2)
“According to initial estimates,
tens of thousands of deaths per
year are attributable to
transport-related
air pollution in Europe” (World Health Organization)
Source: European Commission for Energy and Transport
Importance of Sustainable Mobility in Cities
10
01.07.2014 36 Slides
Intermodal Passenger Transport – Focus: Sustainable People Mobility © Noche / Robles
Intermodale Transportketten / Intermodal Transport Chains
Consequences of unsustainable transportation systems [2]
2. Accidents Trends in road accidents (number) – Western Europe
Human life lost
Economical lost
Properties
Medical attention
Congestion
Resources
Source: European Conference of Ministers of Transport
Importance of Sustainable Mobility in Cities
11
01.07.2014 36 Slides
Intermodal Passenger Transport – Focus: Sustainable People Mobility © Noche / Robles
Intermodale Transportketten / Intermodal Transport Chains
Consequences of unsustainable transportation systems [3]
3. Strong dependence on limited fossil fuel sources Oil consumers far from oil producers = more traffic and potential conflicts
4. Inefficient land use Lost of space for commercial or rest activities
Extended paving absorb and/or reflect unusual amount of solar radiation
Habitat affected by transport infrastructures
5. Noise Affectation of sleeping, communication, rest
6. Congestion More time to deliver goods increases prices
More time to reach activity objective increases stress
7. Social disruption Individual transport contributes to loss of community and solidarity in societies
Importance of Sustainable Mobility in Cities
12
01.07.2014 36 Slides
Intermodal Passenger Transport – Focus: Sustainable People Mobility © Noche / Robles
Intermodale Transportketten / Intermodal Transport Chains
Trends in passenger transportation sector
1. Suburbanization phenomenon
More roads to reach less people
Badly served public transportation increases the need for own cars
2. Car dependent life-style
Average trips length of a city increases
3. Reduction of warehouse facilities and consolidation in big ones outside cities
More freight traffic on roads leads to more congestion
Importance of Sustainable Mobility in Cities
13
01.07.2014 36 Slides
Intermodal Passenger Transport – Focus: Sustainable People Mobility © Noche / Robles
Intermodale Transportketten / Intermodal Transport Chains
1. Clean fuels and vehicles [1]
Look forward to cero or low emissions
a) Electric Vehicles (EVs)
Use electricity stored in batteries to run.
b) Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)
Combine internal combustion engine with a battery and electric motor.
Faster refueling than conventional electric vehicles.
c) Fuel cell
Use the chemical energy of hydrogen and oxygen to generate electricity to run the car.
Possibility of more electronic devices in cars make them safer.
Towards Sustainable Mobility - Technologies
14
01.07.2014 36 Slides
Intermodal Passenger Transport – Focus: Sustainable People Mobility © Noche / Robles
Intermodale Transportketten / Intermodal Transport Chains
1. Clean fuels and vehicles [2]
d) Alternative Fuel Vehicle (AFV)
- Biologically produced diesel (biodiesel)
- Electricity
- Ethanol
- Methanol
- Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
- Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
- Propane
Towards Sustainable Mobility - Technologies
15
01.07.2014 36 Slides
Intermodal Passenger Transport – Focus: Sustainable People Mobility © Noche / Robles
Intermodale Transportketten / Intermodal Transport Chains
1. Clean fuels and vehicles [3]
d) Alternative Fuel Vehicle
Fleet run by Biogas in Lille, France
214 buses (60%) use biogas from Methane
Methane produced from the waste water treatment of the city
Buses + subways + tramways = 90 % travels are clean
Methane ↔ Natural Gas
Biogas fleet at supply station. Lille, France
Source: Trendsetter
Towards Sustainable Mobility - Technologies
16
01.07.2014 36 Slides
Intermodal Passenger Transport – Focus: Sustainable People Mobility © Noche / Robles
Intermodale Transportketten / Intermodal Transport Chains
2. Intelligent transport systems
Telematic
“describes the combination of the transmission of information over a telecommunication network and the computerized processing of this information” (Telematique)
Integrated telematic systems provide accurate and current information to passengers and drivers about public transportation means, congestions, hazardous situations, delays, position and many others.
Example: Pre-Trip Information that provides travelers with information about traffic conditions. The traveler´s satisfaction increase together with the anxiety reduction can be mentioned as an advantage.
Towards Sustainable Mobility - Technologies
17
01.07.2014 36 Slides
Intermodal Passenger Transport – Focus: Sustainable People Mobility © Noche / Robles
Intermodale Transportketten / Intermodal Transport Chains
a) Road Variable Message Signs (VMS) [1]
Use to control, warn, advise and inform drivers with dynamic on-trip information.
