Procesamiento de Datos Comesa

8/10/2019 Procesamiento de Datos Comesa

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ZXKNG^BAOGD]K MG MB]K^^ÁÂONK^0 ZGX^ZGN]OUB^ GD CB

GVZCKXBNOÞD

Xonbrmk Eckrgs Nbpgtocck



NKD]GDOMK

ZXKNG^BAOGD]K ÔÂONK<

k Z^]A 8M

k Z^]A >M

k Z^MA >M, OABIGD

DWGUB^ ]ÏNDONB^ GD ZXKNG^BAOGD]K<

k Z^MA BCIKXO]AK^ FOHXOMK^

k =M, =N

k FE, BUK, ODUGXÔKD ÔÂONB

k ZXKNG^K^ G^ZGNOBCG^ BMONOKDBCG^0 W^BMK^ GD CB

NBXBN]GXO\BNOÞD MG _BNOAOGD]K^

ZGX^ZGN]OUB^ MGC ZXKNG^BAOGD]K ÔÂONK

k NKDNCWÔKDG^



»Rug fbng cb dugvb tgndkckiáb sásaonb;

Gxpckrbnoþd y Nkstks mg Zrkmunnoþd ($$$)

Xgmung cks rogs ks nkstks mg G Z

Aglkr rgskcunoþd mg cb Oabigd

Aglkrb gc akmgck mgc _bnoaogdtk

(Nbcombm)

^ásaonb Zkhrgs ZkzksZkzks Gxotksks

• Xgmung nkstks mg prkmunnoþd



GC ZXKNG^BMK ^ÁÂONK

Cb sásaonb y gc prkngsbmk sásaonk skd fky gd máb, cbs fgrrbaogdtbs aâsoapkrtbdtgs gd nubdtk b cb bpkrtbnoþd mg odekrabnoþd odmorgntb pbrb cb tkab mggn s kdgs g xp krbn d y rk unn d.

Zrkpkrnokdbd udb oabigd ho-tromoagdsokdbc, mg cb igkagtráb mgc suhsugck, mg sumostrohunoþd nkdtoduombm nka krtbaogdtk mg cbs rknbs. Cb nbcombmprgnosoþd, mgpgdmgd gd aunfk mg cb nbcombm mgc mosgòk, mg cb bmquosonoþd y mgcprkngsbmk sásaonk. Gstg uctoak, mgpgdmg bmgaâs, mgc nkdknoaogdtk mgc

ârgb, mg cb gxpgrogdnob y mg cbs fgrrbaogdtbs tgndkcþionbs bmgnubmbs.

Gs udb tbrgb gspgnobcozbmb, mgabdmbdtg mg nkdknoaogdtks y mg tgndkckiáb.Xgquogrg mg eugrtgs odvgrsokdgs pbrb fbrmwbrg, sketwbrg, odstbcbnokdgs y mggdtrgdbaogdtk nkdtoduk y mg bctk dovgc.

Zrgngmg b cbs irbdmgs odvgrsokdgs (Cb pgrekrbnoþd y gc mgsbrrkcck mg cksmgsnuhroaogdtks rgbcozbmks) y sg gdeknb b cb mosaodunoþd mg cb odngrtomuahrg y cks

,odmgsgbhcgs.



GC ZXKNG^BMK ^ÁÂONK

Gc prkngsbmk usubcagdtg sg hbsb gd<

k Khlgtovks mgc Ncogdtg

kGstrunturbcgs k

kGstrbtoirâeonks

k rug bs rgsu bd gs bn krgs qug gpgd gd g ks b ks

kXgbcng mg cb sgòbc, gcoaodbnoþd mg ruomk

kZrkmunor udb

sgnnoþd

eodbc

rgprgsgdtbtovb

mg

cb

igkckiáb

‚ , ,

bprkpobmks pbrb BUK k Odv. ^ásaonb

kAkmgck mg vgcknombmgs rgeodbmk

kNkstks

kXgqugroaogdtks

Cb abykráb mg cbs ‖rutbs‟ k sgnugdnobs mg prkngsbaogdtk vbd b odnkrpkrbr

nogrtbs bpconbnokdgs nkak gstâdmbr. Cks prkngmoaogdtks abs gspgnáeonks sg

hbsbd gd

cks

ebntkrgs

bdtgs

agdnokdbmks.



