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Proceedings of the 6th Seminar Workshop on

the Utilization of Waste Materials

In conjunction with

1st International Symposium on Sustainable Concrete and Structures using

Alternative Materials

September 13, 2018 De La Salle University

Manila, Philippines

Editor:

Jason Maximino C. Ongpeng

Published by: Association of Tokyo Tech Alumni and Research Scholars (ATTARS) and De La Salle

University Manila

ISSN 2345-8968

© Copyright 2018

No part of this publication may be reproduced without the consent from the editor of

Proceedings of the 6th Seminar Workshop on the Utilization of Waste Materials

ii

Proceedings of the 6th Seminar Workshop on the Utilization of Waste

Materials

In conjunction with

1st International Symposium on Sustainable Concrete and Structures using Alternative Materials


Manila, Philippines

Editor:


All rights reserved

© Copyright 2018 by the Association of Tokyo Tech Alumni and Research Scholars (ATTARS) and

De La Salle University Manila

No part of this publication may be reproduced without the consent from the editors of

Proceedings of the 6th Seminar Workshop on the Utilization of Waste Materials

CONFERENCE COMMITTEE:

Scientific committee:

Dr. Carl Renan E. Estrellan

Dr. Eden G. Mariquit

Engr. Rajiv Eldon Abdullah

Dr. Bernardo A. Lejano

Engr. Cheryl Lyne C. Roxas

Organizing committee:

Dr. Maria Antonia N. Tanchuling

Dr. Leslie Joy L. Diaz

Dr. Lessandro Estelito O. Garciano

Dr. Maria Cecilia R. Paringit

Dr. Marla M. Redillas

Engr. Joenel G. Galupino

Engr. Maria Emilia P. Sevilla - Miguel

Dr. Erica Elice S. Uy

Dr. Krister Ian Daniel Z. Roquel

Engr. Donovan E. Catindoy

Advisers:

Dr. Susan M. Gallardo

Engr. Ronaldo S. Gallardo

iii

Published by: Association of Tokyo Tech Alumni and Research Scholars (ATTARS)

and De La Salle University Manila

6th Seminar Workshop on the Utilization of Waste Materials

In conjunction with

1st International Symposium on Sustainable Concrete and Structures using Alternative Materials


Manila, Philippines

Continuous development of infrastructure leads to more utilization of resources and produces

significant waste materials. To solve these problems, sustainable development needs to be

addressed on the level of industry and together with the academe.

The 6th Seminar Workshop on the Utilization of Waste Materials aims to promote discussions and

development of solutions on the management and utilization of resources and waste. In addition,

the seminar aims to consider sustainable concrete and structures using alternative materials. This

aims to promote continuous professional development through an innovative collaboration for

researchers and engineers from the region. Ideas and experiences from different disciplines are

exchanged to promote waste utilization technology and practices towards a sustainable

environment. The theme of the lecture series is “Multidisciplinary Approach on Waste Utilization

Technology and Practices towards a Sustainable Environment”.

The WoW conference has been hosted by De La Salle University (DLSU) – Manila, Philippines for

four years since 2013. This conference has been organized together with the Association of Tokyo

Tech Alumni and Research Scholars (ATTARS), and the Civil Engineering Department of the De La

Salle University- Manila, Philippines.

iv

This seminar was made possible by:

In partnership with our media sponsors:

The organizers would also like to thank the following:

v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Messages

Prof. Raymond Girard R. Tan

Vice-Chancellor for Research and Innovation

De La Salle University

1

Prof. Jonathan R. Dungca

Dean, Gokongwei College of Engineering, De La Salle University 2

Prof. Lessandro Estelito O. Garciano

Chair, Department of Civil Engineering, Gokongwei College of Engineering,


3

Prof. Shin-ya Nishizaki

Director, Tokyo Tech Philippine Office 4

Dr. Jason Maximino C. Ongpeng

President, ATTARS 5

Abstract of Keynote Lectures 6

A review of electro-chemical repair/reuse methods

Nobuaki Otsuki, D.Eng.

Professor Emeritus

Tokyo Tech, Tokyo, Japan

7

Sustainable solid waste management in Japan and Southeast Asian countries

Jiro Takemura, D.Eng.

Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Graduate School of Science

and Engineering,

Tokyo Tech, Tokyo, Japan

8

Greening of future concrete

Michael Angelo B. Promentilla, Ph.D.

Professor, Chemical Engineering Department

De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines

9

Waste utilization techniques towards sustainable wastes management

Susan M. Gallardo, D.Eng.

University Fellow, Chemical Engineering Department

De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines

10

Addressing the challenges of solid waste management in the Philippines

Maria Antonia N. Tanchuling, Ph.D.

Professor and Director, Institute of Civil Engineering

University of the Philippines- Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines

11

Utilization of Waste From and In Construction Materials

Leslie Joy L. Diaz, D.Eng

Associate Professor, Department of Mining, Metallurgical and Materials

Engineering

University of the Philippines- Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines

12

vi

Abstract of Professional Lectures 13

1A Mechanical Properties of Concrete Mixed with Soda-Lime Glass

and Fly Ash 14

1B

Optimization of Compressive Strength of Concrete with Pig-hair

Fibers as Fiber Reinforcement and Green Mussels Shells as Partial

Cement Substitute

15

1C Pervious Fly ash based Concrete for Pavement Applications:

Characterization of the Strength and Permeability Properties 16

1D Citizen Participation in Local Waste Management 17

1E Assessment of PET Bottles as an Alternative Construction Material 18

1F Modular Design – the New Trend in Structural Design 19

1G Graphite Nanoplatelets from waste chicken feathers 20

1H Relationship between the microscopic structure and strength

development of concrete mixed with waste ceramics and fly ash 21

1I Evaluation of the compressive and shear strength of brick masonry

walls retrofitted with recycled PET strips 22

1J Design and Development of Straw Bale House 23

1K Potentiality of Boehmeria Nivea (Ramie) as Alternative Material in

the Production of Geotextile 24

1L The Potentiality of Imperata Cylindrica (Cogon Grass) as an

Alternative Raw Material for Fiberboard Production 25

Abstract of Student Presentations 26

2A A Study on Microcell and Macrocell Corrosion of Seawater-Fly

Ash Concrete Columns with Cold Joints 27

2B An Investigation on the Structural Properties of Concrete with

Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) and Fly ash 28

2C Nitrogen Oxides Removal using Waste Red Mud 29

2D Utilization of processed PET bottles as partial replacement of

coarse aggregates in conventional concrete mixtures 30

2E Production and testing of HDPE Reinforced with coconut fibers 31

2F Evaluation of Dolomitic Limestone Sand as Backfill Material for

MSE Retaining Walls 32

2G Strength Characteristic of Recycled Concrete Aggregate as an

Alternative Material for Rammed Aggregate Pier 33

2H Effect of Geopolymerization to Gold-Copper mine tailings and its

potential as an alternative embankment material 34

vii

Conference Program

8:00 - 8:40 Registration

8:40 - 9:10

Opening

a.) Philippine National Anthem

b.) Japan National Anthem

c.) Opening Prayer – Ms. Isabel Nicole C. Lecciones

d.) Welcoming Remarks –

Prof. Raymond Girard R. Tan

Vice-Chancellor for Research and Innovation, DLSU

e.) Opening Remarks –


Dean, Gokongwei College of Engineering, DLSU

f.) Opening of Activities –


Chair, Department of Civil Engineering, DLSU

9:10 - 9:50 Keynote Lecture

Session Chair:

Nobuaki Otsuki, D.Eng.

A review of electro-chemical

repair/reuse methods

9:50 - 10:30

Prof. Andres Winston C.

Oreta Jiro Takemura, D.Eng.

Sustainable solid waste management in

Japan and Southeast Asian countries

10:30 - 10:40 Coffee break


Session Chair:

Michael Angelo B. Promentilla , Ph.D.

Greening of future concrete

11:20 - 12:00

Engr. Rajiv Eldon Abdullah Susan M. Gallardo, D.Eng.

Waste utilization techniques towards

sustainable wastes management

12:00 - 13:00 Lunch Break


Session Chair:

Maria Antonia N. Tanchuling, Ph.D.

Addressing the challenges of solid

waste management in the Philippines

13:40 - 14:30

Dr. Maria Cecilia R.

Paringit Leslie Joy L. Diaz, D.Eng.

Utilization of Waste From and In

Construction Materials

14:30 - 17:00 Parallel Sessions (see breakdown below)

viii

Professional Lecture

(Room 1)

Session Chair: Dr. Lessandro

Estelito O. Garciano

Professional Lecture

(Plenary Room)

Session Chair: Dr. Eden G. Mariquit

Student Presentation

(Room 2)

Session Chair: Engr. Maria Emilia

P. Sevilla - Miguel

14:30 - 14:55 1A

14:55 - 15:20 1B

15:20 - 15:45 1C

15:45 - 16:10 1D

16:10 - 16:35 1E

16:35 - 17:00 1F

14:30 - 14:55 1G

14:55 - 15:20 1H

15:20 - 15:45 1I

15:45 - 16:10 1J

16:10 - 16:35 1K

16:35 - 17:00 1L

14:30 - 15:00

Tokyo

Tech

Promotion

15:00 - 15:15 2A

15:15 - 15:30 2B

15:30 - 15:45 2C

15:45 - 16:00 2D

16:00 - 16:15 2E

16:15 - 16:30 2F

16:30 - 16:45 2G

16:45 - 17:00 2H

17:00 - 17:15

Closing Remarks

a.) Dr. Jason Maximino C. Ongpeng

President, ATTARS

b.) Mr. Ogura Yasutsugu

Executive Director, Tokyo Tech Alumni Association

17:15 - 21:00 Fellowship Dinner (by Invitation)

Parallel Session Room Guide:

Room 1

Plenary

Room 2

Projector

Screen

BUFFET TABLE

STAGE Projector

Screen

1

MESSAGE

Modern megacities such as Manila and Tokyo present major environmental

challenges on the handling of massive quantities of solid waste generated by their

inhabitants. Pressure to reduce natural resource consumption and waste

generation has led to increasing research interest on the reuse and recycling of

urban residues. From a policy standpoint, emphasis on loop-closing strategies is

evident in the emergence of the term “Circular Economy.”

