Proceedings of Third JSPS Seminar - Nagoya Universityenv728.env.nagoya-u.ac.jp/asiandust-ERS/Seminar3/doc/proceeding.pdfProceedings of Third JSPS Seminar: ... T-3 16:20-17:50 Lecture

Proceedings of Third JSPS Seminar:

Collaborative Research between Mongolia, China and Japan on

Outbreaks of Asian Dust and Environmental Regime Shift

Puma Imperial Hotel and Information and Research

Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment (IRIMHE)

Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

8-12 August 2016

Edited by

Prof. K. Kai, Prof. M. Shinoda and Ms. J. Wu

Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University

Dr. D. Jugder and Ms. E. Munkhjargal

Information and Research Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment

Dr. J. Noda

Rakuno Gakuen University.

The logo of the Third JSPS Seminar was designed by

Mr. B. Buyantogtoh (IRIMHE) and modified by

Dr. T. Maki (Kanazawa University).

Sponsored by

JSPS Core-to-Core Program

i

Proceedings of Third JSPS Seminar:

Collaborative Research between Mongolia, China and Japan on

Outbreaks of Asian Dust and Environmental Regime Shift

Puma Imperial Hotel and Information and Research

Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment (IRIMHE)


8-12 August 2016

ii

Welcome Message

It is my pleasure to present this welcome address to participants to the Third JSPS Seminar of

“Collaborative Research between Mongolia, China and Japan on Outbreaks of Asian Dust and

Environmental Regime Shift” adopted by “JSPS Core-to-Core Program”. This Seminar is co-hosted

by Information and Research Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment, Mongolia and

Nagoya University, Japan.

Dust storm is one of the natural phenomena in the Gobi Deserts and arid regions in Northeast

Asia. Dust particles emitted by strong winds from the ground surface during dust storms, transport

over large distances and deposit on the way. The topic of dust storm is a unique field in

environmental sciences; however, it has resulted in a considerable loss of human life and property.

Fine dust particles also negatively affect human health and the production precision materials. The

geographical, climatic and anthropogenic factors influence on generation of dust storm.

We already have several regional cooperation projects establishing monitoring systems of

dust storms. Regional cooperation is based on mutual trust. Through this, we are launching own

efforts to solve common environmental problems as dust storms.

In this regard, I think that many researchers from participating countries have gathered to

share information, knowledge, and expertise on dust storm. I am confident that this seminar will

enable us to better understand the nature of dust storm.

Thank you for your participations and your valuable contributions to be made during the

Third JSPS seminar. Also, I would like to express my gratitude to Prof. Kenji Kai, for his support to

make this Seminar successful. I do hope that all foreign speakers will enjoy your stay in Mongolia.

Thank you for your attention.

Mr. S. Khudulmur

Director, Information and Research

Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology

and Environment (IRIMHE), Mongolia

iii

Organizing Committee

Chair:

Mr. S. Khudulmur (Director of IRIMHE)

Co-chairs:

Prof. K. Kai (Nagoya University)

Prof. J. Huang (Lanzhou University)

Members:

Dr. J. Batbayar (NAMEM)

Dr. D. Jugder (IRIMHE)

Mr. B. Buyantogtoh (IRIMHE)

Dr. B. Nandintsetseg (Nagoya University, IRIMHE)

Dr. Z. Huang (Lanzhou University)

Dr. J. Noda (Rakuno Gakuen University)

Prof. M. Shinoda (Nagoya University)

Mr. K. Kawai (Nagoya University)

Secretariat:

Ms. E. Munkhjargal (IRIMHE)

[email protected]

Ms. A. Nakashima (Nagoya University)

[email protected]

Ms. J. Wu (Nagoya University)

[email protected]

IRIMHE: Information and Research Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment

NAMEM: National Agency for Meteorology and Environmental Monitoring

iv

Program at a glance

1

Program

========================================== DAY-1 Monday 8 August

Opening ceremony 8:30-9:00

Mr. S. Khudulmur (Director of IRIMHE)

Prof. J. Huang (Lanzhou University)

Prof. K. Kai (Nagoya University, Coordinator of JSPS Program)

8:50-9:00 Group Photo

Keynote lectures 9:00-11:50 Chair: Prof. K. Kai & Prof. B. Hoshino

K-1 9:00- 9:25 Evolution of Vegetation in Mongolia over Past 20ka: A Statistic Reconstruction

Prof. Y. Shao (University of Cologne, Germany) --------------------------------------10

K-2 9:25-9:50 Developing a Soil Erodibility Map over Mongolia: Evaluation of Three

Erodibility Parameters and Their Integration

Dr. D. Jugder (IRIMHE, Mongolia) -----------------------------------------------------11

K-3 9:50-10:15 Microorganisms Transported Long-range in the Free Atmosphere over

North-East Asia: Mixing State of Dust Particles

Prof. Y. Iwasaka (University of Shiga Prefecture, Japan) ----------------------------12

10:15-10:35 Coffee Break

K-4 10:35-11:00 Overview of Intensive Observation Periods (IOP) of Asian Dust and Environ-

mental Regime Shift Under the Cooperation between Mongolia, China and Japan

Prof. K. Kai (Nagoya University, Japan) ------------------------------------------------13

K-5 11:00-11:25 Comparison of Optical Properties Between Pure and Anthropogenic Dust

Measured by Ground-Based Lidar

Prof. J. Huang (Lanzhou University, China) --------------------------------------------14

K-6 11:25-11:50 Operational and Research Activities for Asian Dust at Japan Meteorological

Agency: Forecasting, Monitoring and Assimilation

Dr. K. Yumimoto (Meteorological Research Institute, JMA, Japan) ----------------15

Session A: Asian dust –observation, numerical modeling, and long-rang transport–

Chair: Prof. J. Huang & Dr. D. Judger

A-1 13:30-13:50 An Overview of the Improvements to the Version 4 Level 2 CALIPSO Lidar

Data Products (invited)

2

Dr. A. Omar (NASA, USA) -----------------------------------------------------------------17

A-2 13:50-14:10 Observation of Distribution and Characteristics of Mineral Dust Using Lidars

and In-Situ Optical Particle Counters (invited)

Dr. N. Sugimoto (NIES, Japan) -----------------------------------------------------------18

A-3 14:10-14:25 Measurements of Fluorescent Aerosols from a Multi-Channel Lidar

Spectrometer System during DUBI 2016 Campaign

Dr. Z. Huang (Lanzhou University, China) ----------------------------------------------19

A-4 14:25-14:40 Column-Integrated Key Absorption and Optical Properties Of Asian Dust over

East and Central Asia Areas

Dr. J. Bi (Lanzhou University, China) ----------------------------------------------------20


A-5 15:00-15:15 Development of a Compact, Low-Cost And Precise PM2.5 Sensor and its

Applications

Prof. Y. Matsumi (Nagoya University, Japan) ------------------------------------------21

A-6 15:15-15:30 Simulation of WRF-CHEM Model for Dust Concentration over Mongolia

Dr. B. Buyantogtokh (IRIMHE, Mongolia) ---------------------------------------------22

A-7 15:30-15:45 Aerosol Optical Properties in Gobi Agricultural Region of Northwest China

during Dunhuang Campaign

Dr. J. Shi (Lanzhou University, China) --------------------------------------------------23

A-8 15:45-16:00 Dust Event in the Gobi Desert in May 2013: Relation with Cold Front

Mr. K. Kawai (Nagoya University, Japan) ----------------------------------------------24

A-9 16:00-16:15 Characteristics of Cloud Base Height from Ceilometer and Eye-Visible

Measurements in Dalanzadgad, Mongolia

Mr. D. Enkhbaatar (IRIMHE, Mongolia) -----------------------------------------------25

A-10 16:15-16:30 Dust Storm in Natural Zones and Its Relationship with Precipitation over

Mongolia

Dr. G. Amgalan (IRIMHE, Mongolia) --------------------------------------------------26

Poster Session 12:40-13:30, 16:30-18:00

3

============================================ DAY-2 Tuesday 9 August

Session B: Environmental regime shift, desertification, risk management

Chair: Prof. M. Shinoda & Dr. J. Noda

B-1 8:30-8:50 The Eco-hydrological Process and Its Environmental Effects in Gurbantunggut

Desert of China (invited)

Prof. H. Zhou (Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, China) -------------- 28

B-2 8:50-9:10 Seasonal Dynamics of Surface Roughness and Dust Emission in Mongolia Gobi

Region (invited)

Prof. B. Hoshino (Rakuno Gakuen University, Japan) ---------------------------------29

B-3 9:10-9:25 A Livestock Trampling Function for Emission Rate of Wind-blown Dust in

Mongolia

Prof. E. Munkhtsetseg (National University of Mongolia, Mongolia) ---------------30

B-4 9:25-9:40 Land degradation by Wind and Dust Storms over the Territory of Khuvsgul Aimag

Dr. E. Bayarjargal (Service for Hydrometeorology and Environment of Khuvsgul,

Mongolia) --------------------------------------------------------------31

B-5 9:40-9:55 The Impact of Forest Fire on Forest Cover Types and Forest Cover Change

Ms. G. Nandin-Erdene (IRIMHE, Mongolia) -------------------------------------------32


B-6 10:15-10:35 Sign of an Emerging Regime Shift in the Mongolian Herder-Pastureland System

(invited)

Prof. M. Shinoda (Nagoya University, Japan) ------------------------------------------33

B-7 10:35-10:50 Incorporating Ecological and Wind Erosion Models for Sustainability of the

Temperate Grassland Ecosystem

Dr. B. Nandintsetseg (Nagoya University, Japan & IRMHE, Mongolia) ------------34

B-8 10:50-11:05 Mongolian Mine Closure: Desertification, Soil erosion

Mr. S. Mukhorgil (Institute of Paleontology and Geology, Mongolia) ---------------35

B-9 11:05-11:20 Soil Wind Erodibility in the Tarim Basin

Dr. X. Li (Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, China) ----------------------36

B-10 11:20-11:35 Method of Estimation Drought Using Remote Sensing Data

Ms. B. Tuvdendorj (IRIMHE, Mongolia) -------------------------------------------------37

B-11 11:35-11:50 Determination of Future Prospects of Dry Zones in Mongolia Using a

Warming-Drying Index

4

Dr. D. Dulamsuren (IRIMHE, Mongolia) ------------------------------------------------38

B-12 11:50-12:05 Drought Risk Assessment Using Remote Sensing and GIS

Ms. A. Magsarjav (IRIMHE, Mongolia) --------------------------------------------------39

Training course for young researchers

T-1 13:30-14:30 Dust modelling

Prof. Y. Shao (University of Cologne, Germany) ----------------------------------------


Session C: Bioaerosols Chair: Prof. Y. Iwasaka & Prof. E. Munkhtsetseg

C-1 14:45-15:05 Origins of Airborne Bacterial Communities in Bioaerosols Transported From

Gobi Desert Area by Dust Events (invited)

Dr. T. Maki (Kanazawa University, Japan) -----------------------------------------------41

C-2 15:05-15:20 Viability Differences of Bioaerosols with Dusts from Mongolia and Japan

Dr. J. Noda (Rakuno Gakuen University, Japan) ----------------------------------------42

C-3 15:20-15:35 Analysis of Physical Properties of Individual Asian Dust (Kosa) Particles by

Atomic Force Microscopy

Dr. A. Matsuki (Kanazawa University, Japan) ------------------------------------------43

C-4 15:35-15:50 Adverse Health Effect of Asian Dust Particle for Healthy Subjects

Dr. K. Ohnishi (University of Yamanashi, Japan) --------------------------------------44

C-5 15:50-16:05 Rangeland Health Monitoring of Mongolia

Ms. B. Erdenetsetseg (IRIMHE, Mongolia) ---------------------------------------------45

C-6 16:05-16:20 Ambient air PM2.5 and its Impact on Cardiovascular Disease in Ulaanbaatar

Residents

Dr. E. Altangerel (Public health institute, Mongolia) ----------------------------------46

C-7 16:20-16:35 Air Pollution and Pulmonary Function Survey Results among Schoolchildren

Living in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

Dr. D. Baigalmaa (National Center for Maternal and Child Health, Mongolia) ---47

C-8 16:35-16:50 Prevalence of Airborne Infectious Virus in Nomadic Livestock

Dr. K. Hagiwara (Rakuno Gakuen University, Japan) ---------------------------------48

Discussion 16:50-17:20

Poster Session 12:40-13:30, 17:20-18:00

5

========================================= DAY-3 Wednesday 10 August

Field Seminar in Hustai National Park------------------------------------------------------------8

========================================= DAY-4 Thursday 11 August


T-2 14:30-16:00 Remote Sensing Method for Extract the Asian Dust Storm Area

Prof. B. Hoshino (Rakuno Gakuen University, Japan) ----------------------------------69


T-3 16:20-17:50 Lecture for Japanese Geostationary Satellite, Himawari-8 and Data Assimilation

Methods

Dr. K. Yumimoto (Meteorological Research Institute, JMA, Japan) ------------------70

=========================================== DAY-5 Friday 12 August


T-4 9:00-10:30 Measurements of Dust and Bioaerosols by Lidar

Dr. Z. Huang (Lanzhou University, China) -------------------------------------------------71


T-5 10:45-12:15 Lecture for the Ceilometer Observation in the Gobi Desert

Mr. K. Kawai (Nagoya University, Japan) -------------------------------------------------72

T-6 13:30-15:00 Lecture for the Investigation of Atmospheric Bioaerosols

Dr. T. Maki (Kanazawa University, Japan) -------------------------------------------------73

Lecture for the Measurement Of Bioaerosols

Dr. J. Noda (Rakuno Gakuen University, Japan) ------------------------------------------74

Author Index ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------75

6

Poster Session

P-1 Comparison of General Circulation Model Outputs over Mongolia

A. Davaadorj (IRIMHE, Mongolia) -----------------------------------------------------------------50

P-2 Simulation of a Severe Dust Storm over Mongolia during 25-28 May 2008

J. Sereenendorj (Hydrometerology and Environment Monitoring Service

Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------51

P-3 LIDAR and Surface Observations of Air Pollution in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

M. Wang (Nagoya University, Japan) --------------------------------------------------------------52

P-4 Horizontal and Vertical Distributions of Asian Dust in Arid area, Mongolia

Y. Minamoto (Nagoya University, Japan) ----------------------------------------------------------53

P-5 Relationship between Vegetation Coverage and Dust Storms over The Gobi Area

T. Purevsuren (National Agency for Meteorology and Environmental Monitoring,

Mongolia) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------54

P-6 Estimation of Threshold Wind Speeds for Dust Emission

N. Baljinnyam (IRIMHE, Mongolia) ---------------------------------------------------------------55

P-7 Impacts of Grazing and Precipitation Variability pn Vegetation Dynamics in a Mongolian

Dry Steppe

T. Bat-oyun (IRIMHE, Mongolia) -------------------------------------------------------------------56

P-8 Effect of Meteorological Condition on Air Pollution in the Southwestern Area of Ulaanbaatar

E. Narankhuu (National University of Mongolia, Mongolia) -----------------------------------57

P-9 Climate Change Impact And Disease On Grasshopper (Orthoptera) in Mongolia

A. Tumurbus (IRIMHE, Mongolia) -----------------------------------------------------------------58

P-10 Plant Water Status over Permafrost Region in Mongolia

E. Dorjpurev (National University of Mongolia, Mongolia) ------------------------------------59

P-11 Field Experiment Appropriate Use of Animal Manure for Soil Desertification in Mongolia

J. Altansuvd (Mongolian Life Science of Agriculture, Mongolia) ------------------------------60

P-12 Cultivated Technology Development Trends and Opportunity to Reduce Soil Erosion

L. Davaa (Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Mongolia) ----------------------------------61

7

P-13 The Result of Some Soil Properties and Plants in Fenced and Non-fenced Rangeland Places in

Forest-Steppe Region of Monglia

B. Lkhamsuren (Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Mongolia) --------------------------62

P-14 Amylase, Protease and Catalase Activity of Plant Root and Soils

J. Bayarmaa (National University of Mongolia, Mongolia) -------------------------------------63

P-15 Transport of Trace Gases in The Gobi Region of Mongolia

O. Dugerjav (IRIMHE, Mongolia) ------------------------------------------------------------------64

P-16 Relationship between soil moisture and snow cover in Mongolia

E. MUNKHJARGAL (IRIMHE, Mongolia) -------------------------------------------------------65

P-17 PM10 and PM2.5 in the Ambient Air of Ulaanbaatar City

E. Sarangerel (National Agency for Meteorology and Environmental Monitoring,

Mongolia) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------66

P-18 Sand Storm Impacts Respiratory System of Small Ruminants in Mongolia

B. Purevdorj (Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolia) -------------------------------------67

8

Field Seminar in Hustai National Park

A field seminar will take place at the Hustai National Park (HNP). It is located about 95 km west of

Ulaanbaatar, and its area 50,600 ha.

