PROCESS OF FISH FARMING

CHAPTER IV

PROCESS OF

FISH FARMING

4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.2 FISH FARMING IN DAM'S AND TANKS

4.3 FISH FARMING IN SALINE AFFECTED SOILS

4.3.1 CONCEPT OF SOIL DEGRADATION

4.3.2 CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF SOIL

DEGRADATION

4.3.3 MEASURES OF SOIL RECLAIMATION

4.4 SALIENT FEATURES OF FISH FARMING IN SALINE

AFFECTED SOIL

4.5 FISH FARMS IN SALINE AFFECTED AND

WATERLOGGED SOILS

4.6 CONCLUSION

78

4.1 Introduction:

The world’s population explosion is becoming a source of increasing concern

for all countries because the problem of feeding billions of persons is becoming acute

each day. It is being felt that the main weapon in war on hunger could be developed

by supplementing agriculture with pisciculture. Surrounded by sea on three sides and

possessing big rivers, bays, lakes, canals, tanks and ponds, India possess ideal

conditions for improvement of fisheries. Organization of this industry on modern lines

will go a long way in solving the food problem in the country (Uma Sharma &

Grower 1982).

The practicing fish farming in Upper Krishna Basin is mainly in rivers, dams,

ponds, reservoirs and in areas of saline and waterlogged soils. In this view, the present

chapter deals with the process of fish farming in various water bodies.

4.2 PROCESS OF FISH FARMING IN DAMS AND TANKS:

Fish farming in dams and lakes is very old practice in India. The significance

of the fish farming has increased for the rural development by providing employment

opportunities to the rural masses. It consists of all activities from rising of fish to

marketing of fish through human efforts. It also includes stocking fish seed, rearing of

younger ones, harvesting and marketing of fish raised in freshwater (Biswas 2004).

However, here an attempt has been made to study the inland fisheries in dams

and ponds as a commercial and intensive fish culture. The whole process of the fish

farming classified in linkages for the detailed study of the fish farming in these water

bodies.

4.2.1 Linkages of Inland Capture and Culture Fishery:

Every activity has linkages for completing the process of any particular

activity. Fish farming has also such type of linkages. The process has two types of

linkage, these are Backward and Forward Linkage follows the three phases including

Basic Input Supply System, Fish Production System and Fish Marketing system

(Fig.4.1).

a) Back Ward Linkage:

The basic input supply system of the fish farming activity considered as the

backward linkage. This link includes the basic requirements of the fish farming like

sufficient supply of water, good quality of fish seeds, credit facilities, education,

79

extension services, supply of food, fertilizers and supply of fishery requisites. These

are the most basic factors required for the development of the fishery in the region.

b) The Production System:

This system mainly depends upon the fish supply system and it supports to the

fish marketing system. It also plays significant role in the linkage of the fish farming.

The production system has divided in to two groups, namely Capture and Culture

Fishery. The fishermen communities only practice the capture fishery where as

culture fishery is practiced by both the fishermen and youngsters of non-fishing

communities.

c) Forward Linkage:

Fish marketing system is the final link of the fish farming activity. The

marketing system includes fish harvesting, distribution and processing. The system

shows that the marketing of the fish has divided in to two groups like wholesale and

the retail, where as the agents played major role in the marketing channel of the

region.

4.2.2 Demographic Structure of Fishermen:

The area is subdivided into three zones like western, central and eastern zones

for detailed micro level analysis. The table 4.1 shows that, 74.51 percent of the

members of fishing co-operative societies are registered in central part of the region

followed by eastern and western part of about 16.32 and 9.38 percent respectively.

The central part of the region is facilited by the river water and market centers.

Therefore, the percentage of the member engaged is more than the eastern and

western part of the region. This can be well attributed to the undulating terrain to the

west and scarcity of surface and groundwater in the eastern part of the region.

It is also observed that, about 62.31 percent of the members of the fishing co-

operative society are engaged in fishing activity. In central part of the region out of

total members, about 63.20 percent of the members are engaged in fishing activity

followed by eastern and western part by 62 and 55.74 percent respectively. The

central part of the region ranks first in the members engaged in fishing activity (75.57

percent) whereas, 16.04 of eastern and 8.39 percent of the members of western part

are engaged in fish farming activity (Table 4.1).

80

Table: 4.1

Upper Krishna Basin: Demographic Structure of Fisherman

Source: Compiled and Computed by Researcher, Base: Field Work

In central part of the region 76.15 percent of the peoples are having, the

traditional knowledge about the fish farming activity because they mainly belong to

fishing communities like Bhoi and Bagadi. In eastern part of the region, only 16.53

percent of the people are having ancestral knowledge about fishing followed by 7.32

percent of the peoples from Western part of the region. In these areas, the density of

fishing community is highly restricted by the western hilly part and the eastern

scarcity zone. However, due to the immense water resource and the vast scope of the

fish costumer the fishing communities are concentrated in the central part of the

region along the river Krishna, Yerla, Warna, Panchganga and their tributaries. The

central part of the region ranks first with 68.18 percent of the fishermen completed

trennings followed by 22.16 percent of the fishermen's from western and 9.68 percent

from eastern part of the region.

4.2.3 Fish Tanks Undertaken by Co-operative Society:

In Upper Krishna Basin, capture fishery is mainly practiced in river areas.

About 38.46 percent of the societies are capturing fish in western and central part

Part

of

the

Reg

ion

No

. o

f R

esp

on

den

t S

ocie

ties

To

tal

No

. o

f M

emb

ers

Mem

ber

s E

ng

ag

ed

in

Fis

hin

g

Acti

vit

y

Tra

dit

ion

al

Mem

ber

s C

om

ple

ted

Tra

inin

g

% o

f M

emb

ers

in

Zo

ne

%

of

Mem

ber

s E

ng

aged

in

Fis

hin

g

% o

f A

nce

stra

l M

em

ber

s

% o

f M

emb

ers

C

om

ple

ted

Tra

inin

g

Western 11 366 204 165 39 9.38 8.39 7.32 22.16

Central 11 2908 1834 1718 120 74.51 75.57 76.15 68.18

Eastern 11 629 390 373 373 16.32 16.04 16.53 9.66

Total 33 3903 2432 2256 176 100 100 100 100

81

while 23.08 percent of societies are practicing capture fishing in the river water of the

region (Table 4.2). It is also observed that, in eastern part 45.46 percent of the

societies are culturing fish in seasonal water bodies only because of the scarcity of

water and the scanty rainfall in eastern part of the region. In central part of the region,

about 50 percent of the fishing co-operative societies are culturing fish in perennial

water bodies followed by western and eastern part of the region. Due to the hilly area,

most of the water bodies are located at the foot of the western Ghat where as central

part has good irrigation network because of plane surface and perennial water

storages, which help for commercial fish farming in the region.

Table 4.2

Upper Krishna Basin: Fishing Tanks Undertaken By Fishing

Co-operative Societies


It is also observed that, there is no provision for allocation of the river areas on

lease period in Satara and Sangli District while in Kolhapur District; about 90 river

patches are alloted on a lease by charging the rent of Rs. 200 per year only to the

Period of

Contract Rent in Rs.

Pa

rt o

f th

e R

egio

n

No

. o

f S

oci

etie

s F

ish

ing

in

Riv

er A

rea

s

Perc

en

tag

e o

f S

ocie

ties

Fis

hin

g i

n R

iver

Are

as

No

. o

f S

oci

etie

s F

ish

ing

in

Sea

son

al

Ta

nk

s

Per

cen

tag

e o

f S

easo

na

l P

on

ds

No

. o

f S

oci

etie

s F

ish

ing

in

Per

enn

ial

Po

nd

s

Perc

enta

ge

of

Per

enn

ial

Po

nd

s

Pa

tch

in

a

yea

r

Peri

od

Fo

r D

am

s a

nd

Po

nd

s in

Yea

r

For R

iver

Pa

tch

For

Da

ms

an

d P

on

ds

Western 5 38.46 2 18.18 5 27.78 0 5 0 293

Central 5 38.46 4 36.36 9 50.00 1 5 200 308

Eastern 3 23.08 5 45.45 4 22.22 0 5 0 166

Total/

Average 13 100.00 11 100.00 18 100.00 1 5 200 255

82

fishing co-operative societies. This provision is made only for preventing the free

fishing in river areas and for generating employment to the fisherman's community.

The lease period for the dams and Ponds is five years in the entire region. The

average rent for the water bodies in the region is Rs. 255 per hectare per year. The

lease rate is higher in the central part of the region, which are Rs. 300 followed by

western and eastern part of the region of Rs. 290 and Rs. 166 respectively.

4.2.4 Stocking of Fish Seeds:

The fish production and productivity directly depend on the density of fish

seed stocking. There is an inverse relationship between the area brought under fish

culture and stocking density of fish seeds.

As the study conducted by Indian institute of management during 1983, the

norms recommended for stocking the fish seeds in reservoirs in India should be as

under (Agarwal 1990).

1. Large reservoirs (5000-10000 hectare) - 200 fingerlings

2. Medium reservoirs (1000-5000 hectare) - 400 fingerlings

3. Minor reservoirs (up to 1000 hectare) - 1000 fingerlings

The following values for stocking density of fry as under are also recommended

1. Large reservoirs (1000-5000 hectare) - 500 Fry

2. Medium reservoirs (100-1000 hectare) - 1000 Fry

3. Minor reservoirs (10- to 100 hectare) - 2000 Fry

4. Small reservoirs (Below 10 hectare) – 10,000 Fry

At present, the stocking density of fry in large dams like ‘Dhom’ is 867 fry per

hectare per year where as 600 fry per hectare in Yeralwadi reservoir. The stocking

rate of the Dhom dam is more than the recommended values where as Yeralwadi

reservoir has less than recommendation.

83

Table 4.3

Upper Krishna Basin: Process of Stocking Fish Seeds in Dams and Ponds

Fish Seeds

Brought From

Cost Per 1000 in

Rs.