De La Salle University is pleased to host two joint events, the 6th Seminar

Workshop on the Utilization of Waste Materials and the 1st International

Symposium on Sustainable Concrete and Structures using Alternative Materials.

This event features six distinguished researchers from the Philippines and Japan,

who will share their insights and expertise on current technologies for waste

recycling and novel materials for construction. Many of these research trends will

eventually penetrate commercial markets and become part of future engineering

practice, thus contributing to the solution of some issues that face large urban

centers.

I wish to congratulate the organizing committee for organizing this important

event, and wish the delegates a productive, fruitful experience during the

workshop.

Thank you.

Prof. Raymond R. Tan, Ph.D.

Vice-Chancellor for Research and Innovation


De La Salle University – Manila Office of the Vice-Chancellor for Research and

Innovation

2

MESSAGE

A warm welcome to everyone.

First of all, I would like to congratulate the Civil Engineering Department of De La

Salle University, Association of Tokyo Tech Alumni and Research Scholars

(ATTARS), Tokyo Tech and the Department of International Development

Engineering Alumni Association (IDEAA-TIT) for organizing and hosting this

seminar workshop entitled “2018 Seminar-Workshop on the Utilization of Waste

Materials”.

With this year’s theme “Multidisciplinary Approach on Waste Utilization Technology

and Practices towards a Sustainable Environment”, I hope that this workshop will

open opportunities to better understand various approaches and processes in

utilizing our wastes in a more sustainable manner. May this workshop be also a

venue for intellectual discourse among academia, industry and government to

solve problems related to waste management.

Thank you.


Dean

Gokongwei College of Engineering


De La Salle University – Manila Gokongwei College of Engineering

Office of the Dean

3

MESSAGE

Welcome speakers, guests and participants to the 6th Seminar Workshop on the

Utilization of Waste Materials in conjunction with the 1st International Symposium

on Sustainable Concrete and Structures using Alternative Materials.

Kudos to the organizers, the Association of Tokyo Tech Alumni and Research

Scholars (ATTARS) and the Civil Engineering Departments of the University of the

Philippines and De La Salle University for successfully organizing once again these

twin events.

As we continue to build the next-generation structures for an ever-increasing

population using scarce resources, there is mounting pressure to use alternative

or utilize waste materials that meet prescriptive or performance-based design

requirements.

Hopefully through this Workshop / Symposium, we help create a good

environment for innovation that will lead to sustainable and environmentally-

friendly building materials.

A warm welcome once again to all of you and I pray that the exchange of ideas

will be fruitful and will lead to new ways to utilize waste and alternative materials

for a sustainable future.

Thank you.


Chair, Department of Civil Engineering,

Gokongwei College of Engineering


De La Salle University – Manila Gokongwei College of Engineering

Civil Engineering Department

4

MESSAGE

I am very pleased to address the 6th Seminar Workshop on the Utilization of

Waste materials and the 1st international Symposium on Sustainable Concrete

and Structures using Alternative Materials.

One of the key roles of the Tokyo Tech Philippine Office is to promote the

academic exchange between the universities in the Philippines and Tokyo

Institute of Technology.

Materials science and engineering and civil engineering are strong research

fields in Japan, especially in Tokyo Tech. Especially, there is a need for effective

and efficient utilization of waste materials. Moreover, the sustainable concrete

and structures has occupied an important position from ancient to modern

times. These two conferences offer a valuable opportunity for such researchers

in the two important academic fields to convene in one place.

I hope you find this conference full of new information.

Thank you.

Prof. Shin-ya Nishizaki

Director, Tokyo Tech Philippine Office

Tokyo Tech Philippine Office

5

MESSAGE

It is an honor to welcome you all to the 6th Seminar Workshop on the Utilization

of Waste Materials and the 1st International Symposium on Sustainable Concrete

and Structures using Alternative Materials here in De La Salle University Manila,

Philippines.

In the pursuit of strengthening industry-academe linkages, this seminar binds the

practitioners and researchers in the process of continuous professional

development lecture series. Discussions on the utilization of waste materials and

development of solutions on the management and utilization of resources and

waste is addressed. Additional discussions on sustainable concrete and structures

using alternative materials is elaborated in the construction industry.

I would like to thank this opportunity to the organizations and individuals that

have contributed greatly in bringing this yearly event: Tokyo Tech TSE, Chiyoda

Philippines Corporation, JV Angeles Construction Corporation, Monocrete

Construction Philippines Inc., Newbig Four J Construction Inc., STEAG State Power

inc., and Struct1 Specialist Inc.

In behalf of the event organizers, I wish everyone an exciting continuing

professional development lecture series.


President, ATTARS

Association of Tokyo Tech Alumni and

Research Scholars (ATTARS)

6

ABSTRACT OF KEYNOTE LECTURES

KEYNOTE LECTURE

7

A Review of Electrochemical Repair/Reuse Methods

Nobuaki Otsuki1, Atsushi Saito2,

Tokyo Tech, 2-12-1 Ookayana, Meguro Tokyo, Japan

Tel. +(81) 090-3439-1771

E-mail: otsuki@ide .titech.ac.jp

ABSTRACT: Despite many efforts to eliminate cracks/deterioration in concrete structures,

structures are getting older and showing many cracks/deterioration.

In this presentation, the author presents;

• Examples of cracks/deterioration

• Examples of repair/reuse methods

• Electrochemical methods- including de-salination, re-alkalization and electro-

deposition methods

• Water supplying method

• Example of applying re-alkalization method to existing wall as shown in Fig.1. The left

one is before re-alkalization, and the others are after the treatment.

Finally, a recent review of electrochemical repair/recycle methods is presented.

Fig. 1: The effect of re-alkalization method (the left one: before treatment, the others: after

treatment) REFERENCES:

Otsuki,N etc., 2013,Practical Guideline for Investigation, Repair and Strengthening of Cracked Concrete

Structures

Saito,A., Otsuki,N., Nishida,T., Fukudome, K.,2015, EVALUATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF WET CURING

CONDITION DURING CONCTRUCTION ON MECHANICAL AND DURABILITY PERFORMANCE

OF THE CONCRETE BASED ON INDOOR EXPOSURE TEST, Our world in Concrete, Singapore

KEYNOTE LECTURE

8

Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Japan

and Southeast Asian countries

Jiro Takemura1 and Phetyasone Xaypanya2, Chart Chiemchaisri3, Hul Seingheng4

1,2 Dept of Civil and Environmental Eng, Tokyo Tech, Japan, Tel. +(813)5734-2592, E-

mail:[email protected] 3 Dept of Environmental Engineering, Kasetsart University, Thailand

4 Institute of Technology of Cambodia, Cambodia

ABSTRACT: Solid waste is one of the major environmental concerns in modern society.

Since the solid waste has caused various environmental problems in the urbanization process,

the solid waste processing and final disposal facilities are typical NIMBYs in not only

developed countries but also developing countries. In this lecture, generation and processing

of solid waste in Japan is firstly introduced with case studies focusing on how to make a new

waste disposal facility and make long-life use of the landfill facility. Secondly, results of

collaborative research are presented on three solid waste landfills in three major cities of

Indochina Peninsula, namely, Nontaburi province, Thailand, Phnom Penh city, Cambodia and

Vientiane city, Laos. In the collaborative research, the focus was put on landfill leachate

characterization, as the landfill leachate normally contains a various harmful chemical, which

could contaminate the surface water and ground water. However, due to lack of good practise

of waste management, the landfill leachate could be one of the typical contaminant source. The

risk of contamination of the water environment depends on many factors, not only the quality

and quantities of leachate, but also the geographical and geological conditions of landfill, and

landfill management. In the research various site investigations have been done, such as site

characterization, and on-site measurements and laboratory chemical analyses for the various

samples, i.e., leachate, ground water, surface water and sediments. As for the heavy metal in

the leachate, liquid part concentration and total concentration were separately measured

(Fig.1). From the data obtained at different time and sites with common and different site

conditions, characteristics of leachate and factors affecting the properties are discussed, such

as contaminant partitioning behavior, landfill pit depth, waste thickness, cover soils,

precipitation. Furthermore, the long term risk of the groundwater contamination is discussed

from the observation and numerical simulation to identify the critical conditions for preventing

the future risk.

Fig. 1 Heavy metal concentrations of total (Total) and liquid part (Liq) of the leachate.

