Proceedings 6th Workhshop

7/22/2019 Proceedings 6th Workhshop

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Thl 9thCetlreatcbeam Vbrkshbp be _lnbtl Wlescef aed Levcrbenletam Ceebvatcbes ce Nbefbmca

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GBETLETWVlmgbnl nlssafl.....................................................................................................................1Gbetlets.................................................................................................................................?-4

Gmcnatl Hazards ce thl Fboc

1. GMCNATL HAPA_DW CE THL FBOC DLWL_TTrby Wtlreolrf...........................................................................................................................................I-

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131.??4-

796.9


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9:

Kly mlfam lmlnlets bi ouzzlr zbel0

Aey part bi hanmlt, vcmmafl, slttmlnlet br ward aed ibrlst rlsburgls whcgh mcl wcthcethl tlrrctbry arbued prbtlgtld arla arl cegmudld ce ouiilr zbel.

Vcthce thl ouiilr zbel thl Vardle shbumd haed bvlr thl gbnnuecty ibrlstsaggbrdcef tb Ouiilr Pbel Naeaflnlet Vbrk Zmae tb thl uslrs' gbnncttlls aitlr

cdletciycef thl rlam uslrs' frbup. Thl uslr's bi thl ouiilr gbnnuecty gbnncttll ibrlst shamm ol ammbwld tb usl thl

ibrlst rlsburgls rlglcvld irbn thl ibrlst arla gbeslrvld aed frbwe thlnslmvls aitlrpaycef ratl prlsgrcold oy gbnncttll ebt lxglldcef ce lxtlet aed quaetcty uedlr thlwbrk pmae out uslrs arl ebt ammbwld tb traespbrt tcnolr aed iulm wbbd thus agqucrld.

Ibrlst gbnncttll gaeebt slmm ibrlst prbdugt botace as drcit wbbd, ldfl trlls aedourcld ce rcvlr scdl.

Eb physcgam strugturls sugh as hbusl, hut, aed shld bi aey kced gae ol gbestrugtldoy aeybel ce thl arla br ouiilr zbel ibrlst haedld bvlr tb uslrs' gbnncttll.

Thlrl arl 11 ouiilr zbel gbnncttlls wbrkcef ce eatcbeam parks aed rlslrvls gbnprcscef141 uslrs gbnncttlls aed 4:67 ibrlst uslr frbups bi tbtam 111837 hbuslhbmds.

Wburgl0M._ @bshc, Ouiilr zbel, Ibrlstry.brf.ep

Zrbplrty rcfht systln ce park aed plbpml prbfran0Amthbufh thl icity plrglet bi tbtam rlvleul lare oy eatcbeam parks fbls tb ouiilr zbel, thlslcestctutcbes havl vlry mcnctld prbplrty rcfht bvlr rlsburgl aed lxpledcturl bi iued. Taomlshbws thl prlslet status bi prbplrty rcfht ce ouiilr zbel.

W.Eb. Zrbplrty rcfhts Dlsgrcptcbe

1 _cfhts tb wcthdrawam Fraetld tb mbgam frbups, vlry mcnctld

? _cfhts tb naeafl Ebt avacmaoml tb mbgam frbups

7 _cfhts tb lxgmudl Ebt avacmaoml tb mbgam frbups

4 _cfhts tb traesilr Ebt avacmaoml tb mbgam frbupsWburgl0Gbmmlgtcvl Agtcbe, Zrbplrty _cfhts, aed Dlgletramczatcbe ce _lsburgl \sl ce

Cedca aed Elpam- A_\E AF_AVAM, LMCEB_ BWT_BN

Gbmmaobratcvl ibrlst naeaflnlet (GIN) systln aed prbplrty rcfht status0

Ce ?:::, thl rlvcsld Ibrlstry Wlgtbr Zbmcgy nadl prbvcscbes ibr ammbgatcef but ombgks bi

hcfh-vamul ibrlsts ce thl Tlrac thrbufh GIN. Thl Ncecstry bi ibrlst aed sbcm gbeslrvatcbe(NIWG) apprbvld bplratcbeam fucdlmcels ibr cectcatcef GIN ce thl Tlrac ce ?::7. GIN


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dciilrs suostaetcammy irbn GI aed nugh nbrl gmbslmy rlslnomls @bcet ibrlst naeaflnlet

(@IN) ce Cedca br gbnnuecty oasld ibrlst naeaflnlet (GOIN) ce thl Zhcmcppcels. _athlr

thae olcef rue oy uslr frbups, thl GIN arlas ce thl Tlrac arl naeafld oy a gbnncttll

dbnceatld oy thl mbgam ibrlstry dlpartnlet. Addctcbeammy, ?< plrglet bi thl cegbnl irbn

GIN arlas cs tb ol ammbgatld tb mbgam fbvlrenlet uects (Ycmmafl Dlvlmbpnlet Gbnncttllsaed Dcstrcgt Dlvlmbpnlet Gbnncttlls); whcml thl rlnacecef 6< plrglet cs tb fb tb thl

eatcbeam fbvlrenlet (Oanptbe lt am., ?::6). Amthbufh gbnnuecty nlnolrs havl usl

rcfhts tb icrlwbbd aed ibddlr, cegbnl irbn thl gbnnlrgcam saml bi ibrlst prbdugts cs bemy

bi cedcrlgt olelict tb thln, aed thly havl mcttml vbcgl ce hbw GIN arlas arl tb ol naeafld

(Oranptbe lt am., ?::6). Thl dlgcscbe-nakcef strugturl bi GIN gbnncttlls cs macd but ce

ae NIWG dcrlgtcvl that mlavls eb rbbn ibr adaptcef thl strugturl tb mbgam gcrgunstaegls

(Oanptbe lt am., ?::6).

Thl kly rlfumatbry ilaturls bi gbmmaobratcvl ibrlst naeaflnlet rlfcnl0

Fbvlrenlet naeafld ibrlst cs bel bi thl gatlfbry as plr nletcbeld ce ibrlst agtaed rlfumatcbe whlrl GIN cs cnpmlnletld.

Thlrl wcmm ol gmbsl gbmmaobratcbe anbef fbvlrenlet ibrlst uect mbgam fbvlrenletaed plbpml mcvcef elar aed iar irbn thl ibrlst ce pmaeecef, cnpmlnletatcbe aedrlvclw prbglss.

Cestctutcbeam strugturl bi GIN gbnprcsls GIN frbup, gbnncttll, suo gbnncttllsaed cnpmlnletatcbe uect. GIN frbup cs thl aplx obdy bi ibrlst naeaflnlet wcthwcdl raefl bi staklhbmdlrs.

_lvleul sharcef nlghaecsn as plr GIN fucdlmcel wcmm ol 6


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9?

uecvlrscty, 133:).Thl icfurl cs apprbxcnatlmy appmcld tb Elpam gbetlst tbb. Olcef a na`br

rlsburgl ibr thl mcvlmchbbd bi pbbr usuirugt rcfhts bi plbpml cs fraetld sanl tb sbnl lxtled

tb amm systln. Anbef thrll rlfcnls, gbnnuecty ibrlstry cs nbrl dlgletramczld thae OP

gbnnuecty ibrlst aed GIN. Ce GI plbpml havl rcfht tb usl amm kceds bi ibrlst prbdugt lvle

ce irll bi gbst. Vhlrlas OP gbnnuecty ibrlst plbpml shbumd pay glrtace anbuet ibrprbdugts. Vhlrl as ce GIN plbpml gae usl mbps aed tbps prbdugld durcef harvlstcef tcnolr

oy fbvlrenlet uect br gbmmlgt rbued dry icrlwbbd irbn ibrlst.

Wlgbedmy, gbetrast tb wcthdrawam rcfhts thl naeaflnlet rcfhts bi mbgam cs vlry mcnctld aed

scfecicgaetmy dciilrlet anbef thl systln. Ce GI plbpml gae naeafl thlcr ibrlst aggbrdcef tb

thlcr elld aed slmm thl surpmus prbdugts butscdl irllmy. Out thly shbumd ibmmbw thl

fbvlrenlet rumls whcml slmmcef prbdugts butscdl. Ibrlst prbdugt quaetcty cs mcnctld oy ibrlst

cevletbry aed yclmd prb`lgtcbe. Thl tbtam cegbnl irbn ibrlst fbls tb gbnnuecty iued out ce

sbnl flbfraphcg rlfcbe, fbvlrenlet leibrgld 1< plrglet rlvleul sharl rumls be prcgl bi

slmmcef bi sbnl tcnolr splgcls butscdl uslr frbup. OP gbnnuecty ibrlst gaeebt slmm

prbdugts butscdl uslr frbup aed amsb gaeebt naeafl aggbrdcef tb thlcr elld aed shbumd

fcvl prcbrcty tb wcmdmcil wlmiarl. Ce gasl bi GIN ibrlst naeaflnlet aed iued naeaflnlet

cs gbetrbm oy fbvlrenlet uect aed cs naeafld oy gbmmaobratcvl dlgcscbe. Mbgam mlvlm uslr

aed mbgam fbvlrenlet fbt bemy ?< plrglet bi rlvleul gbmmlgtld irbn thl ibrlst aed rlst cs

fbel tb gletram fbvlrenlet trlasury.

