Process Framework final - World Bank€¦ · ZAWA’s “Reclassification Project”at the broader systemic and institutional levels related to policies, legal framework and monitoring

Process Framework

A contribution to the Project Preparation for:

Extension of Kasanka Management System to Lavushi Manda National Park

GEF Agency project ID: P108882 GEF Agency: World Bank Other Executing Partners: Kasanka Trust Ltd. Published by: Kasanka Trust Ltd. Date: February 2009

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E2493 v3

PF Extension of Kasanka Management System to LMNP final 2

Contents: Contents: ........................................................................................................................2 List of Abbreviations .....................................................................................................3 1. Summary ....................................................................................................................4 2. Background to the proposed project ..........................................................................6 3. Description of proposed community outreach component ........................................8

3.1 General.................................................................................................................8 3.2 Timing..................................................................................................................8 3.2 Park component where related to community outreach.......................................9 3.3 Community outreach component.......................................................................10

4. Process Framework..................................................................................................14 4.1 Legal framework................................................................................................14 4.2 Identification of stakeholders and project affected people ................................15 4.3 Mechanisms for participation ............................................................................17 4.4 Criteria for determining eligibility for assistance ..............................................18 4.5 Institutional organization for implementation ...................................................19 4.6 Measures to reduce negative impact ..................................................................22 4.7 Resolution of potential conflicts or grievances..................................................24 4.8 Monitoring arrangements...................................................................................26

5. References................................................................................................................28 6. Annexes....................................................................................................................29

6.1 Work Plan Community Outreach Phase I..........................................................29 6.2 Description of boundaries LMNP as taken from National Parks and Wildlife Act............................................................................................................................33 6.3 Map of encroached areas in Lavushi Manda National Park ..............................34 6.4 Possible boundary adjustment of LMNP to address encroachment/ mitigate loss of ecological value ...................................................................................................36


List of Abbreviations ADC Area Development Committee BAMU Bangweulu Area Management Unit CPP Community Partnership Park CRB Community Resources Board DDCC District Development Co-coordinating Committee DOPE Development of People’s Empowerment ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment GBE Greater Bangweulu Ecosystem GEF Global Environment Fund GMA Game Management Area KT Kasanka Trust Limited KNP Kasanka National Park LMNP Lavushi Manda National Park MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries NP National Park PAP Project Affected Person PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal PF Process Framework REMNPAS Reclassification and Effective Management of the National Protected

Areas Systems Project SLNP South Luangwa National Park UNDP United Nations Development Program WB World Bank WWF World Wide Fund for Nature ZAWA Zambian Wildlife Authority


1. Summary

The World Bank/ GEF approved a Project Preparation Grant on 20/12/2007 for the Extension of the Kasanka Management System to Lavushi Manda National Park. The project will develop and implement an effective Protected Area management system based on the existing and successful Public-Private-Partnership model in Kasanka National Park for the restoration of the Lavushi Manda National Park. The project aims to undertake this endeavour in close cooperation with various stakeholders including the local communities. A community outreach program has been proposed to ensure that the project contributes to the economic well being of the communities around LMNP; through the protection of an important watershed area; promoting awareness of the benefits of conservation and the project; and through promoting sustainable community based resource use and management. The process framework describes the process by which affected communities participate in design, implementation and monitoring of relevant project activities during the first three years of the project. The findings of the Community Consultation and the Community Stakeholders Profile as well as the Socio-Environmental Impact Assessment for the Extension of the Kasanka Management System to Lavushi Manda National Park were an important guideline for the design of the Process Framework. The only ‘Project Affected People’ are some illegal hunters (a survery is needed to determine the exact number), and some illegal settlers/ farmers (consisting of approximately 31 households) in Lavushi Manda National Park. A Community Outreach Program is being proposed for a period of 10 years, divided over 3 different phases. Phase I (year 1-3, described in this document) will focus on the following goals:

Identify community outreach base and recruit/train community relations staff Complete process of information collection Set up a network for community involvement in project design, consultation

and monitoring of project activities Promote conservation education and awareness of conservation benefits Ensure park boundaries are demarcated and clear to relevant stakeholders Develop and publish a baseline of existing illegal settlements and fields inside

the park after which no more expansion will be tolerated. Initiate a process of discussions – under the leadership of ZAWA/KTL and in

close cooperation with the traditional leaders - with the encroaching farmers to gradually move out of the park on a voluntary basis..

Alternatively initiate a discussion with relevant stakeholders on the possibility of degazetting certain encroached park areas and gazet areas outside the park with equivalent ecological value and size.

Engage local labour for the development of various project facilities Engage and support local supply industries for tourism and park protection Identify partners and co-funding for specified outreach activities/ advancing

livelihood with a focus on conservation farming Develop a manual for participatory land-use planning

Phase II (year 4-8) will focus on the following:


Support the development of sustainable livelihood initiatives outside the park as an alternative to unsustainable resources use

Support and capacity building of CRBs, ADCs and other relevant community based organizations

Develop an Environmental Education Manual for the LMNP and the GBE. Initiate and support a process of participatory land-use planning Continue and where possible scale up phase one objectives

Phase III (year 8-10) will concentrate on:

Consolidate results from outreach activities Assist in the implementation and monitoring of land-use plans.

The process framework further outlines the legal framework; identification of stakeholders and project affected people; mechanisms for participation; criteria for determining eligibility for assistance; institutional organisation for implementation; measures to reduce negative impact; resolution of potential conflict or grievances and monitoring arrangements. A multi-media communication strategy will be implemented throughout the project period to ensure that information is available in good time to all stakeholders to help them understand the project and its goals. It will also serve to elucidate the benefits of conservation and to encourage stakeholders to become involved in project planning and activities. Where possible communication will be implemented through existing mechanisms at the district, chiefdom and village levels. Examples of these are the DDCC, various line ministries, traditional leaders, CRBs, ADCs, youth clubs, women groups and farmer co-operatives. A Lavushi Manda Park Management Committee will be initiated. It will meet annually and take primary responsibility for the monitoring of results and approval of new plans for park management and community outreach. The Board will consist of representatives from the Mpika and Serenje District Council, a Ward Councilor from each (4) Chiefdoms, a representative from each CRB, the Honorable Chiefs from each (4) Chiefdoms; the Regional Manager ZAWA; the park manager; the Warden and 2 representatives from KTL. A Stakeholder Advisory Group will be initiated for more hands-on advice on the development and monitoring of the community outreach program. The group will consist of one Honorable Chief from each (4) Chiefdoms; one CRB representative from each (4) Chiefdoms and one women representative from each (4) Chiefdom; the Warden and the Mpika District Planning Officer. Meetings will be organized as needed; initially half yearly. A Conservation Partner Liaison Committee will be initiated to streamline approaches between neighbouring conservation partners. Project monitoring will be done in a participatory manner at the village; chiefdom and program level.