0.001

0.010

0.100

1.000

10.000

Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry

CL

& C

T-L

C(m

g/l

)

Nonthaburi_DL Nonthaburi_LDP

Dangkor_DL.B Dangkor_DL.C

KM-32_DL KM-32_WL

Thai_Ef_std Thai_GW std

Liq T otal Liq Total Liq Total Liq Total Liq Total

As Pb Cd Cr Zn

KEYNOTE LECTURE

9

Greening of Future Concrete

Michael Angelo B. Promentilla

De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, 0922 Manila, Philippines

Tel. +(632) 536-0223 E-mail: michael.promentilla@dlsu .edu.ph

ABSTRACT: The country’s demand for construction materials in built environment

remains high and increasing with urbanization and industrialization. However, conventional

materials used today such as Portland cement is one of the major contributors to global

greenhouse gas emissions. The manufacture of conventional construction materials such as

cement and ceramic incurs large energy consumption. This is aggravated by the fact that these

commodities are also produced in very high volumes. Meanwhile, trends in research and

innovation are also shifting towards a low-carbon circular economy and sustainability wherein

industries need to redefine their products and services to design the waste out and minimize

the negative environmental impact. For example, greening the future concrete should

encourage sustainable and innovative use of waste materials and other unconventional

alternative material that would reduce natural resource and energy consumption, and the

product life-cycle’s environmental impact. Green concrete could be in various forms such as

high-volume fly ash concrete, ultrahigh performance concrete, geopolymer concrete, among

others. This keynote lecture thus focuses on presenting our findings from our research on

geopolymer. To our knowledge, our research group, the Geopolymers and Advanced Materials

Engineering Research for Sustainability (G.A.M.E.R.S.) Lab at De La Salle University, is the

first R&D group since year 2014 that is extensively working on geopolymer and alkali

activated materials using raw materials from industrial by-product such as coal ash, red mud,

rice hull ash; and also from indigenous resources such as red clay. Geopolymer Institute

(https://www.geopolymer.org/about/scientific-institutes-and-fellows/) recognizes us as the

research laboratory in the Philippines with R&D projects on geopolymer science and

technology. We study the potential of our locally available materials and develop our capacity

to design geopolymer products with desired properties as proof of concept. Our works are

presented in international conferences and published in peer-reviewed journals. For example,

three emerging applications of geopolymer using locally available coal fly ash as the main

geopolymer precursor are presented. First is the synthesis of fire-resistant building material

with a two-part geopolymer system using coal fly ash, coal bottom ash and rice hull ash as raw

materials. The second is the synthesis of acid-resistant material with a one-part geopolymer

system (just add water) using coal fly ash mixed with soil or water treatment sludge. The third

is the synthesis of chemically-treated abaca fiber-reinforced fly-ash based geopolymer

composite.

REFERENCES:

Kalaw, M., Culaba, A., Hinode, H., Kurniawan, W., Gallardo, S., & Promentilla, M. (2016). Optimizing and

Characterizing Geopolymers from Ternary Blend of Philippine Coal Fly Ash, Coal Bottom Ash and Rice Hull

Ash. Materials, 9(7), 580.

Malenab, R., Ngo, J., & Promentilla, M. (2017). Chemical Treatment of Waste Abaca for Natural Fiber-

Reinforced Geopolymer Composite. Materials, 10(6), 579.

Promentilla, M. A., Thang, N., Trung Kien, P., Hinode, H., Bacani, F., & Gallardo, S. (2016). Optimizing Ternary-

blended Geopolymers with Multi-response Surface Analysis. Waste and Biomass Valorization, (4) 929–939.

Tigue, A., Dungca, J., Hinode, H., Kurniawan W., Promentilla, M. (2017). Synthesis of a one-part geopolymer

system for soil stabilizer using fly ash and volcanic ash. Proceedings of the 24th Regional Symposium on

Chemical Engineering.

https://www.geopolymer.org/about/scientific-institutes-and-fellows/

KEYNOTE LECTURE

10

Wastes Utilization Techniques Towards

Sustainable Wastes Management

Susan M. Gallardo, Dr. Eng'g. 1


E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT: Reduce, reuse, recycle, recovery, treatment and disposal make up the wastes

management hierarchy. Today, wastes utilization is becoming a way towards sustainable

wastes management. Recycling represents a promising alternative to use wastes in order to

recover valuable resource and energy.

For a textile dyeing industry, water is an important resource because of the huge volume of

water used in the process. At the same time, huge amount of wastewater is also generated. The

main problem of this industry is the persistent color in water specifically that from Torquoise

blue dye (TBD). A photocatalyst of treating TBD had been developed by our research team in

the laboratory and in a pilot plant. The 3-year research program was funded by PCIERD of

DOST under the ERDT-DRINK. A registration of this catalyst as Utility Model was granted

by the Philippine Patent Office in 2016. The water after the photocatalytic treatment can be

reused in the process making a big savings in the water consumption by the industry.

For coal fired power plants, fly ash and bottom ash are generated in huge quantities. These are

characterized in order to investigate if they are toxic or hazardous. Today, fly ash is used by

manufacturer of Portland cement. Bottom ash is also utilized as a good substitute of sand in the

making of bricks. Both fly ash and bottom ash are utilized in the making of many construction

materials and structures. A recent development is the utilization of ash is the recovery of

valuable metals. The primary sources of metals called ores are dwindling and many are in

search of secondary sources. One of these sources is the ash. In order to recover these metals

by precipitation or membrane separation, there is need to separate them from the solid ash.

What our research group used was Biological Leaching process. Bioleaching is economical

and does not use chemicals that may be hazardous. Strategic metals like Zinc, Manganese, Iron,

Chromium, and Copper were obtained by using Acidithiobacillus albertensis and local isolates

from the ash pond. This research program was funded by DLSU URCO, JICA and University

of Paris-EST under the SDCC/Asia-France Network.

REFERENCES

Gallo,J.C., Mariano, M.B., Lucanas, A.D., Ko, M. B., Borja, J. Q., Hinode, H., & Gallardo, S.M.(2014)

Photocalytic Degradation of Turquoise Blue Dye using Immobilized AC/TIO2: OPTIMIZATION OF

PROCESS PARAMETERS AND PILOT PLANT INVESTIGATION, Journal of Engineering Science and

Technology Special Issue on SOMCHE 2014 & RSCE 2014 Conference, 64 - 73

Gallo, J., Borja, J. S. Gallardo, J. Salim, C. Ngatrakanwiwat, P. And Hinode, H., (2012) "Optimization for the

Photocatalytic Color Removal of TBD C.I. 199 in Immobilized AC/TiO2 and UV system using RSM

Methodology", ASEAN Eng'g. Journal Part B, vol 1, no. 1, 14-27

Gallo, J., Borja, J. S. Gallardo, J. Salim, C. Ngatrakanwiwat, P. And Hinode, H. (2011) "Nanatitania-AC with

enhanced Photocatalytic Activity: A comparison between Suspended and Immobilized Catalyst for TBD

Removal ", ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering, vol 11, no. 2, 59-69

Gallardo, S.M., van Hullebusch, E. D., Pangayao, D., Salido, B. M. and Ronquillo, R. (2015) " Chemical, leaching

and toxicity characteristics of Circulating Fluidized Bed ashes from a Philippine coal-fired power plant",

Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 226:312

Pangayao, D.C. , van Hullebusch, E.D. & Gallardo S. M.(2016) BIOLEACHING OF Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn AND Fe

FROM COAL ASH USING Acidithiobacillus albertensis, ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering

KEYNOTE LECTURE

11

Addressing the Challenges of Solid Waste

Management in the Philippines

Maria Antonia N. Tanchuling1

Institute of Civil Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines

Tel. +(632) 9818500 Loc 3182/3186


ABSTRACT: One of the major environmental challenges that is facing the Philippines and

many other countries in the world today is the management of solid wastes in a sustainable

manner. With a growing population, rise in industrialization and urbanization, the amount of

wastes that is generated is increasing. Despite the country having a national regulation on the

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act or the Republic Act 9003 which was passed in 2000

yet, enforcement by Local Government Units (LGUs) is weak and solid waste management

infrastructure is sorely lacking. This has resulted to what we can call a crisis in solid waste

management. This presentation discusses the current situation in terms of wastes generation,

composition, collection efficiency, utilization techniques and disposal processes that are being

practiced. The issues that are associated with each of these waste management aspects are

discussed. The framework of the hierarchy of waste management options is used to evaluate

the options and draft recommendations. With waste reduction as the most preferred option and

landfill disposal as the least preferred, the specific issues that are associated with each of the

options from reduction, recycling, recovery and disposal are tackled, and specific

recommendations are given. It is proposed that the way to manage wastes sustainably is to

address the entire chain of waste management, from collection to utilization, including the

marketability of recovered components of wastes.

KEYNOTE LECTURE

12

Utilization of Waste From and In Construction

Materials

Leslie Joy L. Diaz1, Ria Daguio1, Maria Francheza Villareal1, Jude Krisson Toledo1

Rubber and Composite Materials Laboratories, Department of Mining, Metallurgical, and Materials

Engineering

University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City Tel. +(632) 981-8500 Local 3173, 3132, or 3164


ABSTRACT: Infrastructure is certainly one of the major indicators and drivers of economic

development and growth. Along with this is the requirement to make available and accessible

materials for use in the construction of these needs. In countries where planning for urban

development is not yet systematic and often affected by politics, which is the case in the

Philippines, this infrastructure development is also accompanied by various demolition

activities, which, unfortunately, produces voluminous waste materials that could have been still

useful and in good condition when left undisturbed. One could consider such activity as

unscrupulously wasteful especially that these were made from materials that are considered

non-renewable. Accumulation of demolition waste also poses risk to safety since many of

them end-up in landfills, bodies of water, or in dumpsites. It should be high time for

interventions to be made so that useful life of these materials can be extended in one form or

another. Construction industry could take the lead in the practice of utilizing materials from

secondary resources, i.e. waste materials, considering the volume of materials needed per

project wherein technical specifications and performance requirements not as stringent as those

in other industry sectors, e.g. food industry, packaging industry, medical industry, among

others. Various researches have been done all over the world, including in the Philippines, to

utilize different kinds of waste for fabrication of various construction materials, however,

adoption of these technologies is yet to be realized. Collaborative work between materials

scientists and engineers and civil engineers could pave way to realizing this faster. Take the

case of asphalt pavement as an example, bitumen waste from petroleum refining became a

valuable component for the construction of a road system that provided for an easier drive and

ride. Several other materials that have exhibited potential in the laboratory will be presented

for consideration by civil engineering researchers and industry practitioners and for other

researchers to address performance gaps or issues.

REFERENCES:

Sapuay, S.E. (2016). Construction Waste – Potentials and Constraints, Procedia Environmental Sciences, 35,

714-722.