Thcrdmy thl rcfht tb lxgmudl cs vlry gmlar ce GI thly gae oae thl puomcg irbn butscdl oy

gmlar mlfam prbvcscbe that cs amsb nletcbeld ce thlcr gbestctutcbe aed bplratcbeam pmae.

Vhlrlas bthlr twb systlns db ebt havl sugh gmlar rcfhts, ct cs nbrl dlgcdld oy fbvlrenlet

ibrlst naeaflnlet uect rlprlsletatcvls aed mbgam fbvlrenlet obdy. Mastmy, out ebt mlast thl

traesilr rcfht ce GI cs mcttml oct mcnctld partcammy fraetld out bthlr twb systln db ebt pbsslss.Ce thl Elpamlsl aed Cedcae gbetlst gbmmlgtcvl agtcbe aed dlgletramczatcbe bi rlsburgl usl cs

gbnparld as ibmmbw oy A. Afrawam aed L Bstrbn ce thlcr paplr gbmmlgtcvl agtcbe

prbplrty rcfht aed dlgletramczatcbe bi rlsburgl usl0


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Arla bi gbnparcsbe Gbmmaobratcvl ibrlst

naeaflnlet

Gbnnuecty ibrlstry Zark aed plbpml

prbfran

Eaturl bi nagrb mlvlmpbmctcgs arbueddlgletramczatcbe

Hcfh dbebr prlssurl0sbnl cetlrlst cedlgletramczatcbe anbef

statl agtbrs

Hcfh dbebr prlssurl0sbnl cetlrlst cedlgletramczatcbe anbef

statl agtbrs

Hcfh dbebr prlssurl tbgrlatl prbfran0 eb cetlrdlpartnletam rcvamrcls

Eaturl bi mbgam gbmmlgtcvlagtcbe aed cts rlmatcbeshcpwcth nagrb mlvlm pbmctcgs

Dbebr prlssurl natghirbn thl cetlrlst bi statlfbvlrenlet0 mbw mlvlm bigbmmlgtcvl agtcbe natghthl cetlrlst bi gletramfbvlrenlet

Dbebr prlssurl aedmcnctld gbmmlgtcvl agtcbembgammy natgh sbnlgletram fbvt cetlrlst0lnlrflegl bi elwiagtcbes afacestdlgletramczatcbe

Eb gbmmlgtcvl agtcbe bimbgam mlvlm0 mcttmlgbeelgtcbe wcth hcfhlrmlvlms pbmctcgs.

Butgbnls0 partcgcpatcbedlgletramczatcbe, rlsburglusl pattlre

Ncddml mlvlm bidlgletramczatcbe aed

partcgcpatcbeDlgletramczatcbe mcnctsrlsburgl usl aed cnprbvlrlsburgl gbedctcbe cesbnl gasl

Hcfh mlvlm bidlgletramczatcbe aed

partcgcpatcbeDlgletramczatcbe mcnctsrlsburgl usl aedcnprbvl rlsburglgbedctcbe ce sbnl gasl

Amnbst ebdlgletramczatcbe aedmcnctld partcgcpatcbeCestctutcbeamczatcbe csmcnctld aed mbgam usl

pattlres rlnace sanl

Ebtl0 Ce thl taoml `bcet ibrlst naeaflnlet systln cs scncmar tb GIN out mcttml ghaefls had olle nadl bvlr

cnpmlnletatcbe prbglss.

Na`br cssuls gbeglrecef prbplrty rcfht bi thbsl naeaflnlet systlns0

Ct cs thl nbst ghammlefcef cssul rlfardcef prbplrty rcfht aed dlvbmutcbe what O.Naeaedhar, Eatcbeam pmaeecef gbnncsscbe nletcbeld Ct cs apparlet that thl

arraeflnlets that lnlrfld tb rlpmagl gbnnbe prbplrty rlfcnls arl celiilgtcvl ceprbnbtcef sustaceaoml rlsburgl naeaflnlet. Vhlrl plbpml stcmm mcvl elar thl ibrlststhat thlcr mcvls dlpled be, thl traesilr bi thlcr tradctcbeam rcfhts cetb bthlr haedsdbls ebt scnumtaelbusmy traesilr thl physcgam bppbrtuecty tb usl thlsl rlsburgls.

Zrbplrty rcfht wcthbut lxgmudcef bthlr cs cmm dliceld dlgletramczld rcfht ce rlsburgl

naeaflnlet whcgh gausl elfatcvl face fanl sctuatcbe dul tb gbnpltctcbe ce usl bi

rlsburgl. Ibr lxanpml, Eatcbeam parks aed wcmd mcil rlslrvls bple agglss ibr glrtace

tcnl plrcbd whlrl lvlryobdy gae cetlr aed orcefs lmlphaet frass mladcef lxglsscvl

lxtragtcbe.

Thl nbdlre gbnnuecty ibrlstry apprbagh cs oasld upbe asplgt bi cedcflebus ibrlst

naeaflnlet systln that wlrl pragtcgld uetcm thl advlet bi eatcbeamczatcbe bi ibrlst

(T. Vakceawa,?::9), out ce pragtcgl thl gustbnary rcfhts bi cedcflebus plbpml arl

sharld wcth elw gbnlrs lquammy. Ct gausls mbss bi bwelrshcp be rlsburgl bicedcflebus plbpml mladcef bvlr lxpmbctatcbe.

Thlrl arl naey dlgletramczld cestctutcbes ce naeafcef ibrlst rlsburgls ce dciilrlet

typls bi ibrlst naeaflnlet systln, cestctutcbeam gapagcty cs stcmm cnplrilgt tb takl

rlspbescocmcty whcgh rlsumts slvlram cssuls rlfardcef fbvlreaegl aed lqucty ce

adncecstratcbe, dlgcscbe nakcef aed olelict sharcef anbef dciilrlet cetlrlst frbups

ce gbnnuecty.

Bel gbnnbe dlicectcbe bi iacrelss cs ebt ghaefcef thl ruml ce thl ncddml bi fanl.

Gbnnuecty ibrlstry prbfran was rueecef snbbthmy thrbufhbut thl gbuetry, thl

icrst anlednlet bi ibrlst agt 1337 hbmds nbrl pbwlr tb puecsh ibrlst usl rsgbnncttll ce gasl bi orlakcef prbvcscbe bi bplratcbeam pmae. Bel bi thl grctcgam


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vclws bi thcs agtcbe cs thlrl cs elfatcvl cnpagt be bwelrshcp bi plbpml bvlr thlcr

rlsburgl aed orbkl thl spcrct bi rlsburgl gbeslrvatcbe aed sustaceaoml usl.

Ci thl gbst bi bwelrshcp/naeaflnlet rcfhts lxgllds olelicts, ibrlsts flt gbevlrtldtb bple agglss rlsburgls. (K._ Kaedlm lt.am ?::8). Thl sglearcb gae ol boslrvld ceelar iuturl olgausl gbnnuecty ibrlst lsplgcammy elar thl gcty arla olganl uedlr

naeafld aed mlss olelict thly arl flttcef irbn thl ibrlst thae thl gbst bigbeslrvatcbe.

Amthbufh thlrl arl nlfa ghaefls ce puomcg gustbnary rcfht aed gbeglsscbe bvlrrlsburgl, stcmm thlrl arl naey cssuls. Agtuammy OP bplratcbeam pmae cs prlparld oyfbvlrenlet adncecstratcvl uect ebt oy thl plbpml, aed that uect hbmds rcfht tbdcssbmvl thl mbgam plbpmls cestctutcbe, hunae gasuamty cs stcmm hcfh ce ibrlst arla arl

gbumd ebt flt prbplr gbnplesatcbe ( Ohatta aed Karkc ?::8).

Thlrl cs a strbef dcssatcsiagtcbe anbef thl gbeslrvatcbe gbnncttll rlfardcef tbpdbwe apprbagh agtuammy stcmm ce pragtcgl. Hlrl cs a qubtl Thl kly naeaflnlet

dlgcscbes arl takle lmslwhlrl. Vl db ebt havl authbrcty tb takl agtcbe afacest

pbaghcef. Zmaeecef amsb has olgbnl a rctuam; wl qucltmy afrll be what authbrctclsprbpbsl. Thl prb`lgt lnpmbylls nbstmy gbncef irbn Kathnaedu mlad thl prbglss. -Nae Od. Furuef, ghacr Gbeslrvatcbe Arla Naeaflnlet Gbnncttll, AeeapureaGbeslrvatcbe Arla

Thl lxcstcef pbmcgcls aed mlfcsmatcbe havl prbvcdld a mlfam frbuedcef ibrdlgletramczatcbe bi ibrlst naeaflnlet rbmls aed rlspbescocmctcls irbn thl statl tb thlmbgam gbnnuectcls, out irlqulet uecmatlram fbvlrenletam pbmcgy anlednlets naklibrlst uslr frbups sglptcgam aobut thlcr rcfhts (F._. Daham lt am ?::9)

Gbegmuscbe

Ce lgbebncgs prcvatl prbplrty rcfht systln cs nbst liilgtcvl aed sustaceaoml systln ce

eaturam rlsburgl naeaflnlet tbb out thl fbvlrenlets typcgam lxlrgcsl at mlast sbnl

dcsgrltcbeary gbnnaed tb gbetrbm bvlr rlsburgl gaeebt ol elfmlgtld splgcammy whle

rlsburgl arl mcnctld aed puomcg mcvlmchbbd cs hcfhmy dlpledlet be ct thlrl cs anarklt iacmurl

bi levcrbenletam slrvcgl prbvcdcef oy ibrlst. Vhle saycef sb ct cs amsb gamm ibr dlvbmutcbe

bi prbplrty rcfht tb satcsiy thl plbpml ebt bemy fbvlrenlet ibrlst adncecstratbr. Vl kebw

that ci thl gbst bi bwelrshcp rcfht lxgllds olelicts, plbpml mbsl cetlrlst bi naeafcef thl

rlsburgl. Ce marfl eunolr bi gbnnuecty ibrlst aed nbst bi amm bthlr naeaflnlet systln

arl slrvcef fbbds mlss thae thlcr gbst olgausl bi narklt iacmurl bi levcrbenlet slrvcgl

prbvcdcef oy thl ibrlst. Thlrlibrl fbvlrenlet shbumd ibgus be tb addrlss thcs cssul rathlr

thae hbmdcef thl gbetrbmmcef pbwlr bvlr rlsburgl.

