Sustainable Livestock Production in the Perspective of Food Security, Policy, Genetic Resources, and Climate Change

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Full Papers

Ministry of Agriculture Indonesian Society of Animal Sciences Gadjah Mada University

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SUSTAINABLE LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IN THE

PRESPECTIVE OF FOOD SECURITY, POLICY, GENETIC

RESOURCES, AND CLIMATE CHANGE

PROCEEDINGS

FULL PAPERS

Editors:

Subandriyo

Kusmartono

Krishna Agung Santosa

Edi Kurnianto

Agung Purnomoadi

Akhmad Sodiq

Komang G. Wiryawan

Siti Darodjah

Ismeth Inounu

Darmono

Atien Priyanti

Peter Wynn

Jian Lin Han

Jih Tay-Hsu

Zulkifli Idrus

The 16th AAAP Congress

Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

The 16th Asian-Australasian Associations of Animal Production Socities

Proceedings Full Papers

Sustainable Livestock Production in the Perspective of

Food Security, Policy, Genetic Resources, and Climate Change

10-14 November 2014, Yogyakarta, Indonesia / editors Subandriyo et al;

2825 p: ill.; 21 x 29,7 cm

Organized by Indonesian Society of Animal Sciences

In Collaboration with Ministry of Agriculture

Faculty of Animal Sciences Universitas Gadjah Mada

ISBN 978-602-8475-87-7

1. Livestock 2. Food Security 3. Policy

4. Genetic Resources 5. Climate Change

I. Title II. Subandriyo

Scope of AAAP: AAAP is established to devote for the efficient animal production in the Asian-Australasian region through national, regional, international cooperation and academic conferences. Brief History of AAAP: AAAP was founded in 1980 with 8 charter members representing 8 countries-those are Australia, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines and Thailand. Then, the society representing Taiwan joined AAAP in 1982 followed by Bangladesh in 1987, Papua New Guinea in 1990, India and Vietnam in 1992, Mongolia, Nepal and Pakistan in 1994, Iran in 2002, Sri Lanka and China in 2006 , thereafter currently 19 members. Major Activities of AAAP: Biennial AAAP Animal Science Congress, Publications of the Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences and proceedings of the AAAP congress and symposia and Acknowledgement awards for the contribution of AAAP scientists.

Organization of AAAP:

∙ President: Recommended by the national society hosting the next biennial AAAP Animal Science Congress and approved by Council meeting and serve 2 years. ∙ Two Vice Presidents: One represents the present host society and the other represents next host society of the very next AAAP Animal Science Congress. ∙ Secretary General: All managerial works for AAAP with 6 years term by approval by the council ∙ Council Members: AAAP president, vice presidents, secretary general and each presidents or representative of each member society are members of the council. The council decides congress venue and many important agenda of AAAP

Office of AAAP: Decided by the council to have the permanent office of AAAP in Korea. Currently # 909 Korea Sci &Tech Center Seoul 135-703, Korea Official Journal of AAAP: Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. ISSN 1011-2367. http://www.ajas.info) is published monthly with its main office in Korea

Current 19 Member Societies of AAAP: ASAP(Australia), BAHA(Bangladesh), CAASVM(China), IAAP(India), ISAS(Indonesia), IAAS(Iran), JSAS(Japan), KSAST(Korea), MSAP(Malaysia), MLSBA(Mongolia), NASA(Nepal), NZSAP(New Zealand), PAHA(Pakistan), PNGSA(Papua New Guinea), PSAS(Philippines), SLAAP(Sri Lanka), CSAS(Taiwan), AHAT(Thailand), AHAV(Vietnam). Previous Venues of AAAP Animal Science Congress and AAAP Presidents

I 1980 Malaysia S. Jalaludin II 1982 Philippines V. G. Arganosa III 1985 Korea In Kyu Han IV 1987 New Zealand A. R. Sykes V 1990 Taiwan T. P. Yeh VI 1992 Thailand C. Chantalakhana VII 1994 Indonesia E. Soetirto VIII 1996 Japan T. Morichi IX 2000 Australia J. Ternouth X 2002 India P. N. Bhat XI 2004 Malaysia Z. A. Jelan XII 2006 Korea I. K. Paik XIII 2008 Vietnam N.V. Thien XIV 2010 Taiwan L.C. Hsia XV 2012 Thailand C.Kittayachaweng XVI 2014 Indonesia Yudi.Guntara.Noor

AAAP is the equal opportunity organization Copyright® : AAAP

Proceedings of the 16th AAAP Animal Science Congress Vol. II

10-14 November 2014, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

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CONTENTS

ORAL PRESENTATION

Code Title Page

Genetic and Reproduction

Large Ruminants A 15 ID Effects of Estrous Synchronization of Bali Cattle Using PGF2α

