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Proceedings
International Seminar
on Livestock Production and Veterinary Technology
”Promoting Livestock and Veterinary Technology for
Sustainable Rural Livestock Development”
Indonesia, Bali, Denpasar, August 10th-12th, 2016
2
3
Proceedings
International Seminar
on Livestock Production and Veterinary Technology
”Promoting Livestock and Veterinary Technology for
Sustainable Rural Livestock Development”
Indonesia, Bali, Denpasar, August 10th-12th, 2016
Editors: Dwi Yulistiani
April H Wardhana
Ismeth Inounu
Sjamsul Bahri
Sofjan Iskandar
Elizabeth Wina
Simon P Ginting
Simson Tarigan
Bess Tiesnamurti
Endang Romjali
Tati Herawati
Yenny Nur Anggraeny
Shanmugavelu S
Daniel L Aquino
Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development
2016
4
PROCEEDINGS INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
AND VETERINARY TECHNOLOGY
”Promoting Livestock and Veterinary Technology for Sustainable Rural Livestock Development”
Indonesia, Bali, Denpasar, August 10th-12th, 2016 Printed in 2016
All right reserved
©Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development, 2016
Catalogue in publication
INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION AND VETERINARY TECHNOLOGY (2016: Indonesia, Bali, Denpasar)
Proceedings International Seminar on Livestock Production and Veterinary
Technology, Indonesia, Bali, Denpasar, August 10th-12th 2016/Editors, Dwi Yulistiani
…[et al.].--Jakarta: IAARD Press, 2016. xxii, 594 p.; ill; 29,7 cm ISBN 978-602-344-147-1 1. Livestock 2. Veterinary I. Title II. Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development III. Yulistiani, Dwi
636:619 Person in charge:
Bess Tiesnamurti (Director of Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development)
Layouters:
Irfan R Hidayat
Ruliansyah Lubis
Linda Yunia
Cover designer:
Irfan R Hidayat
IAARD Press Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development
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Telp.: +62 21 7806202, Fax.: +62 21 7800644
Editorial office:
Indonesian Center for Agricultural Library and Technology Dissemination
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Telp.: +62 251 8321746, Fax.: +62 251 8326561
e-mail: [email protected]
MEMBER OF IKAPI NO: 445/DKI/2012
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Table of Contents ……......……….......………................................................................................ v
Preface ………………...........……………...........………................................................................. xi
Report of Committee International Seminar on Livestock Production and Veterinary
Technology …….........…...................................................................................................................
xii
Keynote Speech Director General of Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and
Development …............….…............................................................................................................
xiv
Seminar Summary/Conclusion International Seminar of Livestock Production and
Veterinary Technology ……............................................................................................................
xix
INVITED SPEAKER
Improvement of Veterinary Technologies to Strengthen Viability of Livestock Sector in Rural
Area
Dargantes AP .....................................................................................................................................
3
Competitiveness of Indonesian Livestock Production among ASEAN Countries
Soedjana TD, Priyanti A ……............................................................................................................
4
The Estimation and Mitigation of Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Livestock
Clark H ...............................................................................................................................................
5
Livestock Breeding Plans for Smallholder Systems
Iñiguez L ............................................................................................................................................
14
SUPPORTING PAPERS
RUMINANT
Polymorphisms of Bovine Lymphocyte Antigen (BoLA DRB 3.2 Locus PstI) Gene in Bali Cattle
Population from South Sulawesi Province
Ishak ABL, Dagong MIA, Nurul P ....................................................................................................
19
Phenotypic Characterization of Jawa Brebes (Jabres) Cattle
Adinata Y, Aryogi, Pamungkas D, Luthfi M, Rasyid A, Krishna NH ...............................................
24
The Brahman Cattle Performances Through Genetic Improvement Program in Sabah, Malaysia
Abdullah P ..........................................................................................................................................
30
Genotyping of Kappa-Casein Gene of Buffalo in Indonesian
Margawati ET, Volkandari SD, Indriawati, Talib C ……..................................................................