2. Background to the proposed project The World Bank/ GEF approved a Project Preparation Grant on 20/12/2007 for the Extension of the Kasanka Management System to Lavushi Manda National Park. The project will develop and implement an effective Protected Area management system based on the existing and successful Public-Private-Partnership (PPP) model in Kasanka National Park (KNP). This project builds on the impressive progress made in KNP due to an efficient management scheme, introduced and administered over the past 20 years by the non-governmental Kasanka Trust Limited (KTL), under a special public-private partnership (PPP) agreement with the state Zambian Wildlife Authority (ZAWA). The project seeks to expand KT's management to include the restoration of the Lavushi Manda National Park (LMNP) (150,000ha). This will be done by (i) securing financial sustainability of Kasanka National Park; (ii) mobilizing Kasanka Trust experience to improve the management of Lavushi Manda National Park; (iii) linking both parks to the greater Bangweulu ecosystem through protected wildlife corridors and coordinated management, monitoring and research activities; (iv) contributing to the development of Northern Zambian tourism routes (a priority of the Government of Zambia highlighted in Zambia’s fifth national development plan) by placing a new product on the market for the northern route; (v) ensuring cost-efficiency and leverage fund raising and (vi) enhancing synergies with ZAWA’s “Reclassification Project”at the broader systemic and institutional levels related to policies, legal framework and monitoring efforts of the PA system. A Project Identification Form (PIF) and Project Preparation Grant (PPG) was submitted to GEF and endorsed on March 31, 2008. A one-year Memorandum of Understanding between KTL and ZAWA on the cooperation in the restoration, development and management of Lavushi Manda National Park was signed on May 21, 2008. A legal agreement for the PPG was signed between Kasanka Trust Limited and the World Bank in July 2008. KTL is the designated executing agency for the PPG. Context of the consultation To ensure good co-existence with the Lavushi Manda and Kasanka National Park local stakeholders (communities, community resource boards, traditional authorities, NGOs and other projects), KTL must design the project in such a way that it conforms to the socio, economic and cultural context. To achieve this, the communities around the park must be informed and consulted and KTL must understand their socio-economic realities. It has been determined that this project will trigger three World Bank Safeguards Operational Policies (OPs): Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01), Natural Habitats (OP 4.04), and Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12). In order to fulfil the requirements of implementing a World Bank - GEF project, Kasanka Trust Ltd (KTL) will require an Environmental and Social Specialist to prepare: (1) an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) which satisfies the requirements of World Bank Safeguard Policies OP 4.01 and OP 4.04, and (2) a Process Framework (PF) which satisfies the World Bank's OP 4.12 Safeguard Policy. - Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01). This is a conservation operation that seeks to improve the status of biodiversity and management practices in the Lavushi


Manda and Kasanka National Parks. There will be investments such as small infrastructures within the LMNP (staff houses, base camp, gravel roads, conservation centre) and activities such as anti-poaching etc. that can affect the local environment as well as the lives of neighbouring communities. The impacts of specific investments may be difficult to identify during the preparation phase. Therefore, an environmental assessment is needed for both parks to ensure the identification of potential impacts and mitigation options and will be included in the ESIA including reviewing the capacity of the biodiversity and the protected areas to take the volumes and numbers of small infrastructure investments to ensure that the area will not be saturated (including using the mandatory Management Effectiveness Tool). The assessment will involve local communities in a highly participatory manner in preparation and implementation. Their responsibilities will be developed and clarified to ensure more positive impacts to the local population.

- Natural Habitats (OP 4.04). The two parks are essentially natural habitats which are expected to gain enhanced protection status through the proposed projects but there is a small possibility that new tracks and access to the LMNP locally increases the ecosystem disturbance. - Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12). The improved resource protection and law enforcement measures will restrict access to natural resources from people who were using it before. There is no involuntary displacement of habitation expected.


3. Description of proposed community outreach component

3.1 General The findings of the Community Consultation and the Community Stakeholders Profile as well as the Socio-Environmental Impact Assessment for the Extension of the Kasanka Management System to Lavushi Manda National Park were an important guideline for the design of the Process Framework. The first report provides an overview of the current socio-economic situation in the community areas around Lavushi Manda National Park and the recommendations of various stakeholders regarding the proposed project. The second report provides an assessment of the impact – and mitigation measures - of the proposed project on the natural environment as well as the communities in/around the national park. The process framework describes the process by which affected communities participate in design, implementation and monitoring of relevant project activities.

3.2 Timing A three year project has been proposed in the Project Identification Form (PIF, submitted 03/04/2008) to the GEF Trust Fund for the Extension of the Kasanka Management System to Lavushi Manda National Park. The project has a park management/conservation component and a community outreach component. The latter will focus on conservation education, CBO support, sustainable agricultural practices and land-use planning all of which are expected to contribute to poverty reduction, secure livelihoods, capacity building in local organizations, gender equity and democracy. Capacity building for participatory processes and community empowerment will take decades to have sustainable results. At the moment this is not reflected in the project design. In order to achieve genuine results the project should be planned for a period of at least 8-10 years and Kasanka Trust should commit itself to secure funds for long term implementation. The community component described in this report is formulated for a time period of 3 years and will be referred to as Phase I. It is assumed that the community component of the project will continue thereafter for a period of at least 5-7 more years (Phase II and III). The long term objective for the community outreach program is:

To ensure that the project contributes to the economic well being of the communities around LMNP through the protection of an important watershed area; promoting awareness of the benefits of conservation and the project; and through promoting sustainable community based resource use and management.

Phase I (Year 1-3) of the proposed community outreach component will focus on the following goals (as mostly agreed during the Stakeholder Workshop):

Identify community outreach base and recruit/train community relations staff Complete process of information collection


Set up a network for community involvement in project design, consultation and monitoring of project activities

Promote conservation education and awareness of project benefits Ensure park boundaries are demarcated and clear to relevant stakeholders Develop a baseline of illegal fields and households inside the park Notify stakeholders of a deadline after which no more expansion (clearing of

land) will be tolerated. Initiate a process of discussions with those inside the park and their traditional

leaders to encourage voluntary resettlement Engage local labour for the development of various project facilities Engage and support local supply industries for tourism and park protection Identify partners and co-funding for specified outreach activities Develop a manual for participatory land-use planning

A detailed Community Outreach Work Plan for phase I is provided in Annex 1. Phase II (Year 4-8) will focus on the following:

Support the development of sustainable livelihood initiatives as an alternative to unsustainable resources use

Support and capacity building of CRBs, ADCs and other relevant community based organizations

Develop an Environmental Education Manual for the LMNP and the GBE. Initiate and support a process of participatory land-use planning Continue phase one objectives

Phase III (year 8-10) would concentrate on:

Consolidate results from outreach activities Assist in the implementation and monitoring of land-use plans.

3.2 Park component where related to community outreach Infrastructure The project aims to improve tourism infrastructure and park management infrastructure. A park management base, a community outreach base, a safari lodge, campsites, staff houses, scout camps and roads need to be constructed or renovated. Skilled and unskilled workers will be recruited as much as possible from the local community. Chiefs and other trusted local contacts will be consulted to recommend suitable skilled workers from the four affected Chiefdoms. Simple building materials such as burnt bricks and grass can be bought from the communities. Park protection The project aims to improve park protection by providing equipment and support for ZAWA scouts. Patrolling will be much intensified inside the park. Outside the park the efficiency of roadblocks will be much improved to diminish the flourishing trade in bush meat. The secondment of village scouts from Chiundaponde will be negotiated with the Chiundaponde CRB. Park boundaries will be demarcated in such a way that they are easily recognized by all stakeholders. Demarcation will be done together with ZAWA, traditional authority and local leaders. Knowledge of the park boundaries will be further promoted during conservation awareness campaigns. Scout rations will be sourced from local business people where possible.


Tourism The project aims to increase tourism income from the LMNP. Although no spectacular effects can be expected in the initial phase, on the long term there will be an increase in employment within the park tourism industry. Farmers and other local business people can benefit from the tourism support industry. They will be encouraged to supply fresh fruit and vegetables, maize, beans, cooking oil, fish and domestic animals. Where necessary, practical support will be provided to interested supplier groups. Community members could also start up new initiatives for example the production of handicrafts and the provision of guiding services and community experiences in communal areas. The current community tourism initiatives (e.g. Nakapalayo Community Tourism Village) can also benefit from an increased flow of tourists. The NGO Open Africa already provides advise to Nakapalayo and might be interested to support other community tourism initiatives in this area.