Indira P N, Ismaya and Kustono

1

A 34 IN Prediction of 305 Days Lactation Milk Yield from Fortnightly Test Milk Yields in Hill Cattle under Field Conditions R K Pundir

5

A 42 ID Development of Technology Production of Frozen of Swamp Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in the Kampar Regency Yendraliza, C. Arman and J. Handoko

9

A 116 ID Analysis of Reproductive Efficiency in Peranakan Ongole (PO)- and its Crosses with Limousin (LIMPO) Cattle in East Java, Indonesia S. Suyadi and H. Nugroho

13

A 135 ID Performance Test and Genetic Potency of Bali Cattle Using Animal Recording Software Luqman Hakim and V.M. Ani Nurgiartiningsih

17

A 141 ID Application of Genetic Marker Technology for Predicting Twinning Trait in Ongole Cattle Endang Tri Margawati, Indriawati and Muhamad Ridwan

21

A 201 ID Membrane Status, Acrosome and Sperm Quality of Ongole Cross Bred Bull after Sexing Using Percoll Density-Gradient Centrifugation and Albumin Separation Trinil Susilawati, Sri Rahayu, Herni Sudarwati, Eko Nugroho,

Setiabudi Udrayana and Lieyo Wahyudi

25

A 246 ID Phylogenetic Analysis of Simeulue Buffalo Breed of Indonesian through Mitochondrial D-loop Region Eka Meutia Sari, M. Yunus and Mohd. Agus Nashri Abdullah

29

A 339 JP Genetic Polymorphisms and Their Association with Growth and Carcass Traits in Japanese Black Steers F.N. Jomane, T. Ishida, K. Morimoto, T. Tokunaga and H. Harada

33

A 413 ID The Effect of Straw Position in Nitrogen Vapour During Equilibration on Post-Thawing Motility and Membrane Integrity Following Quick Freezing in Maduran Cattle Sperm H. Ratnani, MN. Ihsan, G. Ciptadi and S. Suyadi

37

Sustainable Livestock Production in the Perspective of

Food Security, Policy, Genetic Resources and Climate Change

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Code Title Page

A 951 ID Supplementation of Gonadotrophin in Culture Media in Vitro on Matured of Goat Oocyte Sri Wahjuningsih and Nurul Isnaini

132

A 1052 TW Heritability of Cytometric Measurements for Boar Sperm C. C. Chang, H. L. Chang, T. Y. Kuo and M. C. Wu

135

A 1114 ID Comparison of Two Different Method for Sperm Concentration Measurement of Ram and Buck Semen R Iis Arifiantini, Ririn Riyanti and WM Nalley

138

A 1124 ID Determained Types of Intra Celullar Cryoprotectant (Cp) of Ultra Rapid Method Freezing Method on Survival of Goat Embryo Agung Budiyanto

142

Poultry A 5 IR Likelihood Method Estimation of Genetic Parameters of Fars Native

Chicken Beigi Nassiri M.T, Jafari F, Fayazi, J and Longhair M. A

146

A 96 ID Contribution of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2 Gene on Growth Rate and Parameter Genetic of Kampung Chicken in Indonesia Sri-Sudaryati, J.H.P. Sidadolog, Wihandoyo and W.T. Artama

150

A 119 TW Study on Genetic Diversity in Germplasm-Preserved White Tsaiya Ducks by Microsatellite Markers Y. Y. Chang, J. F. Huang, L. Y. Wei, M. C. Hsiao and H. C. Liu

154

A 182 ID KUB Chicken: “The First Indonesian Kampung Chicken Selected for Egg Production” Sofjan Iskandar and Tike Sartika

157

A 425 ID Polymorphisms of Growth Hormone (GH|MspI) Gene in Indonesia Local Chicken and the Crossbred Using PCR-RFLP Ria Putri Rahmadani, Cece Sumantri and Sri Darwati

161

A 441 ID The Effect of Centrifugation Time on the Quality of Domestic Chicken Spermatozoa Maintained at 5°C Yosephine Laura, Tri Yuwanta and Ismaya

165

A 675 ID Indigenous Chicken Breeds in Indonesia: Extinction Risk Status, Driving Factors and Implications for Conservation Indrawati Y. Asmara, Romy Greiner and Adam G. Drucker

169

A 676 KR Genome-wide QTL analysis of Economically Important Traits in Korean Native Chicken Dong-Won Seo, Hee-Bok Park, Shil Jin, Nu-Ri Choi, Muhammad

Cahyadi, Chae-Kyoung Yoo, Jae-Bong Lee, Hyun-Tae Lim, Kang-

Nyeong Heo, Cheorun Jo and Jun-Heon Lee

173

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Code Title Page

E 265 ID Factors Affecting the Fattening Efficiency of Cull Bali Cows Offered Local Complete Feeds I G.N. Jelantik, G. E.M. Malelak, M. R. Deno-Ratu and C. Leo-Penu