37
The Use of Cocoa Bean Waste as a Supplement in Male Bali Cattle Feeding
Soeharsono, Amin M, Cahyono A ………….....................................................................................
45
The Effect of Giving Probiotics (Bio-Cas) on the Growth of Bali Cattle in Bunutan Village,
Abang District, Karangasem Regency
Londra IM, Sudarma IW, Sutami P ...................................................................................................
50
The In Sacco Dry Matter and Organic Matter Degradability of Four Feedstuffs
Pamungkas D, Utomo R .....................................................................................................................
54
Effect Inoculant of Trichoderma viride and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mixed Culture on
Chemical Composition, Fiber, Digestibility, and Theobromine Cocoa Pod Fermentation
Zakariah MA ......................................................................................................................................
60
Proceedings of International Seminar on Livestock Production and Veterinary Technology 2016
vi
The Influence of Beef Cattle Breeder Characteristic on the Business Scale of Bumi Karomah
Breeders Group in the City of Probolinggo
Anggraeny YN, Prita KS, Mariyono ..................................................................................................
65
Feasibility the Using of Coffee Waste for Bali Cattle Fattening in Bangli
Parwati IA, Suyasa N .........................................................................................................................
71
The Role and Performance of Bali Cattle Fed Agriculture Waste Product in Integrated Farming
System
Mastika IM, Puger AW, Budiasa IKM, Mudita IM …………………….…………………………..
78
Feeding Maize Straw Silage and Concentrate to Bali Cattle Cow in South Sulawesi
Sariubang M, Nurhayu A, Ella A .......................................................................................................
85
Potential Benefits from the Utilization of Leucaena leucocephala in Thai Swamp Buffaloes
Production
Jetana T ..............................................................................................................................................
90
Augmented Feeding with By-passed Amino Acid and Slow-released Non-protein Nitrogen
Supplement on Milk Peak, Lactation Persistency, and Post-partum Reproduction of Brazilian
Buffaloes
Aquino DL, Del Rosario MV, Vergara KF, Cruz LC ........................................................................
104
Total Gas and Methane Evaluation of Rejected Mungbean Meal (Vigna radiata) with Jackfruit
Leaves Addition
Sasongko WT, Khurin’in, Wahyono T ..............................................................................................
115
Effect of Supplementation of Different Concentrate Rations on Weight Gain, Milk Yield and
Composition of Cross Bred Buffalo Cows
Kanakkahewage M, Jasinghe O, Sujani S, Seresinhe T .....................................................................
122
Productivity Enhancement in a Cattle-Coconut Integrated System-Implications for Environmental
Sustainability
Seresinhe T, Sujani IWAS ….............................................................................................................
127
Effect of Superblok Supplementation to Native Grass Based Diet on Rumen Fermentation In
Vitro
Wahyono T, Hardani SNW, Firsoni ...................................................................................................
132
The Effect of Condensed Tannin and Saponin in Reducing Methane Produced during Rumen
Digestion of Agricultural Byproducts
Widiawati Y, Puastuti W ....................................................................................................................
139
Preliminary Study: Characterisation of Antibody for rLipl32 Protein of Leptospira
Sumarningsih, Tarigan S, Kusmiyati .................................................................................................
147
Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Tract Worms in Bali Cattle at Bali Cattle Breeding Center,
Sobangan, Badung
Suratma NA, Dwinata IM, Oka IBM, Mubarok F, Alamsyah AN ....................................................
153
Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices (KAP) and Financial Losses of Buffalo Raisers due to Surra
among Selected Villages in Southern Philippines
Escarlos JAJr, Cane JF, Dargantes AP ...............................................................................................
156
Retrospective Study on Milk Production and Reproductive Performance of Dairy Cattle in a Farm
in Selangor, Malaysia
Azhar H, Zamri-Saad M, Jesse FFA, Annas S ...................................................................................
