Production of Biomass for Energy Production of Biomass for Energy from Sustainable Forestry from Sustainable Forestry

Systems: Canada and EuropeSystems: Canada and Europe

Jim RichardsonJim RichardsonPoplar Council of Canada Poplar Council of Canada

and IEA Bioenergy Task 31and IEA Bioenergy Task 31Short Rotation Crops International Conference Short Rotation Crops International Conference

August 20, 2008August 20, 2008

OutlineOutline

Biomass types and sourcesBiomass types and sourcesForest biomass for energyForest biomass for energySustainability of productionSustainability of productionCanada and SwedenCanada and SwedenGlobal change issuesGlobal change issuesIEA IEA BioenergyBioenergy Task 31Task 31Poplar Council of CanadaPoplar Council of Canada

Biomass TypesBiomass Types

Energy plantationsEnergy plantations

Forest residuesForest residues

Forest industry residuesForest industry residues

Agricultural crops & residuesAgricultural crops & residues

Animal wastesAnimal wastes

Municipal solid wasteMunicipal solid waste

Biomass TypesBiomass Types

Energy plantationsEnergy plantations

Forest residuesForest residues

Forest industry residuesForest industry residues

Agricultural crops & residuesAgricultural crops & residues

Animal wastesAnimal wastes

Municipal solid wasteMunicipal solid waste

Bioenergy endBioenergy end--usesuses

HeatHeat

ElectricityElectricity

Liquid or gaseous fuelsLiquid or gaseous fuels

Global Status of Forests Global Status of Forests & Energy& Energy

Forests are the main source of energy globally Forests are the main source of energy globally for domestic use & many industriesfor domestic use & many industries

BiofuelsBiofuels provide 14% worldprovide 14% world’’s primary energys primary energy60% of wood removals are for energy.60% of wood removals are for energy.

BUT forest cover declining: BUT forest cover declining: --9.4 M ha/yr9.4 M ha/yrSO, need to ensure sustainable forestry SO, need to ensure sustainable forestry practicespractices

Global Wood ConsumptionGlobal Wood Consumption

0200400600800

1000120014001600

Developedcountries

Developingcountries

Million m3

Fuelwood &charcoalIndustrial wood

The Bioenergy Production CycleThe Bioenergy Production Cycle

Technical issuesTechnical issues

Harvesting Harvesting -- integration, timing, integration, timing, moisture loss, dry matter lossmoisture loss, dry matter lossTransportation Transportation -- comminutioncomminutionand compaction and compaction Equipment Equipment -- mechanizationmechanizationSupply chainSupply chain

Residue BundlerResidue Bundler

Environmental issuesEnvironmental issues

Nutrient removalNutrient removalSoil compactionSoil compactionWater managementWater managementBiodiversityBiodiversityCarbon dioxideCarbon dioxide

BiodiversityBiodiversity

Impact similar to conventional harvestingImpact similar to conventional harvestingWoody debrisWoody debrisLand use change Land use change

energy plantationsenergy plantations

Social issuesSocial issues

EmploymentEmployment

AgroforestryAgroforestry

Rural developmentRural development

Remote communitiesRemote communities

Remote CommunitiesRemote CommunitiesCanadaCanada’’s norths northForestForest--based communities based communities -- with energy with energy needs and high energy costsneeds and high energy costsBenefits of Benefits of bioenergybioenergy::

community selfcommunity self--sufficiencysufficiencyreduced costsreduced costsemploymentemploymentsympathetic to forestsympathetic to forest--based culturebased culture

Economic issuesEconomic issues

CostsCostscapitalcapitaloperatingoperating

Policies and regulationsPolicies and regulationsincentives incentives barriersbarriers

Policies & regulationsPolicies & regulations

Forest fuel harvestingForest fuel harvestingFertilizing (wood ash)Fertilizing (wood ash)Wood fuel useWood fuel useLand useLand useSitingSiting and permittingand permitting

Solutions for Solutions for SustainabilitySustainability

Environmental Management Environmental Management Systems (EMS)Systems (EMS)Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)Environmental Impact Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)Assessment (EIA)Forest certification schemes Forest certification schemes (FSC, PEFC, (FSC, PEFC, ……))

Energy statistics Energy statistics (Source: IEA 2005)(Source: IEA 2005)

SwedenSweden GermanyGermany CanadaCanada USAUSA

Population (M)Population (M) 99 6262 3232 297297

TPES (TPES (MtoeMtoe)) 5252 345345 272272 23402340

TPESTPESper capitaper capita

5.85.8 4.24.2 8.48.4 7.97.9

RenewablesRenewables (%)(%)

28.928.9 4.44.4 16.116.1 4.44.4

Bioenergy Bioenergy ((MtoeMtoe))

8.78.7 10.010.0 12.312.3 65.865.8

Bioenergy (%)Bioenergy (%) 16.816.8 2.92.9 4.54.5 2.82.8

Canada: Biomass resourcesCanada: Biomass resources

Industrial/mill residuesIndustrial/mill residuesForest residuesForest residues

Fire/insect killFire/insect kill

Agricultural residuesAgricultural residuesMunicipal wasteMunicipal waste

construction/demolition woodconstruction/demolition wood

Energy cropsEnergy crops

SwedenSweden

Small country, small population, much forest Small country, small population, much forest (55%)(55%)Forest production Forest production –– 152 M m152 M m33/year/yearCurrent use Current use –– 90 M m90 M m33/year (primarily to /year (primarily to conventional industry)conventional industry)Annual forest harvestAnnual forest harvest