_lilrlegls0

1. Lmcebr Bstrbnaaed Harcec Eafledraa, Cescfhts be mcekcef ibrlsts, trlls, aed plbpmlirbn thl acr, be thl frbued, aed ce thl maobratbry

?. @umls Zrltty,Wbgcam Gapctam aed thl Gbmmlgtcvl Naeaflnlet bi _lsburgls7. Oackuetha aryam, eatcbeam pmaeecef gbnncsscbe, Elpam4. Wudarshae Khaeam, Zrbplrty maw ce Elpam0 Wbnl gbnparcsbes tb Aefmb Waxbe

Gbeglpt


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9 Lmbad,d/Znax (7) Z_ > Si/ Sr (4)

Thl rlilrlegl yclmd Srcs oasld be thl ce-pmael crradcatcbeHAaed rlprlslets thl thlbrltcgammyavacmaoml lelrfy FW plr day aed kVp. Thl iceam ZY systln yclmd Si cs thl dacmy ZY systln

butput lelrfyLZ tb thl mbad plr day aed kVp, rlprlslets thl eunolr bi hburs plr day thatthl array wbumd elld tb bplratl at cts ratld butput pbwlr Znax tb gbetrcoutl thl sanl dacmyarray lelrfy tb thl systln as ct was nbectbrld. Thlsystln plribrnaegl ratcb Z_cs thl ratcbbi ZY lelrfy agtuammy usld tb thl lelrfy thlbrltcgammy avacmaoml (c.l. S i/Sr). Ct cs cedlpledletbi mbgatcbe aed systln sczl aed cedcgatls thl bvlramm mbssls be thl arrays ratld butput dul tb

nbduml tlnplraturl, cegbnpmltl utcmczatcbe bi crradcaegl aed systln gbnpbeletceliicgclegcls br iacmurls [?, 7^.

Icfurl ? Wystln gbeicfuratcbe bi thl Ebybe

iclmd sctl

Icfurl 7 Nace bplratcbe nbdl (ZY+Oat aed DLF

swctghcef bplratcbe)

ZY array Oattlry

Mbgam Frcd

Dclslm Fle.

AG78:Y

ZY array

?88kVh*? uect


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_lsumtsAe avlrafl vamul bi ? ylar hbrczbetam aed ce-pmael crradcatcbe cedcgatld 4.


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93

Thl avlrafl plribrnaegl ratcb cedcgatld :.?: (Taoml 1) durcef prb`lgt plrcbd, :.14 (lstcnatldvamul oltwlle :3/?::7-1?/?::6, usld ce-pmael crradcatcbe data bi ?::7 (Icfurl 4) ibrrlilrlegl yclmd ce lvlry ylar)Ae avlrafl iceam yclmd bi frcd-gbeelgtld ZY systlns ce @apae was aobut 1,::: hburs a ylar(?.64h/d) aed a systln plribrnaegl ratcb cedcgatld arbued :.6


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6:

Ce iagt, 1:kV nbdumar cevlrtlr ?: slts wcth 4 sparl ibr ?:: kV ZY gapagcty wlrl cestammld ceWlptlnolr ?::7, out thrll orbkl dbwe olgausl bi mcfhtecef strckls irbn tcnl bi cestammatcbetb Wlptlnolr ?::3.Numtc-parammlm nbdumar cevlrtlrs dlnbestratld oy iagt that thl nbdumar cevlrtlrs prbvcdlhcfhmy-liicgclet bplratcbes lvle at mbw mbad mlvlm aed ct mlads tb hcfh nacetaceaocmcty ce iaumt

gbedctcbes, aed rldugtcbe bi cestammatcbe gbsts aed quaetcty bi wbrks ibr systln lxtlescbe.Vhle dcsplrsld-numtcpml ZY systlns wcth gletramczld gbetrbmmlr arl cestammld, addctcbeamcevlstnlet ibr gbetrbm gbnnuecgatcbe mcels aed gbetrbm tlghebmbfcls ibguscef be dlnaed-aed-suppmy oamaegl anbef slvlram ZY systlns arl tb ol gbescdlrld.

GbegmuscbeCt has olle boslrvld that thl hcfh ZY pleltratcbe ratcb (durcef prb`lgt plrcbd0 8:.4%, durcef:3/?::7-1?/?::60 61%) bi tbtam suppmcld lelrfy, aed thl mbw systln iacmurl ratcb. Be thlbthlr haed, avlrafl Z_ (plribrnaegl ratcb) cedcgatld :.?: (durcef prb`lgt plrcbd), dul tb thlmcnctld dlnaed aed dcstrcoutld/frcd-gbeelgtld ZY uects (1::kV) wcth thl auxcmcary pbwlrnbdl.

AgkebwmldflnletThcs wbrk has olle dbel as thl Dlvlmbpnlet bi Wuppbrtcvl Tlghebmbfy ibr Dlscfecef ZY-Hyorcd Zbwlr Flelratcbe Wystlns uedlr thl ELDBs Cetlreatcbeam GbbplratcvlDlnbestratcbe Zrb`lgt \tcmczcef Zhbtbvbmtacg Zbwlr Flelratcbe Wystlns (IS?::9 - ?:1:).Thl authbrs wcsh tb thaek ELDB aed prb`lgt cnpmlnletlrs ibr prbvcdcef thl nlasurld datadurcef prb`lgt plrcbd.

_lilrlegls[1^ ELDB, _lpbrt bi thl Dlnbestratcvl _lslargh Zrb`lgt be Dcsplrsld Zhbtbvbmtacg ZbwlrFlelratcbe Wystln ce Nbefbmca, ?::7-?::


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WZATCAM ZATTL_E BI THL IL_E WZLGCLW0 GH.TLE\IBMCA -A

DCWT\_OAEGL CEDCGATB_

EA_AET\SA DavaaZB obx 6


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6?

Lnphascs has amsb olle put be, cetlr amca, thl cnpbrtaegl bi sbmar radcatcbe as wlmm astlnplraturl ce thl lxpmaeatcbe bi splgcls dcvlrscty (Gurrcl lt am., 1386; Hcura, 133


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67

Wbmar radcatcbe dataWbmar radcatcbe data ibr thlstudy arla was gamgumatlduscef thl nlthbd prbpbsld oyKunar lt am(1336).

Wbmar radcatcbe rlglcvld at asctl cs dlpledlet be amtctudlaed lmlvatcbe bi thl sue, smbplaed asplgt as wlmm as pbsctcberlmatcvl tb elcfhoburcefsuriagls (Kunar lt am., ?:::). Thl assunptcbe bi thl nbdlm be radcatcbe lstcnatls be gmlarsky days was nlt takcef ce avlrafl dacmy vamul plr slasbe.Thl nlthbd cs suctaoml lebufh ibr thl arla gbvlrcef 119 kn?, olgausl ct had glmm sczl 1:.:?1).Thl aeamyscs bi assbgcatcbe bi thl splgcls prlslegl aed tlrrace pbsctcbe frbup sufflstld

prldbnceaet bggurrlegl bi G.tleuibmcabe tbp- aed ncddml smbpls ?4;p=:.::1).

Mbgam smbpl brcletatcbe had strbef assbgcatcbe wcth thl splgcls bggurrlegl (?-tlst;

?>?7.393; d.i.>6; p>:.::1). Ce amnbst twb thcrd bi thl boslrvatcbes G.tleuibmca tled tb

bggur be sbuth tb wlst brcletcef smbpls that arl sueeclr, warnlr aed drclr thae ebrth iagcefsmbpls.Be thl gbetrary tb smbpl brcletatcbe, thl smbpl fradclet had eb assbgcatcbe wcth G.tleuibmcadcstrcoutcbe. Thl splgcls was ebt rlgbrdld at amtctudl up tb 46.??;p>:.:?6).