3.3 Community outreach component During phase I the following components will be addressed: Identify base and recruit/train community relations staff The community outreach program will be working in 4 Chiefdoms which together cover a large area. During the community consultation tour various stakeholders emphasized the need for the project to have a presence on the ground. For project staff to have a good understanding of the local situation, power struggles and other potentially disturbing factors this means they must live in the area and they must frequently follow up on activities. A community relations base including an office, staff accommodation and possibly an education centre will be built in one of the two Chiefdoms with the longest borders to the LMNP. Any construction of project buildings will be done on donated community or state-owned land which is vacant and not currently used by any person for any purpose. Complete process of information collection The community consultancy tour was completed in 2008 to an extent that a representative section of the stakeholders were consulted. Due to Senior Chief Kopa being out of the country, the Chief and his community were not visited during the 2008 tour. They will be visited at the onstart of the project to fully complete the consultancy process, including a public meeting and several group meetings with farmer/women groups, chipilas, Chiefs advisors, CRB and ADC. At the onstart of the project, more information will also be collected on the conservation status of Luitikila National Forest. Chief Luchembe will be visited for a separate consultation. The origin of poachers in LMNP will be investigated through the consultation of ZAWA statistics in Chiundaponde or Mpika offices. Community relations and outreach activities A relationship of trust and understanding between the project and the community is essential for long lasting results. Therefore it is important to build a network of local contacts for future consultations, implementation of conservation activities as well as for monitoring and evaluation of the outreach program. Male and female contact persons will be ‘recruited’ on a voluntary basis from various formal and informal sectors of the society. Network activities will be organized, monitored and evaluated on a regular basis. Kasanka Trust has good experiences with the development of a community contact person network.


During the first year of the outreach program also the basis will be laid for conservation education activities such as the development of a conservation education program in close cooperation with the Wildlife and Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia (WECSZ) and the Zambia Ornithological Society (ZOS). The program will include organic school gardens with pilot schools; training of headmasters and resource teachers. Develop a baseline of illegal settlements/ fields and initiate a solution process An estimated 31 households currently live inside the park, occupying an estimated 1800 hectares as confirmed by recent aerial photographs. Obviously this is an unacceptable situation which should be resolved as soon as possible. Existing illegal settlements and fields inside the park will be mapped in detail and a baseline will be published and notified to those inside the park and their leaders after which no more expansion (clearing of land) will be tolerated. Meanwhile, a process of discussions will be started with the encroaching farmers and their leaders to gradually resolve the issues. This will be done as soon as possible under the leadership of ZAWA and in close cooperation with the Honorable Chiefs. A solution must be agreed upon within a year from the release of the baseline survey Identify partners and co-funders for community outreach program The first phase of the community component will be used to research existing local activities and possible cooperation in youth development, sustainable farming and conservation education. Youth development is an important field as many poachers are young school leavers who lack an alternative livelihood. Working with youth and cross cutting issues like HIV/Aids could provide opportunities for co-funding from other sources (e.g. Afya Muzuri). Partnership and co-funding in the field of sustainable farming and conservation education could be discussed with the Conservation Farming Unit, Peace corps, DED, COMACO and ZOS, WWF respectively. Potential partners and co-funding will also be researched for the establishment of a community radio station which has great potential to empower communities in the dissemination of information about sustainable livelihood, management of natural resources, gender, democracy and other important issues. Cooperation with other conservation partners in the field is essential to avoid duplication - or worse - contradicting messages towards the communities. A Conservation Liaison Committee will be responsible to organize regular meetings between conservation partners to discuss cooperation and to streamline community outreach programs (see p. 21). Conservation awareness activities Conservation education activities will be initiated from the start of the project. These activities are meant to increase general awareness of the importance and benefits of conservation, but also to increase awareness of the importance and benefits of the LMNP project. Explanation of park boundaries will be a part of the awareness campaign. The activities will be directed at all 4 chiefdoms surrounding the national park. Drama has been identified as a powerful medium in rural Zambia to disseminate information and to start up discussion. Drama stories are often remembered many months after the actual performance. In many cases local drama groups already exist and could be assisted with training to gain more skills in community theatre for development. Capacity building of drama groups can also assist to generate more income on the long term as experienced drama groups can be hired by other NGO’s and governmental programs for e.g. health or education campaigns. The same drama groups could also perform for a fee at tourists events. A drama campaign will be undertaken at least once a year in each chiefdom in order to keep the wider public informed and interested in conservation as well as to


announce and discuss running and newly proposed activities within the LMNP project. Livelihood assistance Livelihood assistance was identified by stakeholders as a crucial requirement for the community outreach program. Unfortunately the suggested budget to KTL is too small to allow for a substantial livelihood support program. KTL endeavours to engage other partners for financial and technical support of this crucial part of the proposed program. Livelihood assistance will focus on sustainable agricultural practices such as beekeeping, conservation farming and agro forestry techniques. Marketing will form an integral part. Livelihood assistance will initially focus on Mpumba and Chiundaponde Chiefdoms. These Chiefdoms have the largest park borders, many poachers and little support from other NGO’s. According to the DACO in Mpika it is a long term goal of the Ministry of Agriculture Food and Fisheries (MAFF) to move away from costly high-input farming towards cheaper low input methods such as conservation farming. Conservation Farming has generated good results in some Farmer Field Schools in Chief Chitambo’s area – especially those which were guided intensively (i.e. weekly) for a longer period. As Kasanka Trust has strong roots in conservation management and environmental education, but perhaps less so in sustainable agriculture, it is recommended to request support from other organizations with extensive experience in this field. Cooperation possibilities will be researched with MAFF. The Conservation Farming Unit of the Zambia National Farmers Union already expressed an interest to cooperate. Land-use planning One of the goals of the extension of the Kasanka Management System to Lavushi Manda NP is to link both parks to the greater Bangweulu Ecosystem through protected wildlife corridors and coordinated management, monitoring and research activities. Land-use planning is a logical and essential tool to achieve this goal. Land-use planning is a sensitive issue and necessarily involves a long process of many consultations with even so many stakeholders. There is not a lot of experience with participatory land-use planning in GMA’s in Zambia. As there are a lot of do’s, don’ts and possible pitfalls we recommend to first study similar projects in Zambia (e.g. Mukungule GMA, Chitambo GMA), publish a document of ‘Lessons learnt in participatory land-use planning’ and use this document for guidance in the LMNP land-use planning process in a later phase. At the same time the document could be published and made available to other interested parties in Zambia. Land-use planning will initially focus on Chiundaponde, Kopa and Chitambo Chiefdoms as these chiefdoms have the most human-animal conflicts and at the same time the most viable animal corridors. The actual land-use planning process in the second phase will focus on:

Mapping the animal corridors in the project area which are currently still in use, especially those between Kasanka NP – LMNP and LMNP – Chikuni Partnership Park

Mapping farms and/or villages inside these corridors Determining the appropriate level of protection for identified animal corridors Deciding on the size of the corridors (minimum 10 kms wide recommended) Deciding how best to work with the people living in those corridors: to secure the

projects’ conservation objectives and simultaneously benefitting the people.


Weighing the pros and cons of each scenario, taking into account limited funds, social issues, safeguard issues, compensation measures and long term sustainability of resources.