870

E 411 ID Correlation Carcass Weight and Carcass Length with Fleshing Index in Bali, Ongole Cross and Australian Commercial Cross Cattle Undang Santosa, Irlandia Ginanjar and Maria Yosita

874

E 508 ID Identification of Feeding, Physiology States and Hematology of Deliver Twin Calves Bali Cows AS Dradjat, TS Panjaitan LA Zainuri and Sasongko

877

E 686 TH Performance and Carcass Traits of Beef Steers Fed Crude Glycerin in the Diet P. Chanjula, S. Yimmongkol, T. Raungprim, S. Poonko, S.

Majarune, and W. Maitreejet

881

E 705 ID Life Cycle Assessment of Local and Crossbred Cattle Production Systems in Central Java, Indonesia T.S.M.Widi, H.M.J. Udo, K. Oldenbroek, I.G.S.Budisatria, T. Viets

and A.J. van der Zijpp

885

E 737 TH Comparative Study on Conjugated Linoleic Acid in Meat from Thai Native Beef and Swamp Buffalo Suthipong Uriyapongsan and Danupastra Chanapia

890

E 748 TH Study on Fatty Acid Profiles and Fatty Acid Concentration in Meat from Thai-native cattle, Brahman-Native and Holstein-Friesian Suthipong Uriyapongson and Doungkamol Kusanteay

893

E 768 ID The Effect of Organic Selenium Supplemented Duration on the Production Performance of Brahman Cross Endang Yuni Setyowati, Undang Santosa, Denny Widaya Lukman

and U. Hidayat Tanuwiria

896

E 787 ID Performance Ongole Grade and Simmental Ongole Crossbred Cow at Village Breeding Center and Non Village Breeding Center at Special Region Yogyakarta E. Baliarti, F. Ariyanti, Ismaya, N Ngadiyono,I Gede S Budisatria

and Panjono

900

E 829 ID Morphometric Analysis of Bali Cattle in Jambi Province Eko Wiyanto, Gushairiyanto dan Iskandar

904

E 912 TH Effect of Krabok Oil Supplementation on Feed Intake and Growth Performance of Beef Cattle C. Yuangklang, K. Vasupen, S. Bureenok, S. Wongsuthavas and B.

Saenmahayak

908

E 998 ID Carcass Characteristics of Bali and Ongole Crossbreed Cattle Fed With Sorghum Base E.L. Aditia, R. Priyanto, M. Baihaqi, B.W. Putra and M. Ismail

911

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Code Title Page

F 229 VN Impacts of Socio-Cultural Factors on Beef Cattle Value Chain: a Case Study of Producers in the Northwest Region of Vietnam Duong Nam Ha, Pham Van Hung, Nguyen Thi Thu Huyen, Laurie

Bonney and Stephen Ives

1000

F 323 VN Policies and Institutions Governing the Beef Cattle Value Chain in the North-West Highlands of Vietnam G. Duteurtre, Hoang Xuan Truong, Dang Thi Hai, L. Bonney and S.

Ives

1005

F 433 ID Implementation of NLIS on Supply Chain Imported Cattle in West Java Indonesia Tawaf Rochadi and Rachmat Setiadi

1009

F 511 ID The Effect of Country of Design and Country of Manufacturing on Perceived PRODUCT Quality: Empirical Study on UHT Milk Product Suci Paramitasari Syahlani, Rindang Matoati, Mujtahidah Anggriani

Ummul Muzayyanah, Sudi Nurtini, Rini Widiati, and Tri Anggraeni

Kusumastuti

1012

F 530 ID Techno-Economics Analysis of Complete Feed from Sugar Cane Waste Product for Onggole Beef Cattle Adrizal, Fauzia Agustin and Welpriadi

1016

F 564 LK Influence of Socio Economics Status on Milk Production at Small-Scale Dairy Farmer’s Level Senanayake S. R. L. I. B. , De Silva P.H.G.J. and Thakshala Seresinhe

1019

F 926 ID Characteristics of End Users in the Beef Supply Chain in East Java, Indonesia Atien Priyanti, D. Andrayani, I. G.A. P. Mahendri, and R. A. Cramb

1023

F 1135 LA Trans-Boundary Cattle and Beef Trade Flows in the Mekong Region: Implications on Sustainable Livestock Production for Smallholders in Vietnam and Laos Luong Pham and Aloun Phonvisay

1027

H 95 LK Achieving Practice Change and Adoption in Small Holder Dairy Farms in Sri Lanka D. E. Burrell