Yeheyis, M., Hewage, K., Shahria Alam, M., Eskicioglu C., Sadiq R. (2013). An overview of construction and

demolition waste in Canada: A lifecycle analysis approach to sustainability, Clean Technologies

Environmental Policy, 15, 81-91.

Hall, C. (2009) Fundamentals of materials. ICE Manual of Construction Materials, www.icemanuals.com.

Oyenuga, A.A., Bhamidiarri, R. (2015) Sustainable Approach to Managing Construction and Demolition Waste:

Opportunity or a New Challenge?, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and

Technology, 4(11), 10368-10378.

Senate Economic Planning Office (2017). Philippine Solid Waste At A Glance.

13

ABSTRACT OF PROFESSIONAL

LECTURES

PROFESSIONAL LECTURES 1A

14

Mechanical Properties of Concrete Mixed with Soda-Lime Glass

and Fly Ash

Mary Ann Q. Adajar1, Carl Joshua De Mesa, Mario Dizon, Kirven Molas and Alberto Joseph Quintana

1De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, 0922 Manila, Philippines

Tel. +(632) 524-4611 Local 226

E-mail: mary.ann.adajar@dlsu .edu.ph

ABSTRACT: The disposal of solid wastes is becoming more difficult through time due to

limited availability of space for sanitary landfill. The use of solid wastes as an alternative

component in concrete production is one possible innovative effort to alleviate disposal

problem, reduce environmental degradation and reduce the production cost of concrete

products. This study investigates the effect of combined mixture of waste soda-lime glass and

fly ash to the compressive and flexural strengths of concrete. In concrete mixture, coarse

aggregates were replaced by soda-lime glass using the percentage replacement by volume of

10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. Class-F fly ash was added in the mix as supplementary cementitious

material replacing 30% of cement by volume. The potential alkali-silica reactivity (ASR) of

soda-lime glass was determined and the effectiveness of fly ash as mitigating agent of ASR

was evaluated. Test results from compressive strength test showed that the replacement of

soda-lime glass to coarse aggregates produced an increase in strength up to 30% replacement

(Figure 1). Empirical model through regression analysis was formulated to predict the

compressive strength at percentage substitution of soda-lime glass to coarse aggregates. From

flexural strength test, results showed that there is minimal reduction in the flexural strength as

the percentage replacement of soda-lime glass was increased but the reduction can be

considered as insignificant. Beam specimens with soda-lime glass experienced reduction in

ductility as manifested by the stress-strain behavior (Figure 2). With the use of 30% class F

fly-ash as supplementary cementitious material, the utilization of glass can be maximized up

to 20% substitution for coarse aggregate without deleterious expansion. It can be concluded

that waste soda-lime glass is a viable replacement for coarse aggregate in concrete production

up to 20% substitution with class F fly-ash in moderate level as supplementary cementitious

materials without compromising the structural integrity and quality of the finished concrete

products

FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2

REFERENCES:

Bennagen, E. (2011). Confronting the garbage problem with economic solutions, Philippines Institute for

Development Studies – Development Research News, Vol. XIX No. 4, ISSN 0115-9097.

Batayneh, M, et.al (2007). Use of selected waste materials in concrete mixes. Elsevier, Waste Management, Vol.

27, pp. 1870-1876.

Adajar MQ, De Guzman E, Ho R, Palma C, and Sindico D. (2017). “Utilization of Aggregate Quarry Waste in

Construction Industry”, Int. J. of GEOMATE, Vol. 12, Issue 31, Japan, pp. 16-22.

PROFESSIONAL LECTURES 1B

15

Optimization of Compressive Strength of Concrete with Pig-Hair

Fibers as Fiber Reinforcement and Green Mussel Shells as Partial

Cement Substitute Jayvee L. Gagan1, Bernardo A. Lejano2

Engineering Department, Program Management Division, Maynilad Water Services Incorporated

Tel. +632 981-3433


ABSTRACT: The feasibility of different waste materials as substitute to the main

components of concrete is attracting attention nowadays. In relation to that, this study focuses

on determining the effects of combining two waste materials namely, pig-hair fibers (PHF) as

fiber reinforcement and crushed green mussel shells (GMS) as partial cement substitute to the

properties of concrete. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to model the

relationship between the response and the factors considered. Using central composite design

(CCD) shown in Figure 1 to establish the design of experiment, the researchers was able to

reduce the required number of experimental runs to 20 from a total of 27 runs for 3 level full

factorial experiment that is common for responses with nonlinear behavior. Optimization was

conducted to determine the optimum amount of PHF and GMS in concrete that could yield

maximum compressive strength while keeping the workability at an acceptable level. As for

the results, an increase in compressive strength of concrete was recorded with the incorporation

of PHF and GMS to concrete. However, decrease in workability was experienced due to the

amount of fiber reinforcement present in the mix. Results of RSM suggested an optimum

combination of 0.70% PHF content and 7.81% GMS partial cement substitute at 0.47 w/c ratio

to achieve 27.40 MPa and 2.78 MPa compressive and tensile strength respectively with an

acceptable slump of 25 mm. These results were plotted using a 3-dimensional response surface

as shown in Figure 2. Based on these results, PHF-GMS concrete could be used in structures

not requiring compressive strength above 28 MPa and with the use of GMS as a partial cement

substitute, it could reduce the overall cement requirement for a project thus incurring savings

and most importantly promotes the use of environment friendly materials.

FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2 REFERENCES:

Mehta PK and Montiero PJM, “The future challenges in concrete technology”, Concrete: Microstructure,

Properties and Materials, 3rd ed. 2014, pp 636.

Talagtag R, Sarao III E, Ngo K and Lejano B, “Utilization of perna viridis as partial substitute to cement in

concrete mix”, Proceedings of the 2014 Seminar Workshop on Utilization of Waste Materials, Philippines,

Philippines, Sep. 5, 2014 (In CD).

Lejano B, Templonuevo J, Young CJ and Zotomayor RL, “Properties of fresh and hardened concrete reinforced

with hair from sus scrofa domestica”, Proceedings of the Seminar Workshop on Utilization of Waste Materials

2013, Philippines, Sep. 5-6, 2013 (In CD).

PROFESSIONAL LECTURES 1C

16

Pervious Fly ash-based Concrete for Pavement Applications:

Characterization of the Strength and Permeability Properties

Dr. Ernesto J. Guades, Dr. Romeo B. Santos and Engr. Otilia G. Taduyo

Northwest Samar State University (NwSSU), Calbayog City Phone: +63 55 2093272

Mobile: +63 9567260568

Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT: Rainwater ends up falling on impermeable surfaces such as streets, parking

lots, driveways and sidewalks causing it to flood. A simple solution to avoid these problems is

to stop constructing impervious surfaces and switch to pervious concrete or porous pavement.

On the other hand, the utilization of Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) not only consumes

significant amount of natural sources but also causes pollution to the environment due to

Carbon emission. As a result, an alternative material including the use of fly ash that will

replace cement as binder in concrete becomes significantly important. This research project

characterized the experimental behavior of pervious fly ash-based (also known as geopolymer)

concrete under compressive and tensile loading. Specifically, the effect of the particle size of

coarse aggregate, permeability and density on the compressive strength has been investigated.

Compressive and tensile tests have been carried out on a 100 mm x 200 mm specimen using a

compression testing machine. Moreover, falling head method was conducted to determine the

permeability characteristics of the pervious fly ash-based concrete. The results showed that the

fly ash-based and cement based concrete specimens exhibited brittle failure mode characterized

by abrupt separation of particle aggregates after which is the total collapse. It was found that

the compressive and tensile strength of pervious geopolymer decreases with increase of the

size of the coarse aggregates used. Furthermore, the compressive and tensile strength of

pervious geopolymer decreases with decrease of density and permeability coefficient of the

specimen

PROFESSIONAL LECTURES 1D

17

Citizen Participation in Local Waste Management

Angelique C. Blasa1, Ma. C. P. Assumpta C. Marasigan2, Eden G. Mariquit3, Earl Ryan S. Cheng4

De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, 0922 Manila, Philippines Tel. +(632) 536-0267


ABSTRACT: Flooding in Metro Manila is a common scenario after a short, heavy

downpour, and the major cause is solid waste clogging drainage systems. Metro Manila

generates the most waste in the Philippines at an average of 8,910 tons per day from 2012 to

2016. Ideally, Republic Act No. 9003, also known as the “Ecological Solid Waste

Management Act of 2000,” should address this growing problem at the local government unit

(LGU) level. However, after seventeen years into passing, its implementation still remains a

challenge.

LGUs should provide durable steel trash bins that can be bolted onto sidewalks to prevent their

theft. Private establishments, and local vendors should be required to provide trash bins within

their vicinities. People will not litter if they have easy access to trash bins. Restaurants,

convenience stores, and small eateries can also implement the “Clean as You Go” or CLAYGO

system.

Aside from these efforts, changing mindsets and behaviors of individuals at all levels of the

community will establish more sustainable waste management system. A survey will be

conducted to explore the behavior of people towards their community waste management in

Manila. It is hypothesized that the current attitudes of the residents towards waste generation

and handling are leading to increasing solid waste in the Metro. The study will include: level

of understanding of the society towards waste generation and management, common practices

leading to large amounts of solid wastes, willingness of the people of change such practices,

and motivating factors to reduce waste generation.

Engaging people to participate increases effectiveness of the programs. Citizen participation

can be more effective when LGUs develop knowledge and skills of the community, residents

recognize their roles and responsibilities, and motivation and interaction exist among

stakeholders.