157
Study of Subclinical Mastitis Control through Dry Cow Therapy during Dry Periode
Nurhayati IS, Sudarnika E, Zahid I ....................................................................................................
163
Proceedings of International Seminar on Livestock Production and Veterinary Technology 2016
vii
Parasitic Diseases in Dairy Cattle in Cibungbulang District of West Java
Dewi DA, Wardhana AH, Sawitri DH, Ekawasti F, Akbari RA .......................................................
170
A Comparison of RFID and Visual Ear Tag Retention in Dairy Cattle in Malaysia
Salina AB, Hassan L, Saharee AA, Stevenson MA, Ghazali K .........................................................
178
Serological Test for Surra Cases in Lombok Island
Ekawasti F, Wardhana AH, Sawitri DH, Dewi DA, Akbari RA …………………………..…….…
183
Application of Dried Blood Sample on Whatman Filter Paper for Detection of Trypanosoma
evansi from Cattle in Central Kalimantan by Internal Trascriber Spacer -1 Polymerase Chain
Reaction
Sawitri DH, Wardhana AH, Dewi DA, Ekawasti F, Widjaja E .........................................................
191
Socio-economic Characteristics of Small Scale Buffalo Farms in Tanamalwila Area in
Moneragala District of Sri Lanka
Premathilaka S, Seresinhe T, Gajaweera C ........................................................................................
198
Evaluation of Good Dairy Farming Practice Method on Dairy Farming in Subang District, West
Java, Indonesia
Firman A, Marina S, Hermawan, Paturachman S, Linda H, Anita F .................................................
204
Potentials of Biogas and Bioslurry Utilization and Subsidy Incentives Policy Recomendation in
Indonesia
Osak REMF, Hartono B, Fanani Z, Utami HD ..................................................................................
213
Economic Value of Dairy Cattle Business in the Lowlands Outside Java
Herawati T, Priyanto D, Purwantari ND ............................................................................................
222
Technical Efficiency and Its Determinant Factors of Dairy Farms under Membership of Different
Scales of Cooperative in Bogor District, West Java
Saptati RA ..........................................................................................................................................
232
SMALL RUMINANT
Identification of Markers Associated with Birth Weight in Boer Goat
Jamli S, Shanmugavelu S ...................................................................................................................
247
A Preliminary Study on Some Reproductive Traits and Heterosis Effects of Anglo Nubian and
Etawah Grade Crossbred Does
Praharani L, Supriyati, Krisnan R ......................................................................................................
252
Determination of Weaning Time of Dombos Lamb Based on Suckling and Eating Behavior and
Body Weight Gain
Andrian RN, Nugroho TA, Dartosukarno S, Purnomoadi A .............................................................
261
Quality and Viability of Javanese Local Ram Semen at Different Age
Solihati N, Rasad SD, Setiawan R, Alvionita C ................................................................................
265
Effects of Dietary Oil Supplementation with Different Fatty Acid Profiles on Rumen Fibre
Degrading Bacteria Population in Goats
Ibrahim NA, Alimon AR, Yaakub H, Abdullah N, Samsudin AA ....................................................
271
Feed Formulation Based on Local Feed Resources and Its Effects on Nutritional-Related Blood
Profile in Breeder Goats
Ghani AAA, Shahudin MS, Zamri-Saad M, Zuki AB, Wahid H, Kasim A, Salisi MS,
Hafandi A, Hamzah H, Daud NHA, Hassim HA ...............................................................................
276
The Use of Rubber Leaves (Hevea brasiliensis) as Forage in Supporting the Development of
Goats
Wigati S, Maksudi, Wiyanto E ..........................................................................................................
284
Proceedings of International Seminar on Livestock Production and Veterinary Technology 2016
viii
The Effect of Different Feed Formulation Based on Local Feed Resource on Performance and
Stress Parameter in Breeder Goat
Shahudin MS, Ghani AAA, Zamri-Saad M, Zuki AB, Abdullah FFJ, Wahid H, Roslee MSA,
Hamzah H, Hassim HA ......................................................................................................................
