E2KW 2 0 1 3

Energy and Environment Knowledge WeekToledo, Spain 20th-22nd – November

Proceedings of the

Francisco José Sáez-Martínez, Elena Jiménez and Luis Sánchez

Proceedings of the

Energy and Environment Knowledge Week

(E2KW)

Edited by:

Francisco José Sáez-Martínez, Elena Jiménez Martínez y

Luis Sánchez Rodríguez

Juan Antonio Mondéjar Jiménez, José Mondéjar Jiménez y

Francisco Javier Tapiador Fuentes

ISBN: 978-84-695-8372-2

2013

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE

Miguel Ángel Collado Yurrita Rector of the University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM)

Julián Garde López-Brea Vice-Chancellor of Research and Scientific Policy, UCLM

Guido Ferrari University of Florence (Italy) and Global Research Centre for Low

Carbon Analysis, Renmin University of China

Denny Ellerman European International University, Florence, Italy

Ziad Hadad NASA-UCLA Joint Institute For Regional Earth System Science And

Engineering, USA

Nazario Martín Deputy Director of IMDEA Nanoscience Institute, Madrid.

Beatriz Cabañas Professor of Physical Chemistry and Vice-Chancellor of Students,

UCLM

Gilles Lefebvre Centre d’Etudes et de Recherches En Thermique, Environnement et

Systèmes, Université De Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC).

Bénédicte Picquet-Varrault Laboratoire Interuniversitaire Des Systèmes Atmosphériques,

Université De Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC).

Maria Gavrilescu Managing Editor of “Environmental Engineering And Management

Journal”. "Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Romania

Gh. R., Nabi Bidhendi Dean of The Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Iran

Jean-Claude Thill Editor-In-Chief of “Computers, Environment And Urban Systems”.

Univ. North Carolina (USA)

Bruno Tassin Director of the Laboratoire Eau, Environnement, Systèmes Urbains

(LEESU)

Juan Francisco Rodríguez Director of The Chemical and Environmental Technology Institute,

(ITQUIMA) UCLM

Fernando Langa Director of The Nanoscience, Nanotechnology and Molecular

Materials Institute (INAMOL) UCLM

José María Tarjuelo Director of The Water Studies Regional Centre, UCLM

Antonio Roberto Piriz Director of The Energy Research and Industrial Applications

Institute (INEI), Ciudad Real

Manuel de Castro Director of The Institute Of Environmental Sciences, UCLM

Emilio Gómez Director of The Renewable Energy Research Institute, PCTYA,

UCLM

José Albaladejo Head of Physical Chemistry Department, Professor of Physical

Chemistry. UCLM

José Manuel Moreno Director of The Environmental Sciences Department, UCLM

Antonio de la Hoz Professor of Organic Chemistry. Department of Organic And

Inorganic Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLM

4

FINAL PROGRAM

Energy and Environment Knowledge Week (E2KW)

Energy and Environment Knowledge Week (E2KW)

22nd November

9:00-10:00 PLENARY LECTURE (Aula Magna): “China´s Air Pollution: Is its Cost Bearable for Long? Guido Ferrari (University of Florence, Italy & Renmin University of China), introduced by Fátima Guadamillas, Vice-chancellor of International Relationships.

10:00 - 11:30 -Parallel Sessions 4 -

Aul

a M

agna

Parallel Session 4A - Climate Change/ Chair: Manuel de Castro (UCLM) • "Effect of wildfire on ecosystem CO2 and water vapour fluxes in an Austrian pine

forest" Lopez-Serrano, F.R; Rubio, E.; Martínez-García, E.; Andrés-Abellán, M.; Picazo Córdoba, M.I.; Wic, C;, García-Morote, F.A.; Lucas-Borja, M.E.; Molero, J.; Candel, D. and Dadi, T. • "Climate change footprint in the Mancha húmeda biosphere reserve" Laguna, C.; Gosálvez, R.U.; Sánchez, G.; Falomir, J.P.; Velasco, A.; Florín, M.; Gil-Delgado, J.A. and Chicote, A.

• "Energy and climate: A global perspective" Bret, A.

Sala

de

Ócu

los

Parallel Session 4B - Biomass and Biofuels I/ Chair: Juan J. Hernández (UCLM)

• "Environmental sustainability study of biodiesel from ACROCOMIA TOTAI" Lapuerta, M.; Ruiz, R.A. and Lechón, Y.

• "Effect of alternative fuels on diesel low temperature combustion" Sanz-Argent, J.; Hernández, J.J. and Ballesteros, R.