The HNP is world-famous for the successful reintroduction of the wild horse TAKHI (Przewalski

horse). TAKHI, which was extinct in the wild in 1960's, has been reintroduced to the Mongolian

grassland in 1980's with an international cooperation.

The Mongolian grasslands, which have a rich ecosystem with a variety of wild animals and

plants, act as a natural barrier to prevent desertification from extending further northward.

We will observe the conservation and protection of ecosystems in the park. Staying at a ger

(Mongolian tent) one night, we will experience a life in the Mongolian grassland and discuss the

environmental regime shift etc.

A restaurant, a meeting room, a shower and a toilet are available in the main building of HNP.

Photos of TAKHI and gers in the Hustai National Park

taken by Kenji KAI in August2012.

9

Keynote Lectures

9:00-11:50 on 8 August

10

Evolution of Vegetation in Mongolia over Past 20ka: A Statistic Reconstruction

Yaping Shao

1) Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, Germany

Email: [email protected]

In this study, we provide a probabilistic estimate of vegetation density during the Last Glacial

Maximum (LGM) with focus on Mongolia. Following the IGBP classification, we divide land cover

into 11 plant functional types and bare soil, and derive for each of them a statistical relationship

between the probability of vegetation occurrence and climate controls by using today’s vegetation

and climate data. These statistical relationships are assumed to be valid for all times and are used to

reconstruct paleo vegetation patterns. For the LGM and the Middle Holocene, the climate drivers

are estimated from the ensemble-averages of the PMIP3 simulations. While the vegetation during

the Middle Holocene was similar to that of today, the LGM and today’s vegetation patterns are

profoundly different. From a global perspective, vegetation types existing in today’s cooler and

drier regimes prevailed during the LGM, and today’s desert areas had substantially more vegetation.

The vegetation patterns of Mongolia are examined in detail. It is found that while today’s Mongolia

Amazon is primarily grassland, its coverage and density during the LGM were much reduced, and

much of the grassland was located to the southeast of today’s grassland. Discussion on global

vegetation change will also be discussed.

mailto:[email protected]

11

Developing a soil erodibility map over Mongolia:

Evaluation of three erodibility parameters and their integration

D.Jugder1, B.Gantsetseg

1, E.Davaanyam

1, M.Shinoda

2

1) Information and research institute of meteorology and hydrology, Juulchny gudamj-5,

Ulaanbaatar −46, 14201, Mongolia

2) Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Japan


Wind erosion and dust emission are land surface processes that characterize drylands in the world.

Wind erosion depends on the relationship between erosivity (forces that can liberate particles from

the main soil mass) and erodibility (susceptibility of soil to loss of material) factors. In this study,

soil texture data and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) dataset from the Moderate

Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) of Terra Satellite were used to evaluate soil

erodibility over Mongolia in terms of two parameters; K factor and threshold friction velocity.

Threshold friction velocity was estimated using the frontal area of roughness element that is

calculated using NDVI-derived vegetation cover. Finally, a novel integrated soil erodibility map

over Mongolia was developed using the two erodiblity parameters and soil type map.

The estimated K factor showed that erodibility is higher in the desert and desert steppe (the

Gobi) areas of Mongolia, while the estimated threshold friction velocity exhibited a pattern similar

to the K factor pattern with a lower value less than 0.35 over when vegetation cover was less than

15%. Threshold friction velocity ranged from 0.23 m/sec to 0.55 m/sec in the Gobi desert area in

the south and west and it is higher as more than 0.70 in forest area in the north and grassland area in

the east of the country.

The integrated soil erodibility map revealed widespread highest-erodibility areas from the

Gobi Desert in the south to sandy areas in the west. Low-erodiblity areas are extended over western

to northern Mongolia, while medium-erodiblity covers steppe regions. The integrated map will

provide a useful, climatological basis for studying dust emission processes and for developing dust

risk assessment and dust early warning system in a practical application.


12

Microorganisms Transported Long-range in the Free Atmosphere over North-East Asia: Mixing State of Dust Particles

Y. Iwasaka1, T. Maki

2, F. Kobayashi

2, M. Kakikawa

2, A. Matsuki

2

1） The University of Shiga Prefecture; Hikone 522-8533 Japan; Email: [email protected] 2) College of Science and Technology, Kanazawa University; Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan

Kosa particles (Dusty sky and/or Dust particles transported from Asian continent are called Kosa in Japan)

are frequently transported long range from desert areas in Asian continent, and Taklamakan desert has large

potential to produce the background Kosa, which are found in the free atmosphere in every seasons, due to

his effective geographical conditions and structures to rift up the dusty air masses in the free troposphere.

Westerly easily transports those air masses containing lots of particles from the Asian continent to Korea

peninsula, Japan islands, and the Pacific ocean, sometimes to Hawaii islands and the American continent.

The mixing ratio of dust particle-microorganism mixture is about 10-20% of dust particles (number

concentration base) on the basis of field measurements made at Taklamakan desert suggesting strongly that

the atmospheric microorganisms effect on climate and environment in regional and/or global through

long-range transportation of dust-microorganisms mixture. The analysis of bacteria community found in the

particulate matter diffusing long-range strongly suggested that bacteria of bacillus group frequently

dominates and possibly effects on atmospheric processes such as cloud formation and snow/rain fall.

We made direct sampling of atmospheric bacterial material at Suzu of Noto peninsula in Japan with

tethered-balloon. This observational site is facing the Japan sea and contamination from the local sources is

considered to be in very low levels. According to the analysis of the community of bacteria collected at

3000m, 1000m, and 10m heights, the phylotypes belonging to the class Bacilli accounted for high relative

abundances ranging from 28.6% to 49.9%. and were, concerning with air mass at 3000m which is considered

to be transported from the desert area of Asian continent with few severe disturbances, mainly composed of

members of the families Bacillaceae and Stapylococcaceae.

The ratio of number concentration of bacterial cells and mineral dust particles, according to

measurements made at Kanazawa during Kosa events, is about 1.5- 3.0 and the cell number concentration is

apparently larger than dust particle concentration. Considering that the ratio of dust-microorganism mixture

to dust particle number concentration, this observation strongly suggests that each Kosa-microorganism

mixture contain lots of cells and sometimes cells belonging to various kind of phylotypes. Mixing ratio of

microbial aggregates were suggested to be about 30% of the particles (larger than 5μm) from analysis of

snow layer on Mt Tateyama and Bacillus subtilis group were frequently found in snow layer suggesting Kosa

particle effects. Detail analysis of Kosa-microorganism mixture is desired to clarify the effects of Kosa on

environment and climate.

Fig. 1 Microorganisms on the surface of

dust particles modify the nature of dust

particles and give the dust particles new

functions in the atmosphere.

13

Overview of Intensive Observation Periods (IOP) of

Asian dust and environmental regime shift

under the cooperation between Mongolia, China and Japan

Kenji KAI1, Kei KAWAI

1, Teruya MAKI

2, Jun NODA

3, Enkhbaatar Davaanyam

4,

Dulam JUGDER4, Batjargal BATBAYAR

5, Nobuo SUGIMOTO

6, Buho HOSHINO

3,

Hongfei ZHOU7, Zhongwei Huang

8, Jianping HUANG

8

1) Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku,

Nagoya 464-8601, Japan, [email protected]

2) College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan,

3) Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan

4) IRIMHE, National Agency for Meteorology and Environment, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

5) National Agency for Meteorology and Environmental Monitoring,

6) National Institute of Environmental Studies (NIES), Tsukuba, Japan

7) Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, CAS, Urumqi, China,

8) College of Atmospheric Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China

In order to investigate the mechanism of Asian dust and environmental regime shift, IOPs were

conducted in the Mongolian grassland, Gobi and Taklimakan Deserts in the springs of 2015 and

2016, by using the research network of JSPS Core-to-Core Program (Fig. 1). Mongolian and

Japanese institutions conducted cooperative observations of the Asian dust from the Mongolian

grassland to Gobi Desert. On the Chinese side of Gobi Desert, Lanzhou University conducted a

high-resolution aerosol observation along the south Gobi Desert and Hexi Corridor.

In the spring of 2016, Nagoya University, Kanazawa University, Rakuno-Gakuen University

and IRIMHE, Mongolia carried out a moving observation of aerosol properties by cars from the

Mongolian grassland to the Gobi desert, and a balloon observation of bioaerosols at Dalanzadgad

observatory (Fig. 2). Observational results of horizontal and vertical distributions of aerosols

properties and meteorological elements will be presented. The aim of the IOPs under the

cooperation between Mongolia, China and Japan is to figure out characteristics of the Asian dust in

the whole Gobi-Taklimakan Deserts.

Fig. 1 Observation map of IOP Fig. 2 Balloon observation of bioaerosols at

Dalanzadgad observatory, Mongolia

14

Comparison of optical properties between pure and anthropogenic dust measured by Ground-Based Lidar

*Jianping Huang，Zhijuan Zhang, Bin Chen, Tian Zhou,

Zhongwei Huang, and Jianrong Bi

1) Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of

Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China

*Email: [email protected]

In this study, the optical properties of pure dust and anthropogenic dust are compared by using

ground Lidar and CALIPSO measurements for, the period from October 2009 to June 2013. The

total attenuated backscatter coefficient at 532 nm, depolarization ratio and color ratio are derived

from the ground L2S-SM-II dual-band polarization Lidar as well as CALIPSO Lidar. We found that

that anthropogenic dust has a spherical-like smaller depolarization ratio and a larger color ratio

which me represents larger in size. Threshold between pure dust and anthropogenic dust was about

0.2. The histogram of attenuated backscatter and color ratio of pure dust shows two peak for pure

dust but they are nearly linear distributed anthropogenic dust. Those ground base results confirm

that air-bone Lidar measurements (Huang et al., 2015) can be used to detect the anthropogenic dust.


15

Operational and Research Activities for Asian Dust at Japan Meteorological Agency: Forecasting, Monitoring and Assimilation

Keiya YUMIMOTO1,*

, Taichu Y. TANAKA1, Akinori OGI

2, Tsuyoshi T. SEKIYAMA

1,

and Takashi MAKI1

1) Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan

2) Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan


Asian mineral dust, a major aerosol during springtime, affects various aspects including social

activity, human health, climate and the ocean ecosystem. To mitigate the damage of severe dust

storms, it is crucial to develop a forecasting and early warning system for Asian dust. The Japan

Meteorological Agency (JMA) launched an operational forecasting system for Asian dust in 2004,

and completed a major renovation of the system, in which the general circulation model and dust

emission scheme were reformed completely, in November 2014. Our group also has a resolution

improvement (from ~110 km to ~40 km) and implementation of data assimilation with satellite

observations in the upcoming updates. JMA launched an operation of a new generation

geostationary meteorological satellite, Himawari-8, on 7 October 2014. The Advanced Himawari

Imager (AHI) aboard Himawari-8 is a 16-channel multispectral imager including three

observational bands in visible light with 1km horizontal and 10-minute temporal resolution. The

visible imaging sensor allows us to obtain aerosol optical observations with unprecedented spatial

and temporal resolutions. I will talk about the current status of JMA’s forecasting, monitoring and

data assimilation.

Fig. 1 RGB image from Himawari-8 at 0530 UTC 4 March 2016.

References:

Yumimoto et al., 2016: Aerosol data assimilation using data from Himawari-8, a next-generation

geostarionary meteorological satellite, Geophys. Res. Let., 43.

https://webmail.uni-koeln.de/horde-3.3/imp/message.php?mailbox=Sent&index=8123

16

Session A

Asian dust

– observation, numerical modeling, and long-rang transport –

13:30-16:30 on 8 August

17

An Overview of the Improvements to the Version 4 Level 2 CALIPSO Lidar Data Products

Ali H. Omar1, Mark A. Vaughan

1, Charles R. Trepte

1 and the CALIPSO LSWG

1

1) NASA Langley Research Center

Version 4 (V4) of the CALIPSO Level 2 (L2) data products is on schedule for release to the global

user community in the fall of 2016. The retrieval algorithms used to produce the V4 L2 data

products feature numerous major updates and minor enhancements that have been made to both the

computational methods employed and, in some cases, to the underlying algorithm theoretical bases.

These across-the-board algorithm advances are expected to substantially reduce uncertainties in the

L2 lidar data products while simultaneously delivering incremental improvements in accuracy.

This presentation will provide a high-level overview of the modifications made to the L2 algorithms

and V4 data products in calibration, extinction products, cloud aerosol discrimination, and surface

detection. Further the enhancements include stratospheric aerosol classification and a new merged

aerosol and cloud layer product. A new aerosol type, to account for mixtures of dust and marine

aerosol is included, and all aerosol types are allowed in polar regions. Some of the changes include:

Calibration: Calibration biases at 532 nm are reduced from ~2.8% to less than 1.0%, and

numerous artifacts have been eliminated from the 1064 nm calibration coefficients.

Extinction coefficients: changes made to the extinction algorithm yield large increases in the

fraction of lidar ratios that can be retrieved directly from the data

Surface detection: implemented a new detection technique and incorporated a new,

high-resolution digital elevation map developed and provided by the CloudSat team.

Cloud-aerosol discrimination: the CAD algorithm is now applied at single shot resolution to

minimize false identification of strongly scattering aerosol layers as clouds.

Stratospheric aerosol classification: the CAD algorithm and a new stratospheric aerosol

subtyping algorithm are applied in V4

New data product: a new 5-km ‘merged’ layer product now reports cloud and aerosol layers in a

single data product. All 5-km layer products will now contain a comprehensive subset of the

single shot layer products, so that unambiguous cloud clearing information is always available.

18

Observation of distribution and characteristics of mineral dust using lidars and in-situ optical particle counters

*Nobuo SUGIMOTO1, Tomoaki NISHIZAWA

1, Atsushi SHIMIZU

1, and Yoshitaka JIN

1

1) National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan


Lidar is an active optical remote sensing method useful for measuring distributions and optical

characteristics of aerosols. Polarization-sensitive backscattering lidars can distinguish scattering

from non-spherical particles and spherical particles, and they are useful for observing non-spherical

mineral dust and mostly spherical air pollution aerosols. We formed a network of

polarization-sensitive two-wavelength lidars for studying Asian dust and regional air pollution

phenomena. The network is named Asian dust and aerosol lidar observation network (AD-Net).

Currently, the lidars are operated continuously at ~20 locations in East Asia, and the data are

published in near realtime (http://www-lidar.nies.go.jp/AD-Net/) (Sugimoto et al., 2015a). Using

the polarization-sensitive two-wavelength lidar data, we found changes in optical characteristics of

Asian dust during transport that suggest internal mixing of mineral dust and air-pollution particles.

To confirm the mixing states, we introduced in-situ polarization optical particle counters (POPCs)

and conducted observations simultaneously with the lidars. The POPC can measure the particle size

and non-sphericity (the depolarization ratio) at the same time for single particles, and it can clearly

distinguish the change in the characteristics of the particles from the effect of external mixing

(Sugimoto et al., 2015b). We obtained clear evidence of internal mixing from the observations using

POPC in Fukuoka, Seoul, and Beijing. We also studied the relationship between the POPC data and

the parameters obtained with the lidar measurements. In this presentation, we will also discuss

further possibilities of the use of lidars and OPC techniques in the dust source regions.

References:

Sugimoto, N., T. Nishizawa, A. Shimizu, I. Matsui, Y. Jin, A. Higurashi, I. Uno, Y. Hara, K.

Yumimoto, and R. Kudo, 2015a: Continuous observations of atmospheric aerosols across East Asia,

SPIE Newsroom (21 October 2015), doi: 10.1117/2.1201510.006178

Sugimoto, N., T. Nishizawa, A. Shimizu, I. Matsui, and H. Kobayashi, 2015b: Detection of

internally mixed Asian dust with air pollution aerosols using a polarization optical particle counter

and a polarization-sensitive two-wavelength lidar, J. Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative

Transfer 150, 107-113. doi: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2014.08.003

19

Measurements of fluorescent aerosols from a multi-channel lidar spectrometer system during DUBI 2016 Campaign

*Zhongwei Huang1, Jianping Huang

1, Tian Zhou

1, Jinsen Shi

1, Nobuo Sugimoto

2, Kai Tang

1,

Teruya Maki3, Jianrong Bi

1, Xiaojun Ma

1, Guoyin Wang

1

1) Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.