REFERENCES:

Senate of the Philippines (2017). Philippine solid wastes at a glance (AG-17-01). Retrieved from

https://www.senate.gov.ph/publications/SEPO/AAG_Philippine%20Solid%20Wastes_Nov2017.pdf

Minn, Z., Srisontisuk S., Laohasiriwong, W. (2010). Promoting people’s participation in solid waste

management in Myanmar. Research Journal of Environmental Sciences, 4(3), pp. 209-222.

doi: 10.3923/rjes.2010.209.222

Khair, H., Putri, C. N., Dalimunthe, R. A., & Matsumoto, T. (2018). Examining of solid waste generation and

community awareness between city center and suburban area in Medan City, Indonesia. IOP Conference

Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 309, 012050. doi:10.1088/1757-899x/309/1/012050

Iveroth, E., & Bengtsson, F. (2014). Changing behavior towards sustainable practices using Information

Technology. Journal of Environmental Management, 139, 59-68. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.11.054

PROFESSIONAL LECTURES 1E

18

Assessment of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Bottles

as an Alternative Construction Material

Ma. Brida Lea D. Diola1, Angelica Joy A. Dameg1, Allyssa Mae A. Suallo1

Institute of Civil Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, NCR Philippines 1101

Tel. +(632) 981-8500 Local 3182 E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT: The increasing trend of reusing plastic wastes as an alternative construction

material can be attributed to the world’s rising problem in solid waste management. Different

methods of incorporating plastic wastes into construction have been suggested and are

currently being practiced. One of these methods is the utilization of EcoBricks or Polyethylene

Terephthalate (PET) bottles filled with non-biodegradable waste materials as alternative to

concrete hollow blocks in the construction of non-loadbearing walls. This method of

construction is already being practiced in the Philippines, but no investigations were done to

characterize its mechanical properties and test its safety. This study addresses this issue by

conducting compression test and fire test to a model of the EcoBrick wall shown in Figure 1.

Materials cost analysis and waste analysis were also carried out to investigate the benefits of

such construction. Results showed that the compressive strength of the EcoBrick wall is

directly proportional to the density of EcoBricks used. The low-density and high-density

EcoBrick blocks have an average compressive strength of 196.29 psi and 380.04 psi,

respectively. It was also observed that PET bottle walls have a 1-hour fire resistance rating

which satisfies the standards set by the Fire Code of the Philippines. EcoBricks also reduce the

materials cost by 72% and have a potential in solving the problem in plastic waste disposal and

management.

FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2

REFERENCES:

De La Cruz, C. (2017). This Canadian Accidentally Discovered How to Solve Our Plastic Problem. SPOT.PH.

Manisha & Singh, N. (2017) Investigating Strength and Properties of Ecoladrillo: Eco Bricks. International

Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology. 8(7).

Mokhtar, M., Sahat, S., Hamid, B., Kaamin, M., Kesot, M.J., Wen, L.C., Xin, L.Y., Ling, N.P. & Lei, V.S.J.

(2016) Application of Plastic Bottle as a Wall Structure for Green House. ARPN Journal of Engineering and

Applied Sciences. 11 (12), 7617-7621.

Ohlmacher, C. (2011) Incorporation of Plastics and Other Recyclables into Building Materials in Nicaragua.

BSME thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

Ravikumar, S. (2016) Replacement of the Brick by PET Bottle with M-Sand. International Journal of Advanced

Engineering Technology. 7 (4), 23-25.

Taaffe, J., O'Sullivan, S., Rahman, M.E., &Pakrashi, V. (2014) Experimental characterisation of Polyethylene

Terephthalate (PET) bottle EcoBricks. Materials and Design. 60, 50-56.

PROFESSIONAL LECTURES 1F

19

Modular Design – the New Trend in Structural Design

Jerico B. Cadileña

Chiyoda Philippines - Civil Engineering Center

ABSTRACT: Modularization defined. It is a type of construction in an Oil & Gas Industry

wherein the structure is pre-assembled in a fabrication shop far away from the project site and

delivered to the site through Land (by SPMT) & Sea Transportation (by Vessel), installed at

site through Lifting (by Crane) or Set-down (SPMT*). *SPMT – Self Propelled Modular

Transporter

Modularization is selected over the conventional type of construction due to some critical

conditions at site notably the high labor cost, shortage of general skills, extreme weather

conditions, limitation of transportation and laydown area, etc.

The analysis and design of module structures is notably different from that of the conventional

“stick-built” structures which is CPh’s expertise. Module Design requires three special pre-

service condition analysis associated with its modularization philosophy such as Sea

Transportation, Load-out/in and Lift analysis in addition to the normal In-place analysis.

As Modular design is becoming the trend in Oil and Gas Industry due to its superior advantages

over its difficulties, the availability of Engineers with know-how in this type of design is very

limited. This maybe the right time to introduce in the universities and colleges the Modular

Design as a diversity to its students who are interested to build their career in this unique

structural design – the Modular Design.

PROFESSIONAL LECTURES 1G

20

Graphite Nanoplatelets from Waste Chicken Feathers

Bryan B. Pajarito1, Amelia Jane B. Belarmino1, Rizza Mae R. Calimbas1, Jillian Rae B. Gonzales1, and Menandro N. Acda2

1University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Philippines Tel. +(632) 981-8500 Local 3113

E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

2University of the Philippines, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines

ABSTRACT: The unique properties of 2D carbon nanomaterials such as graphene have

resulted in various potential applications in field effect transistors, sensors, transparent

conductive films, clean energy devices, and polymer nanocomposites. However, the fabrication

of these thin carbon nanomaterials by chemical exfoliation has several drawbacks such as the

use of corrosive, explosive, and toxic reducing agent and expensive graphite as starting

material. To overcome these drawbacks, we synthesized graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs) from

carbonaceous waste such as chicken feathers. This work presents our procedure for converting

waste chicken feathers (WCFs) into GNPs and its material characteristics.

We first carbonized WCF and graphitized it using an iron salt. We then employed liquid-

phase exfoliation of the graphitized chicken feather (GCF) to produce GNPs. Carbonyl

functional groups are found present in GNP which are retained from the chemical structure of

WCF. The exfoliation of GCF into GNP results in graphitic peak broadening as observed in

the X-ray diffraction spectra. The Raman spectrum of GNP confirms the presence of graphite

with defects and a high number of graphene layers. The scanning electron micrograph of GCF

(see Figure 1) displays growth of graphitic hollow tubes on the surface of carbonized chicken

feather flakes. We believe that these graphitic tubes in GCF are exfoliated into 2D GNPs as

shown by atomic force microscopy (see Figure 2). In conclusion, 2D carbon materials such as

GNPs can be prepared from WCFs. For future studies, these low-cost nanomaterials derived

from waste will need to be considered for different potential applications similar to graphene

and its known derivatives.

FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2

REFERENCES:

Zhu, Y., Murali, S., Cai, W., Li, X., Suk, J.W., Potts, J.R. and Ruoff, R.S. (2010) Graphene and graphene oxide:

synthesis, properties, and applications. Advanced Materials 22(35), 3906-3924.

Akhavan, O., Bijanzad, K. and Mirsepah, A. (2014) Synthesis of graphene from natural and industrial

carbonaceous wastes. RSC Advances 4(39), 20441-20448

PROFESSIONAL LECTURES 1H

21

Relationship Between the Microscopic Structure and Strength

Development of Concrete Mixed with Waste Ceramics and Fly Ash

Ronaldo S. Gallardo1, Kenneth Jae T. Elevado2, Joenel G. Galupino3


Tel. +(632) 524-4611 Local 226


ABSTRACT: One of the major dilemmas experienced by developing countries such as

Philippines is waste generation. This study focuses on the usability of waste ceramic tiles and

fly ash as partial replacements to the aggregates of concrete –specifically gravel and Portland

cement, respectively. The said waste materials were considered since several researches were

already conducted and have claimed that these waste materials have similar properties to the

conventional aggregates of concrete. Ceramic tiles substantially contribute to construction and

demolition wastes worldwide. On the other hand, fly ash is considered as an industrial by-

product produced in countries that mainly rely on coal-based electricity generation. In this

study, the compressive strengths of the concrete samples mixed with waste ceramics and fly

ash were tested following ASTM standards. Compressive strength tests were conducted after

seven (7), twenty-eight (28) and fifty-six (56) days of curing periods. Moreover, Scanning

Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to assess the development of the bonding of the

aggregates. Figures 1 and 2 are presented to show some of the captured SEM images. These

images refer to the of the nominal condition of the conventional mix and the modified mix with

25% fly ash and 75% waste ceramics, respectively. The latter mix yielded the highest

compressive strength among the modified mixes with at least 34% increase relative to the

conventional mix. As seen on the figures, it was observed that the particles of the waste

ceramics were more tortuous than gravel. This only suggests that the former is more angular

than the latter. As a result, it allowed the waste ceramics to fill more air voids and to better

bond with the aggregates than gravel, which was observed to have a smoother surface.

Consequently, the angularity of the waste ceramics has aided in the increase of the compressive

strength of concrete. Furthermore, fibrillation was clearly visible on all specimens, which could

have allowed the cement paste particles to be more adhesive with the other aggregates.

Similarly, fibrillation strengthened the bonding between the aggregates and, in turn, increased

the strength of concrete.

FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2 REFERENCES:

Ay, N., & Unal, M. (2000). The use of waste ceramic tile in cement production. Cement and Concrete Research,

30, 497-499.

Bakri, A. M., Norazian, M. N., Kamarudin, H., Salleh, M. A., & Alida, A. (2013). Strength of concrete based

cement using recycle ceramic waste as aggregate. Advanced Materials Research, 740, 734-738.

Malik, P., Malhotra, J., Verma, A., Bhardwaj, P., Dhoundiyal, A., & Yadav, N. (2014). Mix design for concrete

with crushed ceramic tiles as coarse aggregate. International Journal of Civil Engineering Research, 5, 151-

154.