Agnbdosak mg Xuomk Nkfgrgdtg

• Cks mbtks sásaonks togdgd 8 topks mg ruomk<

Xuomk Nkfgrgdtg ]grrgstrg

∘Aüctopcgs

Xuomk Nkfgrgdtg Abrodk

∘Aüctopcgs

∘Irkudm Xkcc

∘Kdmbs mg borg

∘

∘Aum rkcc

∘Kcgblg

∘

∘Modbaotb ‖ebdtbsabs‟

∘Ktrks gquopks sásaonks

∘Bntovombm mg tropucbnoþd

∘Zostkcb mg borg

∘ d b

u b b∘Kdmb mg mrgdbmk



Agnbdosak mg Xuomk Nkfgrgdtg

Xuomk Bcgbtkrok

tgrrgstrg

∘Uogdtk• Xuomk

Bcgbtkrok

Abrodk

„ Kcgblg

∘Ccuvob

∘Bntovombmgs fuabdbs

(trbeonk, igdtg

nbaodbdmk

gtn.)

„ brnk

„ Akvoaogdtk mg nbhcgs

„ Odstruagdtbc∘Odstruagdtks

∘Ktrks gquopks sásaonks

„ Bdoabcgs

„ Ktrks gquopks sásaonks

„ Nkrrogdtgs abrodbs



Eugdtgs mg Xuomk gd gstumoks abrodks

Ccuvob

Uohrbnokd mgc hbrnk HOXM

UogdtkGstbmk mgc

abr

Uohrbnoþd

Odtgrdb

k k

Xuomk mgc Zrkpucskr

Ktrks trbeonks

Zgngs

Xgecglbmk

Xgerbntbmk

Bdkabcobs mgc

ekdmk abrodk



ôsakckiáb >M nkdvgdnokdbc ]grrgstrg y Abrodb



ôsakckiáb >M nkdvgdnokdbc ]grrgstrg y Abrodb

]XB\B AB^NGXNBDB

IXWZK 2 / ]XB\B 2

]XB\B AB^CGLBDB

IXWZK d

D]K E]K

D]K1 Keesgt mg cb trbzb abs ngrnbdbE]K1 keesgt mg cb trbzb abs cglbdb



]rbygntkrob mg bciudks Aüctopcgs

ûpgreonog cohrg (sup. tgrrgstrg k dovgc mg abr)

-Ybtgr-hkttka Zgicgi

-odtgr-hgm k

auctopcg

(rgngovgr somg)auctopcg

auctopcg auctopcg



Gc Eculk mg prkngsbmk gstb rgiomk pkr …

• Xgcbnoþd sgòbc b ruomk

• Nkapcglombm mgc akmgck mg vgcknombm



Eculk mg prkngsbaogdtk igdïronk

• Xgekrabtgk

• Igkagtráb• Zrkngsbmk mg cb sgòbc

• Zrkngsbmk mg cb vgcknombm

• Zrg‚stbn` Oabiodi

• Zrg‚bnkdmonokdbaogdtk pbrb Aoirbnoþd

• Ao rbnoþd

• Zrkngsbmk Zkst

‚aoirbtokd

• Zrkmuntks Eodbcgs





Mbtks ^ásaonks

• ^g sgcgnnokdbd Od‚codgs & Nrkss‚codgs

• ^G sgcgnnokdbd ^fkt/NAZ ibtfgrs

• Nuhk mg trbzbs ngrnbdbs (Dgbr‚]rbng Nuhg)

• ]oag‚^congs

• Abpbs mg

Btrohutks mg ]rbzbs

„ Bapcotum

„ Gdnbhgzbmks mg cotgrbcgs

• Zksonokd (V/_ Nkkrms)

• Zrkeudmombm mg

biub

gtn

„ Nkvgrturb mg Ekcm

•

„ Bapcotum



Z^]A 8M



WHONBNOÞD MG CBODEKXABNOÞD XGNOHOMB



Nbahok mg Ekrabtk ^GI _ b Ekrabtk odtgrdkNkdtrkc mg cb Igkagtráb

Xgnupgrbnoþd mg bapcotumgsGmonoþd mg ]rbzbs Xuomksbs Nâcnuck mg gstâtonbs mg Xgerbnnoþd

MgnkdvkcunoþdMZ1 28 CK125:

Bdâcosos mg

Gstâtonbs Nkdsostgdtgs gd ûpgreonog (Mks Zbsks) Ugcknombmgs(]rgs Zbsks)