2) National Institutes for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan

3) Kanazawa University, Kakuma, 920-1192, Japan


Atmospheric bioaerosols are relevant for public health and may play an important role in the

climate system. However, the challenge in quantifying bioaerosol climate effects (e.g., radiative

forcing and aerosol-cloud interactions) arises from large spatial and temporal heterogeneity of their

concentrations, compositions, sizes, shape and optical properties. Lidar, as one of most advanced

active remote sensing, is used to offer some remarkable advantages for determining the vertical

structure of atmospheric aerosols and their related optical properties.

In order to investigate the characterization of atmospheric bioaerosols along transported

pathways of dust aerosols, we carried out DUBI (DUst BIoaerosol) 2016 Campaign over Northern

China in spring of 2016. Lots of instruments, including bioaerosol sampling, lidar as well as others,

were installed at three sites (Erenhot, Zhangbei and Jinan) simultaneously. A multi-channel lidar

spectrometer system was developed to observe Mie, Raman scattering and laser-induced

fluorescence excitation at 355 nm from the atmosphere. The lidar system operated polarization

measurements at 355nm, aiming to identify dust particles from other aerosols. It employs a high

power pulsed laser with energy of 80mJ at 355nm and a received telescope with 350mm diameter.

The receiver could simultaneously detect a wide fluorescent spectrum between 360nm and 720nm

with spectral resolution 5.7 nm using two spectrometers simultaneously. Vertical structure of

fluorescent aerosols in the atmosphere was observed by the developed lidar system at Zhangbei

during DUBI 2016 Campaign. Moreover, characterization of bioaerosols was investigated from

co-located bioaerosol sampling analysis.

Fig. 1 Location of three sites of DUBI 2016 campaign conducted by Lanzhou University in 2016.

Column-integrated key absorption and optical properties of

20

Asian dust over East and Central Asia areas

Jianrong Bi1, Jianping Huang

1, B.N. Holben

2


Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China

2) NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA

E-mail: [email protected]

Asian mineral dust is one of the primary aerosol components in the Earth-atmosphere system that

exerts a significant impact on air quality, human health, global biogeochemical cycle and Earth’s

climate. Thus far, the absorbing ability of dust aerosol originated from Asian desert region is still an

unresolved issue. In this study, we compile columnar key absorption and optical properties of

mineral dust over East and Central Asia areas by utilizing the multi-year quality assured datasets

observed at 13 sites of the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET). We identify two types of Asian

dust according to threshold criteria from previously published literatures. (I) The particles with high

aerosol optical depth at 440 nm (AOD440≥0.4) and low Ångström wavelength exponent at 440-870

nm (<) are defined as Pure Dust (PDU) that decrease disturbance of other non-dust aerosols

and keep high accuracy of pure Asian dust. (II) The particles with AOD440≥0.4 and 0.2<< are

designated as Anthropogenic Dust (ADU), which are mainly dominated by dust aerosol and might

mix with other anthropogenic aerosol types. Our results reveal that the major constituents of high

AOD days are predominant by dust over East and Central Asia regions even if their variations rely

on different sources, distance from the source, emission mechanisms, and meteorological

characteristics. The overall mean and standard deviation of single-scattering albedo, asymmetry

factor, real part and imaginary part of complex refractive index at 550 nm for Asian PDU are

0.935±0.014, 0.742±0.008, 1.526±0.029, 0.00226±0.00056, respectively, while corresponding

values are 0.921±0.021, 0.723±0.009, 1.521±0.025, and 0.00364±0.0014 for Asian ADU. Dust

aerosols obtained from our methods show weaker absorption than previously reported values over

these areas. The lower absorption of Asian dust is in accordance with the studies using remote

sensing techniques from satellite. Aerosol shortwave direct radiative effects at the top of the

atmosphere (TOA), at the surface (SFC), and in the atmospheric layer (ATM) for Asian Pure Dust

(<0.2) and Anthropogenic Dust (0.2<<) computed in this study, are much smaller than the

results of OPAC Mineral accumulated (Mineral acc.) and transported (Mineral tran.) modes.

Therefore, we firmly believe that these results hold promise of updating and improving accuracies

of Asian dust characteristics in present-day remote sensing applications and climate models.

Acknowledgements

We thank all the principal investigators and their staff for effort in establishing and maintaining all

AERONET sites used in this study. This work was jointly supported by the National Science

Foundation of China (41305025) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities

(lzujbky-2015-4).

21

Development of a compact, low-cost and precise PM2.5 sensor and its applications

Yutaka MATSUMI1, Tomoki NAKAYAMA

1, Ryuichi WADA

2, and Atsushi MATSUKI

3

1) Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University,

Nagoya 464-8601 Japan. Email: [email protected]

2) Department of Natural and Environmental Science, Teikyo University of Science,

Uenohara 409-0193 Japan.

3) Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa,

920-1192 Japan.

For measurements for PM2.5, beta attenuation monitoring (BAM) and filter-based gravimetric

method instruments have been used in public observational stations and in environmental research

stations. However, those instruments are very expensive and need accumulation time of about half a

day for PM2.5 measurements. We have developed a compact and low-cost PM2.5 instrument in

collaboration with Panasonic Corporation.

The new compact, palmtop PM2.5 instrument consists of a LED light source and photodiode

detecting aerosol particle light scattering. To increase the precision of measurements, the sizes of

individual aerosol particles are estimated from the intensities of the scattering light intensity and the

PM2.5 mass concentrations are calculated. The PM2.5 measurement results for ambient air using

the compact PM2.5 instrument indicated high correlation factor of > 0.8 with the results obtained by

simultaneous measurement using a BAM instrument (Thermo, Sharp 5030).

Many applications of the compact, low-cost and simple PM2.5 instrument have been

developed. In urban area, many instruments can be installed with high densities. Local PM2.5

sources in the urban areas can be detected with the PM2.5 instruments. Especially, the new PM2.5

instruments are suitable for the measurements in Asian countries. Some of Asian countries suffer

from serious environmental problems of extremely high PM2.5 concentrations and their health

effects. The PM2.5 observations in rural areas of the Asian countries have difficulty to install

expensive and delicate PM2.5 instruments because of many serious difficulties about budget, space,

electric supply, dust, temperature, maintenance access, standard-gas supply and so on. The new

PM2.5 instruments can be installed and operated in those conditions. The PM2.5 instruments widely

distributed in high PM2.5 concentration area are suitable for epidemiological studies.

In this presentation, we will present the features of the compact PM2.5 instrument, and also

present our applications such as measurements in the Asian countries including Mongolia.

Fig. 1 Palmtop and precise PM2.5 instrument

developed by Nagoya University and Panasonic

Corporation

22

Simulation of WRF-CHEM Model for Dust Concentration over Mongolia

BATJARGAL BUYANTOGTOKH1, YASUNORI KUROSAKI

2, TSUYOSHI SEKIYAMA

3, and

GANHUYAG BATJARGAL1

1) Information and Research Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment,

Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, [email protected]

2) Arid Land Research Center (ALRC), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan,

[email protected]

3) Japan meteorology Agency, Meteorology Research Institute, [email protected]

In this work, the ability of the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with the Chemistry

(WRF-Chem) model using the Shao’s dust scheme (2011) is evaluated. The WRF-Chem model was

adopted for simulating the hourly 5 array dust during 01 February to 30 June 2015 over Mongolia.

The computational domains were chosen of 145x255x43 grid points with horizontal

resolutions of 9 km respectively. The model was initialized with real boundary conditions using

GFS (Global Forecast Model) forecast, NCEP FNL (Final) reanalysis and ECMWF (European

Center for Medium Range Weather Forecast) reanalysis data.

In the estimation of sand flux and dust emission amounts, surface information such as

vegetation cover and the soil types in the dust source region is required [1]. It is important to use as

much realistic surface data as possible to obtain an accurate estimation of dust emission amounts. In

this study, new static data for erodibility fraction and vegetation cover data were input into

WRF-Chem to improve the surface conditions in the model simulations.

The simulations are compared with surface synoptic data and dust observation monitoring

station data and are found to agree well with the observations. The synoptic systems that generated

the dust storms and the evolution of the dust patterns are analyzed.

This case study demonstrates that WRF-Chem presents great potential for simulating dust

storms and providing useful guidance in early warnings over Mongolia. However, extensive model

evaluations are still needed to understand the performance of the model under various

environmental conditions.

Reference:

[1] Kang .J, S.-C., Shao .Y. (2011). Comparison of vertical dust flux by implementing three dust emission

schemes in WRF/Chem. Journal of Geophysical Research, VOL. 116.




23

Aerosol Optical Properties in Gobi Agricultural Region of Northwest China during Dunhuang Campaign

Jinsen SHI1, Jianping HUANG

1, Jianrong BI

1, Yongkun XIE

1, Jinming GE

1


Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China

Email: [email protected] [email protected]

Atmospheric aerosols are believed to have a significant influence on the earth’s radiation budget

and have the largest uncertainty in estimating the radiative forcing. From April to June 2012, an

intensive field campaign was conducted on Dunhuang Xihu Farm (40.492°N, 94.955°E, 1061m

above sea level), in Gobi agricultural region of northwest China. Aerosol optical properties,

including the scattering coefficient, the hemispheric back scattering coefficient, the absorption

coefficient, the single scattering albedo, as well as PM10 mass concentration, are presented in this

paper. The mean scattering coefficients at 550nm for PM10 and PM1 are 54.24±75.79 and

27.65±30.89 Mm-1, respectively. The mean absorption coefficient and mass concentration for

PM10 are 3.22±3.01 Mm-1 and 111.03±182.62μg/m3, respectively. The average single scattering

albedo at 670nm for PM10 is 0.91±0.06, which is less than the mean value 0.94±0.046 for 675nm

and close to the value 0.91±0.035 for 500nm that received through CE318 instrument during this

campaign. For dust storm, blowing dust and clear sky weather, the ratios of scattering coefficient of

PM10 to PM1 are 0.41±0.123, 0.49±0.106 and 0.61±0.063, and the mean values of single scattering

albedo are 0.96±0.018, 0.94±0.027 and 0.86±0.039, respectively. A trajectory cluster analysis is

applied to discern the source characteristics of aerosol optical properties for different air masses.


24

Dust Event in the Gobi Desert in May 2013: Relation with Cold Front

*Kei KAWAI1, Kenji KAI

1, Yoshitaka JIN

2, Nobuo SUGIMOTO

2, Dashdondog BATDORJ

3

1) Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

2) National Institute of Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan

3) National Agency for Meteorology and Environmental Monitoring, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

* Email: [email protected]

Asian dust is generated by a strong wind in arid and semi-arid regions in East Asia. The dust flows

in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), which is affected by the Earth’s surface. If the dust

reaches to the free troposphere (FT) over ABL, it can be transported over a long range by westerlies.

Some meteorological mechanisms are necessary to elevate the dust from ABL to FT. However, the

mechanisms are poorly understood. A previous study (Hara et al., 2008) suggests that one of them is

an ascending warm air in a cold frontal system by using numerical models. This study aims to

reveal the transport process by using the lidar observations in the Gobi Desert.

There are three lidars in the Gobi Desert, which establish the Gobi Desert Lidar Network. The

network have monitored spatial distribution of the dust at Sainshand (SS), Zamyn-Uud (ZU), and

Dalanzadgad (DZ). SS and ZU are located in the eastern part of the Gobi Desert, and DZ is located

in the central part. The network captured the dust reaching to FT during a dust event on 22–23 May

2013 which was related to a cold front. Therefore, we focus on the dust event.

The dust event in the Gobi Desert on 22–23 May 2013 was caused by a strong wind due to the

cold front associated with a developing low pressure system. The cold front moved southeastward

across the desert and passed DZ, SS, and ZU in this order. The lidars observed a dust layer around

the cold front and a cold air mass behind the cold front. The vertical distribution of the dust was

different at each observation site. The height of the dust was less than 1.8 km at DZ. On the other

hand, the dust reached to a height of 4 km at SS and ZU, which means that the dust reached to FT.

The dust was located over the cold air mass. Trajectory analyses by the HYPLIT model

(http://ready.arl.noaa.gov/HYSPLIT.php) indicates that the air parcel of the dust moved upward

from ABL to FT. These results show that the dust was transported by the ascending warm air in the

cold frontal system. Also, the area of the dust was larger at SS and ZU than that at DZ. This means

that more dust was supplied from the ground while the cold front was moving through the desert. In

conclusion, the cold frontal system generated the dust form the ground through the desert by the

strong wind, and then transported it from ABL to FT by the ascending warm air (Kawai et al., 2015).

As a future work, it is necessary to assess the contribution of a cold frontal system to the emission

and transport of Asian dust.

References:

Hara, Y., K. Yumimoto, I. Uno, A. Shimizu, N. Sugimoto, Z. Liu, and D. M. Winker, 2008: Asian dust

outflow in the PBL and free atmosphere retrieved by NASA CALIPSO and an assimilated dust

transport model. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1227-1239.

Kawai, K., K. Kai, Y. Jin, N. Sugimoto, and D. Batdorj, 2015: Dust Event in the Gobi Desert on 22-23 May

2013: Transport of Dust from the Atmospheric Boundary Layer to the Free Troposphere by a Cold

Front, SOLA, 11, 156-159.

25

Characteristics of cloud base height from ceilometer and eye-visible measurements in Dalanzadgad, Mongolia

Davaanyam Enkhbaatar

1, Jugder Dulam

1, Kenji Kai

2, Kei Kawai

2

1) Information and Research Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment, Mongolia


Given the importance of clouds in the climate and the difficulty in determining their behavior and

their contribution to climate change, there is a need for improvement of methods for automatic and

continuous description of cloud characteristics (Costa-Suros at al., 2013). Ceilometers constitute a

priori a reliable instrumental method for sounding the atmosphere and describing cloudiness

specially cloud base height, cloud cover, and even cloud vertical structure.

In the present study, we use data of clouds using eye visible observations at Dalanzadgad

meteorological station (43.58°N, 104.42°E), Mongolia in 2009-2015, and cloud base height

measurements from Ceilometer CL51 at same station during May 2013 to April 2016.

Frequency of clouds using eye visible observation at Dalanzadgad station in 2009-2015 has been

investigated with statistical analyses. Cloud base heights at this location in January, April, July and

October in 2013-2016 were determined by using measurements of Ceilometer CL51. At this

location, cloud cover occurrence has different values between 10-21%, with a winter minimum

centered in January and a summer maximum between 59-78% centered in July. In summer, the

distribution of cloud base height with more than 60% of clouds having cloud base height is

2800-4400 meter.

References:

Costa-Suros, M. et a., 2013: Behavior of cloud base height from ceilometers measurements,

Atmospheric Research 127, 64-76.

Kawai, K., K. Kai, Y. Jin, N. Sugimoto, D. Batdorj, 2015: Dust Event in the Gobi Desert on 22 -

23 May 2013: Transport of Dust from the Atmospheric Boundary Layer to the Free Troposphere by

a Cold Front, SOLA, 11, 156-159, doi:10.2151/sola.2015-035.

26

Dust Storm in Natural Zones and Its Relationship with Precipitation over Mongolia

Ganbat Amgalan

1



This study presents the spatiotemporal distribution and the impact of surface wind and precipitation

on dust occurrences in Mongolia. We used data collected between 2000 and 2013 from 113

meteorological stations for natural zones of the forest steppe, steppe, the Gobi Desert and the High

Mountains. We analyzed the relationship between dusty days, which is derived the sum of days with

dust storm and/or drifting dust, and days with strong wind (at a threshold wind speed of a constant

6.5 m/s, hereafter, strong wind days) and precipitation by comparing among the dusty days in

dust-frequent years (2006, 2008 and 2009), dust-less years (2003, 2011) and dust-normal years

(2000-2002, 2005, 2007, 2010, 2012 and 2013) in spatially and seasonally. The results found that

annual distributions of dust storm days consisting of less than 5 days were found over the forest

steppe zone in northern Mongolia, whereas areas with dust storms more than 30 days included

southeast and western Mongolia. Dusty days in dust-frequent years were associated with strong

wind days when precipitation is about the mean of 10 mm while dust occurrences were suppressed

by large amounts of precipitation (approximately 22 mm) in dust-less years (2003, 2011) in May

over the southeastern part of the Gobi Desert zone. We attempted to present the impact of

precipitation on dust events comparing between dusty days with less precipitation as a dry condition

and dusty days with larger precipitation (more than the mean precipitation). Dusty days reduced by

up to 12 days during March-June in the Gobi Desert due to 31-118 mm precipitation and reduced up

to 4 days with 45-175 mm precipitation at some stations in the steppe and forest steppe zones

whereas no relation found between increasing precipitation amounts (up to 117mm) and dust events

in the mountains zone.

