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Crude Oil Fundamentals
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Organic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry
Carbon BasedCarbon Based Carbon forms Carbon forms
bonds with many bonds with many different elements.different elements.
Carbon wants to Carbon wants to bond 4 times.bond 4 times.
Bonding is the Bonding is the force that holds force that holds atoms in a atoms in a molecule together.molecule together.
BondingBonding
Covalent BondsCovalent Bonds Atoms in a Atoms in a
molecule share molecule share electrons.electrons.
Ionic BondsIonic Bonds One atom gives up One atom gives up
an electron to the an electron to the other.other.
Attracted by Attracted by charges.charges.
Making or Breaking Making or Breaking bonds.bonds. Each bond has a Each bond has a
specific Bond specific Bond energy.energy.
Energy, usually Energy, usually heat, will break heat, will break bonds.bonds.
Energy is giving off Energy is giving off when bonds from.when bonds from.
What is Process ChemistryWhat is Process Chemistry
Study of Hydrocarbons found in Crude Study of Hydrocarbons found in Crude oiloil ClassificationsClassifications Structure and Chemical symbolsStructure and Chemical symbols
Study of the Chemical and Physical Study of the Chemical and Physical changes taking place in a refinery.changes taking place in a refinery.
Study of equipment used in Study of equipment used in separating and chemically changing separating and chemically changing crude products.crude products.
Mixture of Mixture of Hydrocarbons and Hydrocarbons and ImpuritiesImpurities
CarbonCarbon - 84% - 84% HydrogenHydrogen - 14% - 14% SulfurSulfur - 1 to 3% - 1 to 3%
NitrogenNitrogen - less than - less than 1% 1%
OxygenOxygen - less than - less than 1% 1%
MetalsMetals - less than 1% - less than 1% SaltsSalts - less than 1% - less than 1% BS&WBS&W
A Little HistoryA Little History
"Drake's Folly" "Drake's Folly" In 1859, at Titusville, Penn., Col. Edwin Drake In 1859, at Titusville, Penn., Col. Edwin Drake
drilled the first successful well through rock and drilled the first successful well through rock and produced crude oil. produced crude oil.
Petroleum was prized mostly for its yield of Petroleum was prized mostly for its yield of kerosene until the turn of the century. kerosene until the turn of the century. Gasoline was burned offGasoline was burned off
By the 1920s, crude oil as an energy source By the 1920s, crude oil as an energy source - not just as a curiosity - came into its own- not just as a curiosity - came into its own
Remarkably varied Remarkably varied substancesubstance
It can be a straw-It can be a straw-colored liquid or colored liquid or tar-black tar-black
Red, green and Red, green and brown hues are not brown hues are not uncommonuncommon
Some flow about as Some flow about as well as cold peanut well as cold peanut butter. butter.
Basic Types of Crude oilsBasic Types of Crude oils
ParaffinicParaffinic Mostly ParaffinMostly Paraffin WaxyWaxy
NaphthenicNaphthenic Mostly cyclo-paraffinsMostly cyclo-paraffins
SweetSweet Little or no SulfurLittle or no Sulfur
SourSour Lots of SulfurLots of Sulfur
HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons
A group of Compounds in Organic A group of Compounds in Organic Chemistry.Chemistry. Referred to as “Oils” or Petroleum.Referred to as “Oils” or Petroleum. Compounds are mainly Compounds are mainly HydroHydrogen and gen and CarbonCarbon
Can contain other elements such as Sulfur, Can contain other elements such as Sulfur, Nitrogen, and Heavy Metals.Nitrogen, and Heavy Metals.
Closely related to vegetable oils, and Closely related to vegetable oils, and alcohols.alcohols.
Classifications of Classifications of HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons
AlkanesAlkanes ( (Paraffin’sParaffin’s) - Single Bonds) - Single Bonds Chains, Branched changes (Chains, Branched changes (IsomersIsomers), or ), or
rings (rings (CycloCyclo-)-) AlkenesAlkenes ( (Olefin’sOlefin’s) - Contain at least ) - Contain at least
one double bondone double bond AlkynesAlkynes – Triple bonds – Triple bonds Aromatics – Aromatics – Base is a Benzene ringBase is a Benzene ring NaphthalenesNaphthalenes – Cyclo-paraffins – Cyclo-paraffins
AlkanesAlkanes
Straight or Branched Straight or Branched Chains.Chains.
All Bonds are single All Bonds are single bonds. bonds.
Ending in – “ane”Ending in – “ane” Chemical SymbolsChemical Symbols
CCnnHH2n+22n+2
Referred to as normalReferred to as normal nbutane or nC4.nbutane or nC4.