IbtfgrsZ^]A

Gstâtonbs ]XOA

d s s g Ugc mg MAK

Gsnbcbmk mg Bapcotumgs Nkdsostgdtgs Gd ̂ upgreonog Btgdubnoþd mg Xuomk Bcgbtkrok gd pcbdks mgKeesgt

Xgkrmgdbaogdtk mg NMZÂoirbnoþd Z^]ANkrrgnnoþd Zkr MAK y Bpocbmk Eodbc

Btgdubnoþd mg Xuomk Bcgbtkrok EV_

Bdâcosos mg Ugcknombmgs Z^]A

Btgdubnoþd mg Xuomk Bcgbtkrok gd Bpocbmk

Mgeodonoþd mg Zkrngdtblgs mg Ugcknombmgs mg Aoirbnoþd

Aoirbnoþd Zkst -Bpocbmk

Eoctrk Ubrobhcg nkd gc ]ogapkIbdbdnob (BIN)



Zrkngsbmk mg mbtks „ Mbtks nrumks

Mbtks nkrrgspkdmogdtgs b ud rgiostrk sosaonk gc nubc eug rgiostrbmk gd ?5 (gd cb eoiurb sg augstrbd

mbtks mg 2-?> skcbagdtg) rgngptkrgs moegrgdtgs (tbahogd cknbcozbmks gd bciud cuibr mg cb togrrb!)

]ogapk mg

rgegrgdnob ngrk.

o.g. gc togapk

Xuomk codgbc g.i. Kdmb morgntb

mg rgegrgdnob

gs nubdmk sg

mospbrb.

Xgecgnnoþd - fopgrhkconb

Zgrmomb mg bapcotum nkd gc togapk Zgrmomb mg ergn. Nkd gc togapk





^gnugdnob mg prkngsbmkB mkdmg sg vb tkmb cb

Mgeodonoþd mg igkagtrobgdgriáb mg cb eugdtg ;

Nkrrgnnokdgs Gstâtonbs

Xgnupgrbnoþd mg Bapcotum

Gxpbdnoþd igkaïtronb, bhskrnoþd gtn



Ebntkrgs qug Begntbd cbs Bapcotumgs

Hbcbdng Odstruagdtbc

ûpgroapksgm ^gdsotovombm mgc

y Bnkpcbaogdtk

Odtgdsombm mgc m ospbrky bnkpcbaogdtk Odtgregrgdnob mgmoegrgdtgs Gvgdtks

Morgnnoþd mgc brrgick

Movgrigdnob

MospgrsoþdZgi-Cgi auctopcgserka tfod rgecgntkrs

Ubrobnoþd mgc nkgeonogdtg

Nurvbturb mgc Xgecgntkr _ ruiksombm Bhskrn oþd

Nkgeonogdtg mgXgecgnnoþd

âdiuck mg odnomgdnob



^FK] XBY

Z] 2>



B]D 8.:

Z] 2>



^gugdnob mg prkngsbmkNkak rgakvgr Xuomk

KeesgtMgeodonoþd mg igkagtráb

nkfgrgdtg;

Nkrrgnnokdgs gstâtonbs

Kdmb morgntb27:: a/s

Xgerbntkr

Xgnupgrbnokd mg Bapcotumgs

Eoctrbmk pkr vgcknombm

Aum Xkcc7:: a/s

26:: a/s

Rug fby mgc ruomk bcgbtkrok;

]ogapk

Xgecgntkr8::: a/s

Eoctrk- @; Eoctrk pbsbhbdmb;

Zugmg pgrabngr fbstb bpocbr cks mbtks!

Auctopcg3 8::: a/s



Z] 97XGNWZGXBNOKD BAZCO]WM



Z] 97B]GD XWOMK >









^gugdnob mg prkngsbmkNkak aglkrbr cb

Mgeodonoþd mg Igkagtráb

Nkrrgnnokdgs Gstâtonbs

Xgnupgrbnoþd mg Bapcotumgs


Mgnkdvkcunoþd

Nkapgdsb pkr gegntks mg eoctrbmk mgcb togrrb gtn



ÔD MGNKD

CK128:/MZ16/ZXGY1:2%CK125:/MZ16/ZXGY1:2%CK18::/MZ16/ZXGY1:2%



ÔD MGNKD

CK128:/MZ18=/ZXGY1:2%CK125:/MZ18=/ZXGY1:2%CK18::/MZ18=/ZXGY1:2%



^]@ ÔD MGNKD



^]@ NKD MGNKD N^WZ OAZWCÔUB



Z] 2>MGNKD



Z] 2>MGNKD +B]D XWOMK





^gnugdnob mg Zrkngsbmk

Mgeodonokd mg igkagtrob_ so cb gcgvbnoþd mg cb

supgreonog nbahob ;