27

Session B

Environmental regime shift, desertification,

risk management

8:30-12:05 on 9 August

28

The Eco-hydrological Process and Its Environmental Effects in Gurbantunggut Desert of China

Hongfei ZHOU

1) Xinjiang institute of Ecology and Geography, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi

830011, China


Gurbantunggut Desert is a fixed and semi-fixed desert. The area is 48800 km2. There is stable snow

cover during the winter season. The annual precipitation is between 70mm to 150mm. Compared

with the other desert of China, The natural vegetation cover, plant diversity and stability are the best.

The dust happened frequency is also low.

The water infiltration in different underlying sand surface, stem flow of desert shrub, slope

surface and sub-surface flow of sand dunes, snow and soil evaporation, plant condensation water,

soil moisture spatio-temporal changes are measured. Based on these key hydrological processes

study we found that soil moisture enriched in the slope foot of sand dunes and under the desert

shrub root area. Spring season after the snowmelt is the richest period of the soil water in whole

year. There is unique vegetation landscape consisting of the short-lived and ephemeral plants, desert

shrub in Gurbantunggut Desert. It is considered that the high infiltration capacity of sand dunes, low

evaporation, high desert shrub stem flow, and the soil water richment allows the soil water storage

transfer from the redistribution of precipitation efficiently. This is the important reason that the high

vegetation cover and less dust days in Gurbantunggut Desert compared with other desert with the

similar precipitation such as badain Jaran Desert and Tengger Desert.


29

Seasonal dynamics of surface roughness and dust emission in Mongolia Gobi region

Buho Hoshino

*1, Yuta Demura

2, Yuki Sofue

2, Kenji Kai

3, Ts. Purevsuren

2, Kenji Baba

1, Jun Noda

4,

Enkhtuvshin Zoljargal5, Katsuro Hagiwara

4

1) College of Agriculture, Food and Environment Sciences, Rakuno Gakuen University,

Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan (e-mail: [email protected])

2) Graduate School of Dairy Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Japan

3) Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Japan

4) Department of Veterinary Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Japan

5) Center for Meteorology Hydrology and Environmental Monitoring of Dornogovi Province,

Mongolia

In this study we confirmed that there is a high correlation between the Asian Dust Storms (ADS)

emissions and seasonal dynamics of surface roughness of sources region. Classification the land

cover types in ADS sources region to desert grassland, rocks Mountains, and dry lake beds based on

the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) using Terra/MODIS satellite image, and DEM data.

The dust particle numbers were counted by the field survey conducted for each land coverage types.

In addition, the airborne dust concentrations were measured for each wind speeds and each land

coverage types by using the mobile dust chamber for the measurement of the particle concentrations.

The results suggested the possible difference in frequencies of the dry lake bed occurrence affected

the number of dust storm emissions. The numbers of the dust storm emissions had tendency to

increase along with the increased frequencies of the dry lake beds occurrence with a threshold

friction velocity (TFV) of 9.1 m・s-1. In the Gobi desert region, the 70% land was covered by desert

grassland and only 1% covered by dry lakes and other is rock-mountains. We find the TFV (u*50%)

significantly varies in longitudinal and seasonal, in response to the elevation, soil moisture variation,

surface roughness heterogeneity, and vegetation phenology. The TFV (u*50%) is increases in the

dry grass (NPV) covered area and wet soil area and degreases in dry lake and low vegetated area. In

this study, the TFV of the dust storm frequency of 50%（u*50% ）in sources area are : 9.1m/s.

References:

Yuta Demura, Buho Hoshino, Sofue Yuki, Kai Kenji, Purevsuren Ts. Baba Kenji, Jan-Chang Chen, Mori

Kaori (2015). Estimates of critical ground surface condition for Asian dust storm outbreak in Gobi desert

region based on remotely sensed data. IEEE IGARSS. 2015 (1). 870-873. DOI:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2015.7325903

Fig. 2. Relationship

between NPV coverage

and numbers of dust

storm for each wind

speed during the period

of melting of snow stage

to foliation stage

Fig. 1 The

ground surface

spectral

reflectance of

bare soil, dry

grass(NPV) and

green grass

(PV)

http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2015.7325903

30

A Livestock Trampling Function for Emission Rate of Wind-blown Dust in Mongolia

E. Munkhtsetseg1, M. Shinoda

2, M. Ishizuka

3, M. Mikami

4, R. Kimura

5, and G. Nikolich

6

1) National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia


3) Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan

4) Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan

5) Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan

6) Desert Research Institute, Nevada University, Las Vegas, USA

The livestock trampling can be a significant dust-inducing surface factor, which needs a

depth-investigation to quantify its effect on the emission rate of wind-blown dust. We used the

PI-SWERL

device to measure dust emissions from a bare, no-trampled and naturally livestock

trampled land surface located in the livestock grazing, temperate grassland of Mongolia. Our

research findings highlighted that the consequence of dense livestock tramplings is an increase in

dust emissions. Our results showed that the emission rate of wind-blown dust is closely related with

the product of friction velocity and livestock density. Moreover, we defined a livestock trampling

function to account trampling effects on dust emissions and introduced it in a simple dust flux

formula as a scaling factor so that the scaling factor might be potentially used to measure

anthropogenic dust in the steppe sites of Mongolia. Similarly, this elaborative scaling factor also can

be used in other livestock occupied areas together with the determined threshold friction velocity.

Fig. 1 Modeled dust flux by the proposed formula versus measured dust emissions. Open triangles (∆),

circles (○), and squares (□) denote dust emission values from the trampled surfaces with livestock densities

of 250, 241, 201 head/hectare, respectively. Plus symbols (+) denotes dust emission values from the

no-trampled surfaces.

31

Land degradation by wind and dust storms over the territory of Khuvsgul Aimag

E.Bayarjargal1, Kh.Ayurzana

1, R.Mijiddorj

2, Sh.Oyuntuya

3

1) Service for Hydrometeorology and Environment of Khuvsgul

2) Center for Ecology and Sustainable Development

3) MULS. School of Agroecology

In this report, we used data of meteorological stations of Muren, Rinchinlhumbe, Tarialan, Khatgal,

Tsagaan-Uur and Tsetserleg in Khubsugul province. We used data from observations of air

temperature, wind speed, precipitation and repeatability of the dust storm from the 1961- 2015 year.

Although territory of Khubsugul province is wet and cool, there are forests and rivers, because of

human activities and natural dryness, soil erosion occurs.

As we see, the average wind speed was 0.9 m/s, in Rinchinlhumbe and Tsagaan-Uur, that are in

mountain taiga zone, and 1.8-2.7 m/s, in Tsetserleg, Murun and Tarialan, which are in the

forest-steppe zone. The biggest wind speed was 40 m/sec, 1st May 2010, in Tsetserleg soum.

The number of days with dust storm was a bit in the mountain taiga zone, and it was 67 in Murun

and 33 in Tarialan and Tsetserleg, which are in the forest-steppe zone.

There are a lot of dust storms in the Murun soum, which is the center of Khubsgul province.

This shows the influence of the city in the origin of the dust storm.

In the last years, the changes of temperature are increasing. As for precipitates, its amount

fluctuation is small, but there is increased evaporation due to the rise in temperature, and plant

harvest is few. This is one of the reasons of the land degradation.

References:

1. Batima P., Myagmarjav B. Climate change and it’s further trends, UB, 2005

2. Natsagdorj L. Desertification and climate evolution.UB, 2009.

3. Jambaajamts, B. Climate of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar 1989.

4. Atlas of Mongolian climate and surface water resources. Leningrad, 1985.

5. Munhtsetseg, Ts. Climate of Khuvsgul aimag. Ulaanbaatar, 1980.

32

The Impact of Forest Fire on Forest Cover Types and Forest Cover Change

Nandin-Erdene.G 1

1) Information and Research Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment


The objective of this study was the impact of forest fire on forest cover types and forest cover

change. This study has identified 14 cover classes with a description of 9 vegetation cover including

8 forest cover types from 30 m spatial resolution Landsat TM data. Such as cedar, pine, larch, birch,

shrub and three types of mixed forest. Different classification method has been used for

classification of satellite data. Addition to current classification, developments in segmentation and

object-oriented techniques offer the suitable analysis to classify satellite data. In the object-oriented

approach, images were segmented to homogenous area as forest types by suitable parameters in

some level. The overall accuracy was 86.3 percent in 2000 and 93.7 percent in 2011.

References:

Alvarez, W., Bonifaz, R., Lunetta, R.S., Garcia, C., Gomez, G., Castro, R., Bernal, A., Cabrera A.L., (2003).

Multi-temporal land-cover classification of Mexico using Landsat MSS imagery. International Journal of

Remote Sensing 24(12), 2501-2514

Brad Smith, W., (2002). Forest inventory and analysis: A national inventory and monitoring program.

Environmental Pollution 116, S233-S242

Daniel G. Brown, David P. Lusch, Kenneth A. Duda. (1998). Supervised classification of types of glaciated

landscapes using digital elevation data. Geomorphology 21, 233-250

Difiniens developer 7.0 User guide 2007


33

Sign of an emerging regime shift in the Mongolian herder-pastureland system

Masato SHINODA1


Environmental regime shift is a key concept of the JSPS Core-to-Core Program, while this topic has

hardly been addressed in our collaborative research. This background motivated me to introduce a

topic related to a possible regime shift that should be seriously and urgently addressed by our

research community. This paper aims to propose a novel idea on an emerging unstable state of the

Mongolian herder-pastureland system that was triggered by recent dzud/drought hazards (Fig. 1),

which may possibly lead to a catastrophic change and an irreversible degradation in pasturelands in

near future. To handle this issue, this presentation gives an outline of the conceptual framework of

the regime shift mechanism and our effort aimed at assessing and predicting such a change

The herding occupation on the Eurasian Steppe is thought to have survived various climate

hazards for several thousands of years. This history implies that in a changing climate (including

hazards), herders have long maintained a sound herder-pastureland system, relying on indigenous

herding and ecological knowledge (Shinoda, 2016). A major body of this knowledge includes

mobile pastoralism that avoids a concentration of grazing pressure in limited areas and thereby

vegetation degradation. In recent years, this system has been jeopardized under the dramatically

increased grazing pressure exceeding the pasture carrying capacity in the transition from socialist to

market economy (Fig. 1).

The sustainability of the grassland ecosystem critically depends on interactions between

climate change, grassland vegetation and human activities (Shinoda et al., 2011). Aeolian processes

play a major role in these interactions. For example, overgrazing may result in decreased vegetation

and increased wind erosion that constrains the recovery of grasslands during the subsequent

growing season. Given this, our attempt focused on estimating interannual pasture carrying capacity

and modelling the above-mentioned interactions (refer to the paper by Nandintsetseg et al.) will be a

key to finding a solution to a sustainable grassland management.

Fig. 1 Schematic time-series that shows a regime shift from stable to unstable state of livestock population that

occurs in conjunction with an economic regime change. The dzud index denotes a climatic forcing potential to

induce massive livestock loss. Even a high index did not lead to a large livestock loss during the socialism time

due to a population lower than the carrying capacity.

DzudDzud

Livestock number

Dzud index

Stable Unstable Year

Pasture Carrying

Capacity

Socialism Market economy

34

Incorporating Ecological and Wind Erosion Models for Sustainability of the Temperate Grassland Ecosystem

Banzragch NANDINTSETSEG1, 2

, Masato SHINODA1, Yaping SHAO

3





3) Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, German

Sustainability of the temperate grassland ecosystem depends on interactions between climate

change, vegetation, and human activities (e.g., overgrazing). Aeolian processes play a major role in

these interactions (Shinoda et al., 2011). To date, relatively few studies have been dedicated to dust

emission in grasslands, but these issues deserve more attention. In this study, we focused on

examining the effects of erodibility parameters (soil moisture and vegetation components) on dust,

and coupling ecological model DAYCENT into wind-erosion model QF2003 to predict dust flux

(Fig. 1). The ecological model realistically simulates dynamics of erodibility factors that were

captured by field observations in Mongolia (2003–2010). Results show that dust emission had a

similar amplitude of significant correlation with erosivity and erodibility parameters, which

demonstrates a memory of the preceding year. Most

importantly, the standing dead grasses had the strongest

memory and simultaneous correlation with spring dusts.

Moreover, increasing droughts during the 2000s were

related to the increasing dusts. Observations and

simulations revealed that grazing reduced the mass of each

vegetation component relative to those in the no-grazing

area. These reduced mass amounts in summer, caused by

drought and grazing, reduced dead grasses the following

spring, and thereby enhanced dust by loss of protective

cover, trapping of particles and extracting momentum from

the air flow, finally lead to grassland degradation

(Nandintsetseg and Shinoda, 2015). Then, we coupled the

DAYCENT with the QF2003, and conducted the numerical

test of the coupled model (Fig. 1). To our knowledge, this

kind of approach has not been attempted yet. With the

initial results, we have demonstrated the potential of the

coupled model. The preliminary simulation shows that dust significantly depletes the surface soil

nitrogen, and wind erosion can substantially reduce the surface vegetation cover. Once such

modeling systems are established, they will have practical applications in hazard mapping of dusts,

guidelines for optimum spatial allocation of livestock to avoid wind erosion due to overgrazing, and

guidelines for rehabilitation of degraded grasslands due to wind erosion.

References:

Nandintsetseg, B., and M. Shinoda, 2015. Land surface memory effects on dust emission in a Mongolian

temperate grassland, J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci., 120, 414–427.

Shinoda, M., J. A. Gillies, M. Mikami, and Y. Shao, 2011. Temperate grasslands as a dust source: Knowledge,

uncertainties, and challenges, Aeolian Res., 3, 271–293.

Fig. 1 Framework of the coupling ecological and wind erosion model.


35

Mongolian Mine Closure: Desertification, Soil erosion

Munkh-Orgil.S1

1) Institute of Paleontology and Geology Mongolian Academy of Sciences,


In Mongolia, last 20 years the mining production expanded rapidly in a large scope and many tens

of mines were newly opened but it is very retarded in reclamation works. According to the

conclusions made by the specialists there were mostly “small” mines and they excavated 50 m deep

holes from the surface of the soil. As of today, from the total territory of Mongolia about 17.7% or

27 million hectares are used for the geologic explorations and by the license types 1351 are for the

direct use and 1431 are for explorations. This covers 7.6% of the total territory of our country. 263

of them have 100% foreign investments, 153 are the joint venture companies. 78.3% of the special

license holders are the companies with the local investments. Currently only the lands involved in

the mining production which were abandoned without the rehabilitation works are reached 5.000

hectares. These sites were left without any planned measures and implemented rehabilitation to

ensure the environmental safety so there is a need to identify the responsible inspection authorities.

The areas without any restoration works are the areas of excavated small mines. In our country we

have laws and regulations forcing the mining companies to restore the used mining lands but no

companies are following the rules and also there is a lack of the progress. The Government urges

about the adverse ecological problems which arise from the mining operations in the country with

the harsh and severe climate where their people mostly engaged in the livestock production. The

Government has the system to monitor how the progress of the land reclamation is carried in the

areas used for mining. As of 2014 about 528 deposits were registered nationwide and 75% of these

areas used as the open mining where artisanal miners are destroying the surrounding environment

and the soil degrade at most. In territorial sizes the mineral exploration, mining and processing

works are carried intensively from where about 30% hectares of soil were destructed including the

14.500 hectares during the mineral exploration processes, 14.565 hectares were destructed from the

extraction processes, 1206.4 hectares were destroyed by the construction works, transportation and

communications by damaging the untouched areas where causing considerable damages to the

livestock and difficulties to the agricultural activities, decreased water level of the rivers due to the

dried sources and smaller rivers by damaging the environment in large quantities. However, these

statistical analysis numbers are including only the directly used areas but not the indirectly reflected

areas. Since 2010 as some non-governmental organizations, civil movements and restoration

companies were started talking and organizing the meetings about the set of policies for the mining

closures and currently there are no changes or results which show that the time is arrived to make

the changes of the approaches and methods by updating the legal environment to monitor the

accountability. In our country, the major companies with the foreign investment engaged in the

mining industry do the substantial rehabilitation works in a professional level but after the mine

closure they do not think about the social issues of the employees and infrastructure. By comparing

the areas used in direct ways by the companies for 1 year and the areas with the reclaimed areas

they don’t even have a 20% reach. Finally, I will discuss the opportunities of joint research.

