Process Analysis Guide

8/13/2019 Process Analysis Guide

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Process Analysis GuidePR-OPF-04 v1.0

1/06/09

PROCESS ANALYSIS GUIDE

PR-OPF-04 V1.0

JANUARY 6, 2009

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PREFACE

This documen is o !e used as "uidance #or $er#ormin" $rocess analysis% as a $ar o# $rocessim$rovemen ac ivi ies% a he &$ace and 'aval (ar#are )&PA(AR* &ys ems +en er )&&+*Paci#ic.

The &&+ Paci#ic &ys ems ,n"ineerin" Process O##ice )&,PO* assumes res$onsi!ili y #or his documenand u$da es i as re uired o mee he needs o# users i hin &&+ Paci#ic. &,PO elcomes and solici s#eed!ac #rom users o# his documen so ha #u ure revisions o# his documen ill re#lec im$rovemen s%

!ased on or"ani a ional e $erience and lessons learned. 2ues ions or commen s re"ardin" his documenmay !e communica ed o &,PO via he 3ocumen +han"e Re ues )3+R* #orm loca ed a he !ac o# hisdocumen or on he &&+ Paci#ic PA . &,PO ma es co$ies o# his documen availa!le on he &&+ Paci#icProcess Asse i!rary )PA * a h $5//se$o.s$a ar.navy.mil/.

$da es o his documen are $er#ormed in accordance i h he &,PO +on#i"ura ion 7ana"emenProcedure.

ii


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RECORD OF C ANGES

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F G R,% TA; ,OR PARAGRAP

=.1 Process Overvie ...................................................................................................................... ........>=.= Roles and Res$onsi!ili ies.................................................................................................................>

=.=.1 Pro ec 7ana"er ........................................................................................................................>=.=.= ead Analys ............................................................................................................................ ..>=.=.> Process Analysis Peer Grou$......................................................................................................4=.=.4 2uali y Assurance 7ana"er.......................................................................................................4=.=.? +on#i"ura ion 7ana"emen 7ana"er.........................................................................................4

=.> ,n rance +ri eria........................................................................................................................... ....4=.4 n$u s.................................................................................................................................................4=.? Tas s................................................................................................................................................. ?

=.?.13e#ine O$$or uni y )& e$ 1*........................................................................................................?=.?.= 7easure Per#ormance )& e$ =* .......................................................................................... ........?=.?.> Analy e 3a a )& e$ >*................................................................................................................ 6=.?.4 m$rove Process )& e$ 4* ...........................................................................................................@

=.?.? +on rol 3e$loymen )& e$ ?*......................................................................................................B=.6 Ou $u s..............................................................................................................................................B=.@ , i +ri eria.......................................................................................................................................B=.B 7easuremen s ...................................................................................................................................B

APP,'3 C A. FO+ & &TAT,7,'T.....................................................................................................1

APP,'3 C ;. A'A D& & T,A7 TA&E &TAT,7,'T.......................................................................1

APP,'3 C +. PRO+,&& 7AP................................................................................................................1

+.1 n roduc ion.......................................................................................................................................1+.= 7e hods............................................................................................................................................ 1

+.=.1 Flo 3ia"rams.......................................................................................................................... 1+.=.= ,T:C 3ia"rams........................................................................................................................=+.=.> n e"ra ed 3e#ini ion 3ia"rams..................................................................................................>

APP,'3 C 3. +R T +A TO A'A D& & .......... .......... .......... .......... ........... .......... .......... ...... ..... ..... ...1

APP,'3 C ,. < &TOGRA7................................................................................................................... 1

APP,'3 C F. R ' +


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APP,'3 C G. F &. ,T:C +, .......................................................................................................................>

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LIS7 OF 7A8LES

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TA; , E-1. FA R, 7O3, A'3 ,FF,+T A'A D& &........ ........... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..... ....1

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SEC7ION 1. IN7RODUC7ION

1.1 PURPOSE

The $ur$ose o# his documen is o descri!e a s ruc ured me hod% !ased on uan i a ive measuremen % #oranaly in" and im$rovin" a $rocess. (hile he in en o# his $rocess descri$ ion is o assis $ro ec sassessed a +a$a!ili y 7a uri y 7odel n e"ra ion )+77 *% re#erence )a*% 7a uri y evel > move o hi"herma uri y or in a$$lyin" ean &i &i"ma% re#erence )!*% he echni ues #or analy in" $rocesses% iden i#yin"and reducin" as e% and #ocusin" on im$rovin" $rocess e##iciency are a$$lica!le o any endeavor% in anyindus ry% he her you are $roducin" a $roduc % $rocessin" a ma erial% or $rovidin" a service.

1.2 8AC GROUND

There are o !asic me hods o# im$rovin" $rocesses. The #irs is !ased $rimarily on revie s o# $rocessdocumen a ion. This me hod involves iden i#yin" $rocess im$rovemen s !ased on $eer revie s% $rocessim$rovemen $ro$osals% and documen chan"e re ues s. This me hod has !ene#i s rela in" o $rocess usersa is#ac ion i h $rocess s andardi a ion% !u he resul s are no easily measura!le. The second is !ased onim$rovin" a s$eci#ic $rocess !ased on measuremen o# $rocess $arame ers !e#ore and a# er a chan"e o he

$rocess. This "uide su$$or s he second me hod.