Bottom line in the land-use planning process should be that there will be no forced relocation of any field or any village during project implementation. Given the limited funds the project cannot embark on compensation for displacement. It is absolutely crucial that the location of existing fields and villages in the park are mapped, and that the baseline will be clear and notified to those inside the park and their leaders that starting at the date of publication of the baseline survey all new expansion (clearing of land) will not be tolerated. Meanwhile, a process of discussions will be initiated whereby encroaching farmers can temporarily continue farming their fields and gradually resolve the issues. We think sufficient land of reasonable quality is available so that the slash/burn system with a one-year cultivation period can easily be directed towards outside the park boundary. Options to address this issue in the future could include involuntary resettlement if money should come available at some point; or to redefine park boundaries. Project development In addition to the initial outreach activities the first phase of the community outreach program will be used to discuss and agree on objectives and identify activities for the second phase. During the Stakeholders Workshop it was agreed to set up a Working Committee with representatives from all surrounding chiefdoms and the Mpika District Council to advise the development of a project program. In this way participation from all stakeholders is ensured to come up with a suitable project design. Also on the long term there will be a continual process of consultation, advise and evaluation by community representatives. The highest level committee will be a Park Management Committee following the example of the existing Kasanka Park Management Committee. This committee meets twice a year and evaluates results and future plans for park management as well as for community development. The Park Management Committee consists of representatives of various stakeholders at the local, district and national level. See page 21 for more details. It is also proposed to form a Conservation Partner Liaison Committee. The goal of this committee will be to exchange and streamline approaches towards protected area protection, conservation education, livelihood support and land-use planning. The basic idea is to ensure no contradicting messages or financial arrangements (e.g. allowances) are being implemented. Committee members would be the UNDP reclassification project, African Parks, KTL and WWF amongst others. The Project Manager has the task to coordinate all committees as well as to ensure they are aware of each others activities and results.


4. Process Framework

4.1 Legal framework 4.1.1 Zambia Wildlife Act The Zambia Wildlife Act of 1998 provides for the management, conservation, regulation and sustainable use of wildlife, its habitats and ecosystems. It also describes the functions and responsibilities of the Zambia Wildlife Authority (ZAWA) and the Community Resources Boards (CRBs). 4.1.2 Forest Act The Forest Act of 1973 provides for the management, conservation, regulation and sustainable use of forests. The act was revised in 1999 but so far not implemented, so the old act is still in use. The new act provides for community participation and joint management of forests. It empowers local communities together with NGO’s and the private sector to manage forestry resources. It includes a mechanism for sharing benefits in the form of income from license fees. To avoid the deadlock of an enabling piece of legislation not being implemented, Forest Trusts have been created in some provinces under a Statutory Instrument in 2006.

4.1.3 Fisheries Act The Fisheries Act of 1974 provides for the management, conservation, regulation and sustainable use of fisheries resources. The amendment of 2007 introduces Fisheries Management Areas and Fisheries Management Committees. It also provides for a benefit sharing mechanism. 4.1.4 Lands Act The Lands Act of 1995 provides for the allocation and administration of land. It distinguishes two major categories of land tenure being state land and customary land. It also provides for the alienation of customary land to state land. 4.1.5 Land (Perpetual Succession) Act The land (Perpetual Succession) Act CAP 186 provides for the perpetual succession to land. Any group of people or entity may form a Trust. The Trustees may be appointed by any community or group of persons bound together by custom, religion, kinship or nationality or by any body or association of persons. 4.1.6 Cooperatives Act The Cooperatives Act provides for the registration and regulation of producer groups. It can be used to facilitate any productive activities where there is an advantage in acting as a group and acquiring legal status. 4.1.7 Companies Act The Companies Act provides for the registration of companies and their regulation. Different types of companies are described including companies limited by shares and companies limited by guarantee. The first category operates by making profits for its shareholders. The second category does not have shareholders and is not permitted to do business for the direct benefit of its members. Thus it carries the same status as a non profit making organization which is permitted to undertake business activities for the development of its objectives.


4.1.8 Societies Act The Societies Act provides for the registration of any association of ten or more persons whatever its objectives provided that they are not registered as companies, trade unions or cooperatives. 4.1.9 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan of 1999 proposes actions for the conservation, protection and sustainable use of Zambia’s biodiversity and ecosystems as proposed in the Convention on Biological Diversity to which Zambia is a signatory. 4.1.10 Decentralization Policy The Decentralization policy of 2000 provides for the devolution of selected responsibilities from Central Government to lower levels at provincial, district and sub-district levels. The policy recommends the establishment of Area Development Committees (ADCs) at the grassroots level.

4.2 Identification of stakeholders and project affected people Official and estimated figures of human populations in the proposed project area vary widely. Table 1 provides an overview. The total population in the 4 Chiefdoms surrounding the LMNP is roughly estimated at 245.000. The higher densities are found in Mpumba (± 100.000) and Muchinka Chiefdom (± 100.000); Chiundaponde and Kopa Chiefdom are less densely populated (± 25.000 and 20.000 respectively) .

Table 1: Some features of chiefdoms in proposed project area (Source: Mpika District Situational Analysis 2007, Serenje District Situational Analysis 2005; Zambia Census of Population and Housing 2000)

Chiefdom District Population (DSA /census estimate)

Population (estimate other sources)

Approximate surface (km2)

Chiundaponde Mpika 6.924 25.000-30.000 1190

Kopa Mpika 6.460 20.000 600

Mpumba Mpika 16.703 100.000 ?

Muchinka Serenje 32.855 100.000 ?

Chitambo Serenje 21.312 80.000 3860

ZAWA and KTL are the main stakeholders concerning the national park. The rural community and tourism enterprises can be considered as secondary stakeholders.

When considering the area outside the park the roles are different. Here the primary stakeholders are the Project Affected People (PAPs) which includes illegal hunters/ gatherers and illegal farmers/settlers. The PAPs will be identified using social networks, conviction records, traditional leaders, etc. The other stakeholders are the wider communities living around the park


who are also expected to benefit from employment, tourism business opportunities and the community outreach program directed at sustainable development and capacity building. The rural communities have little real influence over sustainable development in their area. They are the focus of district development plans and land-use plans for the GMA and their active involvement is crucial for effective planning and implementation. Other stakeholders such as governmental agencies at national and district level, NGO’s and CBOs have (much) more influence on development and planning.

At community level, traditional leadership has remained in place and is still very influential. Muchinka and Chitambo chiefdom are mainly occupied by the Lala tribe whilst Kopa, Mpumba and Chiundaponde are mainly occupied by Bisa. Each chiefdom is ruled by a Chief who has various traditional and spiritual advisors. Village headmen assist the Chief in the distribution of land and other issues. Traditional leadership is integrated in a complex system of influence that also includes local government authorities and political party leaders. In all chiefdoms women traditionally have little autonomy. Local influence leaders must be consulted during the planning process, and women must be consulted as a social group with particular needs but with limitations of public expression. In order to ensure women are active participants in discussions, it may be necessary to occasionally conduct women only meetings.

The four chiefdoms surrounding the LMNP are remote, rural and low income areas with little support from the central or the local government. The majority of the people live from subsistence farming, using a chitemene system of agriculture. Cassava, maize and groundnuts are the major sources of agricultural produce. Additional sources of income are fishing, legal and illegal hunting, production of charcoal and collection of caterpillars. All areas experience poverty, little development, low levels of education and few paid jobs. Schools and clinics are often far apart, resulting in long walking distances for pupils and patients. Kopa chiefdom is the only area which has a secondary school. The literacy levels in Mpika district are 62.8% for adults and 54.4% for youths (Zambia population census 2000).

In all chiefdoms the human populations are reported to be growing fast but there has been little or no land-use planning for human settlements, farms, conservation areas and the use of natural resources. Infrastructure and communication networks are problematic in most areas. All feeder roads are untarred and receive little maintenance, often making them impassable in the rainy season. The Mpumba, Muchinka and Chitambo chiefdoms are slightly better off with a tarred road passing through the area. Most chiefdoms have no or limited access to newspapers, television, phone or internet. The radio is the most reliable means of receiving news. The chiefdoms of Mpumba and Muchinka have recently been (partly) covered by a mobile telephone network.