References:

*Y.Gombosuren "mineral resource extraction and processing technologies, ecological and economic

valuation theory and methodology", Ulaanbaatar, 2010

*The official website of the Ministry of Mongolian mining: http://www.mm.gov.mn/, *Mongolia's mining

site electronic magazine: www.mongolianminingjournal.com/ etc.


http://www.mm.gov.mn/

http://www.mongolianminingjournal.com/

36

Soil Wind Erodibility in the Tarim Basin

Xinhu Li1, Gary Feng

2, and Brenton S. Sharratt

3

1) State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and

Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, China

2) USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States

3) USDA-Agricultural Research Service, 215 Johnson Hall, Washington State University,

Pullman, WA 99164, United States


The Tarim Basin is an important source of airborne particulate matter that contributes to poor air

quality in China. However, little attention has been given to estimating wind erodibility of soils in

the region. The objective of this study was to determine the soil wind erodibility for four land use

types in the Tarim Basin. Wind erodibility was determined from the dry aggregate size distribution

of soils collected from desert, farmland, forest, and shrubland environments in spring 2013. Our

analysis revealed that the percentage of soil mass composed of aggregates <840 mm in diameter

(erodible fraction) ranged from 5.2 to 99.9% across sites with a mean of 58.9% across land use

types. The four land use types had a high content of erodible aggregates. The mean percentage of

soil mass which was comprised of saltation-size (500–100 mm in diameter) and suspension-size

material (<100 mm in diameter) was 15.0 and 39.0%, respectively, across land use types. The desert

had the highest potential for saltation activity and suspension. Our results suggest that all land use

types examined in this study have potential to contribute to the atmospheric dust load in the Tarim

Basin and to transcontinental and transoceanic transport of dust.

37

Method of Estimation Drought Using Remote Sensing Data

Battsetseg Tuvdendorj

1) Information and Research Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment, Remote

Sensing Division, Juulchiny street-5, Ulaanbaatar 15160, Mongolia

E-mail: [email protected]

Mongolia is very vulnerable and has harsh climate. The natural disasters such as drought and wild

fire are often observed in Mongolia. This paper presents results of drought monitoring over the

Forest steppe High Mountain and Gobi Desert zones of Mongolia during the warm season (April to

October). Using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Land Surface

Temperature (LST), obtained long-term (13 years) datasets acquired with the MODIS data. The

approach is called Vegetation Temperature Condition Index, which integrates land surface

reflectance and thermal properties. Furthermore, the ground-measured precipitation and temperature

data a study area covering parts of two zones of Mongolia, which used to calculate the Standardized

Precipitation Index and the Aridity Index. Finally, these three indices indicated the drought years.

References:

1. Bayarjargal Y., et al. 2006. A comparative study of NOAA-AVHRR derived drought indices using

change vector analysis. Remote Sensing of Environment 105, pp 9-22.

2. Damdin Dagvadorj., Rogelio Z. Aldover., Anna Stabrawa. Mongolia: Assessment Report on Climate

Change 2009, Ministry of Environment, Nature and Tourism, Mongolia ISBN: 978-99929-93403-X

3. Natsagdorj L., Dagvadorj D. 2010. Adaptation of Climate Change. ISBN: 978-99929-93403-X

4. Siirevdamba Ts., 1998. Biological Diversity in Mongolia, First National Repirt, Ministry for Nature

and the Environment, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, pp 106.

5. Bayarjargal Yu., Adyasuren Ts., Munkhtuya Sh. ACRS2000. Drought and Vegetation Monitoring in

the Arid and Semi-Arid Regions of the Mongolia using Remote Sensing and Ground data.

6. Wan Z., Wang P., Li X. 2004. Using MODIS Land Surface Temperature and Normalized Difference

Vegetation Index products for monitoring drought in the southern Great Plains, USA. INT. J.

REMOTE SENSING, vol. 25, NO. 1, pp 61-72


38

Determination of future prospects of dry zones in Mongolia using a warming-drying index

Dashkhuu DULAMSUREN1, Renchin MIJIDDORJ

2, Purevjav GOMBOLUUDEV

1

1) Information Research Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment

2) Center of Ecology and Sustainable Development, MUST, Mongolia


Mongolia’s ecosystem is changed noticeably because of global warming and human activities and it

directly affects country’s economy and nation’s living ability level to go down by increased numbers

of drought, desertification and blight frequencies and furthermore reducing water resource and other

biodiversity changes. Many scientists have been noted that natural zone and its range can be

changed and their border shifts also can be varied in short period of time because of climate

changing. This research work is aimed develop methods that express ecosystem change of nature

and included test result of specific information and also give evaluation on ecosystems changes

present and future condition.

Critic value line of climate elements which cause to change the natural ecosystem condition

depending on global warming is the line of transition of one natural zone to another natural zone. To

do so, we estimated and mapped warming-drying index at every point of geographical latitude and

longitude, based on the average news of climate index of 1961-1990 which were not highly

impacted by global warming

Fig. 1.Geographical distribution of warming-drying index

As this research, north border of dry zone may move to north by 120 km every 20 years in the 21

st

century. The estimations based on 8.5 version of greenhouse gas emission in the ensemble result of

10 general atmospheric cycle models show that warming-drying may be high and land deterioration

may be extended in the territory of Mongolia, depending on global warming.

References:

Будыко М.И. Глобальная экология. Изд. “Мысль”. 1980. С 125-127

Mijiddorj, R. Dulamsuren, D. Gomboluudev, P. 2015: To Determine of ecosystem changes in Natural Zone,

Mongolian journal of Agricultural Sciences., VOL2, ISSN 2310-6212.p16-22.

Mijiddorj, R. 2008: “Global warming and challenge to desert” BCI, 69.


39

Drought risk assessment using remote sensing and GIS

Altannavch Magsarjav1, Erdenetuya Magsar

2, Khishigjargal Nyamaa

1

1) Agency for Hydrology, Meteorology and Environment Monitoring, Dornod province of

Mongolia1

2) National Agency Meteorology and Environment of Mongolia2

Drought is a period of below average precipitation in a given region, resulting in prolonged

shortages its waters supply, whether atmospheric, surface or ground water. Drought risk assessment

described steel may be formed by reducing the risk of drought impacts and help to develop a better

management plan. Earth observation satellite data are often necessary for the provision of synoptic,

wide area coverage and frequent information for monitoring of drought condition. In this study an

attempt has been made to apply RS and GIS techniques for drought detection in the Dornod

province region of Mongolia. Agricultural drought risk areas were identified based on Vegetation

condition index (VCI) by using vegetation data with 250 m resolution from MODIS satellite during

2001-2015. Anomaly of the VCI from the mean values was classified to determine the agricultural

drought risk. Meteorological drought was determined based on annual rainfall. Those values were

interpolated to determine the spatial pattern of meteorological drought and threshold value for

different types of drought. The drought risk maps were prepared by calculating the class’s

frequency of droughts. Finally, a resultant risk map was obtained by integrating agriculture and

meteorological drought risk maps.

Resultant risk map obtained by integrating agriculture and meteorological drought risk map

indicates the areas facing a combined hazard. It also represents the frequency of years a particular

area faced the hazard. The research shows motivating results that can be used in taking corrective

measures timely to minimize the reduction in agricultural production in drought prone areas. The

results obtained provide objective information on prevalence, severity level and persistence of

drought conditions, which will be helpful to the resource managers in optimally allocating scarce

resources.

40

Session C

Bioaerosols

14:45-16:50 on 9 August

41

Origins of airborne bacterial communities in bioaerosols transported from Gobi Desert area by dust events

Teruya Maki *1, Yasunori Kurosaki

2, Kazunari Onishi

3, Fumihisa Kobayashi

4, Kenji Kai

5,

Kevin Lee6, Stephen Pointing

6, Dulam Jugder

7, Masato Shinoda

5 and Yasunobu Iwasaka

8

1) College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan


3) Interdisciplinary Graduate school of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan

4) Faculty of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan


6) School of Applied Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand

7) IRIMHE, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

8) University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Japan

*Email:[email protected]

Asian dust events transport the airborne bacteria in Chinese desert regions as well as mineral

particles and influence biological ecosystems and climate changes in downwind area. In this study,

the distributions of terrestrial bacteria were investigated around the Gobi Desert area, where dust

events are high frequent. Moreover, the sequential dynamics of airborne bacteria were also analyzed

at the sampling site located in desert area (Dalanzadgad, Tsogt-Ovoo). The dust event days

increased the bacterial cells and mineral particles at more than ten folds, and significantly change

the airborne bacterial communities, which would be carried from grassland (phyllo-sphere),

dry-lake, as well as sand surfaces. After the dust events, some bacterial populations such as

Firmicutes (Bacilli) and Bacteroidetes maintain in atmosphere for longer time, because of the

endospore formation or the attachment with coarse particles for the resistant to environmental

stressors. The air-sampling surveys at high altitudes over desert area and downwind areas

demonstrated that these airborne bacteria have high possibilities to be transported for longer

distances.

Fig. 1 What is the source of airborne microorganisms over desert area?

References:

T. Maki, K. Hara, F. Kobayashi, Y. Kurosaki, M. Kakikawa, A. Matsuki, C. Bin, G. Shi, H. Hasegawa, Y.

Iwasaka (2015) Vertical distribution of airborne bacterial communities in an Asian-dust downwind area,

Noto Peninsula, Atmos. Environ. 119:282-293.

F. Puspitasari, T. Maki, G. Shi, C. Bin, F. Kobayashi, H. Hasegawa, Y. Iwasaka (2015) Phylogenetic analysis

of bacterial species compositions in sand dunes and dust aerosol in an Asian dust source area, the

Taklimakan Desert, Air Qual. Atmos. Health DOI: 10.1007/s11869-015-0367-y

42

Viability differences of Bioaerosols with Dusts from Mongolia and Japan

Jun NODA1*

, Katsuro HAGIWARA1, Buho HOSHINO

1, Kenji BABA

1, Hiroshi YOKOTA

1,

Erdenebadrakh MUNKHJARGAL2, Kei KAWAI

3, and Kenji KAI

3

1) Rakuno Gakuen University, Bunkyodai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan

2) National Agency for Meteorology and Environment Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

3) Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan


The Desert regions continue to discharge large amounts of dust to atmosphere, which may circulate

around the globe [1]. Iwasaka et al.[2] reported the presence of nucleic acid from atmospheric dust

corrected from 700 m above the ground in Dunhuang China; some biological components could be

transported together with the dust. The aerosols with biological components (bioaerosols) can be

transported long distances with help of dust particles to disperse downwind and/or surrounding

regions, which may affect health conditions of human, livestock, and/or ecosystem. Therefore, it is

important to understand the interaction between biological and dust components. Here we present a

laboratory experiment of viability difference of bioaerosols together with dusts from desert area of

Sainshand, Mongolia and marine sludge dust from Tsunami affected area of Ishinomaki, Japan.

Model airborne bacteria, DH5α Escherichia coli (E. coli), were tested to assess the different dusts

affected a viability of the E. coli in a reaction chamber. The viability reduction rates of the E. coli

were measured with a cultured method. The E. coli and autoclaved dust were nebulized into the

chamber then aerosols were sampled after 1 hour of reaction; the examined dusts were 1) Phosphate

Buffer Solution (PBS) as a control, 2) desert sand from Mongolia, and 3) marine sludge from

coastal area of Japan. The viability experiments of E. coli indicated that the dust from Mongolia

significantly decreased the viability of E. coli and the dust from Ishinomaki significantly increased

a viability of the E. coli compared to the control PBS dust (p<0.05). The results indicated that the

different types of airborne dusts may influence the viability of airborne E. coli bacteria.

Furthermore, aerosol concentration and size distribution pattern in the laboratory experiments were

compared with the field measurement data from the intensive observation period of 2015 (IOP

2015) spring in Mongolia. The results of the aerosol concentrations from the laboratory experiments

were within the range of dust storm and normal periods in Dalanzadgad, Mongolia for s larger than

1 µm; less than 1 µm size range were similar level to the dry lakes from Gobi desert area. The

laboratory measurements with the reaction chamber were within the range of real atmospheric

aerosol concentration levels to assess the bioaerosol and dust interaction.

References:

[1] Uno, I., Eguchi, K., Yumimoto, K., Takemura, T., Shimizu, A., Uematsu, M., Liu, Z., Wang, Z., Hara,

Y.,Sugimoto, N., (2009). Asian dust transported one full circit around the globe, Nature Geoscience, (2), 8,

55.

[2] Iwasaka, Y., Shi, G.Y., Yamada, M., Kobayashi, F., Kakikawa, M., Maki, T., Naganuma, T., Chen, B.,

Tobo, Y., Hong, C.S., (2009). Mixture of Kosa (Asian dust) and bioaerosols detected in the atmosphere over

the Kosa particles source regions with balloon-borne measurements: possibility of long-range transport, Air

Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 2, (1), 29-38.

43

Analysis of physical properties of individual Asian dust (Kosa) particles by Atomic Force Microscopy

Atsushi MATSUKI1, Yuki MIZUSHIMA

1, Ayumi IWATA

1, Makoto WATANABE

1,

Teruya MAKI1, Makiko KAKIKAWA

1, Fumihisa KOBAYASHI

2, Yasunobu IWASAKA

3

1) Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan

2) Hirosaki University, Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan

3) University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka, Hikone, Shiga 522-8533, Japan


Asian dust is a phenomenon by which mineral particles from arid regions of China continental

interior are transported over China, across the Sea of Japan, and even beyond the Pacific Ocean.

During the long-range transport, the physical and chemical properties of Asian dust are modified

especially when they travel through humid mixed layer near the ground.

In this study, we demonstrate the case in which we directly measured the surface topography as

well as adhesive force of individual Asian dust (Kosa) particles using Atomic Force Microscopy

(AFM). The adhesive force of the individual dust particles collected prior to and following the

long-range transport were directly measured and compared to study the extent of changes in the

physical properties.

We regarded Kosa particles collected in Western China as reference material (pre-transport),

and directly compared their morphology and adhesiveness with those collected over Japan during

an Asian dust event (post-transport). Overall, Kosa particles showed similar adhesiveness to

reference PSL and Quartz particles. However, fraction of the post-transport particles showed

significant morphological change and increase in adhesiveness (similar to (NH4)2SO4 or sea salt).

Thus, adhesive force were significantly larger for a fraction of particles after being transported

long-ranges. In addition, the particles with core-shell structure showed different adhesive forces in

the respective areas within the same particle.

From these results, it is suggested that the change of particle physical properties can have

significant consequences in the behavior of the dust particles in the environment. Current result

demonstrates the applicability of AFM for the quantitative characterizing of physical properties of

individual aerosol particles.

Fig. 1 Representative AFM Force curves obtained from individual Kosa particles collected before (solid

black) and after long-range transport (brown dashed) (left panel). Topographic AFM image of an aged Kosa

particle collected over Japan (right panel).

44

Adverse health effect of Asian dust particle for healthy subjects

Kazunari Onishi1*

, Shinji Otani2

, Yasunori Kurosaki3

, Zentaro Yamagata4

,

Youichi Kurozawa5

1) Interdisciplinary Graduate school of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan

2) International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, Tottori,

Japan


4) Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine. University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi,

Japan

5) Division of Health Administration and Promotion, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University,

Yonago, Japan


The health effects of Asian dust and air pollution have been reported. Asian dust includes

soil-derived metals, anthropogenic metals, and many other air pollutants at various concentrations,

depending on the atmospheric transport route. We investigated the possible causes for the diversity

in symptoms produced by Asian dust events, for using a questionnaire survey to healthy subjects

(nasal, ocular, respiratory, skin, throat, headache, fever).