The &$ace and 'aval (ar#are )&PA(AR* &ys ems +en er )&&+* Paci#ic% &ys ems ,n"ineerin" ProcessO##ice )&,PO* recommends ha any $ro#essional dedica ed o he cons an im$rovemen o# he $rocessessu$$or in" heir cus omer s re uiremen s u ili e his s ruc ured me hodolo"y. The corners one o# heanalysis o# any $rocess is #irs ac uirin" a clear de#ini ion o# he as-is $rocess and hen develo$in" anunders andin" a!ou ho he $rocess may !e re-en"ineered and/or im$roved. Process no led"e is !asedon no in" he im$ac o# each su$$or in" ac ivi y o# a $rocess in uan i a ive erms. Analysis o#

uan i#ied da a e rac ed #rom he $rocess ill reveal any varia ion ha re uires he causal analysisnecessary o #ormula e needed $rocess re-en"ineerin" or $rocess im$rovemen .

1. SCOPEThe me hodolo"y su""es ed in his documen a$$lies o all $rocesses u ili ed !y any or"ani a ional ac ivi y%en"ineerin" or su$$or % a &&+ Paci#ic% here me ric !ased analysis is he a$$lica!le me hod.. This

$rocess documen has !een develo$ed !y &,PO o su$$or &&+ Paci#ic $ro ec s in $er#ormin" $rocessim$rovemen and is ri en in he con e o# su$$or in" he analysis o# sys ems en"ineerin" $rocesses.

1.4 7AILORING GUIDELINES

Pro ec s a &&+ Paci#ic ha #ind i necessary o $rovide more in-de$ h de ails in he a$$lica ion o# his $rocess may add addi ional re uiremen s. The $rocedural s e$s es a!lished here are deemed o !e heminimal #or e##ec ive $rocess analysis. Tailorin" o# his $rocess should #ollo he "uidance es a!lished inA 3escri$ ion o# he &&+ Paci#ic & andard Process Asse Archi ec ure )&PAA* 3e#ini ion% re#erence )c*.

1./ DOCU5EN7 OVERVIE

This documen $rovides "uidelines and echni ues #or $er#ormin" $rocess analysis. &ec ion 1 $rovides anin roduc ion and !ac "round #or he $rocess. This orien a ion is #ocused on $rocess analysis as i rela es osys ems en"ineerin" $ro ec s.


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1.6 REFERENCED DOCU5EN7S

The documen s lis ed !elo are ei her re#erenced in his documen or ere used o develo$ he $rocessdescri!ed in he documen 5

a. +a$a!ili y 7a uri y 7odel n e"ra ion #or &ys ems ,n"ineerin"/&o# are ,n"ineerin"/ n e"ra edProduc and Process 3evelo$men % and &u$$lier &ourcin"% :1.1% +arne"ie 7ellon niversi y)+7 */&o# are ,n"ineerin" ns i u e )&, *-=00=-TR-01=% &, % 7arch =00=

!. ean &i &i"ma% 7ichael Geor"e% 7cGra % &&+ Paci#ic

#. 3ecision Analysis and Resolu ion Process ), $er 7ode*% PRC-3AR-01% &&+ Paci#ic

". Process 3escri$ ion Tem$la e% T7-OP3-0>% &&+ Paci#ic

All &&+ Paci#ic documen s are availa!le #rom he &&+ Paci#ic Process Asse i!rary )PA * ah $5//se$o.s$a ar.navy.mil/.

1.: A88REVIA7IONS AND ACRONY5S

+7 +on#i"ura ion 7ana"emen

+77 +a$a!ili y 7a uri y 7odel n e"ra ion

+7 +arne"ie 7ellon niversi y

3+R 3ocumen +han"e Re ues

F7,A Failure 7odes and ,##ec s Analysis

PA Process Asse i!rary

2A 2uali y Assurance

&&+ &PA(AR &ys ems +en er

&,PO &ys ems ,n"ineerin" Process O##ice

&, &o# are ,n"ineerin" ns i u e

&PA & andard Process Asse s

&PA(AR &$ace and 'aval (ar#are

(;& (or ;rea do n & ruc ure

=


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SEC7ION 2. PROCESS DESCRIP7ION

2.1 PROCESS OVERVIE

Process analysis deals i h he concerns re"ardin" a $roduc ion% ac uisi ion% or service $rocess e##iciencyi h res$ec o a s$eci#ic "oal es a!lished #or issues such as cos % schedule% or uali y. The analysis

$rocess a em$ s o "ain no led"e leadin" o he elimina ion o# ine##icien ac ivi ies and/or im$rovemeno# $rocess ac ivi ies.

Fi"ure =-1 is an overvie o# he $rocess analysis as $resen ed in his documen . The roles% res$onsi!ili ies%and he ac ivi ies associa ed i h each s e$ are discussed in he #ollo in" sec ions.

PROCESS S7EP AC7IVI7Y OU7PU7S

3,F9',OPPORT6'9TD

Para"ra$h =.?.1

7,A&6R,P,RFOR7A'+,

Para"ra$h =.?.=

A'A DI,3ATA

Para"ra$h =.?.>

97PRO:,PRO+,&&

Para"ra$h =.?.4

+O'TRO3,P OD7,'TPara"ra$h =.?.?

Tas s a emen andhi"h-level $rocess ma$.