Dhom Other

Part of

The

Region

Varieties

% o

f F

arm

ers

% o

f F

arm

ers

% o

f M

ort

ali

ty

Pro

cess

Tim

e of

Sto

ckin

g

To

tal

No. o

f S

eed

s /

Hec

tare

Fry

Sem

i F

inger

lin

gs

Fin

ger

lin

gs

Av

erag

e P

er H

ecta

re C

ost

in

Rs.

Tra

nsp

ort

an

d O

ther

Ch

arg

es i

n R

s.

To

tal

Exp

en

dit

ure

/H

ecta

re i

n R

s.

Western Major

Carps 75 25 30

Acc

lim

atiz

atio

n

Even

ing

2900 130 250 320 928 500 1428

Central Major

Carps 85.71 14.29 30

Acc

lim

atiz

atio

n

Ev

enin

g

7000 160 250 320 2240 1200 3440

Eastern Major

Carps 14.29 85.71 40

Acc

lim

atiz

atio

n

Ev

enin

g

4200 160 250 450 1890 250 2140


The stocking rates in minor tanks such as Kanherwadi, Tamgaon, Rajaram,

Atigre, Uchgaon and Morna is 2595 fry per hectare per year as against the

recommended stocking of 2000 fry per hectare per year. Similarly, the stocking rate

ranges between, 1388 to 6762 fry per hectare per year in small reservoirs against the

recommended rate of 10,000 fry per hectare per year.

84

The process of stocking fish fry in dams and ponds shows that, 85.71 percent

of the fish growers from central part of the region are using the fish seeds from

regional fish seed center of Dhom followed by western and eastern part by 75 and

14.29 percent respectively. In eastern part due to the long distance, about 85.71

percent of the growers prepare the other stations because there are another two

Government fish seed stocking centers available one each at Rankala of Kolhapur and

Siddhewadi of Tasgaon tahsil. In Kolhapur district, there are two private fish seed

stocking centers available one each at Karveer and another at Takawade of

Hatkanangale tahsil in the region and provides healthy and pure fish seeds of major

carps to the fish growers.

The mortality ranges between 30 to 40 percent from western to the eastern part

of the region. The eastern part of the region has lack of perennial water bodies where

as the greater temperature during the stocking season badly affectes on the life of the

fish.

The growers are stocking the fish fry by the acclimatization method at the

evening in the entire region. In central part of the region, on an average 7000 fish fry

stocked due to the smaller water resources where as 4200 fish fry in eastern part. In

western part of the region, the density of the fish fry for the stocking is decreasing

only because of the large water bodies. The cost for per 1000 fry is near about same

through out the region ranges between Rs.130 to 160, Rs. 250 for semi-fingerlings

and Rs. 320 to 450 for fingerlings (Table 4.3). The central part has highest average

per hectare cost for stocking seeds followed by eastern and western part of the region.

The higher transportation charges are observed in central part only because of the

longer distance but low charges are noted in western and eastern part due to the

nearness of fish seed conservation centers. So central part has highest cost of

expenditure followed by eastern and western part of the region

4.2.5 Use of Food Material:

In region, very few societies are using the food material for feeding the dams

and pond fishes only because of the large water bodies. For better growth of the fish,

it needs to manage the feeding programme for whole year. The fish needs food

material from first fifth days up to forth three months. Up to 90 days, the fish needs

85

daily feeding from fifth day of the stocking then it will managed by three months

duration.

Table 4.4

Upper Krishna Basin: Use of Food Material

Part of The Region Western Central Eastern

First 5 Days 0 2 0

6 to 10 days 0 0 1 No. of Societies Using Food

Material After 90 days 2 3 2

First 5 Days 0 18.18 0

6 to 10 days 0 0 9.09 Percentage of Societies Using

Food Material

After 90 days 18.18 27.27 18.18

First 3 month 1 2 1

Second 3 month 1 2 1

Third 3 month 1 1 1

No. of Societies Using Food

Material

Forth 3 month 0 0 1

First 3 month 9.09 18.18 9.09

Second 3 month 9.09 18.18 9.09

Third 3 month 9.09 9.09 9.09

Percentage of Societies Using

Food Material

Forth 3 month 0 0 9.09

Actual Area Under Survey 47.5 147.87 620.13

Total Expenditure (in Rs.) 35000 90000 65600

Per Hectare Expenditure (in Rs.) 736.84 608.64 105.78


The table No. 4.4 shows that, only 18.18 percent of the fishing co-operative

societies are feeding the fishes from dams and ponds in central part of the region.

During initial stage of 6th

to 10th

days, only 9.09 percent of the societies are feeding

the fishes in the eastern part of the region. None of the fishing co-operative societies

utilise the food material up to 10 days from the stocking. After the 10 days about

18.18 percent of the societies of the eastern and western part while 27.27 percent of

the societies from the central part of the region are applying the feeding technique.

The central part of the region is leading in feeding the ponds and dams for increasing

86

the productivity and production of the fish. The management of the three monthly

doses shows that, the central part is leading and 18.18 percent of the societies of the

region feeding the dams followed by eastern and western part of the region by half of

the central part which is 9.09 percent.

The expenditure for the feeding indicates that, only Rs. 736/- per hectare are

spent in western part followed by Rs. 608/- in central and Rs. 105/- in eastern part of

the region (Table 4.4). The poor maintenance affects on the production and

productivity of the fish in dams and ponds. For increasing the fish productivity and

total fish production of the region, it needs to feeding the fishes from dams and ponds

at least by three monthly period carefully by considering the body weight of the fish

and consumption of the food material. Most of the fishing co-operative societies are

mainly depending upon the natural feeding and fertility of the pond. The better

production needs to strengthen the management of the feeding and fertilization

programme in the region.

4.2.6 Use of Fertilizers:

It is observed that, in Upper Krishna Basin the fish growers are rarely using the

fertilizers for improving fertility of their dams and ponds. It is also observed that, the

average 42.42 percent of the societies are fertilizing their ponds before stocking the

fish seeds where as, 15.15 percent of the societies are fertilizing after stocking the fish

seeds (Table 4.5).

In the central and eastern part of the region, 45.45 percent of the societies are

fertilizing the ponds before stocking fish seeds followed by western part of the region.

Only 18.18 percent of co-operative societies in central and eastern part are fertilizing

the ponds after stocking fish seed. It is only due to having the large water bodies of

more than 10-hectares and due to the tendency of fisherman depends on the natural

fertility.

The material for the fertilization is rarely utilised in the region. In western part

of the region, the farmers use 150 kg. of lime for the preparation of the tanks for

controlling the unwanted weeds and species where as, 120 kg. and 100 kg. of lime is

used in central and eastern part of the region respectively.

87

Table 4.5

Upper Krishna Basin: Fertilization of Dams and Ponds


The utilization of fertilizers shows that, in western part of the region the fishing

co- operative societies are using about 41.53 Kg. of the organic manures per hectare

in addition with the 7.31 kg. of inorganic manures followed by central and eastern

part of the region. The expenditure for fertilization shows that, western part is leading

followed by central and eastern part of the region. It is because in western part of the

region co-operative fishing societies spent Rs. 846 per hectare where as, Rs. 292 and

only Rs. 49 per hectare are spend in central and eastern part respectively.

As per area cultured for the fish farming, the water bodies are facilited by

marginal dosage of the fertilizer only because of the large area and the tendency of

dependency on the natural fertilizer. None of the fishing co-operative societies is

thinking about the artificial fertility of the dams and the ponds in the region.

No. of Societies Fertilizing the

Ponds

Material used For

Preparation of Pond and

Fertilization Part of

the

Region

Sto

ckin

g

tota

l n

o.

of

Res

po

nd

en

t

So

ciet

ies

Da

ily

A

fter

Sto

ckin

g

Perc

enta

ge

of

So

ciet

ies

Are

a i

n

Hect

are

Lim

e K

g /

Hect

are

Org

an

ic K

g/

Hect

are

In O

rga

nic

Kg

/ H

ecta

re

Total

Expen

-

diture

in Rs.

Western 4 36.36 1 9.09 65 150 41.5

3 7.31 846

Central 5 45.45 2 18.1

8

436.

9 120

28.3

8 3.43 295

Eastern 5 45.45 2 18.1

8

330.

8 100

37.1

9 0.3 49

Total/

Average 14 42.42 5

15.1

5

832.

6 123.3 35.7 3.68 396.67

88

4.2.7 Diseases and Medical Facilities:

In Upper Krishna Basin most of the sugar industries release their effluents in

the river water and causes water pollution. Such water also flows in the dams and

ponds, which directly affects on fish health by causing various diseases.

The central part of the region is more sensitive in various diseases. In this

zone, about 54.55 percent of the societies observed diseases like Mahamari, Black

Spots, White Spots, and Red Spots, failure of Reproductive System, Swelling, Skin

damages and Broad head (Table 4.6).

Table 4.6

Upper Krishna Basin: Diseases and Medical Facilities


The eastern part of the region, 36.36 percent of the fishing co-operative

societies observed the diseases namely White Spots, Red Spots, Broad head and the

Part

of

the

Reg

ion

No

. o

f R

esp

on

den

t

So

ciet

ies

No

. o

f S

oci

etie

s o

bse

rved

Dis

ease

s

Per

cen

tag

e of

Socie

ties

ob

serv

ed D

isea

se t

o

Resp

on

den

t S

oci

etie

s

Met

hod

of

Ob

serv

ati

on

Ma

jor

Dis

ease

Ca

use

of

Dis

ea

se

Pre

ven

tio

n M

easu

res

Western 11 1 9.09 Observation Red Spot and

Skin Removing

Polluted

Water and

insecticides

Use of

lime at the

time of

breeding

Central 11 6 54.55 Observation

White Spot, Red

Spots, Black

Spots, Swelling

and Skin

Damages

Water

Pollution,

Inflow of

Sewage of

Sugar

Factories in

Water

Use of

lime +

Crud oil+

Soap

Eastern 11 4 36.36 Observation

Mahamari, Red

Spot, Swelling,

White Spots,

Damage of

Reproductive

System

Polluted

Water ,

Bacteria in

the Water

Use of

lime

Total 33 11 33.33 - - - -

89

Skin-damaging problem followed by western part of the region. The western part

being hilly and having large water bodies, they are safe from the pollution by the

sugar factories. The eastern part of the region is free from such type of the pollution

but the central part of the region is very sensitive. The diseases are only due to the

water pollution. Mostly the farmers use the lime at the time of the preparation of

ponds as a prevention measure.