88% conventional industrial 88% conventional industrial roundwoodroundwood12% firewood, harvest residues for energy12% firewood, harvest residues for energy45% directly or indirectly to energy use45% directly or indirectly to energy use

Global Climate ChangeGlobal Climate Change

Increasing risk to forestryIncreasing risk to forestryBut possibly more material for energy But possibly more material for energy productionproductionNatural disturbancesNatural disturbances

Insect pestsInsect pestsSevere weather eventsSevere weather events

Canada: Mountain Pine BeetleCanada: Mountain Pine Beetle

British ColumbiaBritish Columbia60 M ha productive forest land60 M ha productive forest land69 M m69 M m33/year AAC/year AACMPBMPB »» 1999 1999 –– 200 K ha200 K ha

2005 2005 –– 8.7 M ha8.7 M ha2013 2013 –– all all lodgepolelodgepole pine killed (9 M mpine killed (9 M m33))Harvesting shift to salvage dead treesHarvesting shift to salvage dead treesBioenergy opportunityBioenergy opportunity

Sweden: Hurricane Gudrun 2005Sweden: Hurricane Gudrun 2005

1 annual national felling in 1 night in a 1 annual national felling in 1 night in a limited area in South Swedenlimited area in South Sweden‘‘SecondarySecondary’’ problem problem –– massive bark beetle massive bark beetle infestationinfestationSalvage loggingSalvage logging

Caren Dyment, CFSCaren Dyment, CFS

Salvage logging: 1 M mSalvage logging: 1 M m3 3 (Source: (Source: CarenCaren DymentDyment))

IEAIEA Bioenergy Task 31Bioenergy Task 31

Biomass Production for Energy from Biomass Production for Energy from Sustainable ForestrySustainable Forestry

20072007--0909

Website: Website: http://ieabioenergytask31.orghttp://ieabioenergytask31.org

ObjectiveObjective

To share, To share, analyseanalyse, synthesize, disseminate , synthesize, disseminate and promote and promote scientific knowledge and scientific knowledge and technical informationtechnical information leading to the leading to the economically and environmentally economically and environmentally sustainable productionsustainable production of biomass for of biomass for energy from energy from integrated forestry systemsintegrated forestry systems. .

Issues addressedIssues addressed

Availability of forest biomassAvailability of forest biomass for energy for energy productionproductionDevelopment and implementation of knowledge Development and implementation of knowledge of of forest biomass supply chainforest biomass supply chainReducing costsReducing costs of biomass production and of biomass production and developing improved economic analysesdeveloping improved economic analysesCriteria and indicatorsCriteria and indicators for sustainable for sustainable development of energy production from forestrydevelopment of energy production from forestry

ActivitiesActivities

International scientific workshopsInternational scientific workshops

Case studies and policyCase studies and policy--oriented papersoriented papers

Information disseminationInformation dissemination

CollaborationCollaboration

Participating CountriesParticipating Countries

CanadaCanada

DenmarkDenmark

FinlandFinland

GermanyGermanyNetherlandsNetherlands

NorwayNorway

SwedenSweden

United KingdomUnited Kingdom

United StatesUnited States

Poplar Council of CanadaPoplar Council of CanadaA national nonA national non--profit organization with membership from profit organization with membership from industry, land owners, universities, research institutions, industry, land owners, universities, research institutions,

and federal and provincial governments. and federal and provincial governments.

PCC has been committed to the wise use, conservation, and PCC has been committed to the wise use, conservation, and sustainable management of Canada's private and public sustainable management of Canada's private and public

poplar resources since 1977.poplar resources since 1977.

Website: Website: www.poplar.cawww.poplar.ca

Information and ServicesInformation and Services

Annual technical meetingsAnnual technical meetingsNewslettersNewslettersReports and publicationsReports and publicationsResearch needs assessmentResearch needs assessmentWorking GroupsWorking Groups

Genetics & BreedingGenetics & BreedingPesticide RegistrationPesticide Registration

InternationalInternationalInternational Poplar CommissionInternational Poplar Commission

Poplars and Willows Poplars and Willows in the World: in the World:

meeting the needs of society meeting the needs of society and the environmentand the environment

Editors: J.G. Isebrands & J. RichardsonEditors: J.G. Isebrands & J. Richardson

Published by: FAO/IPCPublished by: FAO/IPCAvailable onAvailable on--line from end 2008line from end 2008

ObjectiveObjective

To produce a To produce a major updatemajor update of the previous of the previous (1980) edition of the FAO publication on poplars (1980) edition of the FAO publication on poplars and willows in an and willows in an accessible formataccessible format, providing a , providing a practical practical worldwideworldwide overview and guide to their overview and guide to their basic basic characteristics, cultivation and usecharacteristics, cultivation and use as well as well as as issues, problems and trendsissues, problems and trends relating to relating to poplars and willows.poplars and willows.

ContentsContents

Preface Preface 1. Introduction1. Introduction2. Poplars & willows in the world2. Poplars & willows in the world3. Natural ecosystems3. Natural ecosystems4. Genetic resources4. Genetic resources5. Industrial plantations5. Industrial plantations6. Environmental uses6. Environmental uses7. 7. AbioticAbiotic risksrisks8. Diseases 8. Diseases

9. Animal pests9. Animal pests

10. Properties and utilization10. Properties and utilization11. Markets, trends and outlook 11. Markets, trends and outlook 12. Sustainable rural development12. Sustainable rural development13. Conclusions13. ConclusionsAppendicesAppendicesA. Research agencies, institutions A. Research agencies, institutions

& organizations& organizationsB. BibliographyB. BibliographyC. IndexC. IndexD. GlossaryD. Glossary

Thank you!Thank you!