o.g. rgakvgr cbs moegrgdnobs

gd toga ks mg vob g nbusbmbs pkr

Eugdtgs y rgngptkrgs b

moegrgdtg

gcgvbnoþd „ nbahob dugstrktoag-ngrk mg rge. soaucbr gc

rg-pksonokdbaogdtk

Mg cb eugdtg y gc rgngptkr





^]@ G^]. GCGUBNOKD



^]@ ]KAK U2

Â



G^]Â]ONB^ XGÔMWBCG^

G^]. XGÔMWBC2

G^]. XGÔMWBC8



^]@ ]KAK U2

^]@ XG^2 U2



^]@ XG^2 U2

^]@ XG^8 U8



^]@ XG^8 U8



^gnugdnob mg prkngsbmkNkak krmgdbr cks

Mgeodonoþd mg Igkagtrábmbtks;


Xgnupgrbnokd mg bapcutum

Eoctrbmk pkr vgcknombgm

Mgnkdvkcunoþd

NAZ ibtfgr

Bciudks prkngsks mghgd mg rgbcozbrsg gd gcMkaodok mgc NAZ]gndonbs mg bmquosonokd ‖Aucto Nkvgrturb‟



^gnugdnob mg prkngsbmkNkrrgnoþd kr moegrgdnobs

Mgeodonoþd mg igkagtrábmg togapk mghombs bc keesgt

gd gc NAZ Nkrrgnnokdgs Gstâtonbs

Xgnupgrbnokd mg bapcotum


Keesgt

Mgnkdvkcunoþd

NAZ ibtfgr

]ogapk

krrgn d

Moegrgdnobs mg togapk



B âco o m U c om m



Bdâcosos mg Ugcknombm

AUE^sgahcbdzb NAZ ibtfgr

– Zonk‑ mg

vgcknombmZrkmunog

abxoakGd cbeudnoþd

vgcknombm

NMZ‟s G^] XGEXBNNOKD



NMZ s G^]. XGEXBNNOKD

NMZ‟s G^] XGÔMWBCG^



NMZ s G^]. XGÔMWBCG^



^gnugdnob mg prkngsbmkNkak rgmunor gc

Mgeodonoþd mg igkagtrábagrk g rbzbs


Xgnupgrbnokd mg bapcotum


Mgnkdvkcunoþdd

NAZ ibtfgr

krrgnn d

Nkrrgnnoþd MAK



^]@



^]@

^]@ ]XOA



^





Zrkngssodi ^gnugdnob]kmbs cbs rgecgxokdgs vogdgd mg

Mgeodonoþd mg igkagtrábud pudtk soapcg;


Xgnupgrbnoþd mg bapcotum


Zudtk agmok

Mgnkdvkcunoþd

NAZ ibtfgr

krrgnn d

Nkrrgnnoþd MAK







^gnugdnob mg Zrkngsbmk]kmbs cbs rgecgxokdgs vogdgd mg

Mgeodonoþd mg igkagtrábpudtks lustk hblk gc NAZ;

Nkrrgnokdgs Gstâtonbs

Xgnupgrbnoþd mg bpcotumgs

eoctrbmk pkr vgcknombm

Mgnkdvkcunoþd

NAZ ibtfgr

krrgn d

Nkrrgnnoþd MAK

Aoirbtokd

AOI ZK^]



AOI Z^]A



AOI Z^]A EV





KHLG]OUK IGKEÁÔNK



• Khtgdgr ud vkcuagd odtg rbmk mg cks > nuhks mgsmg gc dovgc mg mos brks , brbdtozbdmk udb

nbcombm mg oabigd sásaonb nkapbtohcg b ck cbrik mg tkmb cb gxtgdsoþd

• Zgraotor cb odtgrprgtbnoþd y gc abpgk gstrunturbc y gstrbtoirâeonk mg cks sgmoagdtks b dovgc

tgrn br k, agskzk nk nkd d bs s gd ks d vg gs rgt n nk, ur s nk y nbr kdbtb ks pbrb tk k

gc vkcuagd.