4.2.8 Transportation Facilities:

In the region, most of the fishermen use bicycles as a means of transport. In

western part of the region out of total fishermen engaged in fishing activity, about 52

percent are having bicycles followed by central and eastern part of the region 31.56

and 17.49 percent respectively (Table 4.7).

Table 4.7

Upper Krishna Basin: Transportation Facilities of the Fisherman

Source: Compiled and Computed by researcher, Base: Field Work

In central part of the region, 75.18 percent of the fishermen are having

bicycles followed by western and eastern part of the region. The government of

Maharashtra grants funds for the development of the fishing activity. Under this

Part of

the

Region

No. of

Respon

dent

Societie

s

Total

No. of

Member

s

No. of

Member

s Having

Bicycles

% of

Member

s Having

Bicycles

No. of

Societies

Having

Tempo

% of

Societies

Having

Tempo

Cost of

Trans-

portatio

n

Western 11 366 193 52 1 9.09 500/-

Central 11 2908 918 31.56 1 9.09 400/-

Eastern 11 629 110 17.49 2 18.18 600/-

Total/

Average 33 3903 1221 31.28 4 12.12 500/-

90

programme, bicycles and iceboxes are distributed to the fishermen for the

transportation of the harvested fish. The District Fisheries Development Office of

Kolhapur provides such facilities only to the members of fishing co-operative

societies.

The other transportation facilities like tempo and trucks are rarely used by the

fishermen. The total cost of transportation ranges between Rs. 400 to 600 per tone.

The average cost required for the transportation from fish farm to the market centers

is Rs.500. The societies do not have trucks and containers. The said analysis reveals

that, fishing co-operative societies need transportation facilities for further

development of the fishing activity in the region.

4.2.9 Availability of the Storage Facility:

Fish being a perishable commodity, it requires storage facilities. However,

table no. 4.8 reveals the inadequacy of this facility. The central part of the region is

having better facility of the storage. In this zone due to the concentration of the

fishing communities and intensive fish farming 36.36 percent of fishing co-operative

societies are having ice boxes where as, 18.18 percent of the societies have

refrigerators followed by eastern and western part of the region (Table 4.8). In the

western and eastern part of the region, this facility is not available.

The iceboxes are safe for preservation of the fish up to two to three days while

refrigerators are useful up to six days. The iceboxes and refrigerators are having 30

Kg. and 150 Kg. of capacity respectively. The cost of the icebox for 30 Kg. ranges

between Rs. 25 to 50. The expenditure varies only due to the long distance of the ice

factories from the field. The refrigerators require Rs. 50 as electricity charges for 150

kg. of the fish. Only few fishing co-operative societies practice fish farming as an

intensive activity, they used iceboxes and refrigerators for the daily selling and

preservation of fish at the farm.

91

Table 4.8

Upper Krishna Basin: Availability of the Storage Facility

Source: Compiled and Computed by researcher, Base: Field Work

4.2.10 Harvesting of the Fish:

Harvesting is the final stage in the fish farming activity. In the study region

very traditionally bound fishing, techniques and methods are utilised by the members

of fishing co-operative societies. No body uses modern fishing tools and techniques

for the harvesting of fish.

The condition for the harvesting is the weight of the fish. All of the societies

of the region use to harvest the fish after observing one-kilogram weight of the

individual fish by using the dragnets with the help of their members. In western part

of the region, most of the societies use to harvest fish during seven to nine months. In

central and eastern part of the region, the harvesting takes place after 9 and 8 months

respectively (Table 4.9). The required time for the harvesting of the fish in the

western part is one to two month due to the hilly tract, where as 6 days up to one

month in central and eastern part of the region.

No

. o

f S

oci

etie

s

Ha

vin

g F

aci

liti

es

Per

cen

tag

e o

f

So

ciet

ies

ob

serv

ed

Sa

fe P

erio

d i

n

Da

ys

Ca

pa

cit

y o

f

Sto

ra

ge

in K

g.

Ex

pen

dit

ure

In

Rs.

Part of

Region

No

. o

f R

esp

on

den

t S

oci

etie

s

Ice

Bo

x

Ref

rig

era

tor

Ice

Bo

x

Ref

rig

era

tor

Ice

Bo

x

Ref

rig

era

tor

Ice

Bo

x

Ref

rig

era

tor

Ice

Bo

x

Ref

rig

era

tor

Western 11 1 0 9.09 0 2 to 3 2 to 6 30 0 25

Central 11 4 2 36.36 18.18 2 to 3 2 to 6 30 150 25 50

Eastern 11 2 0 18.18 0 2 to 3 2 to 6 30 0 50

Total 33 7 2 21.21 6.06 2 to 3 2 to 6 30 150 33.3 50

92

Table 4.9

Upper Krishna Basin: Harvesting of the Fish

Part

o

f R

eg

ion

No

. o

f S

oci

eti

es

Do

ing

Tra

dit

ion

al

Fis

hin

g

Per

cen

tag

e o

f S

oci

etie

s D

oin

g

Tra

dit

ion

al

Fis

hin

g

No

. o

f S

oci

etie

s D

oin

g M

od

ern

Fis

hin

g

Cri

teria

fo

r G

ra

da

tio

n a

nd

Sep

ara

tio

n

of

Fis

h

Per

iod

Req

uir

ed F

or

Ma

tch

uri

ty

To

ols

Use

d F

or

Fis

hin

g

lab

or

Forc

e U

tili

sed

Tim

e R

equ

ired

To

tal

Ex

pen

dit

ure

in

Rs.

Western 11 100 0

After 1

Kg.

6 Month

to1 year

Drag

Net

Member

s

2-3

Month

s 450/-

Central 11 100 0

After 1

Kg.

After 9

Months

Drag

Net

Member

s 7 Days 220/-

Eastern 11 100 0

After 1

Kg. or any

time

Whole

Year

Drag

Net

Member

s

Whole

Year 199/-

Total/

Average 33 100 0 Weight

After 9

Months

Drag

Net

Member

s


The cost required for the harvesting of the fish in western part is higher

than the central and eastern part. It is due to hilly tract. Central part is a plane area

having smaller water bodies and required very few harvesting cost of Rs. 220/- and

Rs. 199/- per hectare in eastern part. All of the members of the co-operative societies

use dragnet for harvesting the fish. The required time for the harvesting in the

northern part is about one month it is due to large water bodies.

93

A) Methods of Fishing:

Fishing in the river, dams and ponds is done by means of Cast nets (Phekani),

Fixed nets (Tiwari), Dragnet (Vadap), Draft net (Kandyala) and by Hook and Line

(Gal.

1. Cast Net:

The most elementary type of the net in vogue, which continues to be of great

use to inland fisheries is the cast net locally known as ‘Pag, Phekani or Bhor Jale’. It

is circular net when spread out a hauling line is attached to the center and small

weights are fastened at the periphery (Plate 4.1). Mesh of the net varies from ½” to 2”

depending upon a size of fish to be caught. The net is made of twine and the cost

varies from Rs. 30 to Rs. 50 per Mtrs. respectively. This type of the net is highly

operated by the traditional fishermen in river water of the river Krishna and

Panchganga in the region.

2. Fixed Net (Tivari):

It is a conical type net, the base of which is open and rectangular. The length

of the net from the rim of the base to the tapering end is about 10.60 Mtrs. and the

circumference at the mouth varies from 10 Mtrs. to 12 Mtrs. (Plate 4.1). The size of

the mesh diminishes as the net tapers towards it's extremely were it forms an

impenetrable bag. The net at the mouth is made of strong twine with 4” (Square) mesh

and at the tapering end; it is made of thin with 1/2” (Square) mesh. The fishes are

collected at the end by loosening the ropes tied round it. The cost of the net is about

Rs.200 depending upon its size. Mainly the fishermen of the central part of the region

operate this net for harvesting the fish in river water.

3. Drag Net:

This is the largest type of the net used for catching the fish both in rivers and

in ponds. The net is made of cotton twine and consists of 10 to 20 rectangular pieces.

Each piece is about 5.5 Mtrs. in length and 6 Mtrs. in height with 1” stretched mesh.

The middle piece is conical in shape and with its cod- end resembles the fixed net

described above. The ranges formed by rectangular piece. The whole net in operation

is providing with wooden or tin floats along the head rope to increase the buoyancy.

The few small stones tried to the ground rope to serve as sinkers. These keep the net

erect. The operation of this net is interesting. The fishermen of central part of the

94

region are using this net in river water and also in village ponds for harvesting the fish

(Plate 4.1).

This net spread across the river about a furlong away from the wall net. Two

coir ropes about 2” thick and about 15 Mtrs. long tied to the ends of the drag net. Each

end is pulled by 10 to 15 persons and the net is thus dragged along the river. Cost of

net is about Rs. 250 per piece.

4. Drift Net (Kendal):

This net is used with different mesh size varying from 1 ½” to 7” usually 24

rectangular pieces are joined together and operated by 12 fishermen. This net while in

operation provided with small sticks of reed locally known as kavas along the head

rope is to increase the buoyancy. Few small stones or earthenware ovals are tied to the

ground rope to severe as sinkers. The drift nets used in summer when the depth of the

water in the river and tanks is considerably reduced. The common use of this net is in

Kolhapur type weirs in deep water. They are being introduced by the department of

fisheries for use in deep tanks and reservoir like Lakxmi , Radhanagari and Kalamb in

Kolhapur district.