Concentrations of mineral and non-mineral dust were estimated from light detection and

ranging (LIDAR) observations made using a polarization analyzer. Meteorological data, including

pollen, NO2, SO2, Oxidant Ox and relative humidity, temperature, and Atmospheric pressure in

Yonago, Japan. We used generalized estimating equation regression models. A statistically

significant association was shown between the total score of each symptom and heavy Asian dust

event（top 5% of daily average）. The odds ratio (OR) of the heavy Asian dust event to any symptom

for healthy subjects was 1.2 (95% confidence interval, 1.0–1.5).

Even healthy subjects demonstrated elevated symptom score at heavy Asian dust event.

Fig. 1 Transport route determines health effect in Japan.

References:

Onishi, K. et al. Atmospheric transport route determines components of Asian dust and health effects in

Japan. Atmos Environ 49, 94-102, doi:Doi 10.1016/J.Atmosenv.2011.12.018 (2012).

Onishi, K., Otani, S., Yoshida, A., Mu, H. & Kurozawa, Y. Adverse Health Effects of Asian Dust Particles

and Heavy Metals in Japan. Asia-Pacific journal of public health / Asia-Pacific Academic Consortium for

Public Health, doi:10.1177/1010539511428667 (2012).


45

Rangeland health monitoring of Mongolia

B. Erdenetsetseg and S. Sumjidmaa

1) Information and Research Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment, Remote

Sensing Division, Juulchiny street-5, Ulaanbaatar 15160, Mongolia

The primary challenge to sustainable livestock production in Mongolia is that rangeland health, the

set of environmental conditions that sustain the productivity and biodiversity of rangelands, is in

decline in many parts of Mongolia.

Rangeland health monitoring is carried out at 1,500 sites across the network of Mongolian

National Agency of Meteorology and Environment Monitoring (NAMEM). A new methodology to

evaluate rangeland health was developed and has been in use since 2014. This methodology uses a

state transition model based on ecological potential of the monitoring sites. Using the model,

Mongolia’s rangeland was categorized into 25 ecological site groups and five standardized recovery

classes (I-V) based on information and assumptions about the reference condition or ecological

potential of a rangeland area and the process of recovery with a change in management. Relatively

healthy rangeland conditions that are observed within an ecological site are used as a reference for

assessing rangeland health.

When the state transition model was run using the 2014 monitoring data to evaluate the

rangeland health, 65% of sites were found to be altered with respect to the plant species

composition of the reference communities for the matched ecological site groups. Based on this

analysis, 48% of the sites would require more than 3 years of management for recovery to occur..

Most monitoring sites in Desert Steppe and Desert ecological zones are at reference condition or

only slightly altered (Class I). A higher percentage of sites requiring more than 3 years of

management for recovery were observed in forest steppe, steppe and semi-desert zones. Sites in

aimags such as Arkhangai, Bulgan, Tuv, Selenge, and Dundgobi have experienced the greatest

degree (Class III and IV) rangeland degradation (National report of rangeland health monitoring,

2015).

46

Ambient Air PM2.5 and its Impact on Cardiovascular Disease in Ulaanbaatar Residents

*Enkhjargal Altangerel

1, Burmjaajav Badrakh

2

1) Public health institute, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

2) Mongolian Academy of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia


Mongolia is a landlocked country with a total land area of 1,564,116 square kilometers. Ambient

annual average particulate matter (PM) concentrations in Ulaanbaatar are 10–25 times greater than

Mongolian air quality standards (AQS). More than 40 percentage of the nation’s total population

live in Ulaanbaatar. The study aims to define the relationship between ambient air PM2.5 level

and hospital admissions in Ulaanbaatar during the years 2010 and 2014. Pollution data included the

24-hour average of PM2.5. Data were sampled daily and optioned from the national air monitoring

stations located in Ulaanbaatar city. The sampling frame of hospital admissions for cardiovascular

disease (CVD) were the records of all outpatient hospitals of Ulaanbaatar. Data covers the period

from January 2011 to January 2014. To test the differences of the results, appropriate statistical tests

were employed. During 2011-2014, highest concentration was occurred during cold period of time

and the PM2.5 level is 3.7 times higher in the cold period than the warm period. During cold

periods of time, the most admissions for CVD were registered. Since 4 days after exposure of

PM2.5 impact was weaken but still remained positive correlation. For PM2.5, 100 µg/m3 growth of

the pollutant led to 0.65% increase in the hospitalization for cardiovascular disease on the exposed

day. Second day of exposure, 10 µg/m3 growth of the pollutant led to 0.66% increase; on the third

day of exposure, 10 µg/m3 growth of the pollutant led to 0.08% increase of hospital admissions for

CVD, and at the fourth day, such growth led to 0.6% increase of CVD cases during 2011-2014 in

Ulaanbaatar. In conclusion: Most incidences of CVD registered during the cold months in

Ulaanbaatar in last 4 year were a result of PM2.5 exposure. This shows that PM2.5 exposure and

hospital admissions for cardiovascular system chronic diseases are positively correlated. CVD in

Ulaanbaatar residents were affected more on same day and third day of exposure.

47

Air Pollution and pulmonary function survey results among Schoolchildren Living in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

D.Baigalmaa

1, Sh.Enkhtur

1, М.Bayalag

1, D.Ulzii

2, D.Warburton

3

1) National Center for Maternal and Child Health, Ulaanbaatar,Mongolia

2) National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar,Mongolia

3) The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of

Medicine

To measure personal exposure to air pollution in children, in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia with

measurement of lung function. Methods: Since coal burning for domestic heating causes severe air

pollution in Ulaanbaatar, we measured personal PM2.5 exposure and lung function for children

aged 6-12 years with asthma during the 2015. Results: Peak levels of black carbon PM2.5 exposure

varied significantly with time of day, with the highest peaks during commute to school, going

outside, heating ger with coal burning and opening window or door. The lung function test were

similar with those of healthy urban children established in previous studies except for the

FEV25-75%. Conclusion: Peak exposures in gers were related to going outside, fire lighting and

cooking, opening the door. The exposure for children living in apartment was also occurred during

the commute to school, outside playtime and car rides. The study of lung function in connection

with personal exposure to air pollution will continue.

48

Prevalence of Airborne Infectious Virus in Nomadic Livestock and Wild Animals in Mongolia

K. Hagiwara§1, Y. Kato-Mori

1, S. Ganzorig

2, J. Noda

1, T. Munkhbat

3, B. Hoshino

1

4) Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu-shi, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.

5) Project advisor, JICA Project for VEP, Mongolia

6) Khomiin Taliin Takhi NGO Mongolia §Corresponding author: [email protected]

Objective: Aerosol is important factor for virus transmission of respiratory virus infection. Some of

the airborne virus dispersed in atmospheric environment has a risk factor to the susceptibly host as a

airborne infection. In this study, we examined the seroepidemiological survey for respiratory

disease virus and virus genome detection in feces derived from the domestic animal of nomadic

families and wild animals, to investigate the possibility of the viral shedding to the environment

from the infected animals or droppings.

Materials & Methods: To investigate the disease prevalence in livestock, we collected blood and

feces samples from livestock (horses, cows, sheep and goats) of 6 nomadic families around Hustai

National Park (HNP). Samples from wild animals including rodents, deer and Takhi were also

collected under supports of the rangers of HNP. The serum samples were examined for the

serological analysis to detect four kinds of Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD), such as BHV-1,

BVDV, BRSV, and PI-3, to detect the virus specific antibodies by ELISA method. The feces

samples were examined for the detection of Hepatitis E virus (HEV)-RNA which is zoonotic

disease between animals and human.

Results and Discussion: The serological examination revealed that the most of cows have

antibodies against respiratory disease virus. The serological study showed that BRD are widespread

in livestock. It is important information to note that there were many seropositive livestock against

BRD. These diseases are influencing the economic loss of livestock production as a respiratory

transmission disease by aerosolized virus from a nasal discharge and saliva. An effective

vaccination program in livestock should be recommended to prevent the disease spread in herd of

animals especially in calves. HEV was detected in the feces from cows, goats, sheep, and horses. In

the feces from wild animals, HEV was detected from 11 of 15 rodents and 4 of 41 marmots, but

HEV was not detected from Takhi, deer and wolf. HEV RNA was detected in all the specie of

livestock and wild rodents. Rodents are considerably higher prevalence of HEV. This virus is shed

in the feces for long period and is environment-, and heat-resistant, therefore the virus may be

emitted from the virus containing feces. Currently, we do not confirm any health problems in

nomadic family regarding this disease, but following research should be continued in the large scale

numbers. Preparation for the herd health management program would improve the productivity and

quality of livestock products as well as human health.


49

Poster Session

16:30-18:00 on 8 August

17:20-18:00 on 9 August

50

Comparison of General Circulation Model Outputs over Mongolia

A. Davaadorj and P. Gomboluudev

1) Information and Research Institute of Meteorology Hydrology and Environment, NAMEM,

MONGOLIA

Email: [email protected], [email protected]

The study aimed to investigate the predictable skill of general circulation models’(GCM) realtime

forecast in 2015 of the Subseasonal to Seasonal project (S2S). Therefore, the realtime forecast

data from the WWRP/THORPEX/ WCRP S2S project are compared with the reanalysis data of

European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The analysis focused on the

Mongolia region (41-53N, 87-121E) for January to November 2015.

Each decadal and monthly mean temperature, and total precipitation of realtime forecasts were

evaluated. In the comparison, pattern correlation and Taylor diagram are calculated to define and

select the general circulation model with the best performance in year 2015. The pattern correlation

coefficient of temperature between GCMs and reanalysis was ~0.50-0.83 for first decade,

~0.18-0.43 for second and third decades, ~0.32-0.62 for monthly mean over Mongolia. According

to the precipitation, the best correlation coefficient was ~0.39-0.61 for first decade.

Consequently, the ECMWF model had the best performance over Mongolia and used in predicting

some extreme event such as heat and cold waves and cold rain over Mongolia in 2015.

Further study will evaluate wind speed for extreme dust cases in 2015.



51

Simulation of a severe dust storm over Mongolia during 25-28 May 2008

Javzmaa Sereenendorj1, Mata Mahakur

2, Batjargal Makhval

3 and Munkhtsetseg Erdenebayar

4

1) Hydrometerology and Environment Monitoring Service of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

2) Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India



4) School of Engineering and Applied sciences, National University of Mongolia

Using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-CHEM), we

attempted to simulate the formation of a severe dust storm event occurred in southeastern part of

Mongolia from 25-28 May, 2008. The estimated total dust emissions varied from 4 to 120 [mg/m2]

in association with latitudinal concentrations which altered from 50 to 400 [μg/kg]. Our results

showed that WRF-CHEM model could simulate well the formation of dust storm and dust

transportation. WRF-CHEM model simulated the abrupt changes in surface temperature (the cold

event) and surface wind, even though, the maximum wind speed was underestimated in our model

domain. However, the results require more systematic dust related studies, validations for estimated

meteorological variables and parameterizations in dust emission schemes in order to predict dust

events with WRF-CHEM model over Mongolia.

Fig. 1 Simulated dust concentration amount in the air from 25 to 28 May, 2008 using WRF-CHEM

model.

52

LIDAR and Surface Observations of air pollution in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

Minrui WANG1, Kenji KAI

1, Nobuo SUGIMOTO

2, Dashdondog BATDORJ

3



2) National Institutes for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan

3) National Agency for Meteorology and Environmental Monitoring, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

Ulaanbaatar, the capital city of Mongolia, is subject to high air particulate matter pollution episodes

during winter that have severe implications for the health of the exposed population. Among the

Mongolian government’s report in 2007, the annual consumption of coal in Ulaanbaatar has reached

4.7 million ton, with 70% in which used in energy production, and the recent 30% cost in citizens’

family life (Guttinkunda, 2007). Mie-scattering lidars were installed in Ulaanbaatar from 2007 as a

part of Asian dust monitoring network. According to the analysis of lidar data and surface

meteorological data, we studied the temporal and spatial distributions of PM2.5 and the

development of atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) in October, 2010. The results show that the

feature of ABL structure changed as the season proceeded. After 10 October, as the surface air

temperature dropped below 0℃, the main source of PM2.5 emission in Ulaanbaatar, households in

ger districts, started the coal firing, which conspicuously increased the PM2.5 concentration. In the

second half of October, influenced by the domination of Siberian High, the maximum ABL height

became lower, and the PM2.5 pollutants were captured in the stable surface atmosphere, indirectly

caused the high concentration of PM2.5. The wind velocity in winter was relatively low, especially

during nighttime. We in conclusion the winter air pollution in Ulaanbaatar is directly caused by

house heating (meanly coal firing), then partly influenced by the local climate matters.

Fig.1 (a) Time series of total attenuated backscatter at 1064nm in October, 2010. (b) Variation of air

temperature, PM2.5 (daily averaged) in October, 2010. (c) Distribution of wind and PM2.5

concentration (mg/m3) between Oct. 2010 to Jan. 2011.

References:

Guttinkunda, S., 2007. Urban air pollution analysis for Ulaanbaatar. The World Bank Consultant Report,

Washington DC, pp. 29-30.

53

Horizontal and Vertical Distributions of Asian Dust in Arid area, Mongolia

Yuki MINAMOTO1, Kazuma OHARA

1, Kei KAWAI

1, Jun NODA

2, Teruya MAKI

3,

Enkhbaatar DAVAANYAM4, and Kenji KAI

1

1) Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Furo-cho,Chikusa-ku,

Nagoya 464-8601, Japan,

2) Rakuno Gakuen University, Bunkyodai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan

3) College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan



Mongolian arid areas spread out from southern Gobi Desert to northern Mongolian grassland. This

study explores a horizontal distribution of Asian dust using a sunphotometer and an optical particle

counter (OPC) from Dalanzadgad (DZ) to Ulaanbaatar (UB). Furthermore, we observed a vertical

distribution of Asian dust using a balloon on which OPC was installed in Dalanzadgad

meteorological observatory, Gobi desert. Here we report observation results.

(1) Vertical distribution of Asian dust in Dalanzadgad meteorological observatory

We measured the vertical distribution of Asian dust from the ground surface to a height of 500m at

8:00 (LST) on 29 Apr 2016. The dust concentration was high near the surface, but it decreased and

became constant from 200 m to 500 m (Fig.1). At the same time, a ceilometer and radiosonde

observations were conducted. The vertical distribution of aerosol was characterized by a strong

inversion layer existed near the surface, a nocturnal stable layer and a residual layer existed from

200 m to 500 m.

(2) Horizontal distribution of Asian dust from Gobi Desert to Mongolian grassland.

To clarify the relationship between Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) and surface condition, we did

a moving observation from DZ to UB every 100km on 4 May 2016 (Fig.2). The AOT increased

with wind speed when the surface condition was desert. On the other hand, Location No. 7 which

was covered with grassland and snow decreased the AOT and increased the exponent

because dust saltation did not occur and the ratio of coarse particle was low (Fig.3). Therefore, the

vertical distribution of Asian dust was affected by the

strong inversion layers and the horizontal distribution

was affected both by weather and surface conditions.


54

Relationship between vegetation coverage and dust storms over the Gobi area

Tsedendamba PUREVSUREN

12*, Yuta DEMURA

2, Yuki SOFUE

2, Buho HOSHINO

2,

Sumiya GANZORIG2, Dulam JUGDER

3, Kenji KAI

4

1) National Agency for Meteorology and Environmental Monitoring, Ulaanbaatar 210646,

Mongolia

2) Graduate School of Dairy Sciences, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, 069-8501,

Hokkaido, Japan

3) Information And Research Institute Of Meteorology, Hydrology And Environment

Ulaanbaatar 210646, Mongolia



This study aims to examine the relationship between Normalized Differential Vegetation Index

(NDVI) and dust storm observations in Mongolia during 2000 to 2015. We analyzed using

meteorological parameters and of the NDVI derived from the satellite observations. The results

reveal that a correlation between dust storm and vegetation cover reasonable negative relationship,

the r- value was -0.5. For the analysis, we examined correlation between the precipitation and the

NDVI. Dust storm occurrence had increased with decreasing of annual precipitation in spring. The

most degraded area was southwest region of the Gobi with the least precipitations.


55

Estimation of threshold wind speeds for dust emission

Baljinnyam Nyamjantsan and Jugder Dulam



The main purpose of this study to estimate threshold wind speeds for dust emission using

meteorological data/every 3 hours/. We estimated threshold wind speeds, its spatial distribution,

its seasonal variation and dust uplift potential in Mongolia.