291
Performance of Ettawah Crossbred Goat Fed Different Types of Probiotics
Dinata AANBS, Sudarma IW, Puspa DMR .......................................................................................
300
Determination of Enzymes Activity of White Rot Fungi Isolated From Oil Palm Fronds
Azmi MAB, Alias S, Amirul FMA, Ghani AAA, Shahudin MS, Yusof MT, Zunita Z,
Hassim HA .........................................................................................................................................
307
Effect of Different Protein and Energy Levels in Concentrate Diets on Nutrient Intake and Milk
Production of Saanen x Etawah Grade Goats
Supriyati, Krisnan R, Budiarsana IGM, Praharani L .........................................................................
308
In Vitro Rumen Fermentation Characteristics of Thin Tail Sheep Given Sweet Potato (Ipomoea
batatas L) Biomass
Sudarman A, Hayashida M, Miralestari M, Suharti S ........................................................................
309
In Vitro Digestibility and Rumen Fermentation of Grass or Rice Straw Basal Diet With or Without
Complete Rumen Modifier Supplementation
Yulistiani D, Puastuti W, Widiawati Y ..............................................................................................
310
Histological Changes of Liver Tissues and Serobiochemical Relation in Does With Pregnancy
Ketosis
Azmi AFM, Ghani AAA, Mokrish A, Lai KS, Zamri-Saad M, Zuki AB, Hasliza AH .....................
318
Comparison of Heavy Metal Residues on Sheep That Grazing in Landfill Area Before and After
Elimination Process
Rahayu P, Munawaroh IS, Elok K .....................................................................................................
319
Sequence Analysis and Modeling of Antimicrobial Peptide from Goat Milk Protein Hydrolyzed
by Bromelain
Kusumaningtyas E, Widiastuti R, Kusumaningrum HD, Suhartono MT ..........................................
327
Goats Production System in Upper Southern Thailand
Khamseekhiew B, Pimpa O ...............................................................................................................
336
Goat feeding system in Surat Thani Province, Thailand
Omanee S, Khamseekhiew B .............................................................................................................
341
Biogas Productivity, Financial Analysis, Livestock Mix Pasture Influenced by Biogas Input and
Slurry
Ginting N, Syahbana AF, Fadillah DM, Ginting SP ..........................................................................
345
Methane Emission Factor at Different Total Digestible Nutrients and Feeding Level in Ram
Restitrisnani V, Nugroho TA, Rianto E, Purnomoadi A ....................................................................
352
POULTRY
The Potential of White Muscovy as Parent Stock for the Production of Broiler Ducks
Susanti T, Purba M, Prasetyo LH .......................................................................................................
359
The Differences in Egg Quality of White Leghorn and Naked Neck Chicken
Kostaman T, Sopiyana S ....................................................................................................................
365
Vitamin E (α-Tocopherol) and Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Supplementation on Cholesterol and
Triglyceride Blood Profile of Male Native Muscovy
Tugiyanti E, Zuprizal, Rusman ..........................................................................................................
370
Proceedings of International Seminar on Livestock Production and Veterinary Technology 2016
ix
Supplementation of Purple Sweet Potato Extract on Protein Digestibility and Meat Protein Mass
in Broiler Reared Under Different Cage Density
Saputra Y, Suthama N, Sukamto B ....................................................................................................
378
Palm Polysaccharides in the Diet of Broilers Challenged Against Escerichia coli: A Preliminary
Study
Sundu B, Bahry S, Dien R .................................................................................................................
385
Weight Gain and Plasma Cholesterol Concentration in Mojosari Ducks Fed Different Levels of
Chitin Extracted from Crab Wastes
Wandira IA, Ichsan M, Wiryawan KG ..............................................................................................
390
Effects of Different Lysine and Energy Levels in Diets on Carcass Percentage of Three Strains of
Broiler Duck
Purba M, Sinurat AP, Susanti T .........................................................................................................