Community Based Organizations There are a few Community Based Organizations in the proposed project area but their level of influence and capacity varies highly. ADCs have been initiated in all Chiefdoms surrounding the park. For Chitambo Chiefdom it was agreed with the Serenje District Council that the Chitambo CRB would take on the role of the ADC (F. Mbulwe, personal communication)

All chiefdoms have some more or less active women’s groups, farmer’s groups and farmer cooperatives. Some of these groups are supported by local government extension officers or by NGO’s, others do not receive any external support.


Chiundaponde, Kopa and Chitambo each have an active Community Resources Board (CRB) which are supported by extension workers from various NGO’s.

NGO support in conservation and community development The communities of Chiundaponde and Kopa have been receiving some support in the areas of conservation and community development from WWF, UNDP/REMNPAS, DOPE and World Vision. Recently the Chikuni Community Partnership Park was initiated with the help of the UNDP/REMNPAS program. The Kasanka Trust has been supporting communities in Chitambo Chiefdom for more than 10 years. Peace corps also supports some communities in this area. In Mpumba and Muchinka chiefdoms there has been less NGO support. Peace corps is active in both Chiefdoms. Kasanka Trust has initiated a small community outreach program in the northern part of Muchinka. COMACO has recently become active in part of Mpumba Chiefdom.

4.3 Mechanisms for participation Communication is the basis for creating awareness, for consensus building, for promoting participation in development processes, for making informed decisions and for resolving conflicts. A multi-media communication strategy will be formulated and implemented to ensure that information is readily and timely available to various stakeholders and other interested parties. This communication strategy is an essential tool to help communities accept the project and its goals, to understand the benefits of conservation and to become involved in sustainable development changes. The strategy will also ensure a two-way exchange of knowledge and information with stakeholders at different levels. The strategy should initially create awareness among communities about the project and opportunities associated with it, the planning process, eligibility and options for participating in development activities. The communication campaign will consist of groups listening, seeing, discussing and analyzing what they could do in relation to development processes and opportunities presented. In the first phase of the project research will be done into existing mechanisms of participation, community development and resource management at various levels. Which mechanisms are currently in use, what are their responsibilities, what are their strengths and weaknesses? Where possible communication will be implemented through existing mechanisms. If mechanisms are weak – but with potential to improve - support can be provided to strengthen the organization and where non-existent support can be provided to start a new initiative. The communication process will complement and feed into existing processes for district planning. At District Level communication can be initiated through e.g.:

District Development Coordinating Committee (DDCC) Relevant line ministries Conservation Partner Liaison Committee (to be initiated) Stakeholder Advisory Group/ Working Committee (to be initiated) Park Management Committee (to be initiated)

At Chiefdom level communication can be initiated through e.g.:

Traditional leaders Existing CRBs Existing ADCs Contact person network (to be initiated)


At village level communication can be initiated through: Local leaders Women, youth groups Commodity groups Public meetings/ drama performances VAGS

Existing CRBs and ADCs provide a ready mechanism for participation, community development and resource management planning as their status is supported by law (CRB) or national policy (ADC). However their level of knowledge and experience varies widely. In cooperation with other conservation partners and government the project will contribute to capacity building of CRB and ADC thus creating and supporting strong community platforms for consultation, monitoring and advise for the project. A particular problem in question is the fact that Mpumba and Muchinka Chiefdoms do not have a CRB (the areas don’t have a GMA status either). Together with local stakeholders research will be done in the initial stages of the project into the feasibility of creating a CRB or Community Society, possibly coupled to a GMA or a Community Conservation Area in Mpumba or Muchinka. The second and third phase of the community outreach component will focus more on participatory land-use planning through PRA and community theatre for development processes. The formulation of Community Action Plans at village level and the formulation of Natural Resources Management Plans at Chiefdom/GMA level are crucial in this process. These plans will in turn feed into the District Development Plan. Participatory land-use planning requires a lot of information provision, consultations and discussions at various levels and in many segments of the community. Experienced facilitators are an absolute requirement for effective results. Support will be requested from the district and other NGO’s to train local facilitators and help guide the process.

4.4 Criteria for determining eligibility for assistance In principle the community outreach component targets all communities surrounding the LMNP: being the communities of Chiundaponde, Kopa, Mpumba and Muchinka. Depending on the available budget, timeframe and activity it may be necessary to focus acitivities within the eligible target groups. As for general community relations, raising awareness about the project, accessing labour and inviting supply industries it is crucial to reach out to all four chiefdoms. These are sensitive issues and neglecting one or more Chiefdoms may well lead to undermining the project. However when looking at specific activities such as environmental education, support of commodity groups, livelihood support, capacity building of CRB/ADC and land-use planning, it is necessary to investigate current initiatives and support by other NGOs or by the (local) government.


Criteria for eligibility could then be: Resource use: where are most illegal resource users, who is mostly effected

by restricted access, where are most people willing to change? o It has been reported that poaching and other illegal activities in the

LMNP mostly originate from Mpumba chiefdom. Existing support provided by (local) government or NGOs.

o The Chiefdoms of Kopa and Chiundaponde are supported by other conservation NGO’s whilst Mpumba and Muchinka receive little conservation support. On the other hand, Mpika District Council has an active support program for ADCs in Mpumba. It must be noted though that ADC’s focus on general community development whilst CRB’s concentrate on sustainable natural resources management including sustainable development.

Geographic position: How close is the target group to the national park? o It has been recommended to concentrate outreach activities on

communities within the 50km range of the national park. Commitment, involvement or experience with sustainable agriculture or small

scale (tourism) business o Experience from Kasanka community program has shown that support

of commodity groups with proven experience and commitment is more successful on the long run. With relatively small effort these groups can be lifted up to an example for the wider community.

Criteria for eligibility and project proposals for community outreach will be initially be discussed with the Stakeholder Advisory Committee which has a representation from all stakeholders: local communities, Chiefs, local government and relevant line ministries. In a later stage when other participation mechanisms are in place eligibility will be discussed with the Park Management Committee, the DDCC and other bodies where necessary. This is especially crucial in phase II and III of the project when it comes to discussing land-use and participatory management of natural resources. Here the production of community action plans and natural resources management plans will follow a structured participatory process that is based on stakeholder consultation in groups and individual semi-structured interviews. The principles of information sharing and informed transparent decision making will be pursued at all levels from community through to planning and management structures.

4.5 Institutional organization for implementation The development and implementation of the community outreach component will follow a participatory process. The goal of the overall project is to contribute to socio-economic wellbeing and community empowerment by building capacity for the sustainable use of natural resources. Stakeholders at various levels (including community representatives) and representing different interests will participate in project design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. Phase I of the outreach component will focus on establishing an operations base, project design, community relations, environmental education, support of local supply industries and capacity building of CRB/ADCs. During this phase institutional guidance will be requested from the Lavushi Manda Park Management Board and the Stakeholder Advisory Committee.