;aseline $er#ormanceda a and i h varia iondis$layed "ra$hically.

Process and roo causeanalysis re$or andsu$$or in" da a.

Pro$osed chan"es oand/or ne $rocess.

6$da ed/ne $olicies% $rocesses% s andards%e c.

Defi nethe goas of the improvement act ivi ty. At t heproject l evel goals might betoreducethedefect leve l anincrease thr oughput. Apply data mini ngmethods toidenti fy potential improvement oppo rt unit ies.

Measure the existi ngproc ess. Est ablish metri cs t ohelpmonit or progress t owards the goal defined in the task stat ement. Begin bydetermini ngthecurrent baselinethrou ghdata analysis.

Anayzethe process toi entify ways to eiminate the gapbetween the curren t perform ance of the process an dthedesired goal. Apply stat isti cal tools to guide the analysis.

Def ine newways to othi ngs bett er, cheaper, or fa st er.Use stat isti cal method s tovali date theimprovement.Use project m anagement discipli nes t oini ti ateimplementi ngthe newapproach .

Control theupdated/newprocess. Instit utionali zetheimprovedpr ocess bymodifyi ngpoli cies, procedu res,budgets, operat inginstr ucti ons and other managementmecha ni sms.

Fi"ure =-1. Process Analysis Overvie

2.2 ROLES AND RESPONSI8ILI7IES

The $ara"ra$hs !elo iden i#y he $ar ici$a in" individuals and/or eams $er#ormin" $rocess analysis i hheir corres$ondin" res$onsi!ili ies.

2.2.1 P$%;e&t 5+!+"e$

The Pro ec 7ana"er has overall res$onsi!ili y #or he $rocess analysis% $rovidin" a #ocus #or he analysis%es a!lishin" he analysis eam com$osi ion !y desi"na in" he ead Analys and he mem!ershi$ o# heProcess Analysis Peer Grou$. &ee he #ocus s a emen in A$$endi A #or an e am$le.

2.2.2 Le+( A!+ yst

The Pro ec 7ana"er has many res$onsi!ili ies and may choose o !e he ead Analys de$endin" u$ons a## si e and $ro ec com$le i y. O her ise% his leadershi$ res$onsi!ili y is assi"ned as a colla eral du y

o one o# he $ro ec echnical leads. The ead Analys is res$onsi!le #or develo$in" a as s a emen and

-

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"initial RAcco#nt

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#acili a in" he $rocess analysis as descri!ed in his documen . An e am$le o# a as s a emen a$$ears inA$$endi ;.

2.2. P$%&ess A!+ ys#s Pee$ G$% *

Pro ec eam mem!ers are re uired o serve as mem!ers o# $rocess analysis $eer "rou$s. These $eer"rou$s analy e% documen % and rac any da a associa ed i h he analysis e##or . A $eer "rou$ has #rom

o o #ive $ar ici$an s. The #ollo in" cri eria should !e used in selec in" $ar ici$an s5

a. Trained in !asic s a is ical $rocess con rol

!. Eno led"e and e $erience in he or ac ivi ies hose $rocess is o !e assessed.

c. Assi"ned o or #or he $ro ec in he or ac ivi ies !ein" assessed.

2.2.4 < + #ty Ass $+!&e 5+!+"e$

The 2uali y Assurance )2A* mana"er $eriodically revie s $rocess analysis ac ivi ies o ensure heycom$ly i h he $rocess descri!ed in his documen and are com$le ed as re uired.

2.2./ C%!'#" $+t#%! 5+!+"e e!t 5+!+"e$

3e$endin" u$on $ro ec si e% or"ani a ional s ruc ure% and assi"ned res$onsi!ili ies% he +on#i"ura ion7ana"emen )+7* mana"er may $lay a role. For e am$le% he +7 mana"er could !e res$onsi!le #orcon#i"ura ion con rol o# he ar i#ac s associa ed i h he $rocess analysis% such as he $eer revie da a!ase%measuremen da a!ase% s a is ical re$or s% e c.% in addi ion o he con#i"ura ion con rol o# any chan"e

$ro$osals resul in" #rom he analysis e##or .

2. EN7RANCE CRI7ERIA

The en rance cri eria #or his $rocess are lis ed !elo 5

a. The $ro ec mana"er has de ermined he need #or $rocess analysis or a reassessmen o# he $ro ec $rocesses% has documen ed a #ocus )A$$endi A* #or he e##or % and has desi"na ed he analysis

eam mem!ershi$. The eam is com$rised o# a ead Analys and a Process Analysis Peer Grou$

consis in" o# o o #ive mem!ers. !. 7ana"emen has $rovided ade ua e resources #or $rocess analysis ac ivi ies. Resources include

#undin"% s a##in"% and ools% as re uired.

c. ndividuals ho are candida es o $er#orm $rocess analysis ac ivi ies have received rainin" in !asic s a is ical $rocess con rol.

2.4 INPU7S

(hen #irs !e"innin" a $rocess analysis% in$u s may include% !u no !e limi ed o hose lis ed !elo 5

a. Analysis #ocus in he #orm o# a #ormal s a emen or a uan i#ied "oal #or he $rocess su! ec o heanalysis.