• Buagdtbr cb nb bnombm mg vosubcozbnoþd brb ag krbr cb nka rgdsoþd mg cbs gstrunturbsodvkcunrbmbs

• Aglkrbr cb oabigd sásaonb mg cbs gstrunturbs rgcgvbdtgs< Zcbtbekrab y ]bcum

• Zrkvggr ud nkdludtk mg NXZ ibtfgrs aoirbmks prgbpocbmk gd togapk, nkd trbtbaogdtk mgbapcotumgs nkdtrkcbmk, dgngsbrok pbrb odirgsbr b cbs fgrrbaogdtbs mg nbrbntgrozbnoþd mg

rgsgrvkroks BUK g Odvgrsoþd ^ásaonb

NOAB NX]NC GD ]OGAZK



Vbdbh-2

@unfg-2

_bxnfg-2

Iuruabc-8 Zbcktbmb-2Kp. Bzto-2Kp. Bykfuo-2

Nbapk Lulk-]gnk

]bhbnk-2]kdbcb-?:8Xbhbsb-2

Btgpkdtb-2::2

Bpkapk-2

-

Nfbyb-2

^bdnfgz Abib. -6:2

Kibrrok->:2Zonk mg Krk-2

Kp. Zokt c-2

p. n n- Kp. @gpo-2Kp. Byktc-2

-

ûrgdk-2B

Oiubzb-2

Zcbykd-2 Lulk-8B

Egdox-8:2

Nfbaoiub-8

Ekdtbdb-2

Kp.]gahbn-2

. -

Nbcgtkd-2-

]kckqug-2

Xok Zcbybs-8

Ngrrk Dbdnfotbc-2:2Ngrrk Zgckd-2 ^bhbdgrk-2

Zbrbak-2

Zkzk agskzkonk

Zkzk tgrnobrok

Kp agskzkonbs

Nkckdobc-2Nfuaobpbd-2B



NBCG]KD >M, ^FK] >>=8



Bo ]8.87

WDOKD NNI >M Z^]A




Bo ] +HCB^]8.87

WDOKD NNI >M Z^]A




MOEGXGDNOB

WDOKD NNI >M Z^]A

^]BN@ ]KAK ÔD MGNKD OC 2:::



WDOKD NNI >M Z^]A

^]BN@ ]KAK NKD MGNKD OC 2:::



WDOKD NNI >M Z^]A

ABZB MG GCGUBNOKDG^ MG CB^ EWGD]G^



ABZB MG GCGUBNOKDG^ MG CB^ XGNGZ]KXB^



AKMGCK MG XGEXBNNOKDZKX GC AG]KMK ICO

IGDGXBCO\GM CODGBC ODUGX]OKD



WDOKD NNI >M Z^]A

AKMGCK MG XGEXBNNOKDZKX ]KAKIXBEOB



WDOKD NNI >M Z^]A



OC ?::

^]@ XG^ 8, v>



WDOKD NNI >M Z^]A

NBAZK MG UGCKNOMBM >(G^]B]ONB XGÔMWBC 8)



WDOKD NNI >M Z^]A

^]BN@ KXOIODBC



WDOKD NNI >M Z^]A

^]BN@ NKD EKCM XGIWCBXO\BMK _/K OD]GXZKCBNOKD MGMB]K^ AWC]OMOAGDÔKDBC



WDOKD NNI >M Z^]A

]OAG ^CONG^, =:::ÔD G^NBCBXG^



WDOKD NNI >M Z^]A

]OAG ^CONG^, =:::NKD G^NBCBXG^



WDOKD NNI >M Z^]A



WDOKD NNI >M Z^]A

AOIXBNOKD ZXGBZOCBMK GD ]OGAZK



CK^ ZBXBAG]XK^ BZCONBMK^<

Bpgrturb Abxoab< 7::: a

]babdk irupk keesgt< 8:: a

Wctoak ru k mg keesgt< 5:7: aDuagrk mg keesgts< >8

Bdtobcobs< 87 x 87 pbrb bahbs iroccbs

Abccb mg bdbcosos mg vgcknombmgs psta< 2 x 2 àMbtua Eodbc< 2::.: a.s.d.a

WDOKD NNI >M Z^]A

BDBCOÔ^ MG UGCKNOMBM MG AOIXBNOKDANU^ - NXK^CODG 255:



–Bpocbmk Nkapugstk‑

UgcknombmAgdkr

Zon` Bntovk

Ugcknombm Abykr

NMZ >85?99:Odcodg 2::?, Nrksc odg 8:8:



IB]FGX AOIXBMK ÔD NKXXGNNOKD XGÔMWBC

WDOKD NNI >M Z^]A

NMZ >85?99:Odcodg 2::?, Nrkscodg 8:8:



IB]FGX AOIXBMK NKD NKXXGNNOKD XGÔMWBC

WDOKD NNI >M Z^]A

ODCODG 997^]BN@ AOIXBMK ÔD NKXXGNNOKD XGÔMWBC



WDOKD NNI >M Z^]A

ODCODG 997^]BN@ AOIXBMK NKD NKXXGNNOKD XGÔMWBC



WDOKD NNI >M Z^]A

]OAG ^CONG =:::^]BN@ AOIXBMK EODBC



NWHK^]BN@ AOIXBMK EODBC





>M Z^MA

Xgsuagd



Ugcknombmgs soapcgs, gstrunturb nkapcglbZrg-stbn` toag aoirbtokd

vgcknombmgs soapcgs, gstrunturb soapcgpkst-stbn` aoirbtokd

Ugcknombmgs nkapcglbs, gstrunturb soapcg Ugcknombmgs nkapcglbs, gstrunturb nkapcglb

-ks -s bn gp a irb kd

Gstrunturb nkapcglb

Zkst stbn` toag aoirbtokd Zrg stbn` mgptf aoirbtokd



Zkst-stbn` toag aoirbtokd Zrg-stbn` mgptf aoirbtokd

OC 582 Zks^]A, @ornf vs ^tkct



Z^]A @OXNFFKEE -]OGAZK





NHA-ZXKEWDMOMBM





Aglkrbs Khtgdombs mgc Zrkngsk Z^MA

Aoirbnoþd Eodbc gd ]ogapk (Z^]A)




HK^;

VCD 5>:


Aoirbnoþd Eodbc gd Zrkeudmombm (Z^MA)



i ( )

HK^;

HK^;

VCD 5>:





i p ( )

ODC998


Aoirbnoþd Eodbc gd Zrkeudmombm (Z^MA)



ODC998





VCD 22=8





VCD 22=8



FE0 Odvgrsoþd ^ásaonb Gcâstonb y/kbnüstonb.

Zrgpbrbnoþd mg cks Ibtfgrs

Aoirbtgm Ibtfgr

Aoirbtgm Ibtfgr BDUGC

BDUGC BDUGC & Xbmkd

BDUGC & Xbmkd FEO Ibtfgr

FEO Ibtfgr



Gtbpbs prgvobs odvkcunrbmbs gd gc bnkdmonokdbaogdtk mg cks ibtfgrs. Gd gc nubmrk abs b cb ozquogrmb nkdstotuygd cks mbtks aoirbmks mggdtrb b, kd g sg pug g k sgrvbr qug bs vg kn b gs g dgngs tbd sgr rg db bs y sg bp nb ud b ikr tak b nb b k qug gtgra db dugvbsvgcknombmgs qug nkrroigd cks rgecgntkrgs nkapcgtbagdtg. Zkstgrokragdtg, sg bpconbd cks eoctrks dgngsbroks pbrb gcoaodbr aüctopcgs y ktrks ruomks.Eodbcagdtg, sg bpconb FEO nkd ck qug sg odnrgagdtb nkdsomgrbhcgagdtg gc nkdtgdomk mg ergnugdnobs qug pgraotg bmgaâs prgvgdor gc rogsik mg ebcsbsbdkabcábs mg BUK pkr gegntk nkdstruntovk k mgstruntovk mg odtgregrgdnob gdtrg mks k abs sgòbcgs rgecglbmbs mostbdnobmbs b agdks mg ud nubrtk mg suckdiotum mg kdmb prgmkaodbdtg. (tuddodi geegnt).

Zbtcbnfg 2:2 Zbtcbnfg 2



Dkrabc Ergqugdny ^gosaon



Zbtcbnfg 2 ^gosaon



]BXIG]

Zbtcbnfg 2 FEO



]BXIG]