In this work we statistically evaluated threshold wind speed estimation for dust emission using

meteorological data. We produced threshold wind speed of dust emission on a map of Mongolian

territory. We defined two kinds of threshold wind speed.

Threshold wind speed is lowest in desert region ( = 7.5 ± 1.5m/sec, = 9.6 ± 1.3m/sec),

for Gobi desert region is ( = 7.5 ± 2.0, = 10.4 ± 2.5m/sec), for step region (

= 8.5 ± 1.3m/sec, = 12.4 ± 2.3m/sec) and finally highest at forest step region ( =

9.3 ± 1.35m/sec, = 10.4 ± 2.5m/sec.

The Comparison between soil moisture and threshold wind speeds which is observed at 23

stations. There was a weak correlation which was 0.2 between the threshold wind speed

and and soil moisture. But the correlation coefficient was 0.42 when it

was compared with the dispersion, in other words the difference of threshold wind speed.

The result shows that the good relation between the threshold wind speeds ( ) and

precipitation in spring and its correlation was 0.5.

Correlations between averaged 5 years NDVI in spring over Mongolia and threshold wind

speeds were a weak

Fig. 1 This figure shows map of DUP in the spring in Mongolia. Dust uplift potential is highest in Desert

region, at 1829.9м3/с

3. It is also high in Gobi region, at 1614.39м

3/с

3. The steppe region is 1350.29м

3/с

3.

DUP is low in Forest steppe region 344.69м3/с

3

References:

Manual for meteorological and environment monitoring and evaluation, Manual for observation and

measurement technology, 2014, 25p

S. M. Cowie, P. Knippertz, and J. H. Marsham (2014): A climatology of dust emission events from northern

Africa using long-term surface observations

Kurosaki, Y. and Mikami M. (2007): Threshold wind speed for dust emission in east Asia and its 20 seasonal

variations, J.Geophys. Res. Atmos., 112, D17202, doi:10.1029/2006JD007988.


56

Impacts of grazing and precipitation variability on vegetation dynamics in a Mongolian dry steppe

Tserenpurev BAT-OYUN1 and Masato SHINODA

2


Mongolia, Email: [email protected] 2) Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Japan, Email:

[email protected]

Mongolia is one of the few countries where nomadic animal husbandry still plays a large part in the

economy. The country has experienced in climate change, increasing the frequencies of extreme

events such as drought and dzud (severe winter) over past decades. Such experienced climate

changes have led to more threats in livestock farming and pasture management and increasing their

vulnerability. Grazing is a key anthropogenic disturbance on natural grasslands and plays an

important role in shaping the structure and functions of plant communities. Present study aimed to

examine the effects of grazing exclusion, interannual variation of plant-available precipitation

(PAP) and their interaction on the aboveground biomass (AGB) of each dominant species, the AGB

of annual species and the total AGB in a Mongolian dry steppe, using long-term field data

(Bat-Oyun et al., 2016). To detect the effect of grazing on vegetation dynamics, vegetation surveys

were conducted in a non-grazed exclosure zone and a fully grazed area outside the exclosure. We

assessed the effects using a generalized linear model. A detrended correspondence analysis (DCA)

was used to describe the effects of grazing, PAP and their interaction on the AGB of each dominant

species and total AGB. Grazing, PAP and their interaction had a significant effect on AGB. The

effect of grazing on AGB was larger with higher precipitation and higher amounts of AGB (i.e.,

forage) while AGB was strongly limited in drought years, which result in a smaller grazing effect.

The current-year PAP had the highest impact (r = 0.88, p < 0.01) on AGB. The dominance of annual

species was characterized by the amount of PAP in the current and preceding years: annuals

dominated in wet years that followed consecutive dry years. The DCA Axis 1 clearly reflected the

variation of AGB with interannual variation of PAP while the DCA Axis 2 differentiated the grazing

effect. The DCA scatter diagram based on species score illustrated that Artemisia adamsii (an

unpalatable herb) was clearly linked to grazing disturbance whereas palatable perennials such as

Agropyron cristatum, Stipa krylovii and Cleistogenes squarrosa were related to grazing

abandonment and wetter conditions. In brief, precipitation variability may modify the patterns of

vegetation change that are established by grazing. The years receiving similar precipitation resulted

in significantly different AGB, the possible reason underlying this pattern is difference in species

composition in the current year. In addition, we hypothesized that standing dead grasses and litter

accumulation of different species composition in the preceding years could affect differently on dust

emission in the current year. Therefore, it should be considered to evaluate current-year dust

emission.

References:

Bat-Oyun, T., Shinoda, M., Cheng, Y., and Y. Purevdorj, 2016: Effects of grazing and precipitation

variability on vegetation dynamics in a Mongolian dry steppe, J. Plant Ecol., doi:10.1093/jpe/rtv083.


57

Effect of meteorological condition on air pollution in the southwestern area of Ulaanbaatar

Enkhdalai Narankhuu1,3

, Erdenebayar Munkhtsetseg1, Tsatsral Batmunkh

2

1) School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar,

Mongolia

2) Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea

3) Aviation Meteorological Center of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

To better understand the effect of meteorological condition on air pollution in the southwestern area

of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia 1-h averaged air quality data, PM10, SO2, NO2, as well as meteorological

data such as wind speed, direction, temperature inversion intensity and inversion thickness were

analyzed at the Nisekh-4 air quality monitoring site between April 2009 and June 2011. The results

showed that annual highs and lows for each particulate matter of PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 was

correspondent in winter and summer periods. Partial contributions of PM2.5 to PM10 were

determined as 84% during winter season, while it was defined as 28% during summer periods. It

indicates that dominant particulate matter is fine particles in the winter season, whereas it prevails

to coarse particles in spring. Strong diurnal variation, morning and evening high afternoon low, was

observed during winter months due mostly to coal burning. Moreover, we found that pollution level

in the area was highly dependent on meteorological condition especially in winter and spring

seasons. In addition, air mass trajectories calculated by HYSPLIT, presented a distinct variation at

heavy polluted-air events from clean air events. Statistical model was applied to determine PM level

for different polluted events and different seasons. The results showed the predicted PM

concentration was found to be 86.1% in winter season.

58

Climate change impact and disease on

grasshopper (Orthoptera) in Mongolia

Altantsetseg Tumurbus


About 92 kinds of pest insects and rodents, which have serious effect on animal husbandry and

agriculture, are distributed in Mongolia. Grasshoppers are seriously and commonly distributed pests

in the Mongolian territory. About 140 grasshopper’s species are known in Mongolia. Among them

20 species of the grasshoppers are harmful for rangeland and cropland. Grasshoppers feed a wide

range of plants and other organic material (e.g., detritus, dung, dead insects, etc.). Some species of

grasshoppers can reach to high densities. In Mongolia, pest grasshoppers distribute in the natural

zones of steppe, forest steppe and high mountains.

In this study, the data were obtained from the database of Orthoptera of the

Agrometeorological stations from year 2002 to 2010. Therefore, we were used the data of

temperature and precipitation above years. Temperature is known to be a key factor for controlling

the life cycle of insects, climate change impact on grasshopper were assessed using the CO2

scenarios of HADCM3 climate model for periods 2011-2030, 2046-2065 and 2080-2099.

Each insect species has its own optimum temperature for development as well as a preferred

feeding habit. The optimum temperatures for most insect species range between 10 and 32°C. The

present date for the grasshoppers’ hatch is 23 March, decease is 18 September and average of life

cycle of grasshoppers continues 118 days per year. In addition, life cycle of the grasshopper is

107-122 days at high mountains, 108-113 days at forest and steppe in Mongolia. According to the

prediction, Hatching of the grasshoppers will occur earlier, and deceasing later in periods

2011-2030, 2046-2065, 2080-2099, and the study result shows that life cycle of grasshoppers will

be longer in the future.

59

Plant water status over permafrost region in Mongolia

E.Dorjpurev1, E.Munkhtsetseg

1, Ts.Bat-Oyun

2 and Sh.Otgonsuren

1

1) National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

2) Institute of Research Information, Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment (IRIMHE),


At the recent decades, the permafrost area has been reducing due to ongoing global warming. It has

been found that Siberian permafrost edge covers the northern part of Mongolia. Much water resource

in an ice form has been kept inside of the frozen zone at the permafrost. However, those water

resources are not available for plant growth. Other word, the plants are not able to supply its water

need tapping into the frozen zone. To note, several evidences proved that permafrost has been

significantly declined in its depths. Thus, available plant water in the soil might be increased as

thawing processes happening in the permafrost. With this reasoning, we purpose to investigate

changes in plan-water balance over permafrost area in Mongolia.

60

Field experiment appropriate use of animal manure for soil desertification in Mongolia

Javkhlantuya Altansuvd, G.Tegshbayar, B.uurtsaikh, Lkham Davaa, Gonchig Solongo

1) Mongolian Life Science of Agriculture

Resent years we have seen a visible change in the ecosystem of Mongolia with increasing

desertification, soil erosion process in arable area in Mongolia. The field study was conducted in

2012. We tested manure use in Mongolia using potato. In the field experiment, seven fertilization

methods of manure use in Mongolia we tested the experiment, we used 2 years matured manure (2

y-manure) and 2 months matured manure (2m-manure). Both manure was made from goat and

sheep dung. 1) no fertilization (control), 2) application of 2 m- manure of 20Mg ha-1

, 3)2 m- manure

of 40Mg ha-1

, 4)2 m-manure of 60Mg ha-1

, 5) application of 2 y-manure of 20Mg ha-1

, 6)2

y-manure of 40Mg ha-1

,7)2 y- manure of 60Mg ha-1

. Comparing the applications in 2 y-matured and

2 m-manure plots, had higher yield than 2 m-manure. For spring manure application, manure was

applied in May 30 in 2012.

Potato was seeded in June 15with the line interval of 70 cm, and plant interval of 30cm.The

highest yield was observed for 60t/ha plot than the other plots. Among plots with manure

application in spring, highest yield was observed for 40t/ha plot than the other plots.

Thus when we focused on the effect of plant yield in this study, recommendable use of animal

manure was expected to be 40t/ ha-1

in Mongolia. Highest yield was observed in 2y-manure

application and long time matured 2y-manure made plant yield higher and short time matured

2m-manure made plant yield low. Therefore it was shown that long maturing time of manure and

applied manure amount had positive effect on crop yield in Mongolia. For potato yield, animal

manure recommendable use was expected to be 40 mg/ha with 2y- manure in Mongolia.

61

Cultivated Technology Development Trends and Opportunity to Reduce Soil Erosion

Davaa.L, Solongo.G, Ariuntsetseg.D

1) School of Agroecology, Mongolian University of Life Sciences


[email protected]

[email protected]

Our country is increasing agricultural soil erosion process because of the agricultural technology

selection, crop rotation due to the unable be adapted according to the soil capabilities and

characteristics.

In our country, the impact of the technological options that affect the productivity of soil and

crop rotation fertile soil used a recent study has determined of cultivation technology.

Therefore, appropriate measures of cultivation technology and suitable substitute version is

showing results of the research will be possible to choose.




62

The Result of Some Soil Properties and Plants in Fenced and Non-fenced Rangeland Places in Forest-Steppe Region of Monglia

Lkhamsuren

1 B., Odgerel

1 B., Bayarmaa

1 Kh

1) School of Agroecology, Mongolian University of Life Sciences


Due to rapid development of tourism, families with a large number of livestock settling in these

areas, and recreational facilities and camps are being built in large numbers in some Mongolian

protected areas, we are facing problems of overgrazing, land degradation, and lack of vegetation

cover, and ultimately, these are leading to pasture degradation.

The research purpose is defined rangeland degradation in the limited zone of national park in

forest steppe prefecture.


63

Amylase, protease and catalase activity of plant root and soils

Jambalsuren BAYARMAA1, Dondog PUREV

1

1) Department of Biology, School of Arts & Sciences, National University of Mongolia,

Ulaanbaatar 210646, Mongolia; Email: [email protected]

Soil enzymes come from plants, soil animals and microorganisms and directly mediate soil organic

matter breakdown (Schaller, 2009). Especially soil hydrolytic enzymes (intracellular, cell-associated

or free enzymes) are mediates and catalysis biochemical processes which are important in soil

functioning, such as nutrient mineralization and cycling, decomposition and formation of soil

organic matter and life cycling of soil microorganisms (Burns, 1982). Roots and microbes release a

range of enzymes into soil to aid the acquisition of nutrients. Most attention has been given to the

synthesis and release of phosphatases by roots because such synthesis is a universal response of

plants to phosphorous deficiency (Georgea et al., 2002). Additionally, comparative studies between

native plants root extracellular enzyme capabilities are lacking. That is why in this work we

estimated the activity of amylase, protease and catalase of Iris tenuifolia Pall. and Larix sibirica

Ledb. roots and activity of these enzymes in the soil under them compared with soil samples where

these plants do not grow. Soil samples were taken from the 0-25 cm from the soil surface. Amylase

(EC 3.2.1.3) activity was estimated by Smith-Roe (Purev, 2012), protease (EC 3.4.) - by Kunitz M.

(Kochetov, 1980) and catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) - by Jonson-Temple methods (Khaziev, 2005).

Enzymatic activities were expressed in units. One unit (U) of amylase activity was taken as 1mg of

starch hydrolyzed by amylase of 1g soil sample in 1 hour, 1 unit of protease activity was taken as

1μg of tyrosine formed in 1g of soil in 1 hour and 1 unit of catalase activity was taken as 1mg of

hydrogen peroxide hydrolyzed by catalase of 1g soil in 1 hour. Results show that average amylase

activity for Iris tenuifolia Pall. soil was 19.25 U, protease - 13.8 U and catalase - 5.01U, whereas

average enzyme activity for soil samples where this plant do not grow was 16.58 U, 12.0 U and

2.08 U correspondingly. Amylase activity of Larix sibirica Ledb. soil was 11.2 U, protease - 14.4 U

and catalase - 3.71U and for soil samples where this plant do not grow was 4.25 U, 7.4 U and 1.39

U respectively. The activity of soil enzymes were dependent on soil depth and were more active in

soil when the plants grow. Amylase activity was higher by 13.8%, protease - 13% and catalase -

58.5% in the soil where the Iris tenuifolia Pall. grows. The same trend is observed for Larix

sibirica Ledb. soil. Amylase activity was higher by 62 %, protease - 13% and catalase - 58.5% in

the soil where the plant grows. The enzyme activity of Iris tenuifolia Pall. root was 433.3 U,

300.0 U and 282.7 U. Amylase activity of Larix sibirica Ledb. root was 33.3 U, 332.0 U and 16.67

U respectively. From these results we can see that the root system of plants plays an important role

in the formation of topsoil, so we have to take it under consideration when accessing soil erosion

and changes in soil fertility and study soil-plant relationship.

References:

Burns R.G. 1982: Enzyme activity in soil: location and possible role in microbial ecology. Soil Biol.

Biochem., 14:423-427.

Khaziev F.H. 2005. Methods in soil enzymology. Moscow, pp.184-185 (In Russian).

Kochetov G.A. 1980. Enzymology, a practical guidance. Moscow, pp. 223- 224 (In Russian).

Purev D., Bayarmaa J. 2012. Enzymology. Ulaanbaatar, pp. 346 - 347 (in Mongolian).

Schaller K. 2009: Soil Enzymes – Valuable Indicators of Soil Fertility and Environmental. In: Impacts

Bulletin UASVM Horticulture, 66 (2):911 – 915.

Georgea T.S., Gregorya P.J., Wooda M., Reada D., Buresh R.J. 2002. Phosphatase activity and organic acids

in the rhizosphere of potential agroforestry species and maize. Soil Biology and Biochemistry

34(10):1487-1494.


64

Transport of trace gases in the Gobi region of Mongolia

OYUNCHIMEG DUGERJAV

1) Information and Research Institute for Meteorology Hydrology and Environment,

Mongolia ; Email: [email protected]

Some measurements and studies for trace gases in the Gobi desert region have been done within

framework international cooperation of The Information and Research Institute for Meteorology

Hydrology and Environment Mongolia.

Since 2005, Scientific expedition of Buryat science Centre /BSC/ of Russian academy science/RAS/

and Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology of Mongolia has worked in the Mongolian arid and

semi-arid region desert /Sainshand/ which is freedom of anthropogenic influence in the summer

2005-2014. We have measured surface ozone, NO2, CO2, aerosol optical depth and meteorological

parameters.