Mbfct r lfrlsscbe nbdlm

Thl rlmatcbeshcp oltwlle eunolr bi levcrbenletam varcaomls aed prlslegl bi Ghlcmaethlstleuibmca was lxanceldwcth usl bi mbfct

rlfrlsscbe. _lspbeslvarcaoml be aouedaegl bithl gbeglreld splgcls wastraesibrnld cetb ocebncamrlprlsletatcbe0 : cs whlrlsplgcls was ebt rlgbrdldaed 1 whlrl ct bggurrld.Thl iummy saturatld nbdlmwas botaceld wcth usl bistlpwcsl Oagkward(Vamd) rlfrlsscbe

aeamyscs.Thl prldcgtbrs ce thl nbdlm at marfl sgaml wlrl dciilrlet irbn thbsl botaceld at snamm sgaml.Dcsafrllnlet ce pattlre wcth sgamls shbwld that paranltlrs olhavl dciilrletmy dlpledcef besgaml (Oaklr, 1383). Bptcnam nbdlm gbetaceld thl varcaomls scfecicgaet at 3< plrgletgbeicdlegl cetlrvam, aed thly wlrl cedlpledlet irbn lagh bthlr.

Iurthlr thl icttld nbdlm was lxanceld ibr cts pbtletcam mcnctatcbes (Ecghbmms, 1383). Thlnbdlm cs nbrl agguratl as dlvcaegl bi rlscduams gmbsl tb zlrb (Eltlr lt am., 1339). Nbdlm

fbbdelss bi ict was lxanceld wcth obth thl dlvcaegl rlscduams aed thl ?-tlst. Dlvcaeglrlscduams bi thl botaceld nbdlm varcld irbn 1.3 tb 1.6 cedcgatcef apprbxcnatcbe tb zlrb. Thl

? fbbdelss bi ict tlst gbegmudld that wl iacmld tb rl`lgt Hb statcef thl mbfcstcg rlspbesl

iuegtcbe cs apprbprcatl (?>11.9?=? lxp>1:.:


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6 lz/(1+lz) whlrl z > a+o*X1+ g*X?+d*X7

whlrl S cs prlslegl bi thl splgcls

X1 cs smbpl brcletatcbe

X?cs gaebpy gbvlr

X7 cs hunae dcsturoaegl mlvlm

Thl dcstrcoutcbe bi G.tleuibmcawas plribrnld ce tlrns bi splgcls prlslegl aed aoslegl. Ctwas assunld that ce gasl whle p mlss thae :.?< wbumd cedcgatl aoslegl bi G.tleuibmca, aedfrlatlr thae :.?< cedcgatls prlslegl bi thl splgcls. Thl nbdlm rlsumtld ce


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Wunnarcscef gbnpmlx splgcls rcghelss data was aghclvld oy aeamysls bi assbgcatcbe oltwllecedcvcduam splgcls. Thl tlrrlstrcam ilre splgcls wlrl frbupld ibmmbwcef Hbmttun (139


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68

Gbklr, Z. D. ?:::. Ylfltatcbe aeamyscs, nappcef aed levcrbenletam rlmatcbeshcp at mbgamsgaml, @btuehlcnle, Wbuthlre Ebrway. Ce0 Ylfltatcbe nappcef0 irbn patgh tb pmaelt. @bheVcmly & Wbes Mtd.Gurrcl, D. @., Zaquce,Y. 1386. Marfl-sgaml ocbflbfraphcgam pattlres bi splgcls rcghelss bitrlls.Eaturl7?30 7?9-7?6.

Gurrcl, D. @. 1331. Lelrfy aed marfl sgaml pattlres bi aecnam aed pmaet splgcls rcghelss. ThlAnlrcgae Eaturamcst1760 ?6-43.Davcs, I. V., Wtbns,D.N., Lstls,@.L., Wglpae, @., Wgbtt, @.N. 133:. Ae ceibrnatcbe systlnsapprbagh tb thl prlslrvatcbe bi ocbmbfcgam dcvlrscty.Cet. @. Flbfraphcgam Ceibrnatcbe Wystlns40


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63

Hbdfsbe, N. L., @lesle, @._., Nagkly @r., H._., Gbumtlr, N.G. 1388. Nbectbrcef wbbd stbrkibrafcef haoctat uscef rlnbtl slescef aed flbfraphcg ceibrnatcbe systlns. Zhbtbfrannltrcg

Lefcellrcef & _lnbtl Wlescef


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NgGaufhly, @. H. 138


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gbmbrs) - twb ylars oltwlle survlys bi suriagl dlibrnatcbe arl aoslet. Maed suoscdlegl bi uptb


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Asslssnlet bi vlfltatcbe dyeancgsThl vlfltatcbe dyeancgs bi frassmaed durcef ?::1-?:1:, whlthlr rlstbratcbe br

dlfradatcbe, was `udfld oasld be thl ghaefcef trled bi vlfltatcbe gbvlrafl, whcgh wasgamgumatld uscef Mlast Wquarl _lfrlsscbe. Vl pbstumatld that thl pbsctcvl vamul rlprlsletld arlstbratcbe trled durcef thl study plrcbd, whlrlas thl elfatcvl vamul rlprlsletld a

dlfradatcbe trled. Thl I-tlst was lnpmbyld hlrl tb ghlgk thl vamcdcty bi thl rlfrlsscbenbdlm. Thl dcstcegtcbe bi thl rbml bi gmcnatl ghaefl aed hunae agtcvctcls was thle gbedugtldsbmlmy be thl frassmaed whlrl vlfltatcbe gbvlrafl ghaefld scfecicgaetmy (Z=:.:


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frassmaed ocbnl, frassmaed dlfradatcbe was prcnarcmy cedugld oy thl gbnoceld bplratcbe bigmcnatl ghaefl aed hunae agtcvctcls, wcth thl arla prbpbrtcbe bi


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31

Zcab, W., Nbhannat, A. aed Iaef, @., lt am. (?::9) EDYC-oasld cegrlasl ce frbwth bitlnplratl frassmaeds aed cts rlspbesls tb gmcnatl ghaefls ce Ghcea. Fmboam

Levcrbenletam Ghaefl, 19, 74:-748.Wue, F. aed Nu, N. (?:11) Ebemcelarmy gbnoceld cnpagts bi cectcam plrturoatcbe irbn hunae

agtcvctcls aed paranltlr plrturoatcbe irbn gmcnatl ghaefl be thl frassmaed lgbsystln.

Ebemcelar Zrbglssls Ce Flbphyscgs, 18, 887-837.Tbef, G., Vu, @. aed Sbef, W., lt am. (?::4) A maedsgapl-sgaml asslssnlet bi stlppl

dlfradatcbe ce thl Xcmce _cvlr Oasce, Ceelr Nbefbmca, Ghcea. @buream Bi ArcdLevcrbenlets,


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3?

_LNBTL WLEWCEF BI AL_BWBM GHA_AGTL_CWTCGW BYL_ LAWT

AWCA

FL_LMNAA, D.1, F. _. MC\

1,?, T. H. MCE

?, aed T .H. K\B

?

1Fraduatl Cestctutl bi Atnbsphlrcg Zhyscgs, Eatcbeam Gletram \ecvlrscty, Ghuef-Mc-7?::1, Tacwae

?Gletlr bi Wpagl sgclegl aed _lnbtl Wlescef _lslargh, Eatcbeam Gletram \ecvlrscty, Ghuef-Mc-7?::1, Tacwae

Klywbrds0 Alrbsbm; NBDCW; Last-Asca

Aostragt

Last Asca cs gbescdlrld as na`br sburgl bi dust partcgmls aed pbmmutcbe that travlm tb bthlr Ascaegbuetrcls aed amsb rlagh bthlr gbetcelets. Ce thcs wbrk, thl alrbsbm gharagtlrcstcgs bvlr thl rlfcbe arlaeamyzld uscef slvle ylars bi NBDCW Aqua aed Tlrra alrbsbm prbdugts. Thl Aefstrbn Lxpbeletvamuls as wlmm as thl nltlbrbmbfcgam paranltlrs irbn EGLZ/EGA_ rlaeamyscs data usld tb uedlrstaedthl slasbeam olhavcbr as wlmm as thl ylarmy trleds bi thl alrbsbms aed thl rlsumts arl dcsgussld wcthrlfards tb thl rlfcbeam gmcnatl. Iurthlr, thl study cs usld tb cdletciy thl na`br alrbsbm sburgl mbgatcbes

bvlr Last Asca ce dciilrlet slasbes aed thl mbef-tlrn trleds bi alrbsbm gharagtlrcstcgs bvlr thl mbgatcbes.

Cetrbdugtcbe

Alrbsbms aiilgt thl shbrt wavl radcatcbe rlaghcef thl frbued thrbufh sgattlrcef aedaosbrptcbe, aed nbdciy thl gmbud prbplrtcls, aed thus pmay a scfecicgaet rbml ce thl Larth'sgmcnatl systln. Hbwlvlr, thl gbnpbsctcbe, typl, shapl, aed sczl bi thl alrbsbm partcgmls varyirbn pmagl tb pmagl aed amsb ghaefls wcth slasbe. Iurthlr, thl partcgmls gbumd ol traespbrtldtb iar away rlfcbes irbn thlcr sburgl mbgatcbes. Thus, tb uedlrstaed thl sburgl, aeddcstrcoutcbe bi alrbsbms satlmmctl boslrvatcbes sugh as oy nbdlratl rlsbmutcbe cnafcefsplgtrbradcbnltlr (NBDCW), as wlmm as frbued oasld eltwbrk ghaces mckl alrbsbm rbobtcgeltwbrk (AL_BELT) arl cnpbrtaet. Wugh studcls gbedugtld ce thl past havl shbwe that LastAscae rlfcbe cs a na`br sburgl bi dust aed pbmmutcbe, aed thl lncsscbe bitle cs traespbrtld tbvlry marfl dcstaegls. Ce thcs rlfard, a dltacmld aeamyscs cs olcef garrcld but tb study thlslasbeam aed mbef-tlrn olhavcbr bi alrbsbm partcgmls bvlr slmlgtld gctcls bi Last Asca, sugh as

Olc`cef, Bsaka, Fbsae, Tacplc, Nukdahae, aed Oag-Fcaef. Ebtl that thcs cs thl icrst dltacmldattlnpt tb uedlrstaed thl gharagtlrcstcgs bi alrbsbms bvlr Nukdahae (Thacmaed) aed Oag-Fcaef (Ycltean). Thl slasbeam olhavcbr bi thl boslrvld alrbsbms cs dcsgussld aed thlboslrvld trleds durcef ?::?-?::8 arl prlsletld.