1033

H 287 ID Institutions Hindering the Sustainable Adoption of Supplementation Technology for Bali Cattle Calves in West Timor, Indonesia J.A. Jermias, C.L.O. Leo Penu, I.G.N. Jelantik, and A.C. Tabun

1037

H 351 ID Risk Perception Analysis of Dairy Farmers in the Southern Slope of Merapi Volcano Post Eruption 2010 S. Andarwati, R. Rijanta, R. Widiati and Y. Opatpatanakit

1041

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Code Title Page

K 727 ID Agronomic Performance of Leucaena leucocephala cv. Tarramba in Tropical Environment of Sumbawa Tanda Panjaitan, Muhammad Fauzan, Dahlanuddin, Michael

Halliday, and Max Shelton

1365

K 745 ID Productivity and Species Diversity of Domestic Forage Based on Altitude in Malang Regency, East Java

Iwan Prihantoro, Fransiska Rahmadani, Agustinus Tri Aryanto and

M. Agus Setiana

1369

K 885 ID Effects of Land Type on Vegetative Character (Germination, Leaves, Stems) and Rooting (Heavy, Long, Nodule) of Peanut (Arachis

hypogaea) Bambang Suwignyo, S. Al - Kautsar and Bambang Suhartanto

1373

K 941 ID The Effect of Legumes Mulch as Fertilizer on Growth Characteristics and Production of Rumput Benggala (Panicum maximum) Lizah Khairani and Iin Susilawati

1377

POSTER PRESENTATION

Code Title Page

Genetic and Reproduction

Large Ruminant

A 63 BT Effect of Traditional Inter-Species Crossing (Bos indicus x Bos

frontalis) on Cattle Productivity in Bhutan Nar B Tamang, Tashi Samdup and John Perkins

1383

A 107 KR Molecular Genetic Evaluation of Korean Native Cattle Breeds Using Microsatellite Markers Sangwon Suh, Mi-Jeong Byun, Chang-Yeon Cho, Seong-Bok Choi,

Young-Sin Kim, Yeoung-Gyu Ko and Jae-Hwan Kim

1387

A 163 ID Reproductive Performance of Brahman Cows Kept in Individual or Group Pens in East Java, Indonesia D. Ratnawati, L. Affandhy, D.A. Indrakusuma, D.E. Mayberry and

D.P. Poppi

1390

A 167 LK Genetic Parameters and the Effect of Production and Type Traits on Productive Life of Korean Holsteins at First Lactation Nidarshani Wasana, Gwang Hyun Cho, Su Bong Park, Si Dong

Kim, Jae Gwan Choi, Byung Ho Park and Chang Hee Do

1394

A 171 KR An Analysis of Monthly Measured Acetone and β Hydroxybutyrate Acid in Milk of Holstein Cows Yang Shin Chul, Gwang Hyun Cho, Chan Hyuk Park, Hyung Jun

Song and Chang Hee Do

1398

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Code Title Page

A 555 ID Genetic and Phenotypic Parameters for Milk Production of Priangan Sheep Bess Tiesnamurti

1531

A 822 TH Efficacy of Estrus Synchronization Methods with Fixed-Time Artificial Insemination in Admixture Breed Goat Jitthasak Maungkhiow, Chanyut Kaphol, and Thunchira Thepparat

1535

A 932 ID Effect of Time after Mating on the Recovery and Motility of Spermatozoa from the Female Reproductive Tract of Ewes Ismaya and Phillip Summers

1538

A 962 ID Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Kosta Goat Endang Romjali, Hasanatun Hasinah, Eko Handiwirawan, Bess

Tiesnamurti, and Ismeth Inounu

1541

A 971 ID Study Identifcation of GDF9 Gene and Its Relationship with the Prolific Traits on Four Breeds of Indonesian Local Goats Aron Batubara, R.R. Noor, A. Farajallah and B. Tiessnamurti

1544

A 992 ID Productivity Indices of Composite Breed of Sheep and Their Contemporary Subandriyo, Bambang Setiadi, Eko Handiwirawan, and Ismeth

Inounu

1548

A 1091 TW Effect of Vitamin E on the Reproductive Performance of Nubian Goats and Barbado Sheep Ewes Y. W. Chen and L. C. Hsia

1552

A 1092 TW Seasonal Variation of Semen Quality in Nubian Goats and Barbado Sheep Y. W. Chen and L. C. Hsia

1555

A 1099 TH Estimates of Genetic Parameters for Kleiber Ratio from Birth to Weaning in Thai Native Goats Sansak Nakavisut and Mongkol Thepparat

1558

Poultry A 91 ID Identification of Avian Influenza Resistance Using 3 Primers Mx

Gene at Merawang Chicken from South Sumatera Island, Indonesia Tike Sartika

1562

A 100 TW Impact of Environmental Factors on Eggs at Late Stage of Incubation in the Shipping Container C. H. Cheng, C. H. Su, J. H. Lin, and J. F. Huang

1566

A 102 TW Study on Muscovy Semen Stored in Different Temperature L. Y. Wei, H. C. Liu, Y. C. Chen, Y. Y. Chang, Y. A. Lin, and J. F.