Since 1992, GMD-NOAA, USA is started GHG sampling with Institute of Meteorology and

Hydrology of Mongolia. The sampling point /UUM/ is located south desert of Mongolia. The site

has been measured CO2 CH4, SF6, N2O, and CO.

This research focused on the high concentration of trace gases in the Gobi region in Mongolia.

Main purpose was an explanation of high concentration of trace gases related with local and

regional air mass transport in the region. The reason we have selected high concentration trace

gases observed days from national (Ulaanbaatar background site) and international measurements

(from EANET and Russian Mongolian expedition). The results are shown that several days, high

concentrations of trace gases were observed in the region. There are no big sources of trace gases.

Mongolia is located between 2 industrialized countries. Trace gases can be transported long distance

by the wind.

Fig. 1 Surface ozone concentration at different sites

References:

Oyunchimeg.D 2012, The GHG sampling and data analysis in Mongolia, proceedings of the 18th

international joint seminar on regional deposition processes in atmosphere and climate change. Ulaanbaatar

Mongolia, p198-203

Jamsueva.G.S, Zayakhanov A.S, Tsydypov V.V, Ayurjanaev A.A Azzaya D., Oyunchimeg D: 2012, Study of

trace gases and aerosols in the Gobi-desert region in Mongolia, journal of agricultural sciences, vol 9 (2),

p- 196-203

Oyunchimeg.D 2013. Spatial and temporal change of GHG, Papers in Meteorology and Hydrology 33,

P-191-204, Ulaanbaatar 2013

Jamsueva.G.S, Zayakhanov A.S, Tsydypov V.V, Ayurjanaev A.A Azzaya D, Oyunchimeg D.,2008:

Assessment of small gaseous impurities in atmosphere of arid and semi-arid territories of

Mongolia,Atmospheric Environment 42 , p 582-587. Elsevier.


65

Relationship between soil moisture and snow cover in Mongolia

Erdenebadrakh MUNKHJARGAL

1) Environmental Research Section, Information and Research Institute of Meteorology,

Hydrology and Environment, Ulaanbaatar 15160, Mongolia


Seasonal snow is one of the most important influences on the development and distribution of the

hydrothermal regime in surface soil. Especially, spring snowmelt is an important natural process in

the Mongolia which is influenced main role for soil moisture. Snow cover of Mongolia shows clear

period in the cold season and dynamical variation of the parameters. Interannual variation of snow

is large but interdecadal variation of snow is not so large and it is influence on agriculture is very

huge which could greatly modify soil water resources during the growing season. We found that, in

Mongolia, spatial pattern of snow melting date shows clear latitudinal gradient pattern (earlier with

lower latitude, later with higher latitude) and time series of spring snow melting date is towards an

earlier due to climatic warming and atmospheric condition. Changes of snow melting date plays

critical role in soil moisture characteristics. Therefore, accurate assessment of relationship between

seasonal snow and soil moisture is one of the vital issue to determine hydrological regime.

In this paper, focusing on the relationship of snow melting time to changes in snowpack and

soil moisture storage.


66

PM10 and PM2.5 in the ambient air of Ulaanbaatar city

ENKHMAA SARANGEREL1, BATDORJ DASHDONDOG

1, MASATAKA NISHIKAWA

2

2) National Agency for Meteorology and Environmental Monitoring, Mongolia

3) National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki


[email protected]

[email protected]

There are 35 air quality stations in Mongolia and 10 of them are located in Ulaanbaatar city.

Measuring of concentration PM10 and PM 2.5 by automatic analyzer has started in 2010. Sampling

points of PM10 are UB-2 /road site/, UB-4 and UB-5 /residential and ger area/, UB-7 /industrial

area/ and UB-8 /located in the suburb of city center/ in the 6 air quality stations. Sampling points

of PM2.5 are located at UB-2 and UB-4.

According to the 5 years result, yearly average concentration of PM10 is between

124-259ug/m3. High concentration is observed in during season were particularly severe in

dominated by gers housing area. To compare 24 hour concentration of PM10 with standard

MNS4585:2007 /standard=100ug/m3/ and it is exceeded 9-95% of all measurement. 23

measurement of all measurement are exceeded 5 times in 2015 year.

According to the 5 years result, yearly average concentration of PM2.5 is between 57-132ug/m3.

High concentration is observed in the winter season. To compare 24 hour concentration of PM2.5

with standard MNS4585:2007 /standard=50ug/m3/ and it is exceeding 56-94% of all measurement.

11 measurements of all measurement are exceeded 5 times in 2015 year.

National Agency Meteorology and Environmental Monitoring and National Institute for

Environmental Studies, Onagawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki is measured chemical compositions of PM in

Ulaanbaatar city in winter season of 2012, 2013 year. PM samples collected simultaneously at three

separate locations. Trace element (As, Pь, Zn) were confirmed as dominant in the PM2.5 size range,

whereas soil-derived elements (Ca, Fe, MN) were predominant for the coarse size range. The

fluoride ion was the only anion existed in significant amounts in the same size range as that for

soil-derived elements. Total carbon represented the largest component of PM, accounting for

approximately half of the total. The organic carbon concentration of PM10 samples in the Gers area

was significantly higher than of other areas.

References:

Air quality report of National Agency for Meteorology and Environmental Monitoring, 2010-2015

year.

Masataka Nishikawa, Ichiro Matsui, Ikuko Mori, Dashdondog Batdorj, Enkhmaa Sarangerel, Kaoru

Ohnishi, Atsushi Shimizu and Nobuo Sugimoto: 2015, Chemical Characteristics of Airbone

Particulate Matter during the Winter Season in Ulaanbaatar, Research Paper, Earazoru Kenkyu,

30(2), 126-133(2015)




67

Sand storm impacts respiratory system of small ruminants in Mongolia

Baatarjargal Purevdorj1, Mungun-Ochir Bayasgalan

1, Altanchimeg Adilbish

1, Takehito Morita

2,

Akinori Shimada3

1) Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

2) Department of Veterinary Pathology, Tottori University, Tottori-shi, Tottori, Japan

3) Department of Pathology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University,

Sagamihara-shi, 252-5201 Kanagawa, Japan

4) Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Frequency of yellow dust storms in Mongolia is increasing in the last years. In the areas, where

yellow dusts occur more,- respiratory and cardiovascular diseases are probable to increase in small

ruminants. A total of 25 sheep and goats aged between 3 to 8 years old in some soums of Khuvsgul,

Orkhon and Selenge aimags, where yellow dusts are less frequent, and in some soums of Umnugobi

and Sukhbaatar aimags, where yellow dusts are greater, were studied. We aimed to judge whether or

not Asian yellow dust storm can affect small ruminant health more deeply through its respiratory

system based on clinical signs and pathological findings of the animals. In order to investigate the

adverse effect of yellow dust on the respiratory organs, both macroscopic and microscopic lesions

of lungs and tracheobronchial lymph nodes were pathologically examined. Samples collected from

the animals from the areas where intense sand storms occurred revealed the fibrosis and

granulomatous lesions comprising macrophages containing fine dust particles. These results suggest

that sand storm may affect - small ruminant’s respiratory system.



68

Training Course

13:30-14:30 on 9 August

14:30-17:50 on 11 August

9:00-12:15 and 13:30-15:00 on 12 August

69

Remote sensing method for extract the Asian Dust Storm Area

Buho Hoshino (Rakuno Gakuen University)

Course contents

◆ How to calculate the NDDI (Normalized Difference Dust Index) using MODIS data

◆ How to quantification of vegetation phenology and vegetation cover change

◆ Introduction to remote sensing monitoring method for extraction of dust area: How to classify the bare

soil, clouds and dust area

◆ Introduce the remote sensing method for detection of ground surface change

Training condition:

PC OS: Microsoft Windows 10 or Windows 8 or 7

ArcGIS software, ARCGIS 10.3

RS-software: *MultiSpec (Free License);

https://engineering.purdue.edu/~biehl/MultiSpec/download_win.html

GIS-software: Diva-GIS (Free License); http://www.diva-gis.org/

Fig. 1 Remote sensing method for extraction of dust, bare ground and clouds

70

Lecture for Japanese geostationary satellite, Himawari-8 and

data assimilation methods

Keiya Yumimoto (Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency)

Japanese geostationary meteorological satellite, Himawari-8

The Japanese next-generation geostationary meteorological satellite (GMS) – Himawari-8 was

launched on 7 October and began its operation on 7 July 2015. Himawari-8 is equipped with the

highly improved multispectral imager named Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI), ahead of other

GMSs. AHI has 16 observational bands and provide full disk snap every 10-minute with spatial

resolution of 0.5–2 km. In this course, I will provide an overview of Himawari-8 and its products.

The basis of data assimilation methods

Data assimilation is a method that integrates numerical model and observations with statistical filter,

and widely used in numerical weather prediction (NWP), production of re-analysis data set and

inverse modeling of emissions. In this lecture, we will look at the basis of data assimilation

methods.

71

Measurements of dust and bioaerosols by lidar

Zhongwei Huang1, Jianping Huang

1, and Nobuo Sugimoto

2


Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.

2) Atmospheric Environment Division, National Institutes for Environmental Studies,

Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan


1. Background

Bioaerosols (such as microorganisms) can be long-range transported with dust particles in the

atmosphere, consequently have significant impact on local and global climate. The importance

of dust and bioaerosol observation will be summarized briefly.

2. Basic knowledge of laser remote sensing

Lidar have been used widely for remote sensing of atmospheric constituents and condition over

past decades, due to its unique advantages of characterizing properties of detecting target with

high spatial and temporal resolutions. Principle of laser remote sensing will be introduced in the

lecture.

3. Fluorescent lidar

The course will focus on fluorescent lidar that could detect atmospheric dust and bioaerosols. In

order to investigate the characterization of bioaerosols along transported pathways of dust

aerosols, lidar system should observe Mie, Raman scattering and laser-induced fluorescence

excitation at UV from the atmosphere simultaneously. In this part, key contents include: 1)

design idea of lidar system; 2) Methods of data correction; 3) how to analysis lidar data.


72

Lecture for the ceilometer observation in the Gobi Desert

Kei KAWAI (Nagoya University)

Ceilometer is a compact lidar using a single wavelength. Our group has observed vertical profiles

of airborne mineral dust by using a Vaisala CL51 ceilometer in the Gobi Desert since May 2013.

This lecture will introduce the ceilometer observation.

Background

Asian dust is often transported to the North Pacific region over a long range by the westerlies in

the free troposphere. The long-range transport is related to the spatial distribution of the dust in the

source regions. One of the most significant source regions is the Gobi Desert. A ceilometer enables

the long-term observation of the vertical profiles of the dust in the desert because of its

maintenance-free operation.

Observation system

The ceilometer is located in the Dalanzadgad Meteorological Observatory in Mongolia. The

observation data is recorded by a laptop PC installed in the observatory building. In addition, the

data is automatically transferred to a data server in Nagoya University through the Internet every

hour. Then, the analysis result of the data is uploaded to our web site to monitor the observation

condition.

Observation results

The ceilometer has captured the vertical structures of many dust events for more than three years.

Some case studies of the dust events has been carried out. One of them revealed the dust transport

from the atmospheric boundary layer to the free troposphere by the warm updraft in the cold frontal

system.

Future plan

More ceilometers are necessary in the Gobi Desert to reveal the spatial distribution of the dust.

Also, the network of the ceilometers will improve dust numerical models and strongly support the

dust forecast.

73

Lecture for the investigation of atmospheric bioaerosols

Teruya Maki (Kanazawa University)

Airborne microorganisms are transported through free troposphere from the Gobi and

Taklimakan Desert to the downwind area in the East Asia and can influence ecosystem dynamics,

human health, and climate change. In this lecture, we introduce the field surveys targeting

bioaerosols and the analytical processes of airborne microorganism communities. In addition, the

characteristics of airborne microorganism are also explained with introducing bacterial culture

methods.

Bioaerosol sampling at some ranges of altitudes (1m-3,000m).

Bioaerosols transported for long distances are collected at the high altitudes of 1,000m-3,000m

using the combination of balloon and helicopter. For investigating the bioaerosols at ground levels

(our life circumstances), bioaerosol should be surveyed at below 10m height.

Metagenome analyses using environmental DNA obtained from bioaerosol samples.

Microbial ribosomal DNA sequences (Tracer gene sequences of Microbial identification) in

bioaerosols are determined using high-throughput sequencing. The sequences are analyzed using

the bioinformatics techniques such as UniFrac.

Fluorescence microscopic observation targeting bioaerosols

Microbial particles and organic particles are observed under fluorescence microscopic using

fluorescence dye (DAPI) staining techniques. This observation possibly supports to identify the

aerosols that are detected using fluorescence monitoring systems such as fluorescence LiDAR or

OPC.

Isolation of microorganisms in bioaerosol samples

For identifying the ecological and physiological

characteristics of bioaerosols, we should isolate

microorganisms and perform the culture experiments

using the microbial isolates. The isolation methods are

introduced using the bacterial culture show “Bactria

Watch” (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. You can see bacterial growing at the Bacterial Watch show.

74

Lecture for the measurement of bioaerosols

Jun Noda (Rakuno Gakuen University)

Bioaerosols background

This course introduces some examples of bioaerosol measurements and some unique characteristics

of bioaerosols under the different atmospheric conditions.

Bioaerosols sampling methods

The course also introduces some sampling methods such as impactor, filter, and impinge-type

methods. In addition, other factors such as sample duration, sample media, and pre-conditioning

of filters are explained.

Analysis methods

Different analyses methods for the investigation of bioaerosols are introduced. Also, advantages and

disadvantages of each methods are explained.

Basic knowledge of culturing and counting bacteria

Basic knowledge of culturing and counting bacteria are introduced. Furthermore, some basic

knowledge to sterilize and to handle sample equipment under the sterile conditions are introduced.

75

Author index

The author index is sorted alphabetically by the second name.

First Name Second Name Session Page

Ehkhjargal Altangerel C-6 46

Javkhlantuya Altansuvd P-11 60

Ganbat Amgalan A-10 26

D. Baigalmaa C-7 47

Nyamjantsan Baljinnyam P-6 55

Tserenpurev Bat-oyun P-7 56

E. Bayarjargal B-4 31

Jambalsuren Bayarmaa P-14 63

Jianrong Bi A-4 20

Batjargal Buyantogtokh A-6 22

L. Davaa P-12 61

A. Davaadorj P-1 50

E. Dorjpurev P-10 59

Oyunchimeg Dugerjav P-15 64

Dashkhuu Dulamsuren B-11 38

Davaanyam Enkhbaatar A-9 25

B. Erdenetsetseg C-5 45

Katsuro Hagiwara C-8 48

Buho Hoshino B-2/T-2 29/69

Jianping Huang K-5 14

Zhongwei Huang A-3/T-4 19/71

Yasunobu Iwasaka K-3 12

Dulam Jugder K-2 11

Kenji Kai K-4 13

Kei Kawai A-8/T-5 24/72

Xinhu Li B-9 36

B. Lkhamsuren P-13 62

Altannavch Magsarjav B-12 39

Teruya Maki C-1/T-6 41/73

Atsushi Mastuki C-3 43

Yutaka Matsumi A-5 21

Yuki Minamoto P-4 53

S. Mukhorgil B-8 35

Erdenebadrakh Munkhjargal P-16 65

E. Munkhtsetseg B-3 30

G. Nandin-Erdene B-5 32

Banzragch Nandintsetesg B-7 34

Enkhdalai Narankhuu P-8 57

Jun Noda C-2/T-6 42/74

Kazunari Ohnishi C-4 44

Ali H Omar A-1 17

Baatarjargal Purevdorj P-18 67

Tsedendamba Purevsuren P-5 54

Ehkhmaa Sarangerel P-17 66

Javzmaa Sereenendorj P-2 51

Yaping Shao K-1 10

Jinsen Shi A-7 23

Masato Shinoda B-6 33

Nobuo Sugimoto A-2 18

Altantsetseg Tumurbus P-9 58

Battsetseg Tuvdendorj B-10 37

Minrui Wang P-3 52

Keiya Yumimoto K-6/T-3 15/70

Hongfei Zhou B-1 28

Documents

Proceedings of Third JSPS Seminar - Nagoya Universityenv728.env.nagoya-u.ac.jp/asiandust-ERS/Seminar3/doc/proceeding.pdfProceedings of Third JSPS Seminar: ... T-3 16:20-17:50 Lecture