Data aed AeamyscsThl NBDCW alrbsbm prbdugts arl irbn Aqua aed Tlrra satlmmctls durcef thl plrcbd

?::?-?::8 arl usld ibr thl aeamyscs. Thl mlvlm ?.: alrbsbm bptcgam thcgkelss (ABT) data arlavacmaoml ce 1: kn x 1: kn spatcam rlsbmutcbe be dacmy oascs. Ce addctcbe, Aefstrbn Lxpbelet(AL) data cs amsb lxtragtld tb uedlrstaed thl partcgml sczl ceibrnatcbe. Thl dacmy nlae vamulswcthce a frcd bi ?


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Icfurl 1 Nbethmy nlae vamul bi ABT, AL bvlr lagh statcbe durcef ?::?-?::8. Amsb shbwe arl thl

gbrrlspbedcef vamuls bi tlnplraturl, huncdcty, prlgcpctatcbe, aed sbcm nbcsturl irbn EGLZ/EGA_ rlaeamyscs

data.


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3 _lture plrcbdSe > _ldugld nlae irbn taomlWe > _ldugld staedard dlvcatcbe irbn taoml.


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117

Icf.9. Imbbd rcsk zbel ce \maaeoaatar gcty

Ghlncgam aggcdlet

Ghlncgam aggcdlet rcsk cs hazard bi ghlncgam aggcdlet, vumelraocmcty aed plbpml aiilgtoy ghlncgam aggcdlet.

Natrcx nlthbd tb asslssnlet bi rcsk dliceld gbeslqulegl, prboaocmcty, hazard mlvlmaed fucdlpbst bi bwl raek. [Dcsastlr rcsk asslssnlet bi \maaeoaatar gcty, ?:1: ^

Icf.6. Ghlncgam rcsk zbel ce \maaeoaatar gcty

Larthquakl rcsk bi \maaeoaatar gctyLarthquakl prlmcnceary cedlx dbgunlet oascgammy wrbtl oy larthquakl ebrn ce

Gaeada, ?::7. Agbbrdcemy, \maaeoaatar larthquakl rcsk asslssnlet prbdugld oy Gaeadcaeprlmcnceary larthquakl rcsk dbgunlets. [Dcsastlr rcsk asslssnlet bi \maaeoaatar gcty, ?:1: ^


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114

Icf. 8 Larthquakl rcsk zbel ce \maaeoaatar gcty

Thl radcgam ibr radcgam rcsk ce \maaeoaatar gctyThl rcsk has usld nlthbd bi natrcx, nlthbd bi lxpmbratcvl gmasscg prboaocmcty aed

gbeglptuam lcthlr gbnpmlx nlthbd bi lxpmbratcvl.

Icf.3. _adcatcbe rcsk zbel bi hbspctam betbmbfcgam

Nbefbmca has olle 17 typl bi dcsastlr cegmudld Drbufht, Dzud, Vced stbrn, Ibrlsticrl, Larthquakl ltg.. Nbstmy happle ibrlst icrl ce last, ebrth bi Nbefbmca. Nbefbmcavlfltatcbe cs dcvcdld oy 4 typls Ibrlst rlfcbe, brkhbe-slmlefl rlfcbe, tbughwbbd rlfcbeaed iclmd rlfcbe. Icf.1:.


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116

THL CNZ_BYLNLET BI THL TB\_CWN \WCEF MBGAM

_LWB\_GLW CE TAYAE OBFD NB\ETACE, TWLEFLM WB\N,

OASAE-\MFCC

Khukhuu T1, Lekh`arfam.E?, Oaasaekhuu O7

1 VVI, Oayae-umfcc prbvcegl1, ?

E\N-CTG-\ELWGB maobratbry ibr Wpagl Wgclegl aed _lnbtl Wlescef, Eatcbeam \ecvlrscty bi Nbefbmca

Klywbrds0 tburcsn, rlsburgls, Tavae-obfdnbuetace

Aostragt

Thl acnaf strltghls irbn ebrth tb sbuth ambef Nbefbm-Amtac nbuetace raefls. Thl acnaf cs lmlvatld at1,7:1-4,764n aobvl thl sla mlvlm, aed thl hcfhlst pbcet cs Amtac Nbuetace _aefls Ebybe Zlak (thlhcfhlst bi Nbefbmca) at 4,767n, thl mbwlst pbcet cs thl gletlr bi Oayaeeuur sun at 1,7:1n. Thl acnafcs gbescdlrld tb ol thl nbst cgl bvlr ibr havcef thl nbst fmagcatld nbuetcaes ce Nbefbmca. Nbuetace"Amtac Tavae Obfd" cs mbgatld ce thl nuecgcpam arla bi Oayae-\mfcc acnaf (prbvcegl) ce 17: kn irbn\mfcc tbwe. Thlrl arl naey hcfh plaks at thl Nbefbm Amtac nbuetace raefl. < dciilrlet plaks wcth

amtctudl bi nbrl thae 41?: n aobvl sla mlvlm surrbued thl nace plak. wl havl a mbt bi mbgam rlsburglsce hlrl. Ibr cestaegl, thl gumturl bi thl Kazakh na`brcty cs strbefmy ceimulegld oy Csmancg tradctcbes.Thl acnaf cs ianbus ibr thl tradctcbeam huetcef nlthbd uscef traceld lafmls. Thl aecnams wbrk ce ascncmar way as huetcef iamgbes db. Vl elld tb cnprbvl thl tburcsn bvlr ce Oayae-\mfcc whcgh asTavae obfd nbuetace.

GMCNATL GHAEFL CNZAGTW AED MBGAM ZLBZML ADAZTATCBE

CE _LAM GAWL BI OCFL_ WB\N, FBYC-AMTAC Z_BYCEGL

Nuekh OAMT1, Oaasae WLMLEFL?aed Oamt NSAEFAEOASA_?1Dlputy naybr, icrst oaf, Ocflr sun, Fboc-Amtac prbvcegl

?Levcrbenletam cesplgtbr bi Ocflr sun, Fboc-Amtac prbvceglL-nacm0nyaefaaR:9??Jyahbb.gbn

AostragtVl prlsletld vcscoml cnpagts bi wbrmd gmcnatl ghaefl aed sbnl adaptatcbe agtcbes ce thl Ocflr sun.Durcef thl mast 7 dlgadls bur pmaet has olle aiilgtld nugh ibr wbrmd gmcnatl ghaefl that lsplgcammynbrl aiilgtcef Fboc dlslrt rlfcbes cegmudcef bur mcvcef arla. Ibr lxanpml, wl gae sll vlry vcscomldciilrlegls be dlgrlasls bi watlr suppmcls ibr hunae aed aecnams, rcvlr oraeghls, sebw gbvlrafl,vlfltatcbe typls aed cegrlasls bi Pud aed Drbufht irlqulegy br vlry hard wcetlr.Vl ibued that thl arla aed eunolr bi cgld mbgatcbes (snamm cgl makls) at thl hcfh amtctudl arlas amrladydcsapplarld durcef thl sunnlr plrcbd. Dul tb hard gmcnatcg gbedctcbe nbst bi hlrdlrs wlrl ghaefldthlcr mcil styml aed cnncfratld tb uroae arlas. Thlrlibrl, ebw wl arl ncsscef ebnadcg mbgam hlrdlrsthat nay ol dcsapplarld sbbe ci thcs hard gbedctcbe gbetceubusmy. Thlrlibrl, bur eatcbeam pbmcgy cs vlrycnpbrtaet tb suppbrt eaturam ebnadcg hlrdcef systln. Bur sun cs prbvcdcef sbnl agtcbes tb cegrlascefhlrdlrs aed suppbrt mbgam lgbebncg dlvlmbpnlet.Icrst cs tb dlvlmbp thl gbbplratcbe oltwlle eatcbeam aed ibrlcfe cestctutcbes whcgh gae fcvl us fbbd

pragtcgl aed lxanpml tb adapt ce gmcnatl ghaefl.Wlgbed cs tb usl mbgam eaturam aed hunae rlsburgls tb dlvlmbp mbgam lgbebny that gbumd ol mlad thlebnadcg hlrdlrs aed thlcr sustaceaoml mcilstyml aed tb prlparl ybuef flelratcbe aed mladcef butscdlrstb bwe sun tb cegrlasl pbpumatcbe aed mbgam hunae rlsburgls.
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118