Snellings, R., Mertens, G. & Elsen, J. (2012, May). Supplementary cementitous materials. Reviews in Mineralogy

and Geochemistry, 74(1), 211-27

PROFESSIONAL LECTURES 1I

22

Evaluation of the Compressive and Shear Strength of Brick Masonry

Walls Retrofitted with Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)

Strips

Engr. Emerson O. Gapuz1, Dr. Jason Maximino C. Ongpeng1 Jannor P. Cabinto2, Bethanie V. Cabrera2, Jack Reylord A. Haduca2, Kristine

Gayle U. Lacerna2, Paul Francis D. Martin2, Regina A. Medrano2

ABSTRACT: Retrofitting of historical structures not only requires in-depth engineering

studies but also amount to millions of pesos or hundreds of dollars. Most historical structures

are of masonry material such as bricks or stones. These structures are mostly designed by

considering gravity loads and minimal to no consideration of lateral or earthquake loads. Thus,

most priceless historical structures fail during earthquakes. The use of polyethylene

terephthalate (PET) bottles is an alternative retrofitting material promoting sustainable

development. PET is known for its high tensile strength, toughness, lightness, and its ability to

act as barrier to liquid and gas. The use of recycled materials such as PET bottles will decrease

the overall cost of retrofitting projects as compared to those typically practiced today. In

addition, this method contributes to the reduction of plastic waste which is a prominent problem

of today. 18 pieces of brick wallettes (400x400x100mm) were fabricated and cured at a

minimum of 28 days. Bricks with dimensions of 200x100x50mm were used in the fabrication.

Three (3) wallettes were tested as compression control samples and another three (3) for

diagonal shear control samples. Two (2) different pitches (center to center distance of one strip

to another) were used in retrofitting: 25mm and 50mm as based on the dimensions of the

individual bricks used in the fabrication. Six (6) samples were retrofitted with 25mm pitch and

six (6) were retrofitted with 50mm pitch. ASTM E519M-15 was followed for the shear strength

determination of three (3) 25mm pitch samples and three (3) 50mm pitch samples. Whereas,

ASTM C1314-16 was used for compressive strength determination of three (3) 25mm

retrofitted samples and three (3) 50mm. A compressive strength increase of 58% for both the

25mm pitch retrofit and 50mm pitch was computed. The shear strength of the samples were

computed to have a 94% increase for the 25mm pitch and 75% increase for the 50mm pitch.

The mesh arrangement was also able to hold together the falling pieces even after failure of the

sample.

PROFESSIONAL LECTURES 1J

23

Design and Development of Straw Bale House

Oliver C. Celis1, Darwin P. Aquino2, Graciela May B. Macapagal2, Nichols P. Manarang2, Paolo Reynaldo R. Maninang2, Eugene P. Manliclic2, Maria Isabella G. Peña2, Alfred C. Santos2, Ernesto Q. Villarica2

Our Lady of Fatima University, Marulas, Valenzuela City 1440, Metro Manila, Philippines Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT: This research aims to design and develop a straw bale house, to enhance the

understanding and develop the acceptance of using rice straw as a construction material. Rice Straw

is a renewable material both from ecological and environmental point of view, construction

sustainability is a theme that is gaining considerable attention since the introduction of Sustainable

Development Goals (SDG) 2030. Most of the researchers are incorporating SDG, such as

sustainable consumption, as an example, responsible consumption of natural resources and

utilization of wastes. The material chosen has the potential to reduce the building’s initial

environmental impact by utilizing agricultural wastes such as rice straw as a replacement to

concrete hollow blocks in the construction of a more affordable, eco-friendly, and sustainable

homes. In this study, the researchers designed and developed the methods of compaction straws

and method of installation of baled rice straw as load-bearing walls of a house. The rice straw-bales

are made up of rice straws which were collected from rice filed, and dried on the concrete

pavements. Manual compaction of straw bale was done using a straw baler made from wooden

plyboard as shown in Figure 1. Plastic twines were used to tighten the straw bales with a dimension

of 0.60m x 0.20m x 0.30m and average weight of 3 – 3.5kg. Before the installation of straw bales,

4 inch nails were installed on top of the wall foundation with 5 inch spaces between nails. The nails

provide locking mechanism and stability of straw bales. Vertical bars connected at the foundation

walls were also installed at 1m interval to provide stability of piled straw bales as shown in Figure

2. After fixing the wall and installing the beam, the welded screen wires were attached to both sides

of straw bale wall-indoor and outdoor, and nailed properly to the framed column. Plastering with

1 inch thickness covered the whole straw bale wall as shown in Figure 3. The plaster will be dried

for about 24hours before the next step. The mock house as was constructed in Barangay San

Nicholas, Pampanga and serves as a proof that innovation and continuous researches on alternative

cheaper construction materials is still possible.

Adedeji, A.A.(2007). Introduction and Design of Straw Bale Masonry. Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty

of Engineering University of Ilorin.

Catilo et. al.(2013). Design and Development of an Improvised Permeability and Fluidization Apparatus,

Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis. Civil Engineering Department, Batangas State University.

The Pros and Cons of Straw Bale Wall Construction in Green Building. Retrieved from:

<http://buildingwithawareness.com/the- pros-and-cons-of-straw-bale-wall-construction-in-green-building/>

Study looks for alternatives to open burning of rice straws by Environews. Retrieved from:

<http://environews.ph/food- agriculture/researchers- encourage-farmers-to-out-open-burning-of-rice-

straws/>

Burning of Rice Straw, agri-waste threatens the environment by Philstar. Retrieved from: <https://www.philstar.

com/business/ agriculture/2006/07/30/350114/burning-rice-straw-agri-waste- threatens-environment>.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Straw Bale Construction. Retrieved from: <https://www.realigro.com/property-

austria/bale- construction.php>.

Top 8 Advantages and Challenges of Straw Bale Construction. Retrieved from:

<http://pajaconstruction.com/advantages- and-challenges-of-straw-bale- construction/>.

Parts of a Rice Plant. Retrieved from: <https://www. hunker.com/13428045/parts-of-a-rice-plant>.

The Rice Plant. Retrieved from: <http://www.rice hub.org / RT/crop-establishment/-the-rice-plant/>.

Straw Bale Construction. Retrieved from: <http://strawbale. sustainablesources.com/>.

Your Home. Retrieved from: <http://www.yourhome.gov.au/ materials/straw-bale>.

Why Live in a House of Straw. Retrieved from: <https://newatlas.com/straw-bale-house-building/51942

PROFESSIONAL LECTURES 1K

24

Potentiality of Boehmeria Nivea (Ramie) as Alternative Material in

the Production of Geotextile

Mary Jane Lusung1, Oliver C. Celis2, Ralph Allen M. Cote2, Jefferson V. Cuellar2, John Mark G. Evangelista2, Christian Ivan L. Magistrado2,

Nichols P. Manarang2, Catalino Mendoza2, Ederick T. Songahid2, Ernesto Q. Villarica2

Our Lady of Fatima University, Marulas, Valenzuela City 1440, Metro Manila, Philippines


Abstract: The researchers aim to study the potentiality of Boehmeria Nivea (Ramie) as

alternative material in the production of geotextile. The study used Ramie's outer bark (bast

fiber) as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2, in the production of geotextiles and series of tests

were performed to compare ramie geotextiles and the commercially available, coconet

geotextiles. The experimental study was conducted at Philippine Textile Research Institute

(PTRI) under the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) located at Taguig, Metro

Manila. Eight sets of ramie geotextile test specimens were prepared for testing. Samples were

made based on the suggestion given by PTRI, since bast fiber will be used, it was difficult to

produce long strand fiber compared to pineapple or abaca fiber therefore same method for

coconet geotextile were used by the researchers as shown in Figure 3, and Figure 4. Each

specimen was tested for their nominal thickness, mass per unit area, and tensile strength. The

results were analyzed and gave presentable results. After analyzing the results of the

experiments, the researchers reached at acceptable findings. Ramie Geotextile’s average tensile

strength’s on both Machine Direction (MD) and Cross Machine Direction (CMD) were

21.8kN/m and 24.4kN/m respectively, which is higher than the tensile strength of the

commercially available coconet geotextile type 400, 700, and 900 with MD tensile strengths

6.0kN/m, 10.5kN/m, and 10.5kN/m respectively and CMD tensile strengths of 6.0kN/m,

6.0kN/m, and 10.5kN/m respectively. Based Polyfelt Specification, the Ramie geotextile met

the tensile strength requirement of Filtration 58 for non - woven geotextile. Therefore, it can

be concluded that Ramie Geotextile can be an alternative material in the production of

geotextile since it surpass the strength of the commercially available coconet geotextile.

REFERENCES

Department of Public Works and Highway Standard Specification for Highways and Bridge and Airports (2013),

Item 622 Coconet Bio-Engineering Solution, p. 514. Huang, H. and Gao, X., Geotextiles, Viewed January

2018,<http://www.apparelsearch.com/education/research/nonwoven/2001_kermit_duckett/education_researc

h_nonwoven_geotextiles.htm>.

Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. (n.d.). Slope Protection. Retrieved June 28, 2015, <http.ky.gov/Environment

Analysis/Environment%20Resources/3-Slope%20Protection.pdf

Khan, A. J. (2010). Quality Control of Jute Geotextiles & Development of Testing Facilities. Bangladesh:

Bangladesh Jute Research Institut e (BJRI).

Koener, R. M., What is Geosynthetics? Viewed February 2018,

<http://www.acegeosyntheticsecopark.com/Geosynthetics#WHAT%20IS%20GEOSYNTHETIC?>.

Laroza, J.P. et. Al.(2014), Viability of Banana Sheath as Natural Fiber Geotextile, Batangas State University.

Mahuya Ghosh, (2009). Suitability of Natural Fibers in Geotextile Applications. Retrieved June 28, 2015, from

Scientist, Geotech Cell, Indian Jute Industries’ Research Association, Kolkata–700088, India, <http://

gndec. ac.in/~igs/ldh/conf/2009/articles/T07_40.pdf>.