]fos sc omg fbs bdoabtokd hgtwggd tfg twk vkcuags FEO & DE





Zrkngsbaogdtk sásaonk

ôsakckiáb >M Aucto-nkapkdgdtg

Cbs vbrobnokdgs bnoautbcgs mg cks btrohutks sásaonks skd sgdsohcgs b cbs abnrk y aonrk irogtbs ybc gseugrzk moegrgdnobc fkrozkdtbc. Zbrb khsgrvbr cbs vbrobnokdgs mg gstks btrohutks bnoautbcagdtgsg rgquogrg bmquoror mbtks sásaonks bprkpobmks bc oiubc qug gc usk mg fgrrbaogdtbs mg



sg rgquogrg bmquoror mbtks sásaonks bprkpobmks bc oiubc qug gc usk mg fgrrbaogdtbs mgprkngsbaogdtk g odtgrprgtbnoþd gspgnobcozbmks. Mbmk qug gc eculk mg fomrknbrhurks gd nogrtksmgpþsotks sg rgcbnokdb morgntbagdtg nkd cb mgdsombm y cb krogdtbnoþd mg cbs erbnturbrsg, gstbspugmgd sgr mgsnrotbs pkr gc nbapk mg kdmbs Z >M y nubdtoeonbmks pkr cbs kdmbs mg nkrtbdtg qugrgquogrgd fbhgr somk bmquorombs gd gstumoks aucto-nkapkdgdtg >M .

Cb odtgrprgtbnoþd mg tkmks cks nkapkdgdtgs mgc nbapk mg kdmbs sásaonbs pgraotg khtgdgr cbsprkpogmbmgs mgc ybnoaogdtk cbs nubcgs skd oaprgnosbs usbdmk cb kdmb sásaonb pnkdvgdnokdbc, pkr ck tbdtk, cb odtgrprgtbnoþd aucto-nkapkdgdtg pgraotg cb nbrbntgrozbnoþd mg

cotkckiáb y gstoabnoþd morgntb mg rgsgrvbs b pbrtor mg cb pkrksombm mg cb ekrabnoþd y su cotkckiábbsá nkak cb mgcodgbnoþd y nbrbntgrozbnoþd mgc eculk mg ecuomks mgdtrk mgc ybnoaogdtk b pbrtor mgagmonokdgs osktrþponbs

ZBD]BDK

ZBXB CK^ MK^ ]OZK^MG GDUKC]WXB,

MG ZBD]BDK _ ]OGXXB.

Zrkngsks Gspgnobcgs kpnokdbcgs/bmonokdbcgs0 usbmks gd cbnbrbntgrozbnoþd mg ybnoaogdtks

Gd nkahodbnoþd nkd bciudks mg cks prkngsks gspgnobcgs prgvoks, sg pugmgd khtgdgr bciudbs mg cbs

soiuogdtgs skcunokdgs igkcþionbs/igkeásonbs<



soiuogdtgs skcunokdgs igkcþionbs/igkeásonbs<

Gstumoks mg sgdsotovombm / ebntohocombm

^gdsotovombm =M

^gdsotovombm / bahoiógmbm

gd

gstoabnoþd

mg

prkpogmbmgs

pgtrkeásonbs

(pkrksombm, cotkckiáb, ecuomks, gtn.) gapcgbdmk mbtks sásaonks

Xgskcunoþd

Gtn.

Nbrbntgrozbnoþd

mg

ybnoaogdtks

(ncâstonks

k nbrhkdbtks)

Nbrbntgrozbnoþd mg erbnturbs

Gstoabnoþd mg prgsoþd mg pkrk

•Xgmunnoþd mg

rogsik

gd

gstoabnoþd

mg

prkpogmbmgs

pgtrkeásonbs

b trbvïs

mg

btrohutks

sásaonks pkst‚bpocbmk, prg‚bpocbmk y gc nâcnuck mg prkpogmbmgs mg cbs rknbs b trbvïs mg

odvgrsoþd sásaonb prg‚bpocbmk.



NKD]GV]K MGC

_ GC AWDMK









Nkdncusokdgs

k Mgdtrk mg cbs tgdmgdnobs mg aglkrb gd cb nbcombm mg cks mosgòks, bmquosonoþd, prkngsbmk g



odtgrprgtbnoþd mg mbtks sásaonks, sg gdnugdtrb gc fgnfk mg or igdgrbdmk sásaonb qug pgraotb dk skck

fbngr gxpckrbnoþd mg fomrknbrhurks, sodk bmbptbr cb sásaonb b cks prkhcgabs cknbcgs y/k rgiokdbcgs ygapcgbrcb nbmb vgz aâs nkak udb fgrrbaogdtb mg nbrbntgrozbnoþd mg ybnoaogdtks qug pgraotb

mosaoduor sgdsohcgagdtg cks bntubcgs rogsiks mg cb pgrekrbnoþd. Gs mgnor ccgvbr cb sásaonb fbstb cb

saubn d g ybnagdk.



Mbtb prkngssodi sgqugdng (2)<

Bssoid & nfgn` skurng-rgngovgr igkagtry,Xbw U^Z mbtb



Mgtgraodg >N krogdtbtokd

.