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2./ 7AS S

The s e$s o# he analysis $rocess are descri!ed in he $ara"ra$hs ha #ollo . se o# hese s e$s serves asan acce$ a!le $rocess analysis a$$roach and cons i u es a $lan hen com!ined i h even schedulin" in a

$ro ec s (or ;rea do n & ruc ure )(;&*. The $ro ec s (;& schedules hese analysis even s as mul i-

day as s o allo ime #or he or included in he #ollo in" s e$s and concludin" i h a $resen a ion o $ro ec mana"emen on he resul s o# he $rocess analysis alon" i h su$$or in" chan"e $ro$osals.

2./.1 De'#!e O**%$t !#ty =Ste* 1>

This s e$ is ini ia ed hen he Pro ec 7ana"er issues a #ocus s a emen )A$$endi A* and desi"na es heeam mem!ershi$. The ac ivi ies #or his s e$ are lis ed !elo 5

a. The ead Analys acce$ s he #ocus s a emen #rom he Pro ec 7ana"er and con ac s he ProcessAnalysis Peer Grou$ mem!ers o ensure mem!er availa!ili y% and o es a!lish mee in" imes and adis ri!u ion lis #or minu es and/or echnical memorandums.

!. The ead Analys ini ia es he or e##or !y callin" #or a ic -o## mee in" o# he eam. Thismee in" ela!ora es he #ocus s a emen in o a as s a emen )A$$endi ;* #or he or e##or . The

as s a emen serves as a means o communica e he sco$e o# he or e##or and o ensure a

common unders andin" i hin he eam and any $rocess s a eholders )i.e.% !ene#iciaries and/orim$lemen ers o# he im$roved $rocess*. The as s a emen de#ines he or e##or o! ec ives%curren measures% miles ones% he $rocess s ar /s o$ $oin s #or analysis% and a communica ionsa$$roach. The as s a emen is su!mi ed #or a$$roval o he $ro ec mana"er.

c. The eam de#ines and/or ac uires a hi"h level Jas-isK ma$ o# he $rocess under analysis. TheProduc ,n"ineerin" and 2uali#ica ion Process% re#erence )d*% is an e am$le re$resen a ive o# a+77 evel > $ro ec L ho ever% his could also !e a sim$le #lo char )A$$endi +* #or less#ormally documen ed $rocesses. The eam de ermines he her or no he curren Jas-isK $rocess is

!ein" #ollo ed and i# i is no !ein" #ollo ed% he eam u$da es he hi"h level ma$ o re#lec heac ual $rocess.

d. The eam analy es he $rocess ma$ and de#ines $rocess a ri!u es ha are +ri ical o he #ocus o#he analysis e##or )A$$endi 3*. This ac ivi y hel$s achieve a #ull unders andin" o# he $rocess o

!e re-en"ineered and clari#y he $rocess curren o! ec ives and charac eris ics.

e. The ead Analys de ermines ha a !asis #or he re-en"ineerin" o# he $rocess has !een achievedand he or e##or $roceeds o measure he curren Jas-isK $rocess $er#ormance. Thisde ermina ion is !ased on veri#yin" ha he #ollo in" ac ivi ies ill have !een com$le ed51. m$rovemen eam es a!lished=. Tas s a emen documen ed>. +ri ical o ma rices and $rocess rela ionshi$s have !een de#ined4. % he $lan may s$eci#y he use o# he e is in" measuremen re$osi oryL

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o her ise% iden i#yin" an al erna e da a!ase or a me hod #or da a collec ion is needed. The&o# are 7easuremen Plan% re#erence )e*% $rovides an e am$le o# he needed in#orma ion and alsoserves as a ailora!le re#erence #or crea in" he measuremen $lan. The measuremen $lan can !edocumen ed in i s sim$les #orm in a echnical memorandum.

d. 3a a collec ion is $er#ormed ei her !y uery o# an e is in" measuremen re$osi ory or !y hee ecu ion o# he $rocess usin" he measuremen $lan o !uild he needed da a!ase. should !eno ed ha he more da a sam$lin"s% he more accura e he in#orma ion on $rocess $er#ormance. A

he e reme a minimum o# 6 sam$lin"s is neededL ho ever% i is recommended ha a leas en ysam$lin"s !e used o es a!lish a $rocess !aseline i h minimum dis or ion due o sam$lin" si e.The lar"er he sam$le he !e er.

e. The eam analy es he collec ed $rocess da a and develo$s a "ra$hical re$resen a ion o assis inhe analysis s e$. The da a re$resen in" he curren !aseline $er#ormance should !e visuali ed inhe #orm o#


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e. (hen he ead Analys de ermines ha he eam has iden i#ied and uan i#ied he !ene#i s ha illresul #rom closin" he $er#ormance "a$% hen hey $roceed o "enera e and es $ossi!le solu ions.