5. Hook and Lines:

In addition to fishing nets, the hooks and line, method of fishing is also

followed by the fishermen of central and western part of the region. About 100 hooks

attached to a line, which measures nearly 300 Mtrs. in length. Float of light weed

dried pumpkins or tins are attached to the head rope.

6. Fishing Craft:

The 'Kayalies' are mainly utilised in the Yerala and Krishna River of central

part of the region. The diameter of the 'Kayali' boat is 2.43 Mtrs. (8 feet) and depth is

.94 Mtrs. (3 feet). These types of the boat are used by the fishermen of Islampur,

Bhilavdi and Borgaon along the River Krishna for operating nets like dragnets and

gill nets.

7. Other Methods:

Occasionally practiced by diverting the stream in to a large basket or other

open receptacle, by constructing a bund across a stream and lastly by placing large

earthen pots in the water and closing them the fish enter hand nets of small mesh size

also used for catching fish. The 'Happa' is utilised for collecting the fish fry in rivers

and in 'Khans'(Mine pits) in Karveer tahsil of Kolhapur district (Plate 4.2). The Fish

95

seed farm owner Anandrao Jadhav (Bhoi) using this type of net in mine pits for

collecting the fish seeds.

4.3 FISH FARMING IN SALINE AND WATERLOGGED SOILS:

Land is one of the most significant gifts of nature to humankind, which should

be utilize carefully. However, there is no doubt that most of our present

environmental difficulties originate from man's ecological misbehavior (Ward, 1972).

Demographic explosion, technological excesses, developmental processes, ever

increasing needs and man's ability to transform and utilize the land at his will, have

changed seriously the physical and chemical properties of soils leading to their

deterioration.

Agricultural land use is good measure and indicator of an appraisal of use or

misuse of land. The analysis of cropping pattern and agricultural regionalization

denotes the intensity and status of farming in an area. The dominance of cash crop,

commercialization of crop is usually associated with excessive input applications and

certainly indicates human utilization of the land. The application of modern inputs

increases as land use intensities and the quest for more and more production

commonly leads to excess input applications. Moreover, intensive cultivation,

excessive input, continuous monocropping without crop rotation, dominance of cash

crop has led to disturb the physical and chemical composition and properties of soil

exposing them to the hazards of land degradation. The common feeling among the

cultivators that more and more inputs use results in high yields has adversely affected

the crop yield of the soil (Patil, 1988).

4.3.1 Concept of Soil Degradation:

Land degradation is comprehensive term often used to denote the decrease in

biological productivity, fertility status and property of land in general. The term

degradation has used in geomorphology indicating disintegration or decomposition of

rock material is loosely used to denote deterioration of the status of the environment

(Patil, 1988). According to Oxford English Dictionary, degradation is a condition of

being lower or lowering in character, quality or reduction to an interior state or

conversion in to lower farm. The process of soil degradation and its reclaimation is

highlighted in fig 4.2.

96

4.3.2 (A) Causes of Soil Degradation

Soil degradation refers to a situation where land has lost its productive

capacity, and its optimum potential has declined due to certain constrains like

excessive salinity, alkalinity and water logging (Pawar 1989, Doshi 1994 & Jugale

1997). There are detrimental side effects of their over use in the farm of salination of

surface and ground water contamination of soils and water body etc. In Upper Krishna

Basin, the land degradation problem causes only because of the excessive use of

water, excessive use of chemical fertilizers and non rotation cropping system. The

unsound knowledge about water requirements, tendency towards flooding the furrows

in cane fields, general belief that more water gives higher yield may have led to over

irrigation. Fertilizers when applied in larger quantities than standard required doses

regarded as excessive. In Upper Krishna Basin to achieve the higher yield of crops, it

is a general tendency of farmers to apply more doses of chemical fertilizers; it is also

proved by various studies that farmers are applying higher doses of chemical

fertilizers particularly for sugarcane (Pawar and Pujari 2001). The tendency of farmer

is to earn more and more by producing sugarcane as a cash crop. This is also a

contributing factor for soil becoming saline and alkaline. This is against to principal

of soil management because soil management requires rotation system of crop for

maintaining NPK. In the region, farmers are not considering the land capacity (Plate

4.3).

4.3.2(B) Consequences:

A soil, which contains soluble salts in the root zone, is adversely affect

the crop growth and production, called saline soils. In region, the areas of Miraj,

Hatkanangale and Shirol tahsils are suffering the same problem of saline soil only due

to the high irrigation supply and monoculture of sugarcane. In Upper Krishna Basin

due to irrigation projects, the ground water table rises following the introduction of

irrigation in the area. Besides that, the problem of water logging also creates condition

for surface water stagnation and excess moisture after irrigation or a rainfall. The

prevailing wet condition affects land preparation and sowing and inters cultivation

practices. The ill effects of water logging are many folds in area, which have saline

soil and saline ground water. (Plate 4.3)

4.3.3) Saline and Waterlogged Area under Fish Farming:

The region is well irrigated area helps to high concentration of agriculture. Out

of total cultivated area, 0.88 percent of the area becomes saline and waterlogged.

97

Table 4.10

Upper Krishna Basin: Saline and Waterlogged Area and Area under Fish

Farming

Sr.

No.

Tahsils Cultivable

Area in

Hectare

Saline

Affected

Area in

Hectare

Area

Used

for fish

Culture

in

Hectare

Percentage

of saline

affected

area to

total

cultivated

area

Percentage of

Saline

Affected Area

Used For Fish

Farming to

Saline

Affected Area

1 Satara 58700 221.15 0.6 0.38 0.27

2 Karad 86200 1248 3.41 1.45 0.27

3 Patan 83400 0 0 0.00 0.00

4 Wai 41000 69.4 0.42 0.17 0.61

5 Mahabaleshwar 6600 0 0 0.00 0.00

6 Khatav 115500 0 0 0.00 0.00

7 Jaoli 53900 93.6 0 0.17 0.00

8 Koregaon 75500 293.4 0 0.39 0.00

9 Shirala 46890 0 1.9 0.00 0.00

10 Walwa 66449 2040 0 3.07 0.00

11 Palus NA NA 0 NA NA

12 Tasgaon 89476 785 0 0.88 0.00

13 Khanapur 16629 0 0 0.00 0.00

14 Miraj 77363 3557 20.32 4.60 0.57

15 Kavthemahankal 55584 0 0 0.00 0.00

16 Kadegaon NA NA 0.5 NA NA

17 Karveer 46000 0 0 0.00 0.00

18 Kagal 47500 0 0 0.00 0.00

19 Panhala 32801 0 0 0.00 0.00

20 Gaganbawada 10400 0 0 0.00 0.00

21 Radhanagari 29600 0 1 0.00 0.00

22 Shirol 41800 3085.34 2.29 7.38 0.07

23 Hatkanangale 47900 204.42 6.14 0.43 3.00

24 Chandgad 47100 0 0 0.00 0.00

25 Ajara 35000 0 0.7 0.00 0.00

26 Bhudargad 29800 0 0 0.00 0.00

27 Shahuwadi 39400 0 0 0.00 0.00

28 Gadhinglaj 43100 0 0 0.00 0.00

Total 1323592 11597.31 37.28 0.88 0.32

Source: Divisional Joint Director of Agriculture, Kolhapur Division, Dist. Kolhapur,

Data Compiled and Computed by Researcher,

98

Most of the area in central part of the region along to the river Krishna and

Warna where as some of the area along to the river Yerla in eastern part of the region

also have become saline and waterlogged due to over irrigation, Excess use of

chemical fertilizers and because of non-rotation cropping system(Plate 4.4). Miraj

tahsil is leading in total saline area and covered about 30.67 percent followed by

Shirol, Walwa, Karad, Tasgaon, Koregaon, Satara and Hatkanangale (Table 4.10).

The southeastern tahsils like Shirol and Miraj are having highest area as a

saline and waterlogged. About 7.38 percent of the total cultivable area become saline

in Shirol while 4.60 percent in Miraj tahsil followed by Walwa and Karad. This

problem is very serious in the Shirol, Miraj, Walwa and Tasgaon tahsils of central and

southeastern tahsils of the region only due to high irrigation facilities (Fig 4.3).

Tahsils like Hatkanangale, Koregaon Jaoli and Wai are also having such

problem but the percentage is very low than the total percentage of the saline area to

total cultivable area of the region.

Out of the total saline affected area, only 37.28 hectare of the area is brought

under this type of the alternative land use, which is only 0.32 percent to the total

saline affected area. The Miraj tahsil has 20.32 hectare of the area under fish farming

followed by Hatkanangale, Karad, Shirol and Shirala.

The innovative farmers of the Hatkanangale, Miraj and Shirol tahsils have

accepted this technique. They get inspiration from the Sanjay Sawant, who applied

this technique primarily as an alternative land use at Kavthe Piran of central part of

the region for the saline and waterlogged soils (Gaikwad and et. al 2001). The farmers

get the knowledge and basic ideas about the fish farming from the district fisheries

development officers of Sangli and Kolhapur District under the employment and self-

employment programme.

4.3.4 Measures of Soil Reclaimation:

The Reclaimation methods including physical, chemical and Agronomical

measures, which are useful for the improvement of saline affected and waterlogged

areas. The physical measure includes construction of surface and subsurface drainage,

relief wells and scrapping of surface salts and leaching of salts etc. Some progressive

farmers in Shirol tahsil of region are applied this method.

In the region, subsurface drainage system installed at Chalisbiga a farm of

agricultural research station in an area of 8.81 hectare. Similarly nearly 40 hectares of

saline and water logged black soils were covered under subsurface drainage with

99

perforate corrugated PVC pipes in Kasbe Digraj, Mouje Digraj, Kavthe Piran,

Samdoli, Savalwadi, Shirol and Walwa (Chougule and et. al 2005).

