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The impact of global The impact of global production chains on trade: Towards a measure of i i l d i l dd d international trade in value added Christophe Degain, WTO

production chains on trade€¦ · production chains on trade: Towards a measure of ... Outsourcing and offshoring strategies and NeedForeign Direct Investment (FDI) for new statistical

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Page 1: production chains on trade€¦ · production chains on trade: Towards a measure of ... Outsourcing and offshoring strategies and NeedForeign Direct Investment (FDI) for new statistical

The impact of globalThe impact of global 

production chains on trade:pTowards a measure of 

i i l d i l dd dinternational trade  in value added

Christophe Degain, WTO

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Global production chains and world trade – Ins and outs

International consumer demandInternational consumer demand

Emergence of “Trade in tasks”:

Lower applied tariffs and trade policy incentives

• Predominance of trade in intermediate goods

• Development of intra‐firm 

Development of infrastructure and technological progress 

Global production chains and world trade

evelopment of intra firmtrade

• Increase of processing trade

Export processing zones

Outsourcing and offshoring strategies and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Need for new statistical 

measures of international trade

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Asian economies have relatively low applied tariffs on imports (especially on semi‐processed goods)( p y p g )

Source: WTO

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Export processing zones (EPZs) account for about 20 % of total merchandise exports of developing economies p p g

Sources: ILO and WTO

(2006 or most recent year)economies with EPZs

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Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)World and regional FDI inflows (billions of US$)g ( $)

Source: UNCTAD 

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Intermediate goods dominate world non‐fuel merchandise exports$

ons  of U

S$Billio

Source: UNSD & WTO

2009 value

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Intermediate goods dominate world non‐fuel merchandise exports

Key facts on Asia trade in intermediate goods …

• Asia’s share in world exports of intermediate goods increases : 37 % in 2010i d i d i• Intra‐Asian trade is predominant

• Asia imports more intermediate goods than it exports• Intermediate goods traded by Asian economies are more and more 

sophisticated • More and more concentrated trade on few components

Confirming that:… Confirming that:

• Asia is the “World manufacturer”• Asian supply chains boost the regional marketsAsian supply chains boost the regional markets• Asian economies present a high degree of industrial specialization

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Fragmentation of production: the example of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner 

Source: Meng & Miroudot

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Towards a new measure of international tradeTowards a new measure of international trade

• Traditional statistics present some biases:

– Multiple counting of trade flows in intermediate goods and services

– Difficult attribution of the country of origin of an imported product

• Measuring trade in value added terms allows:

– To circumvent the biases observed with traditional statistics

– To take into account the specificity of trade occurring between the different actors of a production chain

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Some benefits of trade in value added

A b tt l ti f th t l t ib ti f• A better evaluation of the actual contribution of international trade to an economy (incl. growth, development, employment, environment)( g p p y )

• To highlight the interdependency of economies, and the counter productive effects of protectionist measures oncounter‐productive effects of protectionist measures on economies and enterprises they are supposed to protect

• Better evaluation of the contribution of the services sector on trade

• To provide a more realistic evaluation of bilateral trade balances and regional trade

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Computers and electronic equipmentexports and their domestic and imported contentsexports and their domestic and imported contents

(billions of US$ and percentage)

Source: WTO, based on IDE‐JETRO Asian Input‐Output tables

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2009 US trade balance in iPhones (millions of US$)( $)

Source: Meng and Miroudot, based on Xing and Detert (2010)

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United States‐China trade balanceTraditional vs VA measure (billions of US$)Traditional vs VA measure (billions of US$)

Sources: UN Comtrade Database, IDE‐JETRO AIO tables and WTO estimates

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Thank you – Dômo Arigatô

More info on the WTO “Made in the World” initiative (MIWI) at http://www.wto.org/miwi