Fi"ure =-=. +os o# 2uali y

2./.4 I *$% e P$%&ess =Ste* 4>The $ur$ose o# his s e$ is o "enera e and es $ossi!le solu ions. Tes in" $ossi!le solu ions allo s he

eam o selec a !es #i !ased on measures "enera ed durin" he es . The ac ivi ies #or his s e$ are lis ed !elo 5

a. The eam analy es Pare o and Roo +ause resul s and com$ares he da a i h he as-is $rocessdescri$ ion o iden i#y o$$or uni ies #or im$rovemen . The search #or $ossi!le solu ions can !e#ound in ada$ in" !es $rac ices #rom models such as re#erence )a*% indus ry com$e i ors% or eveno her indus ries. One or more solu ions are desi"ned #or es or modelin" o de ermine he !esa$$roach o $rocess im$rovemen . The eam es s or simula es he $ossi!le solu ions and collec s

$rocess $er#ormance da a o su$$or selec in" he o$ imum solu ion. !. &olu ions are $riori i ed accordin" o documen ed assum$ ions and "iven cons rain s ) echnical%

cos % cul ural% or o her ise*.c. Pilo da a is collec ed #rom !e a es in" and/or modelin"% and analy ed o ran he e##ec iveness o#

he al erna ive solu ions. n addi ion each solu ion is ran ed on #easi!ili y ) ime and/or cos *.d. The o$ imum solu ion #or $rocess im$rovemen is selec ed and a ne $rocess ma$ "enera ed o

documen he im$roved $rocess. A decision on he o$ imum solu ion can !e #acili a ed usin" he3ecision Analysis and Resolu ion Process ), $er 7ode*% re#erence )#*.

@


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e. The eam hen de#ines success measures and he da a collec ion me hod is $ro$osed as a chan"e ohe curren measuremen $lan. A $er#ormance ar"e #or he ne $rocess is es a!lished.

#. An im$lemen a ion a$$roach #or !o h he measuremen and $rocess chan"es is documen ed andsu!mi ed. , am$les ould include% !u no !e limi ed o% a +han"e Pro$osal o an e is in"

$rocess or documen % a (or Re ues #or a ne $rocess% or a re uisi ion #or a ne ool.2././ C%!t$% De* %y e!t =Ste* />The $ur$ose o# his s e$ is o ins i u ionali e he chan"e and sus ain he im$rovemen . This s e$ isnecessary o ensure he ne $rocess is #ully im$lemen ed and con inues o deliver $er#ormance ha mee se $ec a ions. The ac ivi ies in his s e$ are lis ed !elo 5

a. Policies and $rocedures o su$$or he ne $rocess are documen ed and su!mi ed o hecon#i"ura ion con rol mechanism )i.e.% 3ocumen +han"e Re ues )3+R*/(or Re ues

$rocessin"* !. $da ed $rocess s andards and/or documen a ion o su$$or he ne $rocess have !een a$$roved%

he re uired chan"es com$le ed and added o he $rocess asse s ) rainin"% $olicy% +7% 2A%echnical $rocesses% e c*.

c. The measuremen M re$or in" $rocess is documen ed in a measuremen $lan and da a collec ionresources alloca ed.

d. The ne and/or chan"ed $rocess is a$$lied and he measuremen re$osi ory is u$da ed i h heresul in" da a.

e. A# er mul i$le a$$lica ions o# he ne and/or chan"ed $rocess% he measuremen re$osi ory isanaly ed o valida e he $rocess im$rovemen e $ec a ions.

2.6 OU7PU7S

The resul s o# $rocess analysis are revie ed and he "rou$ reaches consensus on he resul s o#he $rocess im$rovemen e##or . The #inal ac ivi y in he $rocess analysis is he $resen a ion o#he resul s and a mee in" i h he $ro ec mana"er.

2.: E@I7 CRI7ERIA

Assessin" $ro ec or or"ani a ional $rocesses is a con inuous $rocess. As such% he ac ivi ies de#ined in& e$s 1 hrou"h & e$ ? are re$ea ed in a cyclic manner. ,ach i era ion is $er#ormed ar"e in" a ne $er#ormance o! ec ive.

2.) 5EASURE5EN7S

+andida e measuremen s #or $rocess analysis could include% !u no !e limi ed o% recordin" hemeasuremen da a lis ed !elo 5

a. ,##or and #unds e $ended in $rocess analysis ac ivi ies o #acili a e an assessmen o# he cose##ec iveness o# he $rocess analysis ac ivi ies.

!. ,ach ime a $rocess analysis is $er#ormed% record he i ems lis ed !elo 5

1. The da es o# he $rocess analysis

=. The e##or and #unds e $ended on he $rocess analysis

>. Tar"e $er#ormance es ima e resul in" #rom he $rocess analysis.

B


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APPENDI@ A. FOCUS S7A7E5EN7

The $ur$ose o# he Focus & a emen is o $rovide he $ro ec mana"er% or individual res$onsi!le #or he

$rocess o !e analy ed% a means o ini ia e he analysis hile iden i#yin" he eam mem!ers and he #ocus o#heir e##or . For e am$le5

7% Hoe Techie ) ead Analys * .7. Tes er )Peer Grou$* &. . Percoder )Peer Grou$* . . 3esi"ni )Peer Grou$*

S 3;e&t Process Analysis Team Assi"nmen

A re uiremen e is s o im$rove de#ec con ainmen i hin he so# are en"ineerin" $rocess. n e"ra ionand Tes in" $hase schedules are sli$$in" and he users are re$or in" cri ical de#ec s in ne ly delivered

$roduc s. This has resul ed in he need #or e $ensive con ac eams sen o user si es o re$air he $roduc .

The $rocess o !e analy ed !e"ins i h he de#ini ion o# he sys em re uiremen s and ends i h hecom$le ion o# he n e"ra ion and Tes in" $hase.

The resul s o# his e##or should !e an im$rovemen in he uali y o# he delivered $roduc hile reducin"he curren e $ensive re or and con ac eam cos s.