As a chemical measures farmers are using gypsum and molasses. Some times

super phosphate and ammonium sulphate are also used as acidifying agents for

reclaimation of salt affected lands.

The agronomical measure consists of green manure of Dahincha, Jute or

Shevari. In a region, the farmer of Hatkanangale tahsil planted Guava, Shevari,

Ladyfinger and guar on the top of the physical drainage constructed for reclaimation

of the saline and waterlogged soil (Plate 4.5). Other reclaimation methods are also

required natural drainage for draining the salty water from the field. These methods

are required minimum three years for reclaim the soil and for cultivating it for crops.

Recently practicing fish farming in saline land has proved economically

viable. It also proved that, it is one of the effective measures for soil reclamation. No

doubt, it requires financial investment as like other reclaimation methods.

Nevertheless, it gives immediately earning form the current year when the method is

applied in the field. It is not only useful to reclaim the soil but also gives more

earnings from the saline soil in terms of fish production.

Most of the farmers of the central part of the region have accepted such

technique as an alternative land use for their saline and waterlogged soils, As compare

to other Reclaimation methods, it is time consuming and profitable for the farmers

applying this technique in their saline and waterlogged soils.

4.4 SALIENT FEATURES OF FISH FARMING IN SALINE AFFECTED SOIL

The problem of soil degradation is emerging very fastly in irrigated tracts of

the country. Fish farming generally found in dams and ponds as well as in a small

tanks. However, here an attempt has been made to study the inland fisheries in saline

affected soils as an alternative land use for saline and waterlogged soils. Present study

attempted to evaluate the fish farming as an alternative land use in such saline

affected areas of region. It is an explorative study, which would help in both bringing

under such unproductive land in economic use and reclaiming them partly.

4.4.1 Selection of Area

Before selecting of the site for the constructing, the fish farm one must be

keen in selecting the land for preparation of tanks.

100

1. Land

A plane land without any physical barriers and without pebbles, rocky and

sandy land is required for preparation of fish tanks. It requires a slope of two percent

of gradient, which is most essential for outlet of water by gravitation. Soil plays an

important role in determining the fertility of fishponds. The basic criterion for the

selection of a site for construction of pond is that the soil should not be porous

(Jhingran 1985). The recommended PH value is 7 to 8.5 for fish culture in the tanks.

The presence of nitrogen, phosphorus, potash, calcium and magnesium in the soil are

very productive for fish farming.

In Upper Krishna Basin, the land selected for fish farming is saline and water

logged. The PH value of the soil is 8.6 while electric conductivity is 5.6. The water

infiltration rate of the soil is zero thus it is quite suitable for construction of tanks.

2. Water Supply

The water required at the farm for both domestic and tank purposes should be

clean and safe from pollutions. As per the norms, the fish farm in the region gets

clean and fresh water from river Krishna. Depth of a pond has an important bearing

on the physical and chemical qualities of water. In shallow ponds, sunlight penetrates

up to the bottom, warm up the water and facilities increase in productivity though

ponds shallower than 1 Mtrs. Get overheat in tropical summers inhibiting survival of

fish and other organisms. While depths more than 5 Mtrs. a rare in fish ponds,

generally speaking, a depth of about 2 Mtrs is considered congenial from the point of

view of biological productivity of the pond (Jhingran 1985).

3. Temperature and Turbidity:

The variation of the temperature of water has a great effect on the natural

productivity of the tank. About 200 c to 31

0c temperature is suitable for the fish

farming in the tanks. As such, the temperature of area in which present fish farms are

located lies Between 20.50 to 35.3

0c. In the process of photosynthesis by aquatic

plants, the fish tanks under study gets sufficient amount of oxygen controlling other

physical factors. The penetration of sunlight is hindered due to the more turbidity of

water.

3. Other Factors

Besides the above, the supply of electricity is very essential for pumps and for

domestic consumption on the farm. It is made available from 'MAHAVITARAN'.

Similarly, the availability of the manager and other labors are mostly required for the

101

good management. In this regards the fish farmers in the region look after activities

with the help of labor employed. The seasonal local labors are hired as and when

needed for completing various activities of the fish farming.

4.4.2 Preparation of Tank

Tank is a small and shallow body of water in which aquatic plants usually

grow in abundance (Uma Sharma 1982). The tanks are smaller than the ponds the

source of water supply to the tank may be from spring, river, canals, or from tube

wells. In the case of fish, tanks are constructed in the saline and waterlogged areas of

the Upper Krishna Basin facilitated by the lift irrigation schemes of Krishna and

Panchganga rivers.

A) Construction of Tank:

In the construction of fish farm, a number of hydro technical structures are

essential i.e. ( Dike, Inlet and outlet channels, Bottom Drains, Siphons weirs, Sluices,

Water collection channels, Fish pits, Fishing devices, Aerators etc.) for all these items

the following items are required.

a) Supply of good quality of water in the sufficient quantity.

b) Filling of the tanks with water through a system of water supply channels

c) Provision for complete draining of water from tanks

d) Transportation facilities, automobiles, narrow gauge rail inside the farm

between tank, accordingly some dikes should be appropriately wide and

strong in view of the above fish farms are located near Sangli, Kolhapur and

Satara city are well connected with railway and state highway.

B) Shape and Size of Tank:

The size of a tank is an important factor in the fish production and for

profitability of fish farming. The average area of the tank in the country is 5.3

hectares with the largest size of 30.6 hectares in the Rajasthan (Martyshav 1983 and

Harris 1978). The average size of the tanks in Upper Krishna Basin is 0.5 hectare

while the length of tank is 100 Mtrs. and width is 50 Mtrs. The rectangular size of

the tank is very suitable for harvesting and for operating the net in the tank.

C) Structure of Tank:

a) Slope:

Slope of the tank should maintain along the direction of wind. Suitable

depth of the tank should be minimum 1.2 Mtrs. and maximum 2 Mtrs. because the

depth of water is important for sustaining the required amount of biota in the tank.

102

The depth affects other physical and chemical conditions of the tank also. With less

depth, more penetration of light is possible while with more depth less light can

penetrate which is turn increases or decreases the temperature for the water

respectively. The photosynthetic activity of the plant also affects accordingly.

b) Bund:

The base of the bund is required 6 Mtrs. lower the ground level and some part of

it over the ground. The slope of bund inside the tank is near about 1:3 and on the other

side 1:2 is required for good quality of the soil.

Height of the bund should be 3 Mtrs. from the bottom level. The width of the

base at the bund should be 12 Mtrs. and the width of the bund on the top is required

minimum 6 Mtrs. this space is kept vacant for the cultivation of the other crops.

In the region on an average size of the bund is 12 Mtrs. at the bottom and 6

Mtrs. at the top. The bunds used as tank divider and for cultivation of the crops like,

Jawar, Wheat, Maize, Grams, Shevari, Coconut, vegetables etc.

c) Bottom:

An essential condition for a well-managed fish farm is to make complete water

drainage possible for each tank (Martyshav 1983). An uneven bottom provides

depressions where fish can shelter, making their catch difficult. The bottom should

devise therefore as to render netting fish quick, easy and complete.

In Upper Krishna Basin, this is achieved by providing a slope towards the

natural drains like cannels by constructing deeper central channel. This also slopes

towards the nearest natural drain along to the farm by outlet system

d) Arrangement of Inlet and outlet:

I) Inlet:

Arrangement of inlet and outlet on opposite direction of each other is

good situation for tank. It is useful for the mixing of fresh water in the tank very well.

Each tank is supplied water by inlet filter chamber which is constructed at the mouth

of the chamber which helps to control unwanted fish species and other unwanted

weeds.

In region, water is supplied to the fish tanks by gravity or pumping. In Upper

Krishna Basin, many lift irrigation schemes provide water for fish tank directly.

II) Out-let:

Outlets regulate the water level in the tank and ensure complete

drainage those constructed in head and spillways constructed to increase the water

103

discharge. In other categories of fish tanks, tubular bottom outlet of the monk type

should be installed. This consists of two leak proof tubes connected at a right angle

(Martyshav 1983).

In the region outlet is constructed along the bedside. Some fish farmers used

the net to the inlet pipe for their safety, while most of the farmers construct brickwork

and valve for water control (Plate 4. ).

4.5 FISH FARMING IN SALINE AND WATERLOGGED SOILS

In Upper Krishna Basin about 11597.31 hectares of the land is affected, by the

serious problem of soil salinization and water logging. Out of this, only 37.28 hectare

means 0.32 percent of the saline affected area is brought under fish farming as an

alternative land use.

In Miraj tahsil, about 20.32 hectare of the area is utilised for practicing fish

farming (54.51 percent to the total saline affected and waterlogged area) followed by

Hatkanangale, Karad and Shirol tahsils (Table 4.11). The Shirala tahsil has recorded

5.10 percent of the area under this technique followed by Radhanagari, Ajara, Satara,

Kadegaon and Wai (Fig 4.4).

It is observed that, very few farmers in central part of the region are accepting

this technique as an alternative land use for the saline and water logged area. The rate

of adoption of this technique among the farmers is insignificant because the farmers

are late adopter and lazy. The department of fishery grants 'Employment and Self

Employment Scheme' under the development programme for practicing fish farming

in saline and waterlogged area. Overall response of the farmers is not satisfactory

because the rate of adoption is very slow. Therefore, it needs to pay more attention to

increase area under fish farming in such a land. The process of the fish farming in

saline and waterlogged soil is as under.

104

Table: 4.11

Upper Krishna Basin: Fish Farms in Saline and Waterlogged Soils

Sr.

No.