Huang

1569

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Code Title Page

A 299 ID Grouping of Alabio, Mojosari and Crossbred of Peking X White Mojosari (PMp) Ducks Based on Their Growth T. Susanti and L.H. Prasetyo

1572

A 445 TH Genetic Evaluation for Reproductive Performance in Thai Native Cocks (Pradu Hang Dam and Chee) W. Boonkum, M. Duangjinda, B. Laopaiboon, and T. Wongpralub

1577

A 642 JP Genetic Diversity and Differentiation within Breeds of Native Japanese Chickens Based on Microsatellite DNA Analysis T. Oka and M. Tsudzuki

1580

A 750 TH Comparative Study on Live Weight and Growth Performance of Thai Synthetic Chickens T. Buasook, S. Siripanya, B. Laopaiboon, M. Daungjinda and S.

Kunhareang

1584

A 1007 IT A Logistic Model to Describe the Growth of a Nondescript Chicken Breed From Apulia, Italy Maria Selvaggi, Vincenzo Tufarelli, Francesco Pinto, Federica

Ioanna, and Cataldo Dario

1588

A 1078 ID The Effects of Diluents and Cryoprotectants on Sperm Motility of Native Chicken Frozen Semen W. Asmarawati, Kustono, D. T. Widayati, S. Bintara and Ismaya

1592

Others A 185 KR The Effect of Ultrasound Live Body Composition and Structure

Traits on Carcass Traits in Crossbred Pigs of Korea ChangheeDo, Chanhyuk Park, Nidarshani Wasana, Jaegwan

Choi,Su Bong Park, Sidong Kim, Gyuho Cho, Incheol Kim and

Donghee Lee

1596

A 222 KR Selection Response of Production Traits in the Closed Herd in Swine ChangHee Do, JaeGwan Choi, YoungGuk Joo, ChanHyuk Park,

Nidarshani Wasana, HyungJun Song, SeokHyun Lee, HyeongSeop

Kim

1600

A 375 KR Production of Alpha1,3-Galactosyltransferase Null Pig Expressing Membrane Cofactor Protein Keon Bong Oh, Seongsoo Hwang, Jeong-Woong Lee, Sun-A Ock,

Dae-Jin Kwon and Seok Ki Im

1604

A 656 JP Genome-Wide Association Study of Disease Caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in Duroc Tomoshi Yoneno, Shimazu Tomoyuki, Liushiqi Borjigin, Yuki

Katayama, Ryosuke Otsu, Hayato Saito, Hiroshi Kunii, Toshimi

Matsumoto, Tadahiko Okumura, Hirohide Uenishi, and Keichi

Suzuki

1608

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Code Title Page

B 192 TH Effect of Soybean Oil Supplementation on Conjugated Linoleic Acid Contents and Milk Quality in Dairy Goat Sasipron Cholumyai, Chaianan Racho and Udorn Srisaeng

1881

B 332 ID Usage of Sago Waste as Component of Complete Feed for Growing Boerka Goats Kiston Simanihuruk, Antonius and Juniar Sirait

1885

B 402 ID Effect of Different Protein and Energy Levels in Concentrate Diets on Anglo-Nubian Young Goat Performance Supriyati, L. Praharani, IGM Budiarsana and I-K. Sutama

1890

B 474 TH Effects of Supplementing Dietary Neem Foliage on Protozoan Population in the Rumen and Faecal Nematode Egg Excretion in Meat Goats S. Srisaikham, P. Paengkoum and W. Suksombat

1894

B 532 ID Nutrition Status of Female Bligon Goat Fed Diets Containing Undegraded Protein Supplement Ahmad Iskandar Setiyawan, Kustantinah, Subur Priyono Sasmito

Budhi, Zuprizal and Nanung Danar Dono

1898

B 743 ID Application of Total Mixture Forages Silage on Sheep Farming: Bean Sprouts Addition and Controlled Internal Drug Release Vaginal Insertion on Sheep Reproduction Zaenal Bachruddin, Dodo Ramadhan, Yusuf Candra Kurnia, Edi

Suryanto, Ismaya and Lies Mira Yusiati

1902

B 800 TH Effect of Sunflower Oil and Nitrate on Rumen Nutrient Digestibility in Meat Goats Fed Low Quality Roughage Using Gas Production Technique Jiravan Khotsakdee, Chalermpon Yuangklang, Thansamay

Vorlaphim, Bhutharit Vittayaphattananurak Raksasiri and Pramote

Paengkoum

1906

B 845 DZ Clay in the Feeding of Ewes: Effect on the Quality of Milk and Blood Parameters Meredef Aissa, Ouachem Derradji, Soltane Mahmoud and Dehimi

Mohamed Laziz

1910

B 881 MY Effect of Different Levels of L. leucocephala and M. esculenta

Leaves on Urinary Purine Derivatives of Goats Liyana, A. H., Alimon, A. R. and Samsudin, A. A.