Provides:
Travel times to relevant destinations
Information about alternatives routes
Information about available nearest parking slots
Results:
Promotes the modal shift from individual to collective transportation
Reduces risks of congestion
Increases user satisfaction
Towards Sustainable Mobility - Technologies
18
01.07.2014 36 Slides
Intermodal Passenger Transport – Focus: Sustainable People Mobility © Noche / Robles
VMS at Tokyo city Source: European Conference of Minister of Transport
Intermodale Transportketten / Intermodal Transport Chains
a) Road Variable Message Signs (VMS) [2]
Real time information based on current traffic volumes and occupancy of streets.
Provides:
Information about dangers, civil works, accidents or congestion
Information about alternative routes
Results:
Reduces risks of congestion
Increases user satisfaction
Towards Sustainable Mobility - Technologies
19
01.07.2014 36 Slides
Intermodal Passenger Transport – Focus: Sustainable People Mobility © Noche / Robles
Left: Sign showing “E6 Accident, Risk of queue, Tingstad tunnel”.
Right: Sign showing “Accident 7 km, Choose E22 S, 700 m” Source: Nygårdhs
Intermodale Transportketten / Intermodal Transport Chains
b) Traffic signal timing for bus priority and real-time passenger information [1]
Towards Sustainable Mobility - Technologies
20
01.07.2014 36 Slides
Intermodal Passenger Transport – Focus: Sustainable People Mobility © Noche / Robles
Source: City of Helsinki
Intermodale Transportketten / Intermodal Transport Chains
b) Traffic signal timing for bus priority and real-time passenger information [2]
Provides:
Faster and smoother bus travel
Information about arriving times, delays and unusual events
Results:
Reduced travel times by public transportation
Increased user satisfaction with public transportation
Towards Sustainable Mobility - Technologies
21
01.07.2014 36 Slides
Intermodal Passenger Transport – Focus: Sustainable People Mobility © Noche / Robles
Intermodale Transportketten / Intermodal Transport Chains
3. Park and Ride (P+R)
Car drivers can allocate available parking spaces and get accurate current information about public transportation near the parking slot.
Provides:
Comfortable and easy parking in the city limits
Several transportation options to inner city (bus, bike) from and to the P+R facility
Results:
Modal shift from individual to collective transportation
Congestion and parking reduction in inner city
Emissions reduction in inner city
Towards Sustainable Mobility - Technologies
22
01.07.2014 36 Slides
Intermodal Passenger Transport – Focus: Sustainable People Mobility © Noche / Robles
Intermodale Transportketten / Intermodal Transport Chains
3. Park and Ride (P+R)
Towards Sustainable Mobility - Technologies
23
01.07.2014 36 Slides
Intermodal Passenger Transport – Focus: Sustainable People Mobility © Noche / Robles
Source: Oxford Park and Ride
Intermodale Transportketten / Intermodal Transport Chains
1. Access restrictions
Seek to restrict motorized access to certain zones or certain roads
Pécs, Hungary car-free (access restriction) and parking areas (zone model parking)
Source: Pécs Official Homepage
Towards Sustainable Mobility - Policies
24
01.07.2014 36 Slides
Intermodal Passenger Transport – Focus: Sustainable People Mobility © Noche / Robles
Intermodale Transportketten / Intermodal Transport Chains
2. Parking and road charges [1]
Encompass the several fees that government claims to citizens when using a parking slot in public areas or a specific road for transit like:
Cordon charges in city centers
Tolls
High Occupancy Toll Lane (HOT Lane)
Reduced parking fees for “clean vehicles”
Low price or free parking by individual to collective transportation shift (P+R)
Towards Sustainable Mobility - Policies
25
01.07.2014 36 Slides
Intermodal Passenger Transport – Focus: Sustainable People Mobility © Noche / Robles
Intermodale Transportketten / Intermodal Transport Chains
2. Parking and road charges [2]
Stockholm, Sweden charging cord
Towards Sustainable Mobility - Policies
26
01.07.2014 36 Slides
Intermodal Passenger Transport – Focus: Sustainable People Mobility © Noche / Robles
Source: Short
Intermodale Transportketten / Intermodal Transport Chains
2. Parking and road charges [3]
Stockholm, Sweden charging cord
Towards Sustainable Mobility - Policies
27
01.07.2014 36 Slides
Intermodal Passenger Transport – Focus: Sustainable People Mobility © Noche / Robles
Source: Managing Urban Traffic Congestion
Intermodale Transportketten / Intermodal Transport Chains
Access restrictions - parking and road charges