395
Synergistic Hydrolytic Activities on Palm Kernel Cake Using Cocktail Enzyme of Mannanase
BS4 and Bromelain
Haryati T, Vincent, Sinurat AP ..........................................................................................................
408
Effect of Administering Zeolite on the Physical Performances of Pellet Product Contained
Chickens Hatchery Wastes
Sulistiyanto B, Utama SC, Sumarsih S ..............................................................................................
415
The Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Onion and Garlic Husk Powder on Protein, Cholesterol
and Fat of Duck Meat
Putri PE, Mangisah I, Suthama N ......................................................................................................
422
The Pathological Changes in Caecum in Broilers Infected with Eimeria tenella and Treated with
Sapindus rarak Powder
Pasaribu T, Wina E, Setiyono, Sani Y ...............................................................................................
428
Colibacillosis and Antibiotics Resistance Patterns in Broiler
Chotiah S, Damayanti R .....................................................................................................................
434
Vaccination of Quails with Bivalent Inactivated H5N1 AI Vaccine (Clades 2.1.3 and 2.3.2) at
Laboratory Scale
Indriani R, Dharmayanti NLPI ...........................................................................................................
441
Frequency of Diseases Occurrence in Poultry Production Cluster (PPC) and Non-PPC in Indonesia
Martindah E, Ilham N ........................................................................................................................
449
Awareness of the Antibiotics Growth Promotors (AGP) and Its Aplication in Chicken Feed
Sumanto ..............................................................................................................................................
462
FORAGE
The Increase of Forage Productivity in Ex Coal Mining by Adding Fertilizer and Forage in East
Kalimantan
Bariroh NR, Danial D, Gunawan SG .................................................................................................
471
Effect of cutting Interval on Yield, Nutrient Composition and Digestibility Several Species of
Mulberry
Hutasoit R, Ginting SP, Sirait J, Tarigan A .......................................................................................
476
OTHER
Growth Performance of Male Rabbits (Lepus negricollis) Fed Different Levels of Fermented
Coffee Pulp
Mastika IM, Budiari NLG, Nuriyasa IM, Puger AW ........................................................................
489
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/Proc.Intsem.LPVT-2016-p.489-494
489
Growth Performance of Male Rabbits (Lepus negricollis)
Fed Different Levels of Fermented Coffee Pulp
Mastika IM1, Budiari NLG2, Nuriyasa IM1, Puger AW1
1Faculty of Animal Science, Udayana University, Jl. Jend. Sudirman, Denpasar 80234, Bali, Indonesia 2 Bali Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology
Jl. By Pass Ngurah Rai, Denpasar 80222, Bali, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
The traditional rabbit raising resulted in very poor growth of rabbit so a study was carried out on growth performance of male rabbit fed different levels of fermented coffee pulp. A randomized block design (RBD) with five treatments and four replicates of two rabbits in each treatment was used in this experiment. The treatments were diet without coffee pulp (R0), diet with 10% unfermented coffee pulp (R1), diet with 20% unfermented coffee pulp (R2), diet with 10% fermented coffee pulp (R3), and diet with 20% fermented coffee pulp (R4). Each treatment consisted of 8 male five week old local rabbits. Variables observed were final body weight, weight gain, feed intake, water consumption, feed efficiency, dry matter, energy and protein digestibility. The results showed that rabbits given ration with 10% fermented coffee pulp (R3) revealed higher dry matter energy and protein digestibility. Further, they had the highest final body weight, weight gain and highest feed efficiency. It was concluded that the use of 10% fermented coffee pulp in the diet produced the highest performance compared to other treatments. Fermented coffee pulp at the level of 10% could be recommended to farmers for substituting rice bran in rabbits diets.