Ranging from CRanging from C11 to Cto C5050++
Saturated Saturated HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons Meaning it has its Meaning it has its
full amount of full amount of HydrogenHydrogen
No double bonds.No double bonds. Paraffinic / WaxyParaffinic / Waxy Stable compoundsStable compounds
H
H
H
H
Hc
c
c
H
H
cHH
H
H
Hc
c
H
HH
H
Ethane C2H8
Top Ten Paraffin'sTop Ten Paraffin's
MethaneMethane CHCH44
EthaneEthane CC22HH66
PropanePropane CC33HH88
ButaneButane CC44HH1010
PentanePentane CC55HH1212
HexaneHexane CC66HH1414
Heptane Heptane CC77HH1616
OctaneOctane CC88HH1818
NonaneNonane CC99HH2020
Decane Decane CC1010HH2222
H
Hc
H
H
Methane CH4
H
H
HH
H
H
H
Hc
c
c
H
H
cH
Hc
cH
H
Hexane (n-Hexane) C6H14
H
H
H
H
H
H
HH
HHc
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
cH
HH
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
cHH
Decane (n-decane) C10H22
Isomer’sIsomer’s Included in the Alkanes and Alkenes.Included in the Alkanes and Alkenes. Branched ChainsBranched Chains Indicated byIndicated by
iso-Hexane, oriso-Hexane, or i-Hexanei-Hexane
Same Chemical formula different Same Chemical formula different molecular shape.molecular shape.
Different Properties.Different Properties. The Larger the Chain, the more isomers it The Larger the Chain, the more isomers it
can have.can have.
H
H
H
H
Hc
c
c
H
H
cHH
H
Butane (n-butane) C4H10
H
H
H
H
Hc
c
cH
H
cH
H
H
Iso-butane
NaphthenesNaphthenes Cyclo-paraffin’sCyclo-paraffin’s
Different Chemical Formula Different Chemical Formula from straight chained paraffin.from straight chained paraffin.
CCnnCC2n2n
Ringed Saturated hydrocarbonsRinged Saturated hydrocarbons May have one ring or several May have one ring or several
combined.combined. Different properties than Different properties than
straight chains or isomers of straight chains or isomers of the same Carbon content.the same Carbon content.
H
HH
H
Hc
cc
c c
H
H
H
H
H
cyclo-pentane
H
H
H
H
H
cc
c c
HccH
H
H
cyclo-hexane
H
H
H
AlkenesAlkenes Straight or Branched Straight or Branched
ChainsChains Double bonded Double bonded
hydrocarbons.hydrocarbons. Ending in –eneEnding in –ene Referred to OlefinsReferred to Olefins
Chemical symbolsChemical symbols CCnnHH2n2n. For 1 double . For 1 double
bondbond DiolefinsDiolefins
2 double bonds2 double bonds
Unsaturated Unsaturated HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons Are lacking some Are lacking some
hydrogen due to hydrogen due to double bonds.double bonds.
Formed in refinery in Formed in refinery in cracking without the cracking without the presence of presence of hydrogen.hydrogen.
Break down readily Break down readily in treating reactorsin treating reactors
H
H
Hcc
c
cH
H
H
HH
ButeneC4H8
HH
HH
c
c
cH
c
c
H
H
H
Pentadiene C5H8
AlkynesAlkynes
Triple bonded Triple bonded hydrocarbonshydrocarbons
Ending in –yneEnding in –yne Chemical symbols Chemical symbols
CCnnHH2n-2 2n-2 For 1 triple For 1 triple bond.bond.
Unsaturated Unsaturated hydrocarbonshydrocarbons Lacking hydrogen Lacking hydrogen
due to triple bondsdue to triple bonds Triple bond is Triple bond is
slightly stronger slightly stronger than double bondthan double bond
Formed in the same Formed in the same way as Alkenesway as Alkenes
Break down readily Break down readily in treating reactorsin treating reactors
H c c H
ethyne C2H2
H H
H
Hc c
c
c
c
H
H
H
Pentyne C5H8
H
AromaticsAromatics
Base is benzene ringBase is benzene ring Cyclo-alkeneCyclo-alkene
Can have sub Can have sub groupsgroups Methyl, EthylMethyl, Ethyl
Common namesCommon names BenzeneBenzene TolueneToluene XyleneXylene
PNA’sPNA’s Polynuclear Polynuclear
aromaticsaromatics Two or more Two or more
benzene ringsbenzene rings Environmentally Environmentally
un-friendlyun-friendly
H
H
H
cc
c c
Hcc
H
H
H
cc
c cH
polynucleararomaticPNA
H
H
cc
c c
Hcc
H
H
H
Benzene (aromatic)
ImpuritiesImpurities
SulfidesSulfides R-S-RR-S-R
Mercaptans (Thiols)Mercaptans (Thiols) R-SHR-SH Ethyl mercaptan Ethyl mercaptan
added to Natural gasadded to Natural gas Skunk odor.Skunk odor.