Name of Village Tahsils Area

Brought

Under

Fish

Farming

in

Hectare

Tahsilwise

Total

Saline

Affected

Area

Brought

Under

Fish

Farming

in Hectare

Percentage

of Saline

Affected

Area

Brought

Under

Fish

Farming

1 Kameri 0.41

2 Valse

Satara

0.19

0.6 1.61

3 Ozarde Wai 0.42 0.42 1.13

4 Kavthe 0.20

5 Tembu 0.30

6 Shenoli 0.24

7 Shirgaon 0.60

8 Govare 0.47

9 Koparde 0.35

10 Shere 0.50

11 Atake

Karad

0.75

3.41 9.15

12 Kavate Piran 7.62

13 Kasbe Digraj 6.95

14 Waddi 5.14

15 Sangalwadi

Miraj

0.61

20.32 54.51

16 Vihapur Kadegaon 0.50 0.50 1.34

17 Kapasi 1.03

18 Kole

Shirala

0.87

1.9 5.10

19 Latawade 0.50

20 Ichalkaranji 1.58

21 Yalgud 2.04

22 Hatkanangale

Hatkanangale

2.02

6.14 16.47

23 Shirdhon 1.29

24 Abdullat

Shirol

1.00 2.29

6.14

25 K.Watwe Radhanagari 1.00 1.00 2.68

26 Latgaon Ajara 0.70 0.70 1.88

Total 37.28 37.28 100.00

Source: Based On Office Record of D. F. D. O. of Satara, Sangli and Kolhapur

District, Data Compiled and Computed by Researcher

105

4.5.1 Age Groups of the Fish Farmers:

Age of the fisherman and the experience of the fishing occupation both are

complimentary. It is observed that, in Upper Krishna Basin 53.33 percent of the

farmers of the below the age of 30 years are engaged in fishing activity followed by

fisherman's belonging to the age group of 30 to 50 (Table 4.12).

Table 4.12

Age Groups of the Fish Farmers

Source: Based on field work

The middle age group people of the region those who specially belong to the

fishing activity are highly attracted towards this occupation as an economic source

from the saline affected soils. The main thing is that, the younger people of the saline

tract selected this technique as an alternative land use for the saline affected area and

as an employment generating occupation. The education status also affects the rate of

adoption of new techniques (Table 4.13)

Table 4.13

Educational Status of Fish Growers


Growers Age Group No. of Respondent % to Total Respondent

Below 30 08 53.33

30-50 04 26.67

Above 50 03 20.00

Total 15 100.00

Education Status of Fish

Growers No of Respondent

% to Total

Respondent

S.S.C. 06 46.15

H.S.C. 01 07.69

Graduate 04 30.77

Post Graduate 01 07.69

Other 03 07.69

Total 15 100.00

106

4.5.2 Occupational Structure of Fish Farmers:

Agriculture is backbone of Indian economy and above 70 percent of the

people is engaged in agriculture activity. Being a primary and agro supported activity,

80 percent of the people are engaged in primary sector mainly due to the good

irrigational facilities in the region. Agriculture is the prime source of the economy in

the region along with the agriculture; farmers are also engaged in dairy, poultry and in

fish farming activity as an agro supported activities.

Table 4.14

Occupational Structure of the Fish Farmers


Out of the total farmers engaged in fish farming in their saline affected soils,

about 80 percent of the people belong to primary sector followed by 13 percent of

tertiary and 6 percent of secondary activity (Table 4.14).

The people belong to agriculture activity are suffering the problems of soil

salinization and water logging in central part of the region of Miraj, Shirala, and

Hatkanangale tahsils. These farmers have adopted the fish farming as an alternative

land use for the saline soil.

Besides the primary activity, the well-qualified people are engaged in tertiary

activity also select this technique for their saline and water logged soils. This whole

scenario shows that, there has been wide scope for the primary activity because of

well irrigational facilities and drainage and the innovative behavior of the farmers.

4.5.3 Soil Types at Fish Farm:

The region has deep black soil along to the River Krishna and Panchganga. These

soils become saline and waterlogged due to excess use of irrigation, fertilizers and

monoculture of sugarcane. The progressive farmers of the region have selected such

land for practicing fish farming. In region, 53.30 percent of the farmers have selected

Occupation No. of Respondent

% to Total

Respondent

Primary 12 80.00

Secondary 01 06.67

Tertiary 02 13.33

Total 15 100.00

107

such black saline soils while 20 percent of farmers practice fish farming in khan areas

where as 13 percent practice fish farming in porous (Murmad) and also in black

chibbed soils (Table 4.15). Mrs. Sunanda Arun Chavan of Vihapur of Kadegaon and

Mr. Mahendra Shivram Jaygude from Ozarde of Wai Tahsils are practicing fish seed

conservation center and fish farming respectively. However, due to porous structure

and ‘Murmad’ soil they are unable to success in fish farming activity.

Table 4.15

Types of Soil at Fish Farms Practiced


The construction of the tank largely depends on the nature of soil. The black,

saline and water logged soil has low porosity which restricted to water percolation

from the soil so such soil is more useful for water storage. Besides that, the salt

particles of the soil emit salts and causes to become a soil salty. Such salty water

helps for prawn culture, because the prawn is well cultured in saline water.

4.5.4 PH

of the Soil at Fish Farm:

The quantity of hydrogen ions (H+) in water will determine if it is acidic or basic.

The scale for measuring the degree of acidity is called the pH scale, which ranges from

1.0 to 14.0. A value of 7.0 is considered neutral, neither acidic nor basic; values below

7.0 are considered acidic; above 7.0, basic. The acceptable range of pH for fish culture

is normally between 6.5 to 9.0 (Swann 2005).

The PH of the soil directly affects on natural fertility of the soil. The increasing P

H

value causes to decreasing the crop yield and accumulation of salt particles on the

ground by the leaching process.

Soil Type No. of Respondent % to Total Respondent

Khan (Mine Pils) 03 20.00

Murmad 02 13.33

Black Chi bad 02 13.33

Black Saline 08 53.33

Total 15 100.00

108

Table 4.16

PH

value of the Soil at Fish Farms are Practiced in Saline and Waterlogged Soil


In central part of the region, the fish farming is practiced in saline affected soils.

There are 53 percent of the farms in the region observed the PH more than 8. About

46.67 percent of the farms noted the PH value between 7.0 to 8.0 (Table 4.16). When

the PH value of soil between 7 to 10 these soils are unsafely for agricultural practices.

In such a tract, only acacia trees are grown up because of salinization and water

logging problem.

4.5.5 Selection of Fishing Activity:

The selection of fishing activity is decided by the various factors such as

ancestral, business, information supplied by D.F.D.O, as an innovation and individual

liking. The table 4.17 shows that, 40 percent of the farmers have selected this

occupation only because of their land has become saline, followed by 13 percent of

people belongs to ancestral, business and also people engaged by information of

D.F.D.O. Only 6.67 percent of the farmers have selected this occupation as an

innovation, inspiration and individual liking.

Range of PH

No. of Respondent % to Total Respondent

7 to 8 7 46.67

Above 8 8 53.33

Total 15 100.00

109

Table 4.17

Selection of Fishing Activity


It is noteworthy that, the farmers of the saline affected tract have sellected for

fish farming as an alternative land use( Pawar 2005). Such as none of the other crops

respond to soils for germination.

4.5.6 No. of Tanks at the Fish farm:

The capacity of the fish tank is 1/2 hectare so the farmers constructed at list 2

tanks per hectare. The table shows that, about 40 percent of farmers constructed only

a tank in their field in a 1/2 hectare area. Only 20 percent of farmers have constructed

2 to 3 tanks in their fields and developed about one hectare and above area for the fish

farming(Table 4.18).

Factors of Selection No. of Respondent

% to Total

Respondent

Ancestral 02 13.33

Business 02 13.33

D.F.D.O. Information 02 13.33

Innovation 01 06.67

Inspiration 01 06.67

Individual Liking 01 06.67

Saline Water Logging Problem 06 40.00

Total 15 100.00

110

Table 4.18

No. of Tanks in the Fish Farms


In the middle part of the region at Kavthe Piran, and Kasbe Digraj only 13.33

percent of the farmer's have developed more than four tanks within 4 hectare of area

under construction of fish tanks. It is observed that, small framers have accepted this

technique and doing fish farming in their holdings and getting benefits.

4.5.7 Types and Structure of Tanks at the Fish Farm:

For fish farming activity, many types of tanks are constructed for various

purposes. In saline affected areas, the farmers are practicing the fish farming as a

stocking, rearing, and culture. However, the tanks will be constructing by considering

the purpose of the farming. Mainly 100 percent of the farmers constructed culture

tanks for fish farming with the standard size of 150 X 50 X 2.5 Mtrs. Most of the

farmers selected such size for the stocking cum culture tanks (Table 4.19). The size of

storage or stocking tank is 50 X 25 X 02 Mtrs. only 6 percent of the farmers

constructed such types of the tanks only for the stocking of the fish fry. Only 13

percent of the peoples constructed rearing and rearing cum culture tank with the

standard size of 100 X 50 X 02 Mtrs. for the rearing the fish seeds and also the culture

the fish in the tanks.

No. of Tanks No. of Respondent % to Total Respondent

1 Tank 06 40.00

2 Tank 03 20.00

3 Tank 03 20.00

4 Tank 01 6.67

More Than 4 02 13.33

Total 15 100.00

111

Table 4.19

Types of Water Bodies


It is observed that, all of the farmers of the region maintained the standard size

of the tanks for the fish culture. In all two tanks were constructed in one hectare of the

area included along with the area of bunds. The standard depth up to three meters of

the tanks helps for the photosynthesis to the phytoplankton in the tank. The solar rays

easily penetrate and help to the photosynthesis for the growth of the phytoplankton in

the tank.

4.5.8 Source of Capital:

Capital is the major essential factor for the development of the fish tanks in the

saline affected soil. Mainly various sectors are taking initiatives to provide capital for

fish farming activity in the central part of the region. The nationalized banks provide

the financial assistance to the fish growers. About 40 percent of the farmers of the

region have developed their farms by their own capital sharing with subsidy provided

by the District Fisheries Development Offices. The District Fisheries Development

Offices provide the funds to the 26.67 percent of the farmers followed by Co-

operative sector and banks (Table 4.20). Only 6 percent of the people are beneficiated

by the private sector.