LEYC_BENLETAM Z_BOMLNW AED LD\GATCBE DLYLMBZNLET

CE WLMLEFL Z_BYCEGL

Adcya.O, Dandceàv.D aed Byuedarc.O

Hcfh sghbbm bi Wlmlefl prbvceglE\N-CTG-\ELWGB Wpagl Wgclegl aed _lnbtl Wlescef maobratbry,

Eatcbeam \ecvlrscty bi Nbefbmca

Aostragt

Ldugatcbe cs thl gbrl bi eatcbeam sustaceaoml dlvlmbpnlet. Durcef, ny 47 ylars wbrkcef lxplrclegl ibrldugatcbeam slgtbrs that eatcbeam tradctcbeam gumturl aed lgbmbfcgam gbeslrvatcbe ldugatcbe cs vlrycnpbrtaet ibr hcfh sghbbm studlets.Vl wbumd mckl tb dlvlmbp thl frlle gumturl ùecbr sghbbm prbfran that gbnoceld wcth eatcbeam frllefbvlreaegl pbmcgy. Olgausl Ci wl db ebt fcvl thl frlle gumturl aed lgbmbfcgam kebwmldfl ibr ùecbrmlvlm studlets irbn thl uedlr mlvlm that wcmm ebt rlamczld ce thl up mlvlms.Be thl bthlr haed, wl wbumd mckl tb suppbrt tlaghlrs kebwmldfl sharcef aocmcty wcth cetlrelt oasldtlghebmbfcls ce brdlr tb dlmcvlr nbst elglssary ceibrnatcbe aed tracecef tb twb frbups bi mbgam gctczles

pupcms drbppld but bi sghbbm dlpledcef be thl shbrtafl bi thlcr hbuslhbmd cegbnl aed adumts whbelld tb havl kebwmldfl aed ceibrnatcbe rlmatcef tb thlcr hbuslhbmd ouscelss.


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113

Eaeb satlm m c tl aed Gaesat tlghebmbfy

GAEWAT AGTCYCTS AED WZAGL LEFCELL_CEF LD\GATCBE

Z_BF_AN CE NBEFBMCA

O.Wuvdaetsltslf, _.Tsbmnbe aed L.Oatnuekh

1,?E\N-CTG-\ELWGB _W aed FCW maobratbry, Wghbbm bi Zhyscgs aed Lmlgtrbecgs, Eatcbeam \ecvlrscty bi

Nbefbmca, rbbn 4:1, E\N oucmdcef, \maaeoaatar 49-A, NbefbmcaTlm0 + 369-11-7?3337, L-nacm0suvd19Jyahbb.gbn

L-nacm0trz11?Jeun.ldu.ne

KLS VB_DW0 Gaesat, Wpagl lefcellrcef, Eaeb satlmmctls

Aostragt

Nbefbmca was apprbvld a mbef tlrn eatcbeam satlmmctl prbfran ce Ebvlnolr ?:1?. Thl nace bo`lgtcvl

bi thcs prbfran cs tb dlvlmbp thl spagl sgclegl aed spagl lefcellrcef tlghebmbfy, tb mauegh eatcbeamgbnnuecgatcbe aed rlnbtl slescef satlmmctls ce elar iuturl tb usl aed sharl thlcr data slts ibr eatcbeamgbnnlrgcam sbgcam, lgbebncg, levcrbenletam sustaceaoml dlvlmbpnlet. Thcs prbfran amsb cegmudcef thlhunae rlsburgls dlvlmbpnlet aed ldugatcbe prbfran be spagl sgclegl aed spagl lefcellrcef at thldciilrlet mlvlms bi uecvlrscty studlets. Ce brdlr tb dlvlmbp thcs ldugatcbe prbfran wl arl startcef irbnGaesat (Gae satlmmctl) prbfran olgausl bi cts tlghebmbfy amnbst sanl as rlam satlmmctl aed vlry uslium tbcnpmlnlet.Tb dlvlmbp thl prbfran wl arl brfaeczcef slvlram agtcvctcls sugh as shbrt tlrn Gaesat tracecef ateatcbeam mlvlm, Eatcbeam Gaesat gbnpltctcbe, cetlreatcbeam synpbscun aed mbgam nlltcef, aed

partcgcpatcbe ibr cetlreatcbeam agtcvctcls. Nbrlbvlr, wl lstaomcshld oascg maobratbry ibr snamm satlmmctldlvlmbpnlet whcgh lqucppld cestrunlets, oascg natlrcams aed tbbms that iued suppbrtld oy prcvatl aedeatcbeam brfaeczatcbes.Tb dlvlmbp thcs hufl prb`lgt wl elld nbrl cetlreatcbeam gbbplratcvl agtcvctcls be snamm satlmmctl

lefcellrcef dlvlmbpnlet, hunae rlsburgls oucmdcef, aed cetlreatcbeam lxghaefl tracecef prbfrans aeddlfrll prbfrans oltwlle uecvlrsctcls.
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1??

Icf. 1 Zaebrancg Zhbtbfrahs tbkle oy GaeWat

Icf. ? Wtrugturl bi thl Whbgk Aosbrolr

At Gbnloagk Gbnpltctcbe, amm GaeWats bi _ue-oagk aed Imy-oagk typls try tb apprbagh afcvle fbam wcth thlcr bwe ways. _ue-oagk typl has usuammy twb marfl whllms wcth obth scdlsaed rue lvle thrbufh rbufh frbued. Imy-oagk typl fmcdls wcth thlcr wcefs br paraibcms.

Ebwadays, _ue-oagk typl cs nbrl pbpumar aed cs wlmm tlstld oy a mbt bi uecvlrsctcls aed

tlghecquls tb aggbnpmcsh thl splgcicld purpbsl havl olle gumtcvatld. Thl iceam dcstaegl tb thlfbam, was bvlr 1,::: nltlrs, aed ebw cs PL_B.


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1?7

9. WunnaryCe thcs paplr, wl cetrbdugld thl hcstbry aed gurrlet status bi @apaelsl GaeWat. Vl arl

nakcef liicgclet usl bi GaeWats nacemy ibr twb purpbsls; bel cs tb ldugatl thbsl whb waet tbnastlr systlns lefcellrcef aed prb`lgt naeaflnlet tbward thlcr dlvlmbpcef a satlmmctl brsbnl systlns, aed thl bthlr cs tb dlnbestratl a elwmy-gbestrugtld systln bi GuolWat br

parts bi ncgrbsatlmmctl.Vl havl twb ghaegls bi GaeWat mauegh, Ebshcrb Wpagl Lvlet ce @apae aed A_MCWW at

Omagk _bgk Dlslrt ce \ectld Wtatls bi Anlrcga, whlrl wl `bce ce Ncsscbe Gbnpltctcbe aedGbnloagk Gbnpltctcbe. Vl wcmm sll a varclty bi GaeWats lxlgutcef sugh uecqul ncsscbes asibrnatcbe imcfht, AC-prbfrannld ganlra, br shbgk aosbrolr, sbnl bi whcgh nay yclmd

pragtcgam appmcgatcbes prltty sbbe, ce Ncsscbe Gbnpltctcbe. Be thl bthlr haed, ce thlGbnloagk Gbnpltctcbe, amm GaeWats bi _ue-oagk aed Imy-oagk typls try tb apprbagh a fcvlefbam wcth thlcr bwe ways.

Thlcr tlghecquls havl olle wlmm gumtcvatld aed wcmm hlmp tb rlamczl a pragtcgam ncsscbessugh as ybur atnbsphlrl boslrvatcbe.

_lilrlegl\ecvlrscty Wpagl Lefcellrcef Gbesbrtcun.A_MCWW _lpbrt. _ltrcvld Aprcm ?3,?:17,irbnhttp0//www.uecslg.`p/hcstbry/armcss-l.htnm
http://www.unisec.jp/history/arliss-e.htmlhttp://www.unisec.jp/history/arliss-e.htmlhttp://www.unisec.jp/history/arliss-e.htmlhttp://www.unisec.jp/history/arliss-e.html


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1?4

WTAT\W Q\B AED I\T\_L ZMAEW BI \ECWLG CETL_EATCBEAM

AGTCYCTCLW

Lnckb Aedb, _lc Kawashcna\ecvlrscty Wpagl Lefcellrcef Gbesbrtcun (\ECWLG), @apae

aedb.lnckbJuecslg.`p,rlcJuecslg.`p

\ecvlrscty Wpagl Lefcellrcef Gbesbrtcun (\ECWLG) has olle dldcgatcef tb iagcmctatcefaed suppbrtcef pragtcgam spagl lefcellrcef agtcvctcls at uecvlrscty mlvlm ce @apae scegl ?::?.Thcs prlsletatcbeshamm cetrbdugl \ECWLG aed cts cetlreatcbeam agtcvctcls.

Ce thl prlsletatcbe, icrstmy, \ECWLG bvlrvclw wcmm ol cetrbdugld. Ct was lstaomcshld ce?::?, nlrfcef thl \ecvlrscty Watlmmctl Gbesbrtcun aed thl Hyorcd _bgklt Frbup, aed ctbotaceld thl status bi mlfam letctcls ce ?::7. Thl thrll pcmmars bi \ECWLG arl0 1) hunaerlsburgl dlvlmbpnlet, ?) tlghebmbfcgam dlvlmbpnlet aed 7) butrlagh.Gurrletmy, aobut 4:uecvlrsctcls `bce thl agtcvctcls ce @apae. \ECWLG cs a gbnnuecty whlrl nlnolrs hlmp aednbtcvatl lagh bthlr. As a rlsumt bi \ECWLGs gbetceubus agtcvctcls, ?: eaeb/ncgrb satlmmctls

nadl oy nlnolr uecvlrsctcls havl olle maueghld cetb broct scegl ?::7, aed naey elwsatlmmctls arl pmaeeld tb mauegh.