. 7. 3e;oss

A-1


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APPENDI@ 8. ANALYSIS 7EA5 7AS S7A7E5EN7

The $ur$ose o# he Tas & a emen is o es a!lish a clear de#ini ion o# he $rocess analysis as and i s ime

and e##or $arame ers. The Tas & a emen also serves as a con rac !e een he eam and au hori yissuin" he Focus & a emen . The #ollo in" is an e am$le o# a Tas & a emen .

P$%;e&t & 7 Tac ical Aides

7e+ Le+(e$ Hoe Techie

7e+ 5e 3e$s .7. Tes er % &. . Percoder% . . 3esi"ni

C $$e!t S#t +t#%!

Recen deliveries o #lee users have yielded a dis ressin" num!er o# hi"h $riori y rou!le re$or s causin" aneed #or con ac eam su$$or . This is des$i e e endin" he n e"ra ion and Tes $hase !eyond i s $lannedschedule in ho$es ha he increased es in" ould #ind all he hi"h $riori y $ro!lems. (hile n e"ra ionand Tes has #ound a hi"h num!er o# $ro!lems% i has resul ed in e $ensive re or o correc !e#oredeliveryL !u % des$i e his e ra e##or and cos a n e"ra ion and Tes % he users are re$or in" service

$ro!lems o he s$onsor ha can im$ac #u ure as in".

O**%$t !#ty '%$ I *$% e e!t

The o! ec ive is o achieve a ero de#ec ra e a delivery ime% o ally elimina in" hi"h $riori y rou!lere$or s #rom he #lee users and he need #or he con ac eams. n e"ra ion and Tes has !een he $rinci$lemeans o# e##ec in" de#ec con ainmen % i h he curren schedule em$hasis !ein" J


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The #ollo in" de#ines he $lanned $rocess analysis $hases5

3e#ine O$$or uni y5 1-1? &e$ em!er

7easure Per#ormance5 16->1 Oc o!er

Analy e 3a a5 01->0 'ovem!er

m$rove Process5 01->1 3ecem!er

+on rol 3e$loymen 5 Revision 1=; o# & 7 Tac ical Aides

;-=


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APPENDI@ C. PROCESS 5AP

C.1 IN7RODUC7ION

Process ma$s% or models% are needed o e $lain ho a $rocess or s. The o! ec ive o# a $rocess ma$ is oclari#y he rela ionshi$s o# ey elemen s% crea e a !asis #or discussion% and enhance our $ers$ec ive o# he $rocess em!edded rules. A $rocess ma$$in" con ains !o h a visual re$resen a ion o# he $rocess #lo anda descri$ ion o# he $rocess ac ivi ies. Process analysis s ar s i h a hi"h level descri$ ion o# he as-is

$rocess elemen s ha are o !e decom$osed in o a de ailed ma$ o# he $rocess $rac ices. Thisdecom$osi ion is illus ra ed in Fi"ure +-1.

Fi"ure +-1. Process 3ecom$osi ion

Fi"ure +-1 "ra$hically illus ra es he conce$ o# decom$osi ion. is no com$le e as a $rocess de#ini ionin ha he "ra$hics need o !e su$$lemen ed i h he $rocess de ails in a e ual #orm such as #ound in heProcess 3escri$ ion Tem$la e% re#erence )"*. The re#erence $rovides a descri$ ion o# he !asic in#orma ionre uired in a $rocess de#ini ion.

C.2 5E7 ODS

&elec ion o# a me hod is !ased on many #ac ors% includin" cos % ease o# use% and re uired level o#e $ression. To ha end% here are many me hod in addi ion o re#erence )"* ha can !e a$$lied o su$$or

$rocess de#ini ion and decom$osi ion. These are descri!ed in he sec ions ha #ollo 5

C.2.1 F % D#+"$+ sFlo dia"rams are made o# sym!ols ha sho he di##eren s e$s o# a $rocess. 3i##eren sha$es are used oindica e di##eren y$es o# s e$s in he $rocess. Flo dia"rams can easily !e crea ed and main ained usin"sim$le ools such as Po erPoin . Fi"ure +-= illus ra es an e am$le o# a #lo dia"ram.

+-1


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Fi"ure +-=. Process Flo 3ia"ram

n his e am$le% he ac ion !o es con ain a e ual descri$ ion o# he ac ivi ies. Ano her o$ ion ould !e onum!er he i led !o es in he #lo dia"ram and hen use% #or e am$le% a e a!le o i emi e and descri!e

he associa ed ac ivi ies. This sim$li#ies he "ra$hics re uired o su$$or he de#ini ion o# he $rocess andsim$li#ies u$da in".

C.2.2 E7V@ D#+"$+ s

n he mid-19B0s% he n erna ional ;usiness 7achines ) ;7* n#orma ion & ora"e Grou$ #ound inecessary o crea e a common $rocess model o #acili a e $rocess de#ini ion needed o im$rove he

$roduc ivi y o# en"ineers and uali y o# $roduc . ,T:C is an acronym #or he s ruc ure o# he $rocessdescri$ ion con en . The s ruc ure as ori"inally de#ined is as #ollo s5

a. =E>!t$y &$#te$#+5 a lis o# en ry cri eria ha should !e sa is#ied !e#ore !e"innin" he as s.