1914

B 915 IR Fermentation Characteristics and Aerobic Stability of Triticale Silage Treated with Formic Acid or a Mixture of Formic and Propionic Acids A. R.Vakili, M. Danesh Mesgaran and A. Hodjatpanah-Montazeri

1918

Proceedings of the 16th AAAP Animal Science Congress Vol. II 10-14 November 2014, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

The Effect of Centrifugation Time on the Quality of Domestic Chicken Spermatozoa Maintained at 5°C

Yosephine Laura, Tri Yuwanta and Ismaya Faculty of Animal Science, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Corresponding email: yosephine.laura@ymail.com

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the effect of centrifugation time on the quality of sperm diluted in diluter containing physiological sodium chloride and 20% yolk maintained in 5ºC. Sperm was collected from 5 Pelung cocks aged of one year old. The quality of fresh semen was checked. Sperm was centrifugated as well as control (P0), centrifugated 15 (P1), 20 (P2), and 25 (P3) minutes. All sperm treatments were diluted (physiological sodium chloride added by 20% egg yolk) and maintained at 5º C. The quality of sperm such as pH, motility, viability, and abnormality were checked on storage after 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 hours. All of control and treatments combination were replicated for five replications. The data were analyzed using split-plot design with SPSS 17 for windows. The results showed that time of centrifugation had no effect on sperm quality but the time of storage had a significant effect (P≤0.01) on sperm quality. Time of centrifugation was significantly different (P≤0.05) at 3 hours storaged motility. The averages of pH in each treatment (P0, P1, P2, and P3) were 6.31±0.33; 6.20±0.35; 6.18±0.35; and 6.20±0.35, respectively. The averages of motility in each treatment were 60±14.7%; 65.8±17.1%; 65±20.7%; and 67.2±19.7%, respectively. The averages of viability in each treatment were 54.5±22.3%; 64.1±21.6%; 58.6±22.8%; and 57.4±21.0%, respectively. The averages of abnormality in each treatment were 32.9±18.4%; 36.3±17.6%; 37.4±19.1%; and 36.4±15.3%, respectively. Motility in each treatment (P0, P1, P2, and P3) 3 hours storaged were 69.00±8.94%; 79.00±6.51%; 78.00±4.47%; and 82.00±5.70%, respectively. It can be concluded that centrifugation unable to maintain the sperm quality. The sperm quality decreased gradually during storage.

Key Words: Domestic chicken, Centrifugation, Storage, Sperm

INTRODUCTION One of the characteristics of poultry semen is low semen volume with a very high concentration of spermatozoa. It was shown that a little seminal plasma components must supply nutrients to meet the metabolic needs of spermatozoa. Competition between spermatozoa in the use of nutrient sources in seminal plasma can cause deposits metabolic waste and disrupt of other spermatozoa metabolism. Consequently, spermatozoa poisoned by metabolic waste and nutrient deficiencies cause abnormalities even death. Seminal plasma is an important component, but its existence is very limited and deposits of metabolic waste need to be addressed. Centrifugation is a method used to separate the seminal plasma and spermatozoa. Centrifugation causes spermatozoa to settle in the base layer while in the top is seminal plasma. Centrifugation is a mechanical treatment that can cause membrane damage in spermatozoa. The longer the time of centrifugation will cause friction for longer and higher damage. Further examination of the length of time of centrifugation is necessary to be able perfectly separate the seminal plasma and spermatozoa while maintaining spermatozoa quality.

MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was carried out in the Laboratoroium of Physiologi and Reproduction Animal. Faculty of Animal Science, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta.

Proceedings of the 16th AAAP Animal Science Congress Vol. II10-14 November 2014, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

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Sustainable Livestock Production in the Perspective of Food Security, Policy, Genetic Resources and Climate Change

Birds and Semen collection Five roosters (twelve months old) of domestic chicken were used as the semen donors were kept in individual cages. Roosters were provided with commercial feed for reproductive chicken and water ad libitum. Semen was collected and pooled twice a week by the dorso-abdominal massage method.