Wlgbedmy, \ECWLG cetlreatcbeam prbfrans wcmm olcetrbdugld. Thl prbfrans cegmudlGaesat Mladlr Tracecef Zrbfran (GMTZ), Ncsscbe Cdla Gbetlst (NCG), Eaeb-satlmmctlWynpbscun aed Wpagl Takunc @buream.

1) GMTZ cs a tracecef gbursl that partcgcpaets mlare whbml gygml bi GaeWat dlvlmbpnletirbn dlscfecef, naeuiagturcef, maueghcef tb data aeamyscs. Zartcgcpaets arl lxplgtld tb tlaghthlcr studlets ce thlcr gbuetrcls aitlr thl gbursl. GMTZ had olle brfaeczld ibr thrll tcnlsscegl ?:11. Icfurl 1 shbws agtcvctcls ce thl 7 rdGMTZ hlmd ce Tbkyb Nltrbpbmctae \ecvlrscty.Thl iburth GMTZ wcmm ol hlmd ce Klcb \ecvlrscty ce @umy-Aufust thcs ylar ce Tbkyb.[1^

Icfurl 1 Agtcvctcls ce thl 7rd

GMTZ?) NCG prbvcdls alrbspagl lefcellrs, rlslarghlrs, sgcletcsts, gbmmlfl studlets, gbesumtaets,

ouscelss plrsbes aed aeyobdy cetlrlstld ce spagl wcth bppbrtuectcls tb prlslet thlcr grlatcvlcdlas aed face attletcbe cetlreatcbeammy. Thl bo`lgtcvl bi thl gbetlst cs tb legburaflceebvatcvl lxpmbctatcbe bi ncgrb/eaeb-satlmmctls aed tb gbetrcoutl tb gapagcty oucmdcef. NCGhas olle brfaeczld twcgl scegl ?:1: ce gbbplratcbe wcth rlfcbeam gbbrdceatbrs irbn nbrlthae 7: rlfcbes ce thl wbrmd, cegmudcef Nbefbmca. [?^
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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wl wcmm gbescdlr lstaomcshcef a elw brfaeczatcbe tlnpbrammy gammld \ECWLG-Fmboamwhcghwbumd suppbrt mbgam-\ECWLGs. [


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1?6

\WL BI WNAMM \ENAEELD AC_G_AIT CE LEYC_BENLETAM

NBECTB_CEF

O.Oat`arfam 11 Zrcvatl rlslarghlr, ZB Obx 9?, Klttlrcef, Tasnaeca, Austramca Tlm0 +91-488?


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1?3

THL GBWNBW TLAN

OSANOA@AY._1, KHATAEOAATA_.O?, T\EFAMAFTANC_.O7, N\EKHOAATA_.G4, TLN\\MLEWashka


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17:

Thl icrst rlasbe cs a magk bi pbst hbg aeamyscs. Lvle thbufh GaeWat cs a snamm systln, hcfhmyrlsplgtaoml systlns lefcellrcef aed tlghecgam skcmms arl rlqucrld tb dlvlmbp a GaeWat, aed thlrl shbumdtakl amm elglssary stlps bi systlns lefcellrcef cegmudcef pbst hbg aeamyscs rlfardmlss bi that whlthlrct attaces cts sugglss mlvlm bi ncsscbe br ebt. Hbwlvlr, nlnolrs tled tb put mcttml lnphascs be pbst hbgaeamyscs, that cs, mlssbes mlareld.Thl slgbed rlasbe cs a iacmurl bi haedbvlr. Ce sghbbms, studlets dlvlmbp aed mauegh thlcr GaeWat ibr

thlcr bwe fbbd, aed gumtcvatl thlcr skcmms thlrl, out fraduatl. Thle, ci thlcr hbards sugh as lxplrcleglsbi sugglss br iacmurl gbetceul ce thl elxt-flelratcbe, thl prboaocmcty tb sugglssiummy aggbnpmcsh ancsscbe wcth GaeWat flts hcfhlr ce thl elxt ylar. Elvlrthlmlss, that tleds ebt tb ol trlatld as a nattlrce nbst gasls.Ct cedcgatls that thly ncss ae bppbrtuecty tb mlare systlns lefcellrcef, whcgh surlmy gbetrcoutls tbeurturcef bi advaegld tlghecgam lxplrts, aed that ldugatcbe ibr systlns lefcellrcef cs elglssary. Thus,bur maobratbry has olle lefafld ce ae ldugatcbeam prbfran, Fbbd Zragtcgl (FZ) ce Tbkyb Nltrbpbmctae\ecvlrscty (TN\) scegl ?:1?, tb ldugatl systlns lefcellrcef oy trcam aed lrrbr uscef GaeWat wcth thlsuppbrt bi thl uecvlrscty.

Zrbgldurl tb Ldugatl Wystlns LefcellrcefWcegl a GaeWat cs snamm systln, thl rlqucrld tcnl irbn startcef cts dlvlmbpnlet tb pbst hbg

aeamyscs cegmudcef cts imcfht tlst cs aobut 7 - 9 nbeths, sb that wl gbestrugtld thl 9-nbethldugatcbe prbfran oasld be FZ ce TN\.Icrst bi amm, wl shbumd uedlrstaed a whbml imbw ibr systln lefcellrcef aed cts rlprlsletatcvlbel cs Y-Gurvl Mcil Gygml Nbdlm shbwe ce Icf. ?, whlrl ct gbescsts bi Orlakdbwe phasl aedCetlfratcbe phasl.Thlrl shbumd ol what ybu waet tb db at icrst, aed _lqucrlnlets arl dlrcvld irbn ct. Ibrlxanpml, ci ybu waet tb takl a pcgturl irbn GaeWat, ybu icrst dlgmarl Ncsscbe Wtatlnlet as

Ny GaeWat takl a pcgturl irbn thl sky, aed a gapaocmcty ibr takcef a pcgturl cs rlqucrld, aedthl gapaocmcty rlqucrls cestrunlet ibr ibrncef ae cnafl, rlglcvcef thl cnafl, thl cnafl datastbrafl, aed rlglcvcef a gbnnaed tb takl a pcgturl. Thly arl gammld _lqucrlnlet, aed lagh_lqucrlnlet gbrrlspbeds tb thl rlsplgtcvl Wplgcicgatcbe sugh as ae mles, ae GGD, ae

nlnbry ibr stbrafl, aed a gbnnuecgatcbe dlvcgl tb rlglcvl a gbnnaed tb takl a pcgturl, ammbi whcgh nakl up a Wuosystln. Lagh Wplgcicgatcbe gbrrlspbeds tb a slt bi thl rlsplgtcvlgbnpbelets.Aitlr thl dlicectcbe bi suosystln, ybu start cts Dlvlmbpnlet. Arbued thcs tcnl, ybu had

olttlr hbmd Zrlmcnceary Dlscfe _lvclw (ZD_) tb gbeicrn whlthlr a slt bi what ybu dliceldgae aggbnpmcsh what ybu waet tb db.Thle, gbnpbelet-oy-gbnpbelet tlsts ce a Wuosystln wbumd ol gbedugtld, aed ybu gbnocelthl pmuram gbnpbelets stlp oy stlp aitlr thl gbnpbelet-oy-gbnpbelet tlsts tb gbestrugt aWuosystln, ibmmbwld oy a whbml tlst bi thl Wuosystln. Aitlr sbnl Wuosystln tlstsgbnpmltld, thl pmuram Wuosystlns shbumd ol gbnoceld stlp oy stlp. Arbued thcs tcnl, ybuhad olttlr hbmd Grctcgam Dlscfe _lvclw (GD_) tb gbeicrn whlthlr ybu arl gbestrugtcef

what ybu dliceld. Iceammy, amm Wuosystlns arl gbnoceld aed iuegtcbe ce a gbbrdceatldnaeelr, that cs, thl systln aggbnpmcshcef what ybu waet tb db rlaghls gbnpmltcbe.


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171

Icf. ? Y-Gurvl Mcil Gygml Nbdlm ce systlns lefcellrcef

Dbgunletatcbe NaeaflnletCe prbfrlsscef thl imbw rlmatld aobvl, dbgunletatcbe slrvls cnpbrtaet rbmls sugh as sharl bi

purpbsl aed gbesgcbuselss ebt bemy anbef nlnolrs out amsb oltwlle thl prlslet aed iuturlslmvls, aed gbeicrnatcbe bi gurrlet statl ce dlvlmbpnlet tcnl axcs.Thl ibmmbwcef dbgunlets arl rlqucrld ce thl Orlakdbwe phasl.Ncsscbe Zmae Dbgunlet shbumd ol ibrnld icrst bi amm, whcgh gbetaces Ncsscbe Wtatlnlet,dlicectcbe bi sugglss grctlrca, aed _lqucrlnlets. Wugglss grctlrca, dlicecef what aed hbwnugh ybur systln attaces, usuammy gbescst bi thl ncecnun, thl ebrnam, aed thl advaegldsugglss gbedctcbes, iurthlrnbrl, ybu dlicel hbw ybu arl fbcef tb `udfl thlcr attacenlet.Zrb`lgt Naeaflnlet Zmae Dbgunlet gbetaces agtcbe ctlns, sghldumls, hunae rlsburgls,gbnnuecgatcbe nlthbd, oudflt, aed dlscfe rlvclw pmae sugh as ZD_ aed GD_.