!. =7>+s s5 a se o# as descri$ ions ha indica e ha is o !e accom$lished.

c. =V>+ #(+t#%!s5 a valida ion $rocedure o veri#y he uali y o# he or i ems $roduced !y he as s.

d. e=@>#t &$#te$#+5 a chec lis o# e i cri eria ha should !e sa is#ied !e#ore he ac ivi y is vie ed ascom$le e.

# a valida ion $rocedure indica es ha chan"e or re or is re uired i hin a as % an i era ive loo$ o# asand valida ion is #ollo ed un il i is veri#ied ha he i ems $roduced !y ha as are sa is#ac orilycom$le ed. Fi"ure +-> illus ra es he #orma o# a cell% he !asic uni #or $rocess descri$ ion usin" ,T:C.

+-=


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Fi"ure +->. ,T:C +ell

A cell is a !asic elemen in ,T:C used o de#ine a $rocess ac ivi ies. The cell is sui a!le #or varyin" si eso# $rocesses in ha one can decom$ose a cell !y usin" a "rou$ o# su!ordina e cells. n his manner% i can

!e used o su$$ly he su$$lemen al $rocess in#orma ion needed o su$$or a hierarchy dia"ram s ruc ure asillus ra ed in Fi"ure +-1.

C.2. I!te"$+te( De'#!#t#%! D#+"$+ sThe n e"ra ed 3e#ini ion ) 3,F* me hod as !orn #rom he .&. Air Force Pro"ram #or n e"ra ed+om$u er Aided 7anu#ac urin" ) +A7*. n he 19@0s% he $ro"ram an ed o increase $roduc ivi y

hrou"h he use o# com$u er echnolo"y. +A7 #irs develo$ed 3,F0% 3,F1 and 3,F=. 3,F0 ashe #unc ion model% and decom$osi ion usin" his me hod is illus ra ed in Fi"ure +-4 hru Fi"ure +-6.3,F1 is an in#orma ion model% and 3,F= is a dynamics model.

3,F0 de#ines a "ra$hical modelin" lan"ua"e and a me hod #or develo$in" models. ;y a$$lyin" 3,F0 oa $rocess% he resul is a hierarchical series o# cross-re#erenced dia"rams% e and "lossary dis$layin"#unc ions in a sys em and he da a and o! ec s ha rela e he #unc ions. The com$le i y o# he dia"ramsinhi!i s ease in incor$ora in" chan"es and is !es im$lemen ed usin" a commercial ool su$$or in" heme hod. 3,F0 is commonly used #or analysis% develo$men % in e"ra ion or ac uisi ion o# in#orma ion

sys ems #or he &AF.

+->


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Fi"ure +-4. 3,F0


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Fi"ure +-6. 3,F0 +hild , am$le

+-?


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APPENDI@ D. CRI7ICAL 7O ANALYSIS

The analysis o# issues cri ical o he s$onsor% end-user% and o her s a eholders hel$ #ocus he im$rovemen

e##or . This a$$roach is o# en re#erred o as he +ri ical Goal 7odel in ha i is used o iden i#y he "oalsha are im$or an o he cus omer. is% in e##ec % he resul o# lis enin" o he J:oice o# he +us omerK.

The cus omer-driven "oals are or"ani ed in o ma or ca e"ories% lo"ically "rou$ed !y issues ha arecus omer #ocused. , am$le "rou$in"s include cus omer re uiremen s ha are cri ical- o- uali y% cri ical-

o-schedule% and cri ical o- cos .Reduce

The ma ri $rovided in Fi"ure 3-1 $rovides a $ic ure o# ho cri ical "oals rela e o he $rocess em$loyedo mee he cus omer s need #or a $roduc and/or service. The $rocess s e$s de$ic ed in Fi"ure 3-1 are !u

a su!se o# he en ire $rocess a"ains hich he cri ical issues should !e ma$$ed. For e am$le% heindividual ac ivi ies con ained in he res$ec ive $rocesses de#ined in re#erence )d* ould !e re$resen a ive o#

he e en o# sco$e o# he ma$$in". 7a$$in" o# +ri ical o issues hel$s iden i#y he ey nodes o# ade#ined $rocess ha need de ailed analysis o iden i#y $rocess im$rovemen o$$or uni ies.

ssues cri ical o he cus omer can !e derived #rom rou!le re$or s% chan"e $ro$osals% commen s a in- $rocess revie s% $hone con ac lo"s% and direc s a emen s #rom s a eholders.

Fi"ure 3-1. +ri ical o 7a ri

3-1


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APPENDI@ E. IS7OGRA5

A his o"ram is a !ar "ra$h ha summari es da a% "ra$hically illus ra in" he #re uency i h hich an even

occurs. For e am$le% he num!er o# de#ec s #ound durin" each $hase o# a so# are develo$men e##or isillus ra ed in Fi"ure ,-1.


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APPENDI@ F. RUN C AR7

A run char is a line char ha sho s he se uen ial $er#ormance o# a $rocess over ime. Run char s are

easy o ma e% and he run char is he s ar in" $oin #or all con rol char s. A !asic run char can !econs ruc ed usin" , cel. Firs % ma e sure he da a is in he order i ac ually ha$$ened. 'e % ma e a line"ra$h #rom your da a.

& e$s o ma e a line "ra$h in , cel5

a. sho s hree $eer revie s hoseresul s are considered ou o# con rol ha should !e su! ec o analysis #or s$ecial causes.