Key Words: Rabbits Growth, Coffee Pulp, Fermentation
INTRODUCTION
Rabbit has a great potential to be developed in Bali as another alternative job for farmers as well as to provide other meat resources regionally and nationally. Their meat is nutritive, litter size are large with short intervals kiddings (Lukefahr 2008). This is due to
the fast growth and prolificness of the rabbit which can produce 8-10 litters per birth. Their weight can reach 2 kg at the age of 8 weeks old (Lestari et al. 2005). Chemical composition of rabbit meat has good quality in which the protein content of its meat is
equivalent to the chicken meat (Ensminger et al. 1990) with fat, cholesterol and energy contents of 5.5 g, 53 g, and 137 kcal/kg, respectively (Chan et al. 1995).
The lack of farmer knowledge about rabbit nutrition cannot support rabbit production in Indonesia (Nuriyasa et al. 2013). When the rabbits were fed forage only, their production could not reach maximum (Dwiyanto et al. 1985) On the other hand, rabbit can
eat waste material and they are quite efficient in extracting protein from forage (Samkol & Lukefahr 2008). Consequently, rabbit productivity can be improved by feeding a good
quantity and quality of feed (Ensminger et al. 1990). The high price of concentrate feed is often an obstacle for rabbits farmers, therefore efforts are needed to look for feedstuffs with high nutrient contents but low in price. According to Mastika (2013) several wastes
from agricultural industries might be useful for animal feedstuffs. Those wastes were cheap and less competitive to human needs. One of those is coffee pulps which are
continuously available the whole year in Bali. Coffee pulps consisted of 85.22% dry matter, 10.47% crude protein, 0.26% crude fat, 32.36% crude fiber, and 4.14 kcal/kg gross energy (Wiguna 2007).
Nutrient content of fresh pulp can be improved by fermentation using Aspergillus niger. Parwati et al. (2008) found that the fermented coffee pulp using Aspergillus niger
Proceedings of International Seminar on Livestock Production and Veterinary Technology 2016
490
could replace rice bran utilization up to 5% in the diet with no adverse effect in the performance of kampong chickens. Budiari (2009) reported fermented coffee pulp
contained crude protein 9.94% to 17.81%, and crude fiber 13.05%. This research was carried out to evaluate the use of fermented coffee pulp in feed for growing rabbits.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Fourty local male rabbits of 5 weeks old with an average body weight 258.35±1.19 g were arranged into 5 treatments and four replicates of two rabbits in each treatment.
Rabbits were keep in individual cages with 70 cm length, 50 cm width, and 45 cm height. Each cage was equipped with trough for feed and drinking water. A plastic sheet for urine
and faeces collection were place at the bottom of the cage Rations were made of yellow corn, fish meal, rice bran, coconut meal, soybean meal,
elephant grass, tapioca flour, coffee pulp (fresh or fermented), coconut oil, and bone meal.
Diets were composed in iso energy and protein with 16% crude protein and 2500 kcal/kg metabolizable energy (ME) (NRC 1977). Diet composition and nutrients content of the
diet are presented in Table 1.