Types of water Body

Average

length

in Mtrs.

Average

Width

in Mtrs.

Average

Depth

in Mtrs.

No of

Respondent

% to Total

Respondent

Storage Stocking

Tank 50 25 2 1 6.67

Rearing Tanks 100 50 2 2 13.33

Culture + R. P. 100 50 2 2 13.33

Culture + S. S. Tank 150 50 2.5 15 100.00

Culture Tank 150 50 2.5 15 100.00

112

Table 4.20

Sources of Capital for Fish Farming


It is observed that, the co-operative sector is behind for generating the funds so

it needs to strengthen the co- operative sector. Nevertheless, one thing is observed that

the banks are not taking risks in providing finance to the fish growers because fishing

is a risky occupation. If the nationalized banks will provide the financial assistance to

the fishermen those who have loosed their lands as a waterlogged it will be the new

horizon to the farmers in the saline tract.

4.5.9 Sources of Technical Knowledge:

The table shows that, there are 53.33 percent of the people practice the fish

farming as a followers, they do not have knowledge regarding the fish farming. This

also caused for backwardness and unsuccessful of fish farming in the region so it

needs to give specific knowledge to the fishermen.

Table 4.21

Source of Technical Knowledge


Source of Capital Number of

Respondent

% to Total

Respondent

Nationalized Bank 02 13.33

Private 01 06.67

Co-operative Societies 02 13.33

District Fisheries Development Office 04 26.67

Own Capital+ Government Subsidy. 06 40.00

Total 15 100.00

Type of Source No. of Respondent % to Total Respondent

Training Holder 04 26.67

Own Experience 03 20.00

Followers 08 53.33

Total 15 100.00

113

The peoples are only doing this activity as a follower. Only 26 percent of the

peoples get proper training about fishing activity (Table 4.21). They are trained by the

D.F.D.O. in special programme arranged for the people engaged in fish farming in

saline affected land. Only 20 percent of the people practiced fishing activity by their

own experience and knowledge collected as an ancestral and daily practical. There

has been need to give training to the anglers under fishermen development

programme.

4.5.10 Process of Stocking of Fish:

After the preparation of the tank, there has been the stage of stocking in the

tank. The selection of the appropriate season for the stocking is essential part of the

fish farming activity. The farmers in the region select the rainy season. About 33.33

percent of the farmers of saline soils are selected fist weak of month July for stocking

the fish seeds in their tanks (Table 4.22).

Table 4.22

Process of Stocking Fish Seeds in the Tanks


Month's No

. o

f R

esp

on

den

t

%

To

T

ota

l

Res

po

nd

en

t

Time of

Stocking No

. o

f R

esp

on

den

t

%

To

T

ota

l

Res

po

nd

en

t

Meth

od

No

. o

f R

esp

on

den

t

%

To

T

ota

l

Res

po

nd

en

t June 4 26.67

July 5 33.33 9 60.00

August 3 20.00

September 1 6.67 1 6.67

October 1 6.67

November 1 6.67

Morning

Afternoon

Evening

5

33.33

Acc

lim

atiz

ati

on

15 100

Total 15 100.00 Total 15 100.00 Total 15 100

114

During this season, the abundant water is available in the region. It is observed

that, 26.67 percent of the farmers selected month of June where as 20 percent of the

farmers selected month of August for stocking the fish seeds in their tanks.

During this period, the major carp group seeds are highly available in the

region and other states also. However, 6 to 7 percent of the farmers select the period

between month of September, October and November because they are interested in

common carps like Cyprinus. The Cyprinus is the variety, which is only available

after the month of August and September because it is the spawning period of this

variety.

The one more cause of selection of the June and July is that the major carps

like Catla, Rohu and Mrigal are the major varieties cultured in the region and they

have good market value at local, regional and state markets. The growth period of this

fish is nine month up to one year, so it will be harvested after 9 months or the one-

year. Therefore, the June is the best season for new culture of the fish in the region.

In the region, about 60 percent of the farmers are stocking the fish seeds early

in the morning followed by the 33.33 percent of the farmers stocking at evening and

only 6.67 percent are stocking at afternoon. At the time of morning and evening, the

temperature of the water is low and favorable to the stocking the fish seed in the tank

water where as due to the highest temperature the time of afternoon is not suitable for

stocking fish seeds in the tank. In the whole of the region, the farmers stocking the

fish seeds by applying the process of acclimatization on morning or evening.

4.5.11 Stocking Density of Fish Seeds in the Tank

In the region, the major carp group of varieties like Catala, Rohu and Mrigal

are mainly cultured in the tanks and also tanks constructed in saline affected soils. In

the region, there are two private fish seed centers, one at Karveer of Kolhapur and

another at Takawade of Shirol tahsil of Kolhapur District. They are stocking near

about 100,000,000 fry of major carp per hectare in their farms for seeds conservation.

The quantity of fish seed is different by the size of the fish seeds and by the type of

culture. About 46.67 percent of the farmers use 10000 of semi fingerlings of major

carp for the monoculture in the tanks where as the quantity of fish seeds decreases by

increasing the size of fish seed and require only 7000 of fingerlings of the major

carps. In region itself only 6 percent of the farmers doing monoculture of the prawn in

the region they are using up to 35,000 of the seeds of the prawn in their tanks (Table

4.23).

115

In Upper Krishna Basin, about 40 percent of the farmers are doing the fish

farming as a mixed culture in the tanks. For the mixed culture, farmers grow prawn

with major carps. The 7000 semi fingerlings of major carp are cultured with 50, 000

of the prawn seeds per hectare in tank constructed in saline affected soils. About 6000

fingerlings of the major carps cultured with the 20,000 of prawn seeds as a mixed

culture.

Table 4.23

Stocking Density of Fish Seeds in the Tank


Due to, the local demand most of the farmers are interested in monoculture of

Catala, Rohu and Mrigal where as few farmers are doing monoculture of prawn. As

per the experience of Abhijit Chavan (Sarkar), a fish farmer of Kasbe Digraj of Miraj

tahsil, the farmers of the region do not have proper knowledge about the prawn

culture so they failed in prawn culture. Being a nocturnal animal, the prawns require

fresh food as per their time at night duration on a particular place.

Quantity Per Hectare

Type of

Culture Varieties Cultured

No

of

Res

po

nd

en

t

% T

o T

ota

l

Resp

on

den

t

Fry

Semi

Fingerlings Fingerlings

Mix

Spawn of Major

Carps ( Catala, Rohu,

Mrigal) 1 6.67 100,000,000 .. ..

Major Carps

( Catala, Rohu,

Mrigal) 7 46.66 .. 10,000 7,000 Mono

Prawn( Micro

Brachium Rozenburgi) 1 6.67 .. .. 35,000

Mix Major Carps &

Prawn 6 40 ..

7,000+

50,000

6,000+20000

Total 15 100

116

4.5.12 Use of Food Material

A good quality of food material is required for the better growth of the fish in

tanks. Being a small water body of a half hectare it is suitable and easy to feeding the

tanks for increasing the productivity of the tank. In the region, the farmers provide

ready food material, Wheat Flour, Groundnut Cake, Rice Meal, Corn Flour and

Animal waste as a supported food material for fish and prawns besides phytoplankton

and zooplankton.

The table shows that, the farmers of the region provide only vegetarian food

material for major carps. All of the farmers are providing Groundnut cake where as

46.67 and 33.33 percent of the farmers are providing Rice meal, Wheat flour, and

Corn flour respectively. In region, 26.67 percent of the fish growers are using Nachani

Flour for increasing the calcium in the fish body.

Table 4.24

Utilization of Food Material for Fish Culture


For Major Carps

Catala, Rohu and

Mrigal

For Prawn

Micro-brachium

Rozenburgi

Time For Feeding Food

Material

Used For

Fish

No. of

Responde

nt

% To

Total

Responde

nt

No. of

Responde

nt

% To

Total

Responde

nt

Major

Carps

Micro-

Brachium

Rozenbur

gi

Ready

Material 1 6.67 1 6.67

Wheat

Flour 5 33.33 3 20.00

Groundn

ut Cake 15 100.00 7 46.67

Rice

Meal 7 46.67 5 33.33

Three

Times at

Night

8pm.

12am.

and

4am.

Daily

Corn

Flour 5 33.33 2 13.33

Nachani 4 26.67 4 26.67

Animal

Waste Nil 0.00 4 26.67

Any time

As per

time

available

to the

farmer

Two Times

in a Day 1

pm. And 4

pm Daily

117

Only 6.67 percent of the farmers are using readymade food material of various

brands because it cannot be affordable to all farmers because of their high price.

However, most of the farmers are using the food material by their own experience. In

region, none of the fish farmer provides the non-vegetarian food material because the

major carps are vegetarian group of fish.

The schedule of the fish food supply is different from the major carps. The

prawns require food material on a specific time on a particular place. Being a non-

vegetarian animal, prawn requires animal waste as a food material along with the

zooplankton at the bottom of the tank. In a mixed culture, 46.67 percent of the farmers

provide Groundnut cake followed by Rice meal and Nachani of 33.33 and 26.67

percent respectively (Table 4.24). In region, 26.67 percent of the farmers are

providing animal waste as a food for prawn along with the major carps. Only 20

percent of the farmers are using wheat flour where as 13.13 percent of the farmers are

using corn flour. Only 6.67 percent of the farmers are using readymade food material

for prawn culture in tanks.

The Groundnut cake, Wheat Corn and Rice Meal provide good protein as well

as cellulose for better growth of the fish and prawn. The Nachani flour provides

calcium content to the fish and to the prawn. It also helps to the prawns during the

shale-removing period of every month. The specific time schedule of the feeding and

the method of feeding at a particular place helps to make easily to take the food to fish

and to the prawns.