Ministry for the Environment. (2009). Soil intactness of erosion-prone land. Retrieved June 28, 2015,

<http://mfe.goct.nz/environmental-reporting/land/erosion-risk/>.

Parida, P. (2009). A Seminar on Geosynthetics. Viewed January 2018, <https://www.slideshare.net/pparida/ geo

synthetics>.

Selection of Fiber for Geotextiles: Fibers Used in Geotextiles, Viewed January 2018,

<http://textilelearner.blogspot. com/ 2012/12/selection-of-fiber-for-geotextiles.html>.

PROFESSIONAL LECTURES 1L

25

The Potentiality of Imperata Cylindrica as an

Alternative Raw Material for Fiberboard Production

Alfred C. Santos1, Renard S. Calawigan2, Oliver C. Celis2, Mariefai P. Leandicho2, Catalino Mendoza2, Nichols P. Manarang2, Rendell Celna

G. Pineda2, Camille D. Soneja2, Aldrake V. Umlas2, Ernesto Villarica2

Our Lady of Fatima University, Marulas, Valenzuela City 1440, Metro Manila, Philippines


ABSTRACT: This study aims to develop an alternative, sustainable and environmentally

friendly source of raw material for the production of fiberboard. The main raw materal used in

this research is imperata cylindrica, widely known as cogon grass, and Isocyanate resin as the

binder. After collecting the cogon grass, it was then cut into smaller pieces and defibration was

conducted as shown in Figure 1 and allowed to dry which is necessary to remove moisture.

Moisture meter will be used to determine the minimum required moisture content of the cogon

grass before weighing the sample to be used in the production. The cogon grass was then mixed

thoroughly with Isocyanate binder, mat-formed and hot pressed. In this research, three different

percentage of resin content are used, 8%, 10% and 12%, and two samples for every percentage

of resin were made with a dimension of 30cm x 30cm x 1.2cm. The samples are then cut into

sizes that are suitable for physical and mechanical testing as shown in Figure 2. The physical

properties consists of moisture content, thickness swelling and water absorption and the

mechanical properties which include modulus of rupture, face screw holding capacity and

internal bond strength were determined according to the procedures specified by the Philippine

National Standards (PNS). The tests were all conducted at the Department of Science and

Technology – Forest Product Research and Development Institute (DOST-FPRDI), in

University of the Philippines Los Banos, Los Banos, Laguna. As specified by the Philippine

National Standard for fiberboard, the mechanical properties were directly proportional to the

density whereas the results of physical property test depends on the change in its density. The

cogon grass fiberboard with 8% resin content did not pass all the physical property tests and

mechanical property tests required for Type 100, Type 150 and Type 200 Standard Fiberboard

specified by Philippine National Standard (PNS). The cogon grass fiberboard with 10% resin

content passed the physical property tests but has failed to pass the required mechanical

properties specified for Type 150 fiberboard. The cogon grass fiberboard with 12% resin

content passed all the standard requirements specified by PNS for Type 150 fiberboard. Based

on the test results, the optimum resin content should be at least 12% in order to meet the

specifications of PNS Type 150 Standard Fiberboard as shown in Table 1. REFERENCES

Rufa, Tadena, and Villanueva (2014), Potentiality of Cacao Husk as Particleboard Material. Batangas State

University, Batangas City

Hoareau, W. et. al. (2006), Fiberboards Based on Sugarcane Bagasse Lignin and Fiber.France.

Halvarsson Soren. 2010, Manufacture of Straw MDF and Fiberboards. Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall

Sweden.

Ali Jaber, M. (2013), Study and Evaluation of the Medium Density Fiberboard Made From Old Newspaper.

Basrah University, Basrah Iraq

Coconut Fiberboard. PCA-Zamboanga Research Center, San Ramon Zamboanga City.

<http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/ tech

no/ fiberboard.pdf>.

Espinosa, R. (2008). A Unique Art Using Dried Cogon Grass. <http://news.abscbn.com/lifestyle/05/20/08/pastor-

had-amnesia- yet-discovered-unique-art. May 2008>.

Miller, C. (2010). Cogon Grass Uses,

<http://ecop.pbworks.com/w/page/18520545/Cogon%20grass%20uses%200809>

26

ABSTRACT OF STUDENT

PRESENTATIONS

STUDENT PRESENTATIONS 2A

27

A study on the microcell and macrocell corrosion of

seawater-fly ash concrete column with cold joints

Lance Hencer Go1, Jason Maximino C. Ongpeng2, Cheryl Lyne Roxas2, John Robert L. Teng2, Christine Joy Tan2, Patrick Jerwin Lim2


Tel. +(632) 524-4611 Local 226


ABSTRACT: Corrosion has been a problem in the construction industry ever since steel

was used in infrastructure works. This problem is especially evident in reinforced concrete, a

material widely used in infrastructure projects for its strength and economical effectiveness.

The overarching goal of this paper is sustainability in the construction industry. Through

recycling fly ash, a byproduct of the combustion process that occurs in coal fired power plants,

and utilizing seawater, an extremely abundant and easily accessible material especially along

the coast, the researchers hope to ease the stress placed on the environment with the use of

traditional construction methods. This study explored the effects of the partial replacement of

cement with the fly ash and the feasibility of employing sea water in the mixing and curing

processes with regards to the corrosion of reinforcing steel bars in concrete. Fly ash was used

to partially replace cement at different percentages (0%, 15%, and 30%) and freshwater and

seawater was utilized in both the mixing and curing of the concrete column samples. The

corrosion levels were measured at the 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th day of curing using microcell

and macrocell tests. The impressed current technique was employed to accelerate the corrosion

process and simulate the long term effects. The concrete columns contained segmented

reinforcing bars in order to allow the measurement of corrosion at different points of the

column. Findings concluded that seawater alone results in a significant increase in corrosion

levels, however, with the addition of 30% fly ash of the seawater mix, results from the ANOVA

test concluded that the corrosion levels between samples mixed using freshwater compared

with samples mixed with seawater with 30% fly ash were statistically equal and that the

addition of the fly ash significantly reduces the corrosion rate to approximately equal to that of

the control sample’s corrosion rate.

FIGURE 1. Experimental Set-up with CT7 Apparatus

REFERENCES:

Kawahigashi, T., Kobayashi, K., & Miyagawa, T. (2003, May). A Study of Macro-cell and Micro-cell Corrosion

of Steel in Concrete. Retrieved from http://library.jsce.or.jp/jsce/open/00670/No43/CLI-43-0065.pdf

Hansson, C. M., Poursaee, A., & Laurent, A. (2006). Macrocell and microcell corrosion of steel in ordinary

portland cement and high performance concretes. Cement and Concrete Research, 36(11), 2098-210

STUDENT PRESENTATIONS 2B

28

An Investigation on the Structural Properties of Concrete

with Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) and Flyash

Charles Joshua H. Ato1, Jan Rensys D. Domingo2, John Zoilo F. Santiago3, Jose Victor D. Viduya4


Tel. (+63) 905 700 6346


ABSTRACT: The dead load due to the weight of conventional concrete has always been the

lead cause for high earthquake loads in a structure. As a result, a concrete mixture composing

of expanded polystyrene (EPS) and flyash powder is proposed. EPS is a lightweight material

made from plastic and is bead-shaped while flyash is a byproduct of coal combustion and has

cementitious characteristics. The study utilized EPS as partial substitution to fine aggregates

with varying percentage of 10%, 15%, 25%, 30%, and 50% of the total volume of sand while

flyash will be added as an admixture with a volume of 9% that of the cement. The EPS greatly

lessens the weight while the flyash produces a better bond between the materials by filling up

the voids in the mixture.

The concrete specimens have showed that the average compressive strength ranges

from 20.02 – 31.53 MPa which passes the minimum structural requirements for a residential

building. The results have showed that increasing the amount of EPS will result to decreasing

the weight of concrete. However, EPS-flyash concrete did not achieve the necessary weight

requirements for a lightweight concrete but its weight is reduced by as much as 12.43% and

12.48% for w/c = 0.45 and 0.54, respectively. Moderate strength was achieved for splitting

tensile and flexural strength: the average splitting tensile strength obtained was 2.312 MPa

while the average flexural strength obtained was 3.663 MPa. On the RC beam test results, an

average percentage difference of 24.88% was obtained between the theoretical and actual value of

nominal moment while 1.94% was obtained between the theoretical and actual value of the

cracking moment. Lastly, the price of 1 m3 of 50% EPS flyash-concrete is Php 206.96 lower (which

accounts to approximately 2.76% percentage difference) compared to the price of 1 m3 of

conventional concrete. Thus, EPS-flyash concrete is a beneficial concrete for residential building

since it has lesser density, lesser cost, and has achieved the minimum compressive strength

requirements for structural concrete.

REFERENCES:

Babu, G., & Babu, S. (2003). Behaviour of lightweight expanded polystyrene concrete containing silica fume.

Cement and Concrete Research. 33. (5). 755-762.

Mohammed, A. A. (2017). Flexural behavior and analysis of reinforced concrete beams made of recycled PET

waste concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 155, 593-604.

NSCP C101-15 National Structural Code of the Philippines Volume 1, Seventh Edition, 2015

Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing. (2000). Residential structural design guide: 2000 edition.

Retrieved from https://www.huduser.gov/portal/publications/residential.pdf

Sayadi, A. A., Tapia, J. V., Neitzert, T. R., & Clifton, G. C. (2016). Effects of expanded polystyrene (EPS)

particles on fire resistance, thermal conductivity and compressive strength of foamed concrete. Construction

and Building Materials, 112, 716-724.

Wongsa, A., Zaetang, Y., Sata, V., & Chindaprasirt, P. (2016). Properties of lightweight fly ash geopolymer

concrete containing bottom ash as aggregates. Construction and Building Materials, 111, 637-643.