The LMNP Park Management Committee will have a set-up similar to the Kasanka Park Management Committee and consist of representatives from the Mpika and Serenje District Council, a Ward Councilor from each (4) Chiefdoms, a representative from each CRB, the Royal Highness from each (4) Chiefdoms; the Regional Manager ZAWA; the park manager; the Warden and 2 representatives from KTL. The Park Management Committee will be responsible for the monitoring of results of previous plans and approving new plans for park management and community outreach. A yearly meeting will be organized by the park manager. The Stakeholder Advisory Group will advise on the development and monitoring of the community outreach program. The group will consist of one Royal Highness from each (4) Chiefdoms; one CRB representative from each (4) Chiefdoms and one women representative from each (4) Chiefdom; the Warden and the Mpika District Planning Officer. Meetings will be organized as needed; initially half yearly. The Conservation Partner Liaison Committee will promote the exchange and streamlining of approaches towards protected area protection, conservation education, livelihood support and land-use planning between conservation partners working in the field around Lavushi Manda National Park The basic idea is to ensure no contradicting messages or financial arrangements (e.g. allowances) are being implemented. Committee members would be the UNDP reclassification project, African Parks, KTL and WWF amongst others. Serious efforts will be made to have a fair represention of women and youth on all committees With the onset of phase II the institutional contacts will be intensified. Participatory land-use planning is a very intensive, time consuming process whereby full involvement will be needed from stakeholders at the village, chiefdom, district and national level. Land use planning is a participatory process that starts with stakeholder consultation at the lowest level to identify resource constraints, opportunities and potential activities to mitigate negative effects of implementation. Consultation in the land-use planning process will produce the following results:

A. Establish the context and priority issues B. Develop a shared vision and agree on strategies C. Formulate project proposals and implementation plans D. Agree on the way forward E. Implementation F. Participatory monitoring and feedback to external monitors G. Participate in evaluation of outcomes

Additional sectoral and demographic information about communities may be available from local governments and/or the District Planning Unit. At national level the ZAWA Planning Unit is responsible for developing and implementing the participatory land-use planning approach in protected areas. The Ministry of Local Government and Housing- Government, Town and Country Planning Unit is responsible for land-use planning in open areas. The latest National Development Plan should also be consulted at this level. At district level the District Council Planning Unit is responsible for participatory land-use planning. They can be supported by technical staff from the line ministries and representatives from the DDCC.


At local level the VAGS culmulating in the CRB and the ADC together with the Councilor are responsible for participatory land-use planning. Where CRB and ADC exist alongside, responsibilities are sometimes confused and will be clarified before the onset of the process. There is currently little experience with participatory land-use planning at the local level. The DDCC sub committee for land use planning will be invited to assist with technical guidance of the field process This team will have the task to design a detailed strategy for the participatory land-use planning process. Depending on the available expertise, the members of the working group can be trained further and guided by an expert from the ZAWA planning unit.


4.6 Measures to reduce negative impact In the course of implementing measures to improve the management and the economic viability of LMNP the livelihoods of some people may be adversely affected particularly where restrictions on resource use and/or relocation may be decided upon. Although relatively little negative impact is expected, the project will endeavor to assist project affected persons (PAPs) in their efforts to improve their livelihoods or restore them to pre-project levels. As for the LMNP project, theoretically two types of project affected people can be identified:

1. Encroachers who currently (illegally) farm and/or live inside the park 2. Those who regularly (illegally) enter the park for hunting or for the collection

of caterpillars, honey or other forest produce During the community consultation tour it was found that the number of people in the first category is very small. A series of aerial photographs made in July 2009 has confirmed there is an estimated number of 31 households illegally living inside the park, divided over 2 clusters. Additionally there are 2 clusters of chitemene fields in use inside the park, with no houses. The largest clusters are in the southern tip of the park (approximately 1100 ha, 16 households) and the northwestern tip near to the dirt road through the park (approximately 501 hectares, 13 households). The other clusters are much smaller in size. See appendix 6.3 for more details. As for the first category most people in question are aware that they are farming there illegally and the issue has already been discussed with the relevant Chiefs. Moreover people in this area practice a traditional ‘shifting cultivation’ type of farming. This means the family will shift their farm/house every 3-5 years after the soil of the current field is exhausted. The project does not plan any involuntary resettlement, however it will encourage farming households to shift outside of the park boundaries once their current location is exhausted. It has been proposed to develop a baseline of illegal fields and settlements, which will be published and notified to those inside the park and their leaders. After an agreed cut-off date no more expansion (clearing of land) will be tolerated. Meanwhile, a process of discussions will be started with the encroaching farmers and their leaders to gradually resolve the issues. This will be done as soon as possible under the leadership of ZAWA and in close cooperation with the Honourable Chiefs. A solution must be agreed upon within a year from the release of the baseline survey. There is sufficient land outside the park available so that the cultivation currently inside the park can be progressively redirected outside the park within the usual pattern of shifting cultivation. Alternatively KT could engage in a discussion with the relevant Chiefs and other stakeholders on the possibility of degazetting certain encroached park areas and gazet areas outside the park with equivalent ecological value and size. A first suggestion for consideration is presented in appendix 6.4 The discussion process can be initiated by organising meetings with the local Chief and his advisors, the wider community, ZAWA local and ZAWA HQ, the local MP, the local Council and the Ministry of Lands respectively. Appendix 6.3 outlines the suggested ares for degazetting and gazetting. Once there is an agreed plan, surveyors from the Ministry of Lands and ZAWA will be invited to survey the area in


order to collect GPS data and to produce a map of the new boundaries. Other stakeholders will be invited as guests during the field process in order to make it transparent and to achieve public acceptance. The next step is to present a detailed plan for alteration of park boundaries to Parliament for approval. Once approved, the surveyors will be invited to finalize the field process by marking the new boundaries – in the presence of various stakeholders. As for the second category it has been reported that more people enter the park for hunting and the collection of forest produce, mostly so from Mpumba. No figures are known of the exact number of people involved. A survey must be organised at the onstart of the project to identify individual hunters. It has been reported that to each hunter at least one other household member is involved in the meat trading business. Bush meat trading can deliver some good benefits for the community so theoretically the effect of the project on the local economy can be quite considerable, if no mitigating measures are taken. On the other hand, the number of animals in the park has much gone down and hunters from Mpumba are assumed to get most of their income from hunting in South Luangwa NP not from LMNP. Specific mitigating measures for the second category have been partially identified during the community consultation tour and the Stakeholders Workshop and will be further identified and decided upon during meetings with the Stakeholder Advisory Committee and the Park Management Board after further consultations with the wider community. At the moment there are not many human-wildlife conflicts in the area around the LMNP. The project intends to avoid a potential increase of conflicts by initiating a community based land-use planning process. The idea is to promote wildlife corridors between the protected areas in Bangweulu and at the same time put measures in place to prevent crop raiding (e.g. chilli fencing) in settlement areas. It will also be possible to reduce crop raiding animals in human settlement areas if necessary. The design of the project includes measures to prevent displacement and impoverishment of local people, including the participatory process to identify and support local priorities, demarcation and registration of community land/ settlements. As part of the community outreach and land-use planning process, consultation with community representatives in areas where people are negatively affected by project activities will focus on action plan development and will identify the numbers of project affected people (PAPs), the type of impact and their eligibility to participate in alternative livelihoods activities or be compensated in another way. Draft action plans will be discussed at public meetings with the affected communities, guided by the District Technical Team so that informed and democratic decisions can be made about the options available to them. Mitigating strategies will be based on the promotion of alternative livelihood initiatives, capacity building of self-help organizations and community based tourism. As there is no provision for an extensive livelihood support programme in the proposed KTL/GEF budget, KTL will endeavour to engage other partners/ donors to realize this component targeted at the wider community. As for the most affected people, ex-poachers will be specifically targeted by KTL for possible employment opportunities. Possible mitigating activities may involve:

1. Engagement of labour in park development


2. Poacher transformation programs 3. Support of sustainable livelihood activities such as beekeeping, conservation

farming, agro forestry and vegetable production 4. Technical assistance to develop small scale tourism industry such as craft

production, hosting visitors in a traditional setting, training of drama performers and guide services. Approach Open Africa for support?

5. Technical assistance to identify potential community tourism opportunities and provision of micro credits for viable projects. .Approach Open Africa for support?

6. Community organization and creation of representative, transparent legal entities able to enter into contractual arrangements (SNV, MS, VSO?)

7. Creation and capacity building of transparent legal entities in management and monitoring natural resources (SNV, MS, VSO?)