Centrifugation method and preparation of diluent Medium used for centrifugation was physiological saline diluted 1:9. Treatments were divided into four tubes. The first tube was control tube without washing (P0), the second tube by centrifugation for 15 min (P1), a third tube by centrifugation for 20 min (P2), and the fourth tube by centrifugation for 25 min (P3). Centrifugation was at 1500 rpm with centrifugation machine MLW T52.1. Seminal plasma was removed with micropipette and the diluents were added. Control tube contained 1:9 sperm and diluent. The diluent was made from 80% physiological saline solution was added with antibiotic gentamicin 5μg/ml and 20% egg yolk of laying hens.

Sperm examination Quality of fresh semen was checked including macroscopic observation of the volume, color, pH, and consistency; then microscopic observations include concentration, motility, viability, and abnormalities. Assessment of sperm quality after treatment were pH, motility, viability, and abnormality during storage at 5° C in 0, 3, 6, 9, and 24 h observations. All microscopic assessments were checked visually with Nikon 120 Microscope.

Statistical analysis All data were counted from 5 replications. The effect of centrifugation time and preservation was analyzed with Split-plot design and Duncan’s multiple range tests (SPSS for windows 17).

RESULTS Quality of sperm after centrifugation and preservation Table 1. Characteristics of sperm pH after centrifugation and observation in preservation 0, 3, 6, 9,

and 24 hours at 5ºC

Treatment Observation (h) 0 3 6 9 24 Mean±SD

P0 6.44±0.39 6.32±0.37 6.30±0.34 6.26±0.33 6.24±0.32 6.31±0.33 P1 6.38±0.38 6.24±0.39 6.16±0.34 6.12±0.40 6.10±0.34 6.20±0.35 P2 6.30±0.41 6.22±0.44 6.18±0.37 6.10±0.30 6.10±0.33 6.18±0.35 P3 6.34±0.37 6.28±0.39 6.20±0.34 6.12±0.29 6.08±0.34 6.20±0.35

Table 2. Characteristics of sperm motility after centrifugation and observation in preservation 0, 3, 6, 9, and 24 hours at 5ºC

Treatment Observation (h) 0 3 6 9 24 Mean±SDns

P0 73±9.74r 69±8.94aqr 62±4.47qr 58±4.47q 38±13.03p 60±14.79 P1 79±8.21r 79±6.51br 70±10.00qr 61±11.40q 32±15.24p 66±17.18 P2 83±2.73r 78±4.47bqr 68±12.54qr 63±13.96q 33±16.80p 65±20.71 P3 84±4.18r 82±5.70br 68±16.43qr 62±15.24q 41±17.66p 67±19.79

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Table 3. Characteristics of sperm viability after centrifugation and observation in preservation 0, 3, 6, 9, and 24 hours at 5ºC

Treatment Observation (h) 0 3 6 9 24 Mean±SDns

P0 80.7±11.73r 61.7±20.79qr 55.3±14.53pqr 43.5±16.14pq 31.3±14.12p 54.5±22.32 P1 81.8±6.08q 68.6±7.22q 71.8±10.35q 70.1±12.54q 28.5±18.41p 64.1±21.65 P2 76.1±10.52q 70.1±5.27q 63.3±13.53q 60.8±23.14q 22.8±10.22p 58.6±22.89 P3 75.8±12.72q 71.1±7.62q 65.3±12.99q 44.7±14.45p 28.6±8.89p 57.4±21.09

Table 4. Characteristics of sperm abnormality after centrifugation and observation in preservation 0, 3, 6, 9, and 24 hours at 5ºC

Treatment Observation (h)

0 3 6 9 24 Mean±SDns P0 19.7±3.21p 25.8±6.39p 22.8±5.74p 30.8±7.68p 64.8±14.79q 32.8±18.47 P1 16.3±4.41p 33.3±10.25pq 31.4±9.75pq 38.2±8.17q 62.6±13.33r 36.4±17.67 P2 24.1±11.11p 31.3±12.26p 30.3±16.00p 35.3±11.38p 66.4±12.52q 37.5±19.16 P3 26.2±8.70p 25.5±4.79p 29.5±7.49p 39.4±4.77p 61.5±9.83q 36.4±15.33

Values within each row with different superscripts differ significantly (p,q,r P≤0.05) Values within each column with different superscripts differ significantly (a,b P≤0.01) ns (non-significant)

DISCUSSION The results showed that sperm centrifugation did not affect the pH of sperm. Centrifugation treatment can not maintain the pH of the sperm. The results differ from Tri-Yuwanta et al. (1998), that the centrifuge sperm cells will slow down decrease in pH value because metabolic processes of sperm cells that produce lactic acid can be suppressed. The decrease in pH affect sperm survival especially during storage. PH values higher or lower than normal sperm causes death sperm (Sujoko et al., 2009). There was a decrease of pH during storage of 24 h. The lowest pH showed in P2 resulted by the production of lactic acid. The results supported by the opinion of Christensen (1995), the low pH of the solution becomes less active sperm, thus reduced by the production of lactic acid. Chicken spermatozoa will produce carbon dioxide and lactic acid that make the lower pH during storage (Thurston, 1995).