PhenolsPhenols Alcohol like Alcohol like
moleculesmolecules
PyrolesPyroles Nitrogen Nitrogen
compounds found compounds found in crude.in crude.
Bottom Sediment Bottom Sediment and Water.and Water. BS&WBS&W
H
H
H H
cc
c c
HN
pyrole
H
H
Hc
c
H
H
HMercaptan
S
SH
H
H
Hc
cH
cHH
H
Sulfides
HO
H
Water
From Crude to your car.From Crude to your car.
Separating the Separating the good from the good from the ugly.ugly. DistillationDistillation Removing Removing
impuritiesimpurities Catalytic processesCatalytic processes BlendingBlending
Refined ProductsRefined Products
Compounds in CrudeCompounds in Crude
Each Compound Each Compound has different has different physical properties.physical properties.
These properties These properties are used in the are used in the separation or separation or distillation process.distillation process.
Mainly based on Mainly based on boiling pointboiling point
Crude oil is Crude oil is separated into separated into other mixtures.other mixtures. LPGLPG GasolineGasoline Jet FuelJet Fuel DieselDiesel Gas oilsGas oils Resid and/or coke.Resid and/or coke.
ViscosityViscosity
Measurement of thickness of a liquid.Measurement of thickness of a liquid. How easily it pours or flowsHow easily it pours or flows The heavier the material the higher the The heavier the material the higher the
viscosity (usually)viscosity (usually) Test method for diesel, jet, and lube oils.Test method for diesel, jet, and lube oils.
Vapor Pressure and Flash Vapor Pressure and Flash pointpoint
Referred to as RVP (Reid Vapor Pressure)Referred to as RVP (Reid Vapor Pressure) Equilibrium of liquid and vapor in a closed Equilibrium of liquid and vapor in a closed
atmosphere.atmosphere. The lighter the material the higher the vapor The lighter the material the higher the vapor
pressure. More volatile.pressure. More volatile. Flash point – temperature which Flash point – temperature which
compound will ignite. compound will ignite. Volatility.Volatility.
HydrocarbonHydrocarbon BP °FBP °F Product Product RangeRange
HydrocarboHydrocarbonn
BP BP °F°F
Product Product RangeRange
Methane - CMethane - C -258-258 Natural GasNatural Gas Octane-COctane-C88 258258 GasolineGasoline
Ethane – CEthane – C22 -127-127 Natural GasNatural Gas Nonane-CNonane-C99 304304Gasoline/Gasoline/
DistillateDistillate
Propane – CPropane – C33 -43-43 LPGLPG Decane-CDecane-C1010 345345Gasoline/Gasoline/
DistillateDistillate
iso-Butane – Ciso-Butane – C44 1111 LPGLPGUndecane-Undecane-CC1111
385385Gasoline/Gasoline/
DistillateDistillate
n-Butane – Cn-Butane – C44 3131 LPG/ GasolineLPG/ GasolineDodecane-Dodecane-CC1212
421421 DistillateDistillate
Pentane – CPentane – C55 96.896.8 GasolineGasolineTridecane-Tridecane-CC1313
456456 DistillateDistillate
Hexane – CHexane – C66 155155 GasolineGasolineOctadecane-Octadecane-CC1818
601601 DistillateDistillate
Benzene – CBenzene – C66 176176 GasolineGasoline Eicosane-CEicosane-C2020 651651Distillate/Distillate/
Gas oilGas oil
Cyclohexane – Cyclohexane – CC66
177177 GasolineGasolineGas Oils-Gas Oils-CC2020++
650-1100 650-1100 °F°F
Heptane-CHeptane-C77 209209 GasolineGasoline
Boiling RangesBoiling Ranges
LUX HUX JFA JetHot Drum
Liquid1st Fract
OH Liquid2nd Fract OH Liquid
1st Fract Bottoms
RCO2nd Stg
LPS Bottoms
1st Stg LPS
Bottoms
IBP 39 154 241 7 -39 -36 272 418 97 973% 60 178 280 79 12 15 305 490 104 1025% 62 188 294 94 17 22 323 521 136 134
10% 64 194 312 157 36 76 357 575 202 18720% 68 202 325 200 90 95 404 637 294 24730% 76 212 335 220 146 143 460 678 394 30940% 80 219 360 244 185 170 536 714 513 37650% 120 237 393 260 201 194 615 746 620 45160% 126 252 413 277 219 201 678 782 692 56170% 136 266 478 291 242 217 728 824 753 66480% 147 281 478 318 266 238 778 872 819 73690% 163 308 530 337 289 252 848 931 898 81695% 169 333 568 351 318 263 900 974 949 879FBP 184 370 626 380 359 289 987 1070 1041 993
Boiling PointsBoiling Points
What is IBPWhat is IBP Initial boiling Initial boiling