F-1


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Peer Revie !BarR

"1#

"10

"#

0

#

10

1#

20

Proj A Proj B Proj C Proj D Proj E Proj F Proj G Proj H Proj I Proj J

Pages Per Error CE$ %C& &C&

Fi"ure F-=. &P+ Run +har

Peer Review Run Chart

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Proj A Proj B Proj C Proj D Proj E Proj F Proj G Proj H Proj I Proj J

Pages Per Error 'arge( CE$ %)& &)&

Fi"ure F->. Tar"e &$eci#ica ions

F-=


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APPENDI@ G. FIS 8ONE DIAGRA5

The #ish!one dia"ram% also no n as he shi a a dia"ram or cause-and-e##ec dia"ram% is one ay o#

sho in" he causes leadin" u$ o an e##ec . The causes are usually "rou$ed in o ca e"ories such as% ools%s a##% $rocesses% and echnical in$u s o he $rocess. Fi"ure G-1 is an e am$le o# a #ish!one dia"ram #orde#ec con ainmen .

The causes can !e iden i#ied !y da a% or hey can !e "enera ed #rom a !rains ormin" session% or in ervie si h $eo$le involved in he $rocess.

&ome "uidelines o !uildin" a #ish!one dia"ram are lis ed !elo 5

a. ;e sure everyone a"rees on he e##ec 5 (ha is he $ro!lemN

!. ;e succinc / ee$ i sim$le

c. Try o hin o# A $ossi!le causes

d. +onsider hich causes are mos li ely o !e he roo cause

Fi"ure G-1. 3e#ec +on ainmen Fish!one 3ia"ram

G-1


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APPENDI@ . PARE7O C AR7

A Pare o char is a sor ed !ar "ra$h ha summari es da a% sho in" he #re uency and cumula ive $ercen

o# ime i h hich some hin" ha$$ens. The Pare o char hel$s o #ocus a en ion on he $ro!lems ha o##erhe "rea es $ay!ac in im$rovemen . Fi"ure


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APPENDI@ I. ROO7 CAUSE ANALYSIS

A roo cause analysis can !e done usin" a sim$le #ish!one )cause and e##ec * dia"ram.


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APPENDI@ J. 8RAINS7OR5ING

;rains ormin" is a ool #or uic ly solici in" ideas #rom a eam. ;rains ormin" sessions should !e

s ruc ured )everyone a es a urn s$ea in"* and minu es o# he discussion recorded. is im$or an o endhe session !y "oin" around he room o ma e sure everyone has an o$$or uni y o voice heir o$inion.

Pre$ara ion can include% !u no !e limi ed o he ac ivi ies lis ed !elo 5

a. Ga her some $os -i no es% ri in" im$lemen s% and ma e sure everyone has some $a$er. )A #li$char can also !e used. Pos -i no es le you move he commen s around uic ly% o ca e"ori e andcom!ine ideas i hou #li$$in" hrou"h a lo o# $a$er.*

!. 3esi"na e a #acili a or and he no es a er. The #acili a or is in char"e o# he !rains ormin" $rocessand ma in" sure ha all o# he !rains ormin" "round rules are #ollo ed.

;rains ormin" "round rules are lis ed !elo 5

a. & a e he ues ion you an o have ans ered. (ri e i do n here everyone can see i .

!. 7a e sure everyone has a ri in" im$lemen M some $os -i no es/$a$er.c. &olici ideas usin" a s ruc ured or uns ruc ured me hod. (hen an idea is voiced% do no cri ici e i .

& rive #or uan i y% no uali y.

d. As each idea is voiced% ri e i do n/$os i here everyone can see.

e. ,nd he session !y revie in" he lis o# ideas #or clari y and "e rid o# du$lica es. 7a e sureeveryone has had he o$$or uni y o voice ideas.

H-1


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APPENDI@ - FAILURE 5ODES AND EFFEC7S ANALYSIS

(hen conduc in" a $rocess Failure 7odes and ,##ec s Analysis )F7,A*% hin in erms o# he elemen s o#

a $rocess such as hose de#ined in Fi"ure G-1% he 3e#ec +on ainmen Fish!one 3ia"ram. These elemen sare lis ed !elo 5

a. & a##

!. Process

c. Tools

d. n$u s

(i h hese elemen s in mind% as % J

C%$$e&t# eA&t#%!

E-1


32/33


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DOCU5EN7 C ANGE RE

3ocumen Ti le5 P$%&ess A!+ ys#s G #(e Trac in" 'um!er5

'ame o# &u!mi in" Or"ani a ion5

Or"ani a ion +on ac 5 Phone5

7ailin" Address5

3+R 3escri$ ion5 3a e5

+han"e oca ion5

)use sec ion % #i"ure % a!le % e c.*

Pro$osed chan"e5

Ra ional #or +han"e5

'o e5 For he &ys ems ,n"ineerin" Process O##ice )&,PO* o a e a$$ro$ria e ac ion on a chan"e re ues % $lease $rovide a clear descri$ ion o# he recommended chan"e alon" i h su$$or in" ra ionale.

&end o5 +ommandin" O##icer% &$ace and 'aval (ar#are &ys ems +en er% +ode B4=00% ?>?60 -6=49,mail5 se$oSs$a ar.navy.mil&u!mi online5 h $5//se$o.s$a ar.navy.mil/

3+R Form @/=00B

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