ûrvgy mbtb

Xktbtg tkwbrms skurng

Odotobc RN, >N krogdtbtokdbdm Ugcknoty Akmgc huocmodi

Nkdvgrt tk zgrk pfbsgbdm hbdm pbss eoctgr

Odvgrt ekr skurng stbtons

Zon` eorst hrgb` toags Odvgrt ekr zgrk keesgt 2M vgcknoty akmgc



Mbtb prkngssodi sgqugdng (>)<

>N upikodi wbvgeogcm sgpbrbtokdNkaakd ̂ kurng Nkdvgrt tk zgrk pfbsg

, ,I tf (NÎ ) bdm hbdm pbss octgr



, ,

Xktbtg F2 tkwbrms skurng

Ibtfgrs (NÎs) bdm hbdm pbss octgr

ûa< F2 - U

Nkdvkcvg^kurng wbvg eoctgrs

BIN

]kp autg EHs

Ibppgm mgnkd

Hbdm pbss

Xbmkd eoctgr Wpikodi Z-wbvgs



ûab Aucto-nkapkdgdtg<

2) Xktbtg F2 (bzoautf kdcy)tkwbrms skurng

8) Xgvgrsg U pkcbroty >) ûa<-U + F2



U+

U-

sv

p

skurngskurng

F2+ F2+

- -R8R> p

- +rgecgntokd

sv

•Mkwdikodi p-wbvgs brg bttgdubtgm wotf b mopkcg rgspkdsg od tfg R2 qubmrbdt.•

Mkwdikodi s-wbvgs brg bapcoeogm wotf bd osktrkpon rgspkdsg od tfg R2 qubmrbdt.•Wpikodi p-wbvgs brg bapcoeogm wotf bd osktrkpon rgspkdsg od tfg R8 qubmrbdt.

- .

Bnrkdoaks

• BUK

Bapcotum vs Keesgt prg bpocbmk bdbcosos qug byumb b mgeodor cotkckiob



„ Bapcotum vs Keesgt „ prg‚bpocbmk bdbcosos qug byumb b mgeodor cotkckiob

• 8M

„ Wdb soapcg

codgb

prkngsbmb

• >M

„ Codgbs Auctopcgs Zrkngsbmbs

• =M (Cbpsk‚]ogapk)

„ >M Xgpgtor

cks

gstumoks

gd

ud

odtgrvbck

mg

togapk

• >N/=N (Aucto‚nkapkdgdtgs)

„ Mgtgntkrgs gs gnobcgs b akdotkrgbr gdgr ob mg rg rgsk skhrg

moegrgdtgs morgnnokdgs

Bnrkdoaks

• Z^]A

Z B oc m Ao o ]o



„ Zrg‚Bpocbmk Aoirbnokd gd ]ogapk

• Z^MA

„ ‚

• Odvgrsokd

„ Nkdvgrtor Bapcotum ôsaonb b Oapgmbdnobs Bnustonbs k Ugcknombm



Mgptf2969 >82?

Mgptf2969 >82?

Mgptf2969 >82?

Mgptf2969 >82?2:: Nkaakd ^kurng Ibtfgr

Xbw bxobc mbtb



skurng.

7::

btb rktbtg tkwbr srgecgntkrs

( u s )

Mbtb betgr wbvgeogcmsgpbrbtokd „ upikodi Zwbvg

] o a

2:::

Eugdtg< –8::=.2:.2=.FktOng.EuccBdbmbr`k prgsgdtbtokd.U^Z - ^GI‑

Keesgt erka wgcc fgbm (et)>57 >6:5



»Nubc gs cb rgbcombm skhrg cks gdgriïtonks eþsocgs;



EWGD]G< GDGXI_ ODUG^]AGD] HBD@ODI EOXA KE ZBX@^ ZB]KD FKGZEC & HXKYD.

Agrnbmk Ickhbc mg cb ôsaonb$ W^ AAM

$8:



2=

$25

$26

2>.=

27.=

Zrkygntbmk

$6

$2:

$28

7.6 7.? 7.9 5.>

9.6

2:.?

Bntubc

$:

$8

$=

5 . .

2??? 8::: 8::2 8::8 8::> 8::= 8::7 8::5 8::9 8::6

EWGD]G< GDGXI_ ODUG^]AGD] HBD@ODI EOXA KE ZBX@^ ZB]KD FKGZEC & HXKYD.

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