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PROF. DR. HASSAN FARGHALY ASKALPROF. DR. HASSAN FARGHALY ASKALPROF. DR. HASSAN FARGHALY ASKAL
Basic instrumentation system used in
analytical atomic spectrometry
Basic instrumentation Basic instrumentation system used in system used in
analytical atomic analytical atomic spectrometryspectrometry
The hollow-cathode lampThe hollowThe hollow--cathode lampcathode lamp
A premixed (or laminar) flameA premixed (or A premixed (or laminar) flamelaminar) flame
Temperature distribution in a near
stoichiometricpremixed air-natural
gas flame. Temperature in °C
Temperature Temperature distribution in a near distribution in a near
stoichiometricstoichiometricpremixed airpremixed air--natural natural
gas flame. gas flame. Temperature in Temperature in °°CC
Schematic diagram of a concentric nebulizer system for a premixed burner.
Schematic diagram of a concentric Schematic diagram of a concentric nebulizernebulizer system for a premixed burner.system for a premixed burner.
The venturi effect in nebulizerThe The venturiventuri effect in effect in nebulizernebulizer
Impact bead assembly.Impact bead assembly.Impact bead assembly.
Summary of atomization in flames
Summary of Summary of atomization in flamesatomization in flames
Background correction.Background correction.Background correction.
Automatic simultaneous background correctorAutomatic simultaneous background correctorAutomatic simultaneous background corrector
Anion interferences on calcium
Anion interferences Anion interferences on calciumon calcium
Modern design for a graphite furnaceModern design for a graphite furnaceModern design for a graphite furnace
Typical analytical heating cycle for a graphite
furnace
Typical analytical heating Typical analytical heating cycle for a graphite cycle for a graphite
furnacefurnace
Schematic view of an ICP
Schematic view of Schematic view of an ICPan ICP
Suggested nomenclature for the various zones in the ICP.
Pre-heating zone (PHZ); initial radiation zone (IRZ);
normal analytical zone (NAZ); boundary region (BR)
Suggested nomenclature for Suggested nomenclature for
the various zones in the ICP.the various zones in the ICP.
PrePre--heating zone (PHZ); heating zone (PHZ);
initial radiation zone (IRZ); initial radiation zone (IRZ);
normal analytical zone (NAZ); normal analytical zone (NAZ);
boundary region (BR)boundary region (BR)
Nebulizers used for ICP-AES: (a) concentric; (b) cross-flow; (c) glass frit; (d) Hildebrand gird (expanded view);
(e) V-groove or ‘Babington type’
NebulizersNebulizers used for ICPused for ICP--AES: (a) concentric; (b) crossAES: (a) concentric; (b) cross--
flow; (c) glass frit; (d) Hildebrand gird (expanded view); flow; (c) glass frit; (d) Hildebrand gird (expanded view);
(e) V(e) V--groove or groove or ‘‘Babington typeBabington type’’
Typical configuration for ICP-AES instruments:
(a) side-on viewing of the ICP; (b) axial viewing on
the ICP
Typical configuration for Typical configuration for
ICPICP--AES instruments: AES instruments:
(a) side(a) side--on viewing of the on viewing of the
ICP; (b) axial viewing on ICP; (b) axial viewing on
the ICPthe ICP
Schematic diagram of photomultiplier tubes:
external views of (a) side-on and (b) end-
on configuration; (c) mode of operation of the end-on configuration
Schematic diagram of Schematic diagram of
photomultiplier tubes: photomultiplier tubes:
external views of external views of
(a) side(a) side--on and (b) endon and (b) end--
on configuration; on configuration;
(c) mode of operation of (c) mode of operation of
the endthe end--on configurationon configuration
Charged-coupled detector (top) and schematic diagram of the two-dimensional detector array with respect to
wavelength and order (bottom)
ChargedCharged--coupled detector (top) and schematic diagram coupled detector (top) and schematic diagram of the twoof the two--dimensional detector array with respect to dimensional detector array with respect to
wavelength and order (bottom)wavelength and order (bottom)
Typical detection limits for ICP-AES in ng ml-1Typical detection limits for ICPTypical detection limits for ICP--AES in AES in ngng mlml--11
Schematic diagram of a Beenakler TM010microwave cavity
Schematic diagram of a Schematic diagram of a BeenaklerBeenakler TMTM010010microwave cavitymicrowave cavity
Schematic diagram of the three-electrode direct current plasma
Schematic diagram of the threeSchematic diagram of the three--electrode direct electrode direct current plasmacurrent plasma
Schematic diagram of a glow discharge cellSchematic diagram of a glow discharge cellSchematic diagram of a glow discharge cell
M + A+ M+ + A+ + e−−−− ion-atom collision
M + A M+ + A+ + 2e−−−− atom-atom collision
M + e−−−− M+ + 2e−−−− electron impact
Ar+ + X Ar + X+ charge transfer
Arm + X Ar + X+ + e−−−− penning ionization
M + AM + A++ MM++ + A+ A++ + e+ e−−−−−−−− ionion--atom collisionatom collision
M + AM + A MM++ + A+ A++ + 2e+ 2e−−−−−−−− atomatom--atom collisionatom collision
M + eM + e−−−−−−−− MM++ + 2e+ 2e−−−−−−−− electron impactelectron impact
ArAr++ + X+ X ArAr + X+ X++ charge transfercharge transfer
ArArmm + X+ X ArAr + X+ X++ + e+ e−−−−−−−− penning ionizationpenning ionization
Types of ionization processesTypes of ionization processesTypes of ionization processes
Types of atomic fluorescence.Types of atomic fluorescence.Types of atomic fluorescence.
A microwave-excited electrodelessdischarge lamp
A microwaveA microwave--excited excited electrodelesselectrodelessdischarge lampdischarge lamp
Hydride generation
systems: (a) batch
mode operation;
(b) continuous
mode operation
Hydride generation Hydride generation
systems: (a) batch systems: (a) batch
mode operation; mode operation;
(b) continuous (b) continuous
mode operationmode operation
Typical cold vapour generation AAS system used for mercury determination. The same system can be used with a flame in place of the
Pyrex tube to allow the determination of hydride-forming elements
Typical cold Typical cold vapourvapour generation AAS system used for mercury generation AAS system used for mercury
determination. The same system can be used with a flame in placedetermination. The same system can be used with a flame in place of the of the
Pyrex tube to allow the determination of hydridePyrex tube to allow the determination of hydride--forming elementsforming elements