4.5.13 Fertilization and Management of the Fish Farm

Along with the supported food, material fish requires natural food in the form

of phytoplankton. Phytoplankton is one of the favored natural food of the fish. The

natural growth of the phytoplankton in the water body is slow. By considering the

quantity and body, mass of the fish in the tank the naturally growing phytoplankton is

not sufficient for the growing fish. Therefore, it needs to grow phytoplankton in the

tank by providing extra fertilizers and manures.

118

Table 4.25

Fertilization and Management of the Fish Farm


The organic manures like cow dung plays significant role in lifecycle of

phytoplankton. In initial stage before stocking of the fish seeds in tank need to

maintain the phytoplankton by natural process with the help of cow dung, lime and

super phosphate. The fish growers of the region are use this method 20 days before

stocking the fish seeds in the tank. About 86.67 percent of the farmers are using the

cow dung or other manures as organic manures for fertilizing and for maintaining the

growth of the phytoplankton.

Only 53.33 percent of the growers are applying the inorganic manures before

stocking where as 66.67 percent of farmers use, after stocking the fish seeds in the

tanks(Table 4.25). All of the farmers applying the lime to maintain the tanks, for

reducing unwanted weeds, maintaining PH, temperature and for maintaining the

quality of water.

4.5.14 Harvesting of the Fish Farm

Harvesting is one of the significant processes of the fish farming activity.

From beginning of this activity, the farmers are applying the traditional method for

harvesting the fish from the tank.

If the monoculture of the major carps practiced in the tanks, the fish farmers use

dragnets for harvesting fish from the tank. The monoculture of the prawn needs to

drain out the tank water through outlet for collecting the prawns at the corner of the

tank. For mix culture of major carps and the prawn the grower are preferred to drain

out the tank water through outlet and collected prawns at the corner of the tank.

Use of Fertilizers

and Material

No. of

Respondent

Used

Before

Stocking

% To Total

Respondent

No. of

Respondent

Used

After

Stocking

% To Total

Respondent

Organic Manures 13 86.67 15 100

Inorganic Manures 8 53.33 10 66.67

Lime For Bleaching 15 100 Nil Nil

119

Table 4.26

Process Harvesting of the Fish Farm

Method of

Harvesting

No. of

Respondent

% To Total

Respondent

Harvesting

Material

Harvesting

Material

Traditional 15 100

Modern Nil

0

Nets,

Diesel

Engine

As per

Requirement


The fishermen and the fish contractors harvested the tanks as per their

requirement. The growers or the farmers do not have knowledge about the harvesting.

In the region, none of the farmer use modern tools and techniques for harvesting fish.

In region itself one of the farmer from Shere of Karad tahsil have started to catch fish

after 6 months from the stocking the fish seeds in the tank. He sells the fresh fish at

the farm as per availability of customer.

The traditional method of harvesting is time consuming and laborious so it

needs to apply modern techniques or the modern methods of the fishing for reducing

time and harvesting cost.

4.5.15 Transportation Facilities

The fishes like Catala, Rohu and Mrigal having local demand. The harvested

fish supplied to the markets for selling. These markets are not so far away from the

farms where as they have accessibility of the road and connected to the highway and

main cities by road and railway network.

Satara, Karad, Vita, Sangli, Miraj and Kolhapur are the major local markets

available in the region itself. The Government hatchery is also available in the

northern part of the region where as the fish seed conservation centers at Rankala

nursery of Kolhapur and Siddhewadi of Sangli District.

The table 4.27 shows that, 26.66 percent of the farmers having their won

trucks where as 13.33 percent of the farmers having jeep and only 6.67 percent of the

farmers having tempos for transportation of the fish seeds and for transportation of the

harvested fish.

120

Table 4.27

Availability of Transportation Facilities

Source of Transportation No. of Respondent % To Total Respondent

Jeep 2 13.33

Tempo 1 6.6

Truck 4 26.26

Refrigerated Van 0 Nil

Container 0 Nil


The transportation network of the region supported well for the

transportation of the fish. The farmers of the region must require refrigerated van and

the containers for traveling the harvested fish from farm to market.

4.5.16 Storage Facilities

The fish is a perishable product. About 15 to 20 percent of the fish body

contains proteins where as 75 percent of the fish body contains water. The bacteria's

in the fish body causes to decompose the fish. The water content of the fish and

specific temperature helps to growth of bacteria. It needs to maintain the temperature

of the surrounding by using the ice. For safety stocking of the fish needs to apply

Icebox, Refrigerators and needs to store in cool cold storages.

In the region, about 33.33 percent of the fish growers are having Iceboxes

where as only 13.33 percent of the farmers are having refrigerators (Table 4.28). None

of the farmer of the region and fishing co-operative society having the own cold

storage to store fish safely. All the farmers need to purchase their own iceboxes or

refrigerators for preserving the fish until sailing the fish. It also needs to construct one

of the cold storage and ice factories in the region nearest to the fish farms. The

refrigerators or the iceboxes keep fish safely for 8 to 12 hours. The ice required for

the preservation for the fish is equal to the body weight of the fish.

121

Table 4.28

Availability of Storage Facilities

Source of Storage

No. of

Respondent

% To Total

Respondent Safe Period

Total

Expenditure

in Rs.

Ice Box 5 33.33 6-8 Hours

Refrigerators 2 13.33 12 Hours 25

Cold Storage Nil Nil Nil Nil


Only ice is a material, which maintains temperature of the fish body and its

surrounding. Therefore, it needs to apply properly for controlling the bacterial

infection and process of decomposing of harvested fish.

4.6 CONCLUSION:

The capture and culture fishing in the region is so traditional bounded. Most of

the fishermen belongs to the fishing communities are having ancestral knowledge of

the fishing. In whole of the region, free fishing in river water while, culture fishing in

Dams, Ponds and in Reservoirs practiced on a lease period. In the region fish farning

is practiced in dams, ponds and also in reservoirs reveals that the fishermen practice

fish farming very traditionally. The fishing co- operative societies of the region have

practiced fish farming in such a water bodies on a lease basis. Being a large water

bodies none of the fishing co- operative society concentrate to improve the fertility of

the ponds by providing fertilizers and supported food material as per requirement.

However, they depend upon the natural fertility of the pond. The government provides

facilities and fund to the fishing co-operative societies and also to the fishermen for

development of the fishing activity and over all upliftment of the fishermen

community in the region.

Besides that, the problem of land degradation attracts peoples of non-fishing

communities for fish farming as an alternative land use for their saline and

waterlogged soils in the region. Such fish farming practiced in saline and waterlogged

soils are intensive in nature. The farmers using fertilizers and manures as well as the

122

supported food material as per requirement and trying to get more production from

fish.

Practically it is proved that, the technique of practicing fish farming in saline

and waterlogged soils not only provides good earnings but also reclaimed soil from

current year of practicing fish farming. The waterlogging tendency of the soil helps to

storing and maintaining the water level in the tank where as the salt partials of the

bunds go in the tank water through the slope of bund. The salt partials of the bottom

of the tank are also intermingled with tank water by leaching process resulting the

water becomes salty. This salty water helps to prawn culture and culture of major

carps in the tank. Finally, at the time of harvesting, the tank water drained out through

the outlet in the natural drainage, at that time the salt partials of the soil flows in

natural drainage with water and helps to reclaim the saline soil.

123

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1. Agarwal S. C. (1990): “Fishery Management”, Ashish Publishing House, New

Delhi

2. Biswas K. P. (2004): “Industrial Fisheries”, Daya Publishing House Delhi.

3. Chougule B. A et. al (2005): Reclaimation of Water Logged Saline Black Soil

in Irrigation Commands, Mahatma Phule Krushi Vidhyapeeth, Research

Bulletin No 68, Agricultural Research Station, Kasbe Digraj, Sangil. pp 11-28

4. Doshi Raveendra(1994): “Problems of Salt Affected Soils”, Artha Savand (in

Marathi),18(2)pp.104,122

5. Gaikwad V. D. et. al. (2001): “Fish farming in Saline Affected Soils: An

Exploratory Study of Sayali Fishers, Kavthe Piran”, a project submitted to

Shivaji University, Kolhapur as a fulfillment of M.A./ M. Sc. Geography

Course(Unpublished).

6. Harries Cyril C. (1978): “ Fish Farming”, A garden farming Series, Pelham

Books BAS, Printers Ltd. Hampshire and bound by Redwood burn, Esher.

7. Jhingran V. G. (1985): “Fish and Fisheries of India”, Hindustan publishing

Corporatin( India), Delhi pp. 268

8. Jugale V. B.(1997): “Finance For Desalinization of Soils in Maharashtra”, Pune:

Vaikunth Mehata National Institute of Co- operative Management(Occasional

paper Series 1).

9. Martyshev F. G. (1973): “Pond Fisheries”, Amerind Publishing Co. pvt Ltd.

New Delhi.

10. Patil P. B. (1988): "Agricultural land use and land Degradation in Panchganga

River basin: A Geographical Appraisal", Unpublished Ph.D. thesis submitted to

Shivaji University Kolhapur.

11. Pawar C. T. (1985): “Impact of Irrigation: A Regional Perspective”, Bombay;

Himalaya Publishing House.

12. Pawar C. T. (2005): “Reclaimation Degraded Soils: A Study on Economics of

Fish Farming,” The Indian Geographical journal 80(1), pp. 39 to 44 Published in

2006

124

13. Pawar C.T. and Pujari A. A. (2001):" Lift Irrigation and Soil Degradation in

North Eastern part of Kolhapur District of Maharashtra", Indian geographical

journal, Vol.76,1.pp.44-52

14. Swann La Don (2005): “A Fish Farming Guide to Understanding Water

Quality”, Prude University, Aquaculture network Center, http://

www.aquatic.org/publicat/state/il - in/as 503.htm.

15. Uma Sharma & Grower (1982): “An introduction to Indian Fisheries”, Bishen

Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun India. Pp. 23

16. Ward, Borbara and Dubos, Rene (1972): “Only One Earth: The Care And

Mentainence of Small Planet” Penguin Books Ltd. England.

125

Documents

PROCESS OF FISH FARMING