Benefits:
Encourage cycling and walking
Promote car-pooling
Reduce congestion, pollutants emissions and noise
Inhabitants can enjoy from nicer landscapes and safer movement around the city
Life in city centers becomes attractive and reduce the suburbanization
Towards Sustainable Mobility - Policies
28
01.07.2014 36 Slides
Intermodal Passenger Transport – Focus: Sustainable People Mobility © Noche / Robles
Intermodale Transportketten / Intermodal Transport Chains
3. Cycling promotion
Towards Sustainable Mobility - Policies
29
01.07.2014 36 Slides
Intermodal Passenger Transport – Focus: Sustainable People Mobility © Noche / Robles
Barrier Measure Barrier Measure
Safety Entirely separate and/or clear defined cycle paths
Distance Compact cities
Groningen, Netherlands
(40% bike share)
78% pop. within 3 Km
90 % jobs in city center (Ministerie von Verkeer en Waterstaat)
Security Secure and organized parking Health Access restrictions
Clean vehicles
Mel
bo
urn
e C
ity
Min
iste
rie
von
Ver
keer
en
W
ater
staa
t
Intermodale Transportketten / Intermodal Transport Chains
3. Cycling promotion
Towards Sustainable Mobility - Policies
30
01.07.2014 36 Slides
Intermodal Passenger Transport – Focus: Sustainable People Mobility © Noche / Robles
Barrier Measure Barrier Measure
Social statues
Promotion to all social groups.
Promotion of cycling benefits. Connec-tion
Bike parking and access to suitable modal shift points
Informa-tion
Information signs Weather and topology
Arcades, bike lift “trampe”
Federal Ministery of Transport, Building and Housing
Fed
eral
Min
iste
ry o
f Tr
ansp
ort
, B
uild
ing
and
Ho
usi
ng
Wanvik
Intermodale Transportketten / Intermodal Transport Chains
The “Communauté d’agglomeration de La Rochelle” groups 18 communes, has an area of 206 Km2 where 140.000 inhabitants enjoy high quality living conditions.
1. “Plan de Déplacement Urbain (PDU)”
Coherent and long term land assignment plan to slow down the vehicle traffic by giving priority to collective transportation
2. Jean Moulin park and ride facility
Sustainable Mobility in La Rochelle - France
31
01.07.2014 36 Slides
Intermodal Passenger Transport – Focus: Sustainable People Mobility © Noche / Robles
Intermodale Transportketten / Intermodal Transport Chains
3. Cycling promotion
150 Km of cycle lanes with travel itineraries signs
2.800 slots for bicycle parking
“Yellow bicycles” - 110 open use cycles distributed along 11 stations spread over the city, on locations where modal shift is suitable to occur
Sustainable Mobility in La Rochelle - France
32
01.07.2014 36 Slides
Intermodal Passenger Transport – Focus: Sustainable People Mobility © Noche / Robles
Source: La Rochelle
Intermodale Transportketten / Intermodal Transport Chains
4. “Pass’partout 17” smart card
Single ticket to several means of transport (train, bus, coach, electric shuttle, boat, sea bus, yellow cycle)
Integrated pricing strategy to simplify and make more attractive public transportation
Collection of database with travel patterns
Sustainable Mobility in La Rochelle - France
33
01.07.2014 36 Slides
Intermodal Passenger Transport – Focus: Sustainable People Mobility © Noche / Robles
Source: Syndicat Mixte de la Communaté Tarifaire en Charente Maritime
Intermodale Transportketten / Intermodal Transport Chains
5. Liselec, Zero emission car-sharing
50 electric cars spread over 7 stations around the city
Payment based on time used and mileage
Free parking in the whole city
Sustainable Mobility in La Rochelle - France
34
01.07.2014 36 Slides
Intermodal Passenger Transport – Focus: Sustainable People Mobility © Noche / Robles
Source: La Rochelle
Intermodale Transportketten / Intermodal Transport Chains
Sustainable mobility is an essential element when planning transport systems in cities in order to assure their sustainable development.
The definitions, concepts, technologies and policies for sustainable mobility here presented should give a basis for guidelines to develop sustainable transport systems.
Sustainable mobility systems depend on the specific society needs.
Differences will be observed between the needs of urban and rural areas even between cities because of differences in their life patterns.
Accurate forecasts of travel patterns should be considered to design appropriate policies, technologies and infrastructure for transportation.
A society that is conscious of the effects of their transportation choices will be safeguard for the sustainable mobility.
Conclusion
35
01.07.2014 36 Slides
Intermodal Passenger Transport – Focus: Sustainable People Mobility © Noche / Robles