• "Effect of intake multipoint port injection of hydrated bioethanol and n-butanol on the performance and emissions of an automotive diesel engine"

López, A.; Cadrazco, M.; Atehortúa, J.; Campuzano, F.; Cardona, S. and Pianeta, J. • "Biomass production of PAULOWNIA ELONGATA X FORTUNEI CV

(Scrophulariaceae) in abandoned farmlands of semi-arid environments (Southern Spain)"

García-Morote, F.A.; López-Serrano, F.R.; Andrés-Abellán, M.; Martínez-García, E.; Rubio, E.; Candel, D.; Dadi, T.; Molero, J.; Picazo-Córdoba, M.I.; Wic, C. and Lucas-Borja, M.E. • "Life cycle assessment of a hybrid poplar (POPULUSX. Euroamericana). Energy

crop under SRC regime in the Genil valley (Spain)" Landholm, D.; Laina, R.; Tolosana, E.; Sixto, H.; Cañellas, I.; Peralta, E. and San Miguel, G.

Teat

rillo

Parallel Session4C - Legislation and climate policy/ Chair: José A. Moreno (UCLM) • “Waste disposal tax of the Valencian Community”. De Miguel, E.

• "Section 31 of patent act 1983 and the opportunity to promote green technology". Yusof, M.

• “Packaging innovations in the global private label market: An overview” Gázquez-Abad, J.C.; Mondéjar-Jiménez, J.A. and Jiménez-Guerrero, J.F. • “Powers of the municipality in Mexico for the use of environmental economic

instruments”. García López, T.

11:30-12:00 Coffee Break

10

Oral Contributions

Energy and Environment Knowledge Week (E2KW)

Toledo, 20th-22nd November 2013

SESS

ION

4

SESSION 4A

Climate Change

Energy and Environment Knowledge Week - E2KW 2013 -

CLIMATE CHANGE FOOTPRINT IN THE MANCHA HÚMEDA

BIOSPHERE RESERVE

C. Laguna, 1 R. U. Gosálvez, 2 G. Sánchez, 2 J.P. Falomir, 1 A. Velasco3, A. Chicote1 and M. Florín, 1 J.A. Gil-Delgado, 4

Hydroecological Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, School of Civil Engineering, Ciudad Real, Spain

2Geography and Urban Planning, University of Castilla-La Mancha, School of Letters, Ciudad Real, Spain

3 Environmental Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, School of Environmental Sciences, Toledo, Spain

4 Terrestrial Vertebrates Unit, Canavilles Institute, Paterna (Valencia), Spain

E-mail: celia.lmora@gmail.com and maximo.florin@uclm.es

183

Energy and Environment Knowledge Week (E2KW)

CLIMATE CHANGE FOOTPRINT IN THE MANCHA HÚMEDA BIOSPHERE RESERVE

1. Purpose

The Mancha Húmeda Biosphere Reserve (MHBR) is the widest inland steppe wetlands area of the Iberian Peninsula; this wetland district sums up to 30.000 ha of aquatic ecosystems, with a high surface density and physiographic and ecological diversity. The MHBR is a hot spot for biological conservation, resulting in a variety of natural reserves, from international scope, i.e. Ramsar Sites of International Importance, and Sites of Nature Conservation Interest (SNCI) and Special Protection Areas for Wild Birds (SPA) of the Nature 2000 Network of the EU, to national scope, i.e. the National Park of Tablas de Daimiel, and even regional scope, i.e. a number of Natural Reserves, Microreserves, and Geological Monuments. At the scale of species and communities, the MHBR hosts also many endemism and other species with limited geographic distribution, rare species and many habitats included in the Habitats Directive of the EU.

Aquatic ecosystems are distinctive elements of the MHBR. Most of them are temporary and its hydroperiod is very variable as a result of its Mediterranean, continental, semiarid climate. Consequently, we hypothesize that the MHBR is very sensitive to global change. Regarding aquatic ecosystems, rainfall variation, temperature rise and climate instability would be already causing disturbances in their natural dynamics, e.g. modifications of hydrogeochemical processes, food webs, and populations.

On the basis of results of limnological monitoring in the later 30 years in wetlands, floodplains and reservoirs of the MHBR, this work intends to reveal whether climate change is significantly affecting the natural dynamics of these aquatic ecosystems, rather than other local and regional impacts, such as variations in water quality and quantity because of wastewater inputs.