Tablel 1. Composition of treatment feed
Feed stuffs (%) Treatments
R0 R1 R2 R3 R4
Feed stuffs component
Yellow corn 24.00 23.00 23.00 22.00 20.50
Coconut meal 14.50 13.00 10.50 10.00 6.50
Fish meal 6.50 6.50 7.00 6.00 5.00
Tapioca flour 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00
Soybean meal 6.50 6.55 6.10 5.50 5.15
Rice bran 15.00 12.45 10.00 16.00 16.05
Elephant grass 25.00 22.00 18.90 24.00 22.30
Non fermented coffee pulp - 10.00 20.00 - -
Fermented coffee pulp - - - 10.00 20.00
Coconut oil 4.00 2.00 0.00 2.00 0.00
Bone meal 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Nutrients contents
TDN (%) 64.83 64.85 65 64.65 64.73
ME(kcal/kg) 2506.11 2519.72 2553.34 2523.40 2554.14
Crude protein (%) 16.00 16.01 16.00 16.01 16.02
Crude fat (%) 8.21 7.01 5.40 5.86 4.14
Crude fiber (%) 12.13 12.72 13.38 11.96 12.18
Calcium (%) 0.51 0.46 0.38 0.41 0.46
Phosporus (%) 0.62 0.59 0.55 0.64 0.66
*Proximate analysis at laboratory Loka Penelitian Sapi Potong, Grati, Indonesia
Mastika et al.: Growth Performance of Male Rabbits (Lepus negricollis) Fed Different Levels of Fermented Coffee Pulp
491
Final body weight, weight gain, feed consumption, water consumption, feed conversion ratio, digestibility coefficients of dry mater, energy and protein were observed
in this study. Dry matter digestibility was calculated based on the total feces collection for 7 days (Tillman et al. 1986); energy and protein digestibility were calculated based on the
collection method (Prasad et al. 1996). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and if significant treatments were found (P<0.05), analysis will be continued using Duncan multiple range test (Steel & Torrie 1980).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results of the experiment showed that rabbits fed ration with 10% fermented coffee
pulp (R3) were significantly (P<0.05) higher in their final body weight and weight gain compared to those fed the other rations (Table 2). The R3 ration contained the lowest fiber content (Table 1) there for could increase digestibility coefficients of the diet and further
more resulted the better growth rate of the rabbits. The same trend that the growth rate and feed efficiency with higher protein retention in the body is also reported by Nuriyasa et al.
(2014). The use of Aspergillus niger as fermentor also reduced the tannin content of the coffee pulp by 33% and consequently increased their feed intake and availability of feed energy (Krisnan 2002). Guntoro et al. (2004) also reported that Etawah goats fed 200
g/head/day fermented feed pulp increased their daily weight gain by 52.38% during the three month periods.
Table 2. Performance of rabbits fed different levels of fermented coffee pulps
Variabel Treatments
R0 R1 R2 R3 R4 SEM
Initial body weight (g) 258.38a 257.88a 258.25a 258.50a 258.75a 1.28
Final body weight (g) 1769.50b 1730.25c 1725.38c 1866.75a 1739.88bc 11.21
Feed consumption (g/day) 75.63d 77.36cd 83.61b 79.19c 86.19a 0.64
Weight gain (g/day) 21.59b 21.03c 20.96c 22.98a 21.16bc 0.16
Feed conversion ratio (FCR) 3.50c 3.68b 4.01a 3.45c 4.08a 0.03
Water consumption (ml/day)
153.30c 157.90c 181.46a 170.95b 183.37a 2.35
R0: Diet without coffee pulp; R1: Diet with 10% unfermented coffee pulp; R2: Diet with 20% unfermented coffee pulp; R3: Diet with 10% fermented coffee pulp; R4: Diet with 20% fermented coffee pulp. Numbers with the same superscripts in the same rows indicate non significant differences (P>0.05); SEM: standard error of the treatment means
Figure 1 showed that rabbit on R3 grew similar with the other treatments during the
first two weeks. This probably due to the adaptation on feed containing coffee pulp. During the folowing weeks the growth of rabbits fed R3 ration was higher than the other
treatments. Feed intake of the rabbits given treatment R4 was 86.19 g/day, while the R0, R1, R2,
R3 were 12.25, 10.25, 2.99, and 8.12% lower than group R4 respectively (Table 2).
Perhaps this was because of diet R4 has sweeter smell than those other four treatments. McNitt (1996) stated that of rabbit prefered feed with sweet aroma. Low crude fiber in the
ration R4 caused the faster flow rate and coefficient of feed digestibility, so the digestive tract was empty more quickly, hence, more space available for additional food.