pointpoint What is FBPWhat is FBP
Final boiling Final boiling pointpoint
S/R Naptha
Stove OilVDF
DieselVDF Gas
Oil
Vac Heavy
Gas Oil
Sim Dist IBP 55 206 344 480 5323 % (deg. F) 79 253 406 561 5975 % (deg. F) 85 268 426 588 62110% (deg. F) 98 293 455 630 65820% (deg. F) 144 324 491 675 70330% (deg. F) 162 351 518 698 73440% (deg. F) 191 379 540 716 76350% (deg. F) 204 405 559 732 78860% (deg. F) 217 430 577 747 81770% (deg. F) 232 455 595 763 84680% (deg. F) 257 482 615 783 88090% (deg. F) 278 514 640 810 93095% (deg. F) 292 538 662 835 96898% (deg. F) 309 563 685 867 1011Sim Dist FBP 333 587 717 917 1063
Crude Unit Basic products
DistillationDistillation
Physically separating compounds from a Physically separating compounds from a mixture based on boiling points.mixture based on boiling points.
Each compound in the mixture has a Each compound in the mixture has a different boiling point.different boiling point.
FractionationFractionation Simple distillation Simple distillation
fine tuned.fine tuned. The taller the tower The taller the tower
and more trays adds and more trays adds in separation.in separation.
DebutanizerDebutanizer Removes Butane and Removes Butane and
lighterlighter Dehexanizer/SplitterDehexanizer/Splitter
Removes Hexane Removes Hexane and lighter.and lighter.
Natural GasNatural Gas
Natural GasNatural Gas Contains mainly Contains mainly
Methane and Methane and EthaneEthane
Referred to asReferred to as CC11 Methane Methane CC2 2 EthaneEthane
Found with crude Found with crude oil but removed at oil but removed at the sight.the sight.
Low heat energyLow heat energy
LPGLPG
Liquefied Petroleum Liquefied Petroleum Gas.Gas. Propane (CPropane (C33)) Butane Butane (C(C44))
In crude oilIn crude oil Produced from Produced from
refinery processesrefinery processes Sold as productSold as product Butane can be used in Butane can be used in
gasoline blending.gasoline blending. Low heat energyLow heat energy
GasolineGasoline
Gasoline ContainsGasoline Contains PentanePentane (C5)(C5) HexaneHexane (C6)(C6) HeptaneHeptane (C7)(C7) OctaneOctane (C8)(C8) NonaneNonane (C9)(C9)
Gasoline boil in the Gasoline boil in the range of 55 to 400 range of 55 to 400 degrees Fahrenheit.degrees Fahrenheit.
More heat energy than More heat energy than LPGLPG
Jet Fuel and DieselJet Fuel and Diesel
Jet fuel and Diesel are Jet fuel and Diesel are group as Distillates group as Distillates
Jet fuel boil in the Jet fuel boil in the range of 200 to 550 range of 200 to 550 degreesdegrees Heat energy higher Heat energy higher
than gasolinethan gasoline Diesel, at about 300-Diesel, at about 300-
700 degrees. 700 degrees. Higher heat energyHigher heat energy
H
H
H
H
H
HH
HHc
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
cH
HH
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
HH
Hc
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
cH
HH
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
cHH
Gas oils and Resid.Gas oils and Resid.
Heavy oils - CHeavy oils - C14 14 and largerand larger Can be used asCan be used as
Bunker FuelBunker Fuel Feed Stocks to Cracking Feed Stocks to Cracking
units and Coker.units and Coker. AsphaultAsphault
Gas oils boil in the range Gas oils boil in the range of 600 –1100 degrees.of 600 –1100 degrees.
Greatest heat energyGreatest heat energy
Hydrogen PlantHydrogen Plant
Main producer of Hydrogen for the Main producer of Hydrogen for the Hydrocracker.Hydrocracker. High Purity Hydrogen.High Purity Hydrogen.
By-products are CO and COBy-products are CO and CO22
COCO22 Sold as product Sold as product
Steam Reforming ProcessSteam Reforming Process
HydrotreatingHydrotreating
Catalytically removes Catalytically removes impurities. impurities. Mostly Sulfur and Mostly Sulfur and
Nitrogen.Nitrogen. Consumes HydrogenConsumes Hydrogen Produces HProduces H22S and NHS and NH33
Fuel specifications and Fuel specifications and environmental environmental concerns.concerns.