Centrifugation was not significantly affect the sperm motility. Centrifugation treatment significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affect motility during storage at 3 hours. Treatment of sperm with longer centrifugation time of 25 minutes (P3) tend to produce the most good motility after dilution 3 hours. Centrifugation of sperm could be expected to reduce or even eliminate toxic substances from the seminal plasma and contaminate the remaining sperm cells themselves (Tri-Yuwanta et al., 1998). Components such as spermiophage in the seminal plasma or spermatozoa components as active seminal proteases or fat peroxide can harm sperm during storage (Donoghue and Wishart, 2000). Centrifugation 15 min (P2) and 20 min (P3) can separate the seminal plasma. Storage 24 hours caused a decrease in motility. Storage for 24 hours resulted in the lowest. Accumulation of metabolic waste caused lower motility Christensen (1995) sperm produces metabolic waste that can lower the pH make spermatozoa become inactive and decrease the motility.

Longer centrifugation did not significantly affect viability. Centrifugation increased the viability but longer can reduce viability. It is supported by Tri-Yuwanta (1998), that the centrifuging sperm is capable of removing toxic substances; whereas seminal plasma were toxic when used in the storage. Control treatment had the lowest viability during storage, it can be affected by toxic substances in seminal plasma that are so toxic to spermatozoa during storage. Centrifugation for 15 minutes tend to be the most excellent in maintaining sperm

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viability. Sujoko et al. (2009), stated that spermatozoa viability can be maintained only at the speed at 400g (1500 rpm) for 15 minutes; prolonged centrifugation can cause friction between spermatozoa with centrifuge tube wall, and medium. It damages to sperm membrane and decrease viability of spermatozoa.

The results showed that the centrifugation treatment did not affect sperm abnormalities during storage. Centrifugation treatment tends to increase the abnormalities. This is in accordance with the opinion of Sujoko et al. (2009), that centrifugation can decrease sperm binding and sperm membrane lipids due to high frictional forces that disrupted sperm membrane permeability. Sperm covered with a membrane called plasmolema (Hafez. 1987). Plasmolema is the outermost membrane of cells composed of lipoproteins, was selectively permeable, and serves as a transport between cells (Isdarmadi, 2008). The role of the sperm cell membrane is very important, if the cell membrane is damaged then the transport between cells is disrupted and eventually spermatozoa metabolism is also disturbed. Causes impaired metabolism abnormalities in sperm shape.

CONCLUSION It can be concluded that centrifugation unable to maintain the sperm quality. The sperm quality decreased gradually during storage.

REFERENCES Christensen, L. V. 1995. Diluents, Dilution, and Storage Poultry Semen for Six Hours. In:

Proceedings First International Symposium on the Artificial Insemination of Poultry (editors M.R. Bakst and G. J Wishart) Poultry science Association, Inc. printed in the United States of America.

Donoghue, A.M., G.J. Wishart. 2000. Storage of Poultry Semen. Animal Reproduction Science 62. Elsevier. United Kingdom.

Hafez, E. S. E. 1987. Reproduction in Farm Animals. Lea and Febiger. Philadelphia. Isdarmadi. 2009. Anatomy, Physiology, and Reproductive Cells. Taken from:

http://www.isdarmady.blogspot.com. Accession date 12 April 2011. Iskandar, S.; A.R. Setioko; S. Sopiyana; T. Sartika; Y. Saepudin; E. Wahyu; R. Hernawati

dan E. Mardiah. 2005. In situ Conservation of Domestic Chicken (ayam pelung, sentul, dan kedu). Report of Research Activity Ciawi. Bogor.

Ismaya; Kustono; S. Bintara; dan D. T., Widayati. 2008. Reproductive Animal Technology. Faculty of Animal Husbandry. Gadjah Mada University. Yogyakarta.

Sujoko, H; M. Agus Setiadi; A. Boediono. 2009. Sheep Sperm Selection by Percoll Density Gradient Centrifugation Method. J. Veteriner 10:125-132.

Thurston, R. J. 1995. Storage of poultry semen above freezing for twenty-four to four-eight hours. Pages 107-122 in: Proceedings First International Symposium of the Artificial Insemination of Poultry. M. R. Bakst and G. J. Wishart, ed. Poultry Science Assosiation, Savoy, IL.

Tri-Yuwanta. 1998. Effect of Washing Sperm Cells and Sperm Storage on Fertility of Native Chicken . Buletin Peternakan 22:64-72.

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