8. Communities within proposed wildlife corridors or otherwise vulnerable habitats will be encouraged and assisted to conserve habitats and protect biodiversity (SNV, MS, VSO?)

Provided funds available and depending on discussions with stakeholders, a selection of mitigating activities will be supported by the project in exchange for agreed sustainable conservation actions and outcomes identified and formalized in written agreements between project management, ZAWA and community representatives.

4.7 Resolution of potential conflicts or grievances Conflicts or grievances may arise from the implementation of project activities or may already exist (e.g. conflicts between people and wildlife). Conflicts generally arise from poor communication, inadequate or lack of consultation, inadequate flow of relevant up-to-date information, or restrictions that may be imposed on PAPs. Preventive measures As preventive measure, the implementation of a good communication strategy is an absolute requirement to reduce misunderstanding and grievances. Project-awareness raising activities will be continued throughout the project. The design of the community outreach component will be based on consultations with various community groups, including potentially affected people. Consultations and negotiations will be carried out with PAPs where there are indications of potential conflict. Training for the community outreach staff and local leaders (CRBs, ADCs, contact persons) in conflict management will also help to minimize negative impacts of conflicts. Monetary issues are often a source of grievance. Another preventive measure is to provide clear information on the projects’ policy concerning allowances entitlements for community members, Royal Highnesses and government employees participating project activities. The majority of international donors in Zambia have agreed not to issue out of pocket allowances to government employees if reasonable accommodation, food and transport is provided (Cooperating Partners Working group: Letter to Hon. Magande. 2008).

Also the guidelines and procedures for micro credits or other community funds must be made public. Grievance and conflict resolution


Grievance mechanisms would involve the local community influence leaders in providing a first level of listening and informal resolution. These leaders will be involved in conservation and/or project consultation, e.g. a local CRB/ ADC member, a local contact person. As these people are already involved in awareness raising, these fora are a natural channel for informal resolution at the village level. Some land- and resource use related conflicts may also be resolved by a traditional leader. As a final step, grievances could be taken to the local courts. It is expected however, that grievances should be resolved by working within existing community structures as well as through the committees. If conflicts or complaints are outside the capacity of the community or local authorities to resolve, depending on the topic, they could be presented to:

a meeting of the local CRB, or if not available a meeting of the local ADC a meeting of the Stakeholder Advisory Committee a meeting of the LMNP Park Management Board the LMNP park manager the ZAWA Warden

If issues are concerned with project management or implementation of project activities, they should first be presented to the LMNP Park Manager. When the results are not satisfactory with the complainant the case can be referred to the LMNP Park Management Committee and/or the ZAWA Warden. In all cases whenever possible PAPs and communities will be encouraged to resolve conflicts harmoniously. In the case of grievances, decisions on how to solve the issue and communication of procedures and decisions will be made timely (e.g. within 1-2 months). This will promote greater trust in the communication system and improve attitudes towards the project within the community. Information should ideally be returned to the community using the same channels as for the original message. The results will be communicated to all other levels and other relevant organizations at the same time to promote transparency and coordination. If the complainant is not satisfied with the decision of the Project Authority, then as an ultimate step he/she/they may submit the complaint to the District Council Secretary or the District Administrator.

Administrative and Legal Procedures Provisions to appeal with sectoral grievances to higher levels of government such as the Permanent Secretary, National Director or Minister exist in most legislation. Should any party be dissatisfied, the grieved party may take the complaint to court where it will be dealt with under Zambian law. Government Ministries represented by respective national, provincial and district departments will be called on to participate in the development and implementation of the community outreach program, community action plans and resource management plans. These will include:

The Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources (MTNR) is responsible for the promotion of tourism in Zambia and the overall management and sustainable use of the natural environment. The Forestry Department is part of the ministry; ZAWA and ECZ are Statutory Bodies under the ministry.

ZAWA is responsible for the management of National Parks and Game Management Areas. They are responsible for wildlife policing inside and


outside the protected areas. ZAWA also approve and monitor the application for a new CRB, CRB resources management plans and CRB hunting quota.

The Forest Department is responsible for the management of National and Local forests. They promote participative management of these forests together with the local communities. The FD collects revenues from and monitors licenses for timber cutting or pit sawyers. In some cases it can be negotiated to delegate these tasks to a local community body.

The Environmental Council of Zambia (ECZ) is responsible for the approval and monitoring of environmental impact assessments of individual projects.

Legal procedures for restricting access to natural resources shall be observed as provided for in the Constitution and laws of Zambia, and supplemented by this Process Framework. Particular attention will be paid to the following principles outlined in the Constitution, and environmental, tourism, forestry and wildlife, land and land-use regulations:

Consultations with local authorities and affected people must occur before and during project implementation.

Notification of intentions or plans to restrict access to natural resources must be made public.

Alternative livelihood measures will be proposed by the affected people, with the assistance of ZAWA, the Stakeholder Advisory Committee and the project management.

4.8 Monitoring arrangements The project management is responsible for the monitoring and evaluation of the project. Stakeholders with various interests will be invited to participate in monitoring and evaluation including an external committee. Participative monitoring and evaluation will be used to ensure the continued relevance of project direction and activities. The project will follow an adaptive management model, which means monitoring and evaluation will be an ongoing process whereby results will be used to adapt the program during implementation where necessary. Participatory tools will be developed wherever feasible so that communities can take responsibility for verifying the impact of the project and propose changes where necessary. Monitoring and evaluation will take place at different levels:

1. Activity level: the community group involved in the activity will be invited to organize their own monitoring and evaluation activities. Alternatively they may be guided in the process.

2. Chiefdom level: for activities as well as the outreach process at Chiefdom level various stakeholders will be invited to participate: CRB, ADC, women representatives, youth representatives, local leaders.

3. Program level: various stakeholders will be invited to evaluate the project at the level of the overall program: community representatives from all chiefdoms, local leaders, government representatives, Stakeholder Advisory Committee and the Park Management Committee. The last two committees will meet on a regular basis whereby monitoring and evaluation of the ongoing project will be a fixed agenda item. The other stakeholders will be


invited for an annual monitoring and evaluation session. This level of monitoring should evaluate the work plan including indicators and timeframe for the community outreach component. At this level it is advisable to include some external technicians (e.g. government officers at district or provincial level) to maintain a standard of objectiveness.

For the implementation of participatory monitoring and evaluation it is important that certain criteria are fulfilled. The training in participatory monitoring of community members at various levels is essential. Kasanka Trust has experience with monitoring at various levels including Participatory Impact Monitoring (PIM) whereby community group members learn how to develop simple monitoring instruments and how to record them. An example of a simple indicator is a record of feedings given to the pigs. Drawings or symbols could be used for those members who cannot read or write. Community members especially CRB members and village scouts could also be invited to participate in the counting of animals in the national park – as an indicator of success for park management and development of tourism potential. During monitoring and evaluation it is also necessary to look at assumptions: Was all planned project staff taken on? Did the project staff receive the logistic support as planned? Did the officers work according to the planned schedule?


5. References

Community Consultation Report and Community Stakeholders Profile. A contribution to the Project Preparation for: Extension of Kasanka Management System to Lavushi Manda National Park. Part I/II (annexes) Kasanka Trust Ltd. January 2009

Cooperating Partners Working Group: Letter to Hon. Magande on harmonization of allowances. February 2008.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA). A contribution to the Project Preparation for: Extension of Kasanka Management System to Lavushi Manda National Park. Kasanka Trust Ltd, January 2009

Mpika District Situation Analysis, Mpika District Council, 2007 North Luangwa National Park General Management Plan, ZAWA 2004 Poverty Reduction Strategy 2006-2010, Mpika District Development Unit,

2006 Project Identification Form: Extension of Kasanka Management System to

Lavushi Manda National Park. GEF Agency Project ID:P108882. (Re)Submission date: 03/04/2008.

