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7/29/2019 Production Methods Swann
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LaDon SwannMississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium
Auburn University
Production Methods
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Production Methods
Ponds
Raceways
Cages and Pens
Recirculating systems
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Levee Ponds
Levee ponds are the most common fishproduction method
Common food species red drum
catfish
trout and salmon
hybrid striped bass
tilapia
cobia
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Levee Ponds
Site selection
topography
pesticides utilities
drainage
wetlands
clay content
Types
Construction
levee
depth slope
water
drains
Production rates
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Site Selection
Time spentanalyzing a site is
time well spent. Many problems
associated withlevee ponds can
be traced back topoor site selection.
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Site Selection
Criteria
topography
gentle slope pesticide residuals
test
utilities
essential
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Site Selection
Criteria
drainage
locate for gravity drainage wetlands
regulatory difficulties
clay
10-20% is idea, but goodponds can be constructedwith less or more.
depends soil composition
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Types Spawning
less than 1 acre
easy to drain/fill
Fingerling
1-5 acres easy to drain/refill
Finishing 5 acres or larger
draining
continual -- no batch -- yes
5 1-51
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Spawning
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Fingerling
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Finishing
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Construction
Ponds last decades when properly constructed.
$3-5 K per acre
Components levee
depth
slope
water supply
drains
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Levee
Core trench
dug to anchor levee
to existingtopography
core depth equaldepth of pond
filled with high claycontent soil
compacted
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Levee
Remove soil fromcentral part ofpond to construct
levees Add 8-10 layers
Compact
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Levee
20 ft wide main
harvesting
equipment 16 ft wide side
feed trucks
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Slope
Horizontal distance in feet for each foot ofheight or a2 + b2 = c2 or s = Rise/Run
3:1 minimum inside
3 1
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Depth
Shallow end
2.5-3.5 ft
prevents rootedplant growth
Deep end
6-7 ft (drain)
preventsunnecessarydraining to harvest
2.5-3.5 6-7 ft
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Freeboard
Freeboard
height of the levee
from the watersurface to the topof the levee
2 ft recommended
prevents overflow erosion control
2 ft
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Water Supply Ponds should be
able to fill in 7 daysor less
Use gate or alfalfavalves to controlflow
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Drain
Ponds should ableto completely drainin 2 days or less.
PVC pr galvanized
Anti-seep collar prevents seepage
around drain pipe
collar should be 3times the diameterof the pipe
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Drain Swivel drain
Vertical standpipe
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Production Rates
Variables
feed
aeration harvest method
continual
batch
1,000 to 10,000lbs./acre
Feed
Aeration
Continual Harvesting
Increased
Yield
s
No Inputs Feed FeedAeration
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Raceways
Site selection
water supply
location topography
Types
series
parallel
Construction
material
dimensions earthen construction
concrete construction
Production rates
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Site Selection
Water supply
use large quantities of water
gravity springs are most
economical Location
near water supply
Topography
8-10 percent slope
18-24 inch water drop
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Types
Series
flow through multipleraces
Parallel flow through one race
Series
Parallel
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Construction
Materials any non-toxic material
must hold water
Earthen
Concrete
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Dimensions
Ratio of 30:3:1
aids in water flow
self-cleaning easier harvest
For Example: 120 ft x 12 ft x 4 ft
120 ft
12 ft
4 ft
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Production Rates
Variables
feed
aeration harvest method
continual
batch
20,000 to 45,000lbs./ft3/sec.
(449 gals/min)
Feed
Aeration
Continual Harvesting
Increased
Yield
s
No Inputs Feed FeedAeration
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Cages
Site selection
water sources
water quality Types
round
rectangular
Construction
bag
frame feeding ring
lid
floatation
Placement
Production rates
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Site Selection
Types Farm Ponds
Bays and Fiords
Open Ocean
Specifications Freshwater
1 acre minimum
4-5 ft. average depth
Saltwater 70-100 ft
20 acre barrow pit
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Types
Types
Small cages
Large net pens Size
is based oneconomics and
management
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Construction
Sizes
small cages less than200 ft3.
large net pens for nearand offshoreproduction
Materials
non-toxic
durable
retains fish
allow floatation
Salmon net pens
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Cage Placement
Specifications
open areas of waterto allow goodcirculation
provide spacebetween cages
number dependson size of pond(carrying capacity)
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Production Rates
Variables feed
aeration
harvest method continual
batch
Carrying capacity 10-20 lbs. per ft3
no more than1,500-2,000 lbs./acre
Inc
reased
Yields
No Inputs Feed FeedAeration FeedAeration
Continual Harvesting
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Recirculating Systems
Site components
pump house
emergency generator 3 phase electricity
bulk feed storage
oxygen supply
building
System components
oxygen
biological filter buffering system
heaters/chillers
solids filter
lighting tanks
Production rates
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Site Components
Building
Water
Electricity 3 phase
Other
bulk feed
oxygen tanks
emergency generator
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Building
Pole barn enclosed or semi-enclosed
access
foam insulation
moisture proof floor drains
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Electricity
3 phase electricity
electricity is a majorcost and 3 phase willreduce the expense
Emergency generator
in event of power
outage there is a 30minute window torestore power tosystem.
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System Components
Primary biofilter
solids filter
tanks
pump
buffering system
Secondary oxygen
pumps
heaters/chillers lighting
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Biological Filter
Function nitrification
oxidizes ammonia and nitrite to nitrate
NO3-NH3
1 O2
nitrosomonas nitrobacter
1 O2NO2-
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Solids Filter
Types
sand filter
settling chambers inclined tubes
screen filters
Function
settleable (feces and food)
also some suspended
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Tanks
Criteria
non-toxic
durable
corrosion resistant Materials
fiberglass
concrete
plastic
glass
others with liners
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Pump
Types
impeller driven
airlift Purpose
to return water through system
usually placed after biofilter
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Oxygen
Sources
aerators
agitators
blowers
ventura pumps
oxygenation
packed towers
U-tubes
conesPacked tower
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Bicarbonate Drip
Rational
CO2 from respiration
nitrification is an acidifyingprocess
Purpose
add alkalinity to water
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Other Components
Lighting
low light levels reducestress to fish
Heaters/chillers
depending on species
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Production Rates
Variables
feed
aeration harvest method
continual
batch
to 1 lb./gallon Increased
Yields
No Inputs Feed FeedAeration FeedAeration
Continual Harvesting