2. Design, Methodology or Approach

Meteorological information, waterfowl counts, hydrochemistry variables and taxonomical data on phytoplankton communities during 30 years in the MHBR are analysed to determine the relationships between changes in natural dynamic of aquatic ecosystems and climate change trends.

Regarding meteorological information, time series of temperature and rainfall was considered for the period 1971-2009 in some of the main meteorological stations located in the territory of the MHBR, looking at positive and negative trends.

Effects on biological communities was investigated at different time scales, looking at populations that vary accordingly, such as the greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) and phytoplankton, which show differential responses to climate conditions and physical and chemical changes in water quality.

Available data for flamingo populations were taken from the literature from the 1980s to 2007, since when monthly counts were done in ten representative sites because of their exponential increase in number, and a regional intensive campaign in 40 sites was done between 2011 and 2013. Because of its very large range, these records were compared with time series of flamingo populations in other wetland districts different from the MHBR.

Phytoplankton annual counts and species identification were obtained from the biocontrol network of the water authority of the Guadiana river catchment for the period 2005-2010 (spring and summer). Previous studies were also considered.

184

Energy and Environment Knowledge Week - E2KW 2013 -

3. Results/Findings

Temperature increase in the RBMH was maximum near urban areas, rising up to 3 ºC above annual average between 1976 and 2006; this is consistent with national trends for Spain reported by the IPCC showing a 1 ºC increase in the later 27 years.

Besides, extreme storm events have had effects never known before, i.e. the supercell storm occurred in May 2007 just in the centre of the MHBR; the changes driven by this single event in, for instance, the Laguna de Salicor wetland site meant a 10 fold increase in water depth and a drop in water electric conductivity from 90,000 µS/cm to 2,449 µS/cm, apart from huge changes in trophic and productive pattern sand waterfowl population size and diversity; traditional cereal crops and steppe vegetation far beyond lake margins were flooded. Again, this is consistent with national trends reported by the IPCC that predict higher seasonal contrasts and extreme episodes of drought and strong storms.

Phoenicopterus roseus population increased dramatically in the MHBR ecosystems and expanded its ecological niche. In Spain, overwintering flamingo has increased from 4,236 specimens in 1973 to 62,826 en January 2007. In Castilla-La Mancha region, its presence is rare at the end of XIX century, but since 1985 it is becoming more and more frequent. Bird counts do not decrease below 300 individuals since 1998. In 2011, 7,479 flamingos were recorded in the MHRB. Some authors suggest that this demographic increase could coincide with the legal protection of the main breeding colonies, such as La Camarga (France) or Fuente de Piedra Lake (Spain), while others relate it to a wrong management as farms of some wetland sites, producing overpopulation and further expansion in search of new sites; further this process would be worsened by wastewater inputs that deepen and transform temporary wetland sites of the MHBR into more permanent, organic matter rich lakes, that are more attractive to flamingos.

Climate and subsequent hydrochemical changes have affected the structure and composition of phytoplankton communities of the MHRB reservoirs. Species that are able to adapt to the recorded changes are favoured. It is especially significant the great increase in number of studied cyanobacteria, most of them potentially toxic (CyanoHABs); for instance, Cylindropermopsis raciborskii, an exotic subtropical species, was detected for the first time in summer 2007, since when it has been established as resident and became the dominant species in summer in the most eutrophic reservoir of the MHBR.

4. Conclusions

Beside of difficulties to find a clear pattern for the MHBR, our results show relevant shifts in its temperature and rainfall regimes. In the same way, ecological proxies analyzed reveal a good correspondence with climatic changes.

Biological communities studied are affected at several scales; some changes may be clearly attributed to local and regional impacts, bad practices and non-sustainable management. Groundwater overexploitation and degradation of biogeochemical cycles may be major drivers of change of the present status of the MHBR. However, our results show a clear influence of the new climatic scenario as a rising driver of change; climate change footprint is present in all of them, but difficulties remain to determine the extent to which every factor might be affecting the observed changes and the acknowledged subsequent synergies.

185

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The organizing committee of E2KW congress acknowledges the financial

support of the following institutions:

Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte

Fundación Enresa Fundación Repsol

ELCOGAS S.A. Indra S.A.

Solaria, S.A. Centro Nacional de Experimentación en Tecnologías del Hidrógeno y Pilas de combustible (CNH2).

506

Instituto de Sistemas Fotovoltaicos Fundación Parque Científico y

de Concentración (ISFOC) Tecnológico de Albacete

The organizing committee of E2KW congress also greatly acknowledges the assistance of Guadalupe Arce González and Isabel Pérez Bañón.

507