Request for Project Preparation Grant (PPG): Extension of Kasanka Management System to Lavushi Manda National Park. GEF Agency Project ID:P108882. (Re)Submission date: 12/20/2007.

Serenje District Situational Analysis, Serenje District Council, 2005 Vegetation map and ecological description of Lavushi Manda National Park. A

contribution to the Project Preparation for: Extension of Kasanka Management System to Lavushi Manda National Park. Kasanka Trust, September 2009

The National Decentralisation Policy, Republic of Zambia, 2002 Zambia Census of Population and Housing 2000, Central Statistical Office,

Republic of Zambia, 2003. Zambia Population Census, Republic of Zambia, 2000 Zambia Wildlife Act No. 12 of 1998


6. Annexes

6.1 Work Plan Community Outreach Phase I

Year 1: Detailed work plan park protection, tourism development and community relations

Goal What When

(month) Who Where

Tourism and park infrastructure

Provide a list of (skilled) workers needed. Consult Chiefs and trusted local contacts for recommended workers, including reformed poachers

1 KTL All 5 chief-doms

Build 2 campsites. Possible attractive sites as indicated by community consultancy maps. E.g. Chimfutumwa plain and Mumbotuta waterfalls.

4 KTL LMNP

Build roads to animal places as indicated by community consultancy maps.

3 KTL LMNP

Park protection

Recruit and train scouts 1-12 ZAWA/KTL

LMNP

Recruit LMNP Park manager 1 ZAWA/KTL

Build scout camps at both ends of public road, introduce fly camps

3 ZAWA/KTL

LMNP

Identify needs and purchase scout equipment

2 ZAWA/KTL

LMNP

Improve efficiency of roadblocks (24 hours operation) + introduce mobile night roadblocks (using snifferdogs?) on Great North Road.

4-12 ZAWA/KTL

LMNP

Organise a workshop to explain the park boundaries and demarcate them in the field. Discuss possibility of changing park limits and agree on way forward.

5 ZAWA/KTL + community leaders + CRB

LMNP

Set up a baseline of illegal fields and settlements inside the park; publish a deadline after which no more settlements will be tolerated

4-5 ZAWA/KTL + community leaders + CRB


Initiate discussion process for voluntary resettlement

6-12 ZAWA/KTL + community leaders + CRB

Discuss cooperation with village scouts from Chiundaponde CRB

6 ZAWA/KTL/CRB

Chiundaponde

Identify base and recruit staff for Community Relations

Recruit Community Co-coordinator and 2 Community Relations Assistants

1 KTL/ PM

Formalized on the spot training sessions for new CRC and CRAs + working alongside KTL Community Relations Coordinator during 2 months

2-4 KTL/ CRC

KNP/ Chitambo Chiefdom

Identify temporary base for community relations office: KNP and/or Salamo Community Tourism Initiative

2 KTL/ CRC

KNP/ Mpumba Chiefdom

Identify long term bases for main community relations office, outreach posts, conservation education centre and staff/ guest accommodation

3 KTL/ CRC

LMNP/ Mpumba/ Chiundaponde

Start construction of community relations bases

5 Mpumba?

Complete collection of information

Community consultancy tour to Chief Kopa: public meeting and group meetings with farmer/women groups, chipupilas, chiefs advisors, CRB and ADC. Collect info on situation Luitikila National Forest.

4 CRC Kopa Chiefdom

Visit Chief Luchembe for consultation

4 CRC Luchembe

Check ZAWA statistics for origin of arrested poachers in LMNP

2 ZAWA/KTL

Chiundaponde, Mpika

Build a network of local contacts

Establish a network of contact persons for future consultations; implementation of conservation activities and monitoring and evaluation of program

5 CRC/ CRA

4 bordering chiefdoms

Identify current activities in conservation education

5 CRC/ CRA


Organise 1 training/planning workshop with Contact Person Network with topic of existing/

6 CRC/ CRA



proposed new park boundaries included

Identify current youth activities 6 CRC/ CRA


Identify partners/ co-funders for community program

Contact youth/HIV/sport organisations in Zambia and discuss cooperation (e.g. Afya Muzuri)

7 CRC Zambia

Contact conservation education NGO’s currently active in the area and discuss cooperation (e.g. ZOS, WWF)

7 CRC Zambia

Contact NGO’s for sustainable agriculture (e.g. Conservation Farming, COMACO and Peace Corps) and discuss cooperation

8 CRC Zambia

Identify NGO’s supporting community radio stations + contact Ministry of Communication and discuss cooperation

9 CRC Zambia

Set up a Conservation Partner Liaison Committee to discuss cooperation and streamline community outreach strategies.

9 CRC GBE

Identify feasibility of community conservation partner at Chiefdom level in Mpumba

Study feasibility of setting up a CRB/CPP in Mpumba or expand existing Conservation Society to Chiefdom level in order to serve as democratically chosen CBO responsible for NRM, land-use planning and sustainable development. CBO to become partner at chiefdom level for LMNP restoration project.

10 CRC Mpumba

Increase awareness of: benefits of conservation and LMNP project

Organise 1 conservation education training/planning workshop with headmasters and resource teachers. Organise an exchange visit to CE program in Chitambo chiefdom

7 CRC/ CRA

Teachers from 4 bordering chiefdoms

Select 4 pilot schools within 5kms reach of outposts for practical conservation education program: school garden/ orchard/sustainable agriculture techniques

8 Mpumba and Chiundaponde

Identify training needs for pilot schools and topics to be addressed in lesson materials

8 Mpumba and Chiundapo


nde Identify new drama group members

to be trained alongside experienced drama group from Chitambo/Lusaka

9 CRC/ CRA

Mpumba

Train drama group members alongside experienced drama group from Chitambo/Lusaka

10 Community Theatre for Deve-lopment

Mpumba

Organise 1 drama tour in each bordering chiefdom to explain the LMNP project; explain the current/ new proposed boundaries of the park; announce and discuss community activities; explain importance of conservation.

11 CRC/ CRA

4 chiefdoms

Project development

Organise 2 meetings with working committee to discuss program contents, prepare monitoring and evaluation and discuss progress for phase I.

3, 12 CRC 5 chiefdoms

Draft work plan for remaining period phase I + phase II

12 CRC


6.2 Description of boundaries LMNP as taken from National Parks and Wildlife Act


6.3 Map of encroached areas in Lavushi Manda National Park


Encroachment in Lavushi Manda National Park Encroachment has been identified using aerial survey pictures made in November 2007 and July and August 2009. Cluster numbering refers to the above figure. Area is determined on base of pictures taken in 2009. Cluster 1 Size: 1.6 hectares Households living within encroachment: none Field type: fields. Probably one old field, one new field (not yet planted). Cluster 2 Size: 1152 hectares Households living within encroachment: 16 (approximately) Field type: mixture of permanent fields (casave and other crops) and chitemene. Remark: Well established. Has expanded considerably since 2007. Northernmost chitemene field established in 2008. Cluster 3 Size: 1.4 hectares Households living within encroachment: 0-1 (hut present, but probably not permanently inhabited). Field type: permanent fields. Remarks: very recent intrusion, established in 2008. Cluster 4 Size: 622 hectares Households living within encroachment: 15 (approximately) Field type: mixture of permanent fields and chitemene. Remarks: has expanded in recent years.


6.4 Possible boundary adjustment of LMNP to address encroachment/ mitigate loss of ecological value

Documents

Process Framework final - World Bank€¦ · ZAWA’s “Reclassification Project”at the broader systemic and institutional levels related to policies, legal framework and monitoring