Makes corrosive salts.Makes corrosive salts.
H
H
Hc
c
H
H
HMercaptan
S HS
H
H
H
H H
cc
c c
HN
pyrole
Ammonia
HNH
H
H
Hc
c
H
HH
H
Ethane C2H8
H
H
H
H
Hc
c
c
H
H
cHH
H
Butane (n-butane) C4H10
H H
HydrotreatingHydrotreating
All ranges of All ranges of products are products are treated.treated. NHDS (Naphtha NHDS (Naphtha
Unit)Unit) Treats GasolineTreats Gasoline
DHDS (Diesel Unit)DHDS (Diesel Unit) Treats DieselTreats Diesel
HydrocrackerHydrocracker Treats Gas oils.Treats Gas oils.
ISOM Unit will also ISOM Unit will also treat gasoline.treat gasoline.
Caustic washing Caustic washing will remove light will remove light mercaptans and mercaptans and HH22SS
Removing ImpuritiesRemoving Impurities
DEA PlantDEA Plant DEA absorbs HDEA absorbs H22S S
Chemically.Chemically. Releases it in Releases it in
Regenerators.Regenerators. HH22S is combusted S is combusted
with Hwith H22 and air and air Elemental Sulfur is Elemental Sulfur is
removed.removed.
Sour Water.Sour Water. Water absorbs the Water absorbs the
Ammonia and H2SAmmonia and H2S Sour water is Sour water is
stripped Removing stripped Removing the Hthe H22S and NHS and NH33 gases.gases.
Vapor RecoveryVapor Recovery
CrackingCracking Making usable products Making usable products
from less valuable heavy from less valuable heavy oils.oils. Breaking Large molecules Breaking Large molecules
in to smaller ones.in to smaller ones. Heavy gas oils and Resid Heavy gas oils and Resid
are not worth as much as are not worth as much as jet and gasoline.jet and gasoline.
HydrotreatingHydrotreating
Cracking in Controlled Cracking in Controlled Environment.Environment. Catalyst is used to make Catalyst is used to make
Reaction Conditions less Reaction Conditions less severe.severe.
Temperature controls rate Temperature controls rate of reaction.of reaction.
Broken Bonds are Broken Bonds are saturatedsaturated with Hydrogen. with Hydrogen.
Produces Paraffinic Produces Paraffinic productsproducts
HydrocrackingHydrocracking
CokingCoking Thermal cracking.Thermal cracking.
Heating oil under Heating oil under pressure to cracking pressure to cracking temperature.temperature.
Quickly reducing pressure Quickly reducing pressure in the drums causing in the drums causing hydrocarbons to crack hydrocarbons to crack into smaller chains and into smaller chains and carbon to solidifycarbon to solidify
With out the presence of With out the presence of HydrogenHydrogen
Produces unsaturated Produces unsaturated olefins.olefins.
ReformingReforming Reformulates paraffinic material Reformulates paraffinic material
into higher octane molecules.into higher octane molecules. AromaticsAromatics IsomersIsomers NaphthenesNaphthenes
Breaking the Hydrogen - carbon Breaking the Hydrogen - carbon bond.bond.
Produces Hydrogen as a by-Produces Hydrogen as a by-product.product. Major Refinery Hydrogen ProducerMajor Refinery Hydrogen Producer
H HH
HH
c
c
c
c
c
H
H
H
Pentane (n-pentane) C5H12
H
H
H
H
HH
H
H
H
Hc
c
c
H
H
cH
H
c
HH
Iso-pentane(2,methylbutane)
H
H
Hcc
c
cH
H
H
HH
ButeneC4H8
H
H
cc
c c
Hcc
H
H
H
cH
H
Toluene (aromatic)
IsomerizationIsomerization Similar to Reforming.Similar to Reforming. Benzene Saturation – Bensat Reactor.Benzene Saturation – Bensat Reactor.
No Aromatic formation – using isomers for No Aromatic formation – using isomers for increase in octane of product.increase in octane of product.
Re-arrange molecular shape. Re-arrange molecular shape. Straight Chains to Branched Chains.Straight Chains to Branched Chains. Increases Octane and RVP.Increases Octane and RVP.
H HH
HH
c
c
c
c
c
H
H
H
Pentane (n-pentane) C5H12
H
H
H
H
HH
H
H
H
Hc
c
c
H
H
cH
H
c
HH
Iso-pentane(2,methylbutane)