Proceedings of International Seminar on Livestock Production and Veterinary Technology 2016
492
Figure 1. Growth of rabbits fed different levels of coffee pulp
Rabbit fed diet R3 had the lowest feed conversion ratio (3.45) compared to the other treatments except R0. This was because of the rabbits fed R3 ration had higher dry matter,
energy and protein digestibilities compared to the other treatments (Table 3). The most efficient in the feed conversion ratio for R3 (3.45) and was lower than the results reported
by Nuriyasa (2012) with an average feed conversion ratio 3.57. Different treatment given to the rabbits might be the cause of these differences. However, the result of this experiment was still on the similar range 3.0-4.0 described by McNitt (1996) and de Blass
& Wiseman (1998).
Figure 2. Weekly feed consumption of rabbits fed different levels of coffee pulp
The highest consumption of water in R4 fed rabbits was related to their higher feed
consumption (Table 2). This result was in line with Tillman et al. (1986) who stated that the higher the feed consumption of the rabbits, the more the drinking water was needed.
The less density diet caused more dusty and consequently the rabbit needed more water. Density of the diet for treatment R4 (21.44 g/ml) was lower than R0 (25.76 g/ml), R1 (22.60 g/ml), R2 (22.51 g/ml) dan R3 (23.38 g/ml), so that the diet R4 which was more
dusty caused rabbits consumed more water. This result was supported by Nuriyasa (2012) who found that water consumption was influenced by the density of the ration.
Digestibility of dry matter feed in R3 fed rabbits were higher than the other treatments including the control. This was due to the lowest content of its crude fiber (Table 1).
Mastika et al.: Growth Performance of Male Rabbits (Lepus negricollis) Fed Different Levels of Fermented Coffee Pulp
493
Therefore the R3 fed rabbits consumed more feed than the other group of treatments. Tillman et al. (1986) reported that the digestibility of the ration was influenced by the
composition and the constituents of the diet and on the physical form of feed. Nuriyasa (2012) reported that an average dry matter digestibility of feed for local male rabbits was
68.52%, and between 60-65% according to Parigi & Xiccato (1998) The R3 fed rabbit had the highest energy digestibility (67.87%) which were 2.20,
3.61, 3.36 and 2.80% higher than R0, R1, R2 and R4 respectively (Table 3). This was due
to the lower crude fiber content of the R3 diet. Prasad et al. (1996) stated Chinchilla rabbit have energy digestibility ranged 66.17-77.79%.
Table 3. Diet digestibility of the rabbits fed different levels of unfermented and fermented coffee pulp
Variabel Treatment
R0 R1 R2 R3 R4 SEM
Dry matter digestibility (%) 58.29c 57.13d 58.41c 59.84a 59.28b 0.15
Energy digestibility (%) 66.37b 65.42c 65.59c 67.87a 65.97bc 0.20
Protein digestibility (%) 86.64a 84.18c 83.54c 85.85b 86.19ab 0.46
R0: Diet without coffee pulp. R1: Diet with 10% unfermented coffee pulp. R2: Diet with 20% unfermented coffee pulp. R3: Diet with 10% fermented coffee pulp. R4: Diet with 20% fermented coffee pulp. The same superscripts in the same rows indicated non significantly differences (P>0.05). SEM: Standard error of the treatment means
Protein digestibility of feed by rabbits given treatment R0 was 86.64%, and this value
was not significantly different compared to R4, but 2.84%, 3.58% and 0.91% higher than R1, R2 dan R3 (Tabel 3). This showed rabbits feed R0 most efficiently used the protein for
growth and it can be seen from its lower FCR (Table 2). Average digestibility in this study was 85.28%. This figure is higher than the report of Nuriyasa (2012). It may be caused by differences in the physical form of feed and feedstuffs used. Tillman et al. (1986) stated
that protein digestibility is affected by animal species. It might be concluded that physical form and composition of feeds affected the digestibility.
CONCLUSION
The use of 10% fermented coffee pulp in the rabbit diet significantly improved the
weight gain and digestibility of dry matter, energy and consequently increased final body weight of rabbit. Farmers could be advised to use the fermented coffee pulp in rabbit diet
at the maximum level of 10% in the total diet.
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