STUDENT PRESENTATIONS 2C

29

Nitrogen Oxides Removal Using Red Mud

Siqi Wu, Winarto Kurniawan, Hirofumi Hinode

Tokyo Tech, Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan

Tel: +(86)03-5734-3245 E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT: As one of major air pollutants, nitrogen oxides (NOx) causes acid rain,

ground-level ozone and global warming. Half of NOx emitted to the atmosphere come from

automobiles, and a significant 20% from electric power plants. Selective catalytic reduction

with ammonia (NH3-SCR) or NOx storage-reduction (NSR) is currently the most developed

technology to reduce the emission of NOx in the lean-burn gasoline or diesel engines.

However, NH3-SCR requires large amount of additional reductants, and can easily cause

secondary pollution with ammonia.

Red mud, or bauxite residue is a solid waste generated in the Bayer process in aluminum

industry that contains a mixture of many oxides. Due to the high pH and massive volume, it

has potential impacts on surface and ground water quality.

In this study, red mud was investigated as a potential material for NO removal in the

presence of excess O2.

Samples were prepared by calcining red mud from Indonesia under air flow. The samples

were put into the tube furnace and heated, then pelletized, grounded, and sieved. Using a quartz

glass tube as fixed-bed flow reactor, the activity of red mud was measured by passing a reactant

gas consisted of NO, O2, and He. The reaction temperatures were varied from 150℃ to 550℃

and the NO and NO2 concentrations were measured by NOx analyzer. Characterization of the

samples were done by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

(FT-IR).

From the experimental results, it was found that Al(OH)3, which is a component of the

uncalcined red mud, accelerates the NO removal due to its adsorption capability. The

combination with other metal oxides might generate synergistic effect with Al(OH)3.

Considering performance in NOx removal and the energy consumption during the production

process, uncalcined red mud is more suitable for industrial use. REFERENCES:

Wahyudi, A., Kurniawan, W., Hinode, H. (2017) Study on Deactivation and Regeneration of Modified Red Mud

Catalyst Used in Biodiesel Production, Green and Sustainable Chemistry 7(4), 247-258. Wang, Y., Shen,Y., Zhu.S., N-doped graphene as a potential catalyst for the direct catalytic decomposition of NO,

Catalysis Communications 94, 29-32. US EPA(1999), Technical Bulletin:Nitrogen Oxides (NOX), Why and How They are Controlled

STUDENT PRESENTATIONS 2D

30

Utilization of Processed Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Bottles as

Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregates in Conventional Concrete

Mixtures

Elisa Marie Boniel1, Dolly Anne de Asis1, Angelo Guansing1, Jack Kenneth Lim1, Mark Alfred Reyes1

Graduate, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Santo Tomas, España, Manila

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to assess whether the modified concrete mixture is stronger,

more workable, and more practical to use instead of the conventional mixtures used in the

industry. Moreover, it was also intended to be a means of improvement in terms of viability,

cost, and strength for a specific structural and/or non-structural member. The study highlighted

the production of a concrete mix with 10%, 20%, and 30% processed PET bottles serving as

partial coarse aggregate replacement and its comparison against the mixture having no

replacement. Physical properties of the natural and plastic coarse aggregates were identified,

compared with each other, and analyzed along with the other parameters mentioned in the

study. The produced modified concrete mixture initially targeted to be a lightweight mixture

meeting the compressive and flexural strength criteria set by the group based on their researches

and assessments about the topic. The obtained results showed that none of the modified mixture

surpassed the control mix in terms of strength and that the partial coarse aggregate replacements

did not result to a lightweight concrete mixture. Despite having to accept most of the

hypotheses mentioned in the research, the modified concrete mixture could still be applied in

the field of construction. The group has identified that the modified concrete mixture could be

applied on non-load bearing structures.

STUDENT PRESENTATIONS 2E

31

Production and Testing of HDPE Reinforced with Coconut Fibers

Dale Vincent de Guzman1, Maritz Presbitero1, Jan Robey Salazar1, Gabriel Torrecampo1, Rjay Yu1, Rajiv Eldon Abdullah2

1Graduate, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Santo Tomas, España, Manila 2Instructor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Santo Tomas, España, Manila

ABSTRACT: This study has evaluated the improvement of the mechanical properties of

High – Density Polyethylene (HDPE) with coconut fiber as additive or reinforcement. HDPE

was procured from a plastic manufacturing company, shredded into smaller pieces and

collected for melting. An injection molding machine, which was adapted from a plan prepared

by a non-profit organization named Precious Plastics, was built to aid in melting the plastic and

forming it to the required dimensions of three (3) different specimens which were then used

for testing procedures as specified by the American Society for Testing of Materials (ASTM)

to determine the corresponding mechanical properties of the plastic material specifically

compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength. Three (3) mixtures of plastic and

coconut fiber were used for this study: pure HDPE, 12.5% volume replacement, and 25%

volume replacement of coconut fiber to that of HDPE. Based from the tests, the mechanical

properties of the coconut fiber reinforced HDPE decreased as the ratio of coconut fiber

increased. This is due to the coconut fiber being smaller compared to the length of fibers used

in other fiber reinforced plastics. Overall, the coconut fiber decreased the mechanical properties

of HDPE as compared to that of pure HDPE, however, this is only surmised because the fibers

used were ground and were not in strip form and did not have sufficient tensile strength by

itself.

STUDENT PRESENTATIONS 2F

32

Evaluation of Dolomitic Limestone Sand as Backfill Material

for MSE Retaining Walls

Maria Teresa Llera, Lestelle V. Torio-Kaimo

Geotechnical Engineering Group, Institute of Civil Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101


ABSTRACT: Dolomitic limestone manufactured sand is very abundant in the Philippines

and is considered as “waste” because it continues to pile up, unused. It is practically unsellable

in the Philippines due to the lack of research on its potential uses and the fact that basaltic sand

has long been a major player in the aggregates industry. This study aims to evaluate the capacity

of dolomitic limestone manufactured sand as backfill material for mechanically stabilized earth

(MSE) retaining walls with the standard specifications found in the DPWH Bluebook.

Preliminary tests were performed to obtain the geotechnical properties of the sand. For the

strength test, a consolidated-drained direct shear test was conducted on a loose sample and

dense sample. Results showed that an increase in the applied normal stress resulted to an

increase in shear stress, and that dense sample exhibited higher peak shear strength than loose

sample. It was observed that the peak shear strength was reached at lower strain in dense

condition. Dilation was also observed for both condition. An increase in the effective normal

stress applied resulted to the decrease of the ability of sand to dilate in both conditions. The

values of the internal angle of friction are 39º and 42.7º for loose and dense samples,

respectively. Both exceed the minimum internal angle of friction value of the select granular

backfill material for MSE retaining walls required by the DPWH. While these values do not

exceed the 46.99º internal angle of friction at peak strength of basaltic sand, the dolomitic

limestone sand’s shear strength is still acceptable and therefore the sand may be used as backfill

material for MSE retaining walls.

STUDENT PRESENTATIONS 2G

33

Strength Characteristic of Recycled Concrete Aggregate as an

Alternative Material for Rammed Aggregate Pier

Aivan Dredd B. Punzalan, Fritz John O. Jarcia, Lestelle V. Torio-Kaimo

Geotechnical Engineering Group, Institute of Civil Engineering,

University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101


ABSTRACT: Rammed Aggregate Piers (RAP) is a cost-efficient ground improvement

method that improves various types of soils. RAPs, as the name suggest, are made up of natural aggregates densified using vibratory methods. In the Philippine setting, the increasing number of construction projects around the archipelago increases the volume of produced construction and demolition (C&D) wastes, with recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) as the leading C&D waste by volume. In this study, RCA samples were investigated as alternative material for RAPs in terms of its friction angle at specified densities of 50% and 70% of the maximum dry density. RCA samples were subjected to stress-controlled Large Direct Shear Tests to determine the peak shear stresses and corresponding friction angles. Friction angles were computed using the conventional Mohr-Coulomb Method with and without cohesion, and an alternative Zero Dilation Angle Method as proposed by the Federal Highway Administration. Using the MC Method with virtual cohesion, the empirical value of friction angle of RAP is 46 degrees, and based on the experimental results, at 70% MDD, the RCA friction angle of 36.79 degrees does not meet the baseline requirement. Alternative values, calculated from MC Method without cohesion and from Zero Dilation Angle Method, yielded friction angles greater than the empirical value, however, baseline values using these alternative methods must be calculated using natural aggregates.

STUDENT PRESENTATIONS 2H

34

Effect of Geopolymerization to Gold-Copper Mine Tailings

and its Potential as an Alternative Embankment Material

Justine Mharzeline G. Guanzon, Lestelle V. Torio-Kaimo

Geotechnical Engineering Group, Institute of Civil Engineering,

University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101


ABSTRACT: This paper presents a study that determines the effect of geopolymerization to gold-copper mine tailings. Geopolymerization is a process wherein aluminosilicate materials are transformed into geopolymers. The aim is to apply it to mine tailings in order to improve its geotechnical characteristics to serve as an alternative material for embankment. The geotechnical parameters are weighed such that it follows the DPWH Blue Book guidelines. The variables considered include the alkali reagent-mine tailings (3:10, 4:10, 5:10) and different drying method (oven-dried vs. air-dried). The microscopic structure of the mine tailings was also analyzed and compared. Based on the results of tests performed, it is concluded that there is a significant change in the particle size analysis parameters, liquid limit, plasticity index, dry unit density, heavy metal content and the microstructure of the geopolymerized test samples. Among the test samples, it is concluded that the oven-dried specimen with the concentration of 4:10 alkali reagent-mine tailings is the most suitable material for embankment purposes.

NOTES:

NOTES:

NOTES:

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