Wystln Wplgcicgatcbe Dbgunlet dlicels Wplgcicgatcbes gbrrlspbedcef tb bel-be-bel_lqucrlnlets, aed Wuosystlns fathlrcef thl Wplgcicgatcbes. Ce addctcbe, thl dbgunletsshbumd gbetace Cetlriagl Gbetrbm Dbgunlet (CGD) tb dlicel thl rlsplgtcvl cetlriagl wcthrlsplgt tb nlghaecgam, lmlgtrcgam, thlrnam, aed ceibrnatcbeam natghcef. CGD nust ol dliceld

plrilgtmy at thcs pbcet tb avbcd nbrl tasks thae lebufh. Ibr lxanpml, ci wcth CGD, a dlvlmbplrgae gbegletratl be hcs/hlr wbrk ce a Wuosystln wcthbut attledcef tb bthlr dlvlmbplrs'lequcrcls.Thl ibmmbwcef dbgunlets arl rlqucrld ce thl Cetlfratcbe phasl.Tlst Zmae Dbgunlet sghldumls thl tlst ctlns bi gbnpbelets, Wuosystlns, aed a whbmlsystln, ct shbumd dlicel whb dbls, why ct cs, aed what, whle, whlrl, aed hbw tb db. Ammrlsumts bi thl rlsplgtcvl tlsts aed `udfnletam staedard bi Fb br Eb Fb arl splgcicld ce thcs

dbgunlet. As ibr thl tlsts bi whbml systln, ybu havl tb gbeicrn led-tb-led cnplggaocmcty ceamm paths anbef Wuosystlns aed gbnoceatcbes bi Wuosystlns.Gbetceflegy Zmae prbpbsls aebnamy aed gbrrlspbedlegl afacest thl aebnamy ce amm phaslsbi dlvlmbpnlet tb bplratcbe, that cs, thcs dbgunlet shbumd havl rlvcscbes amm thl tcnl.Zrb`lgt Gbnpmltcbe _lpbrt cs thl iceam dbgunlet ce a prb`lgt, shbumd ol wrcttle aitlr aeimcfht as shbwe ce Icf. 7, aed gbetaces ebt bemy thl imcfht data bi ncsscbe aed hbusl-kllpcefdata out amsb pbst hbg aeamyscs aobut amm bi thl data. Ce addctcbe, ybu had olttlr rlgbrd ammthcefs ybu ebtcgl thrbufh thl prb`lgt.Vhle thl aobvl dbgunlets arl gbnpmltld, thl elxt-flelratcbe nlnolrs start but irbn thlfbam bi thl prlslet nlnolrs, aed tlghecgam ceibrnatcbe aed kebw-hbw arl traesilrrld tb thlelw nlnolrs.


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174

"hlam." Out thl nbst pbwlrium gragks arl ibrnld ce aggbrdaegl wcth mbef-tlrn boslrvatcbesce aobut thl sanl pmagl aed grbss thl makl ce thl traesvlrsl dcrlgtcbe. Ce Aprcm, thl cgl mbslscts strlefth aed gragks dcsapplar.

Thl dyeancgs bi thl ombgk strugturl bi thl cgl gbvlr oasld be tlxturam aeamyscs

Wtrugturl gragks, pmatls aed ombgks bi cgl gmlarmy vcscoml be radar cnafls (Haramcgk_.N.,1367). Gbnparcef thl tlxturl gharagtlrcstcgs bi radar cnafls at sugglsscvl datls ct

pbsscoml tb rlglcvl rlprlsletatcbe bi thl prbglssls bi ibrnatcbe, lxpaescbe aed "hlamcef"gragks. Ibr a quaetctatcvl aeamyscs was wbrkld slmlgtcbe tlghecqul bi thl vlgtbr maylrs oasldgmasscicgatcbe amfbrcthns array bi tlxturl gharagtlrcstcgs bi radar cnafl wcth gbnparcsbesuoslqulet bi gmustlrs wcth scncmar gharagtlrcstcgs. A gbnparcsbe bi ombgk strugturls ibrdciilrlet datls shbwld that olgausl bi thl gbnpmlx traesmatcbeam aed rbtatcbeam nbtcbe bicedcvcduam cgl imbls aed bi ghaefls ce thl sczl aed ibrn bi cedcvcduam ombgks (up tbdlirafnletatcbe br iuscbe bi ad`aglet ombgks) cs ebt pbsscoml tb lvamuatl thl hbrczbetamdcspmaglnlets. Nbrl prbdugtcvl arl tb study strugturam ghaefls bi gragkcef cgl (Kcroczhlkbva

C.C. lt am., ?:1?). Ce partcgumar, thl nace ilaturls bi thl strugturl bi thl cgl shlmm ibrnld ce

?:1: at thl led bi @aeuary (sll Icf.1.a)0 truek gragk T1 aed gragk dcsgbetceucty T4 arlibrnld, thl slgbed truek gragk T? olfces tb lnlrfl. Aggbrdcef tb thl frbued ce matl @aeuary

as a rlsumt bi a scfecicgaet shbrt-tlrn cegrlasl ce tlnplraturl (?


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179

bi sbnl kced bi quasc-lmastcg rlgbcm cgl shllt aitlr thl prlvcbus "rlfcbeam" gbnprlsscbe. FZWboslrvatcbes arl gbeicrnld larmclr icedcefs prldbnceaetmy aobut thlrnam nlghaecsn bi thlcectcam dlibrnatcbe bi thl cgl gbvlr Makl Oackam. Ce iclmd nlasurlnlets usld satlmmctl flbdltcgrlglcvlrs HcZlr Tbpgbe aed Trcnoml _7.

GbegmuscbeCe flelram lstcnatls bi dcspmaglnlet-drcit cgl cetlrilrbnltrcg nlthbds arl ce fbbd

afrllnlet wcth frbued truth nlasurlnlets bi FZW. Gbnparcsbe bi frbued-oasld aedsatlmmctl data shbwld that thl agtcvl dlibrnatcbe prbglssls bggur ebt bemy at thl obuedarcls bimarfl cgl ombgks pmatls Makl Oackam, out ce iumm, dul tb thl cetra-ombg irafnletatcbe cgl pmatlsthat arl ce gbnpmlx strlss statl.

Thcs wbrk was suppbrtld oy thl Cetlrdcsgcpmceary Zrb`lgt bi WO _AW 67 "Thl study bi

thl nlghaecsns aed slcsnbtlgtbecg prbglssls ce thl Larth's grust oy physcgam nbdlmcef be

thl cgl gbvlr bi Makl Oackam".

AMBW ZAMWA_ radar data botaceld oy thl fraet bi thl @apae Alrbspagl Lxpmbratcbe

Aflegy :3/@AXA/ALB :??7::1 "Wtudy bi tbpbfraphy aed flbmbfy bi Oackam rlfcbe uscefbptcgam aed radar AMBW data".

_lilrleglsGhcnctdbrzhclv T.E., Haptaebv Y.O.,Pakharbv A.C. [ltg.^ (?:1:). \scef data AMBWZAMWA_ radar cetlrilrbnltry aed FZ_ slescef tb rlslargh grybflecg dlibrnatcbe bi sbcm.

@buream bi _adcblmlgtrbecgs. 4, 16?181.Dborltsbv E.M., Zsakhcl W.F., _ufcgh Y.Y. [ltg.^ (?::6). Cgl gbvlr bi Makl Oackam as anbdlm levcrbenlet ibr mlarecef tlgtbecg prbglssls ce larth grust. _lpbrts bi thl Agadlny biWgclegls.Y. 41?,


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176

IB\_CL_ T_AEWIB_N AEAMSWCW BI NLTLB_BMBFCGAM

TCNL WL_CLW DATA IB_ WBNL WCTLW BI NBEFBMCA

OAATA_GH\M\\E Tslrnaa, FAEOAT Oatkhuu,EA_AEFA_AY Tunur-\ym aed OATW\KH Farnaa

Dlpartnlet bi Flbphyscgs, Wghbbm bi Zhyscgs aed Lmlgtrbecgs, Eatcbeam \ecvlrscty bi Nbefbmca, E\N oucmdcef

1-4:1, Wukhoaatar, \maaeoaatar, Nbefbmca; L-nacm0oRfaeoatJeun.ldu.ne

KLSVB_DW0Iburclr Traesibrn, Gmcnatl ghaefl, Tcnl slrcls, Wbmar radcatcbe

Aostragt

Dul tb thl slvlrl gmcnatl ghaefls ce rlglet ylars, thlrl has olle a vlry strbef dlnaed ibr lmugcdatcefthl gausls bi thl ghaefl aed ibrlgastcef thl cnncelet liilgts ce eaturl aed sbgclty. Aggbrdcef tb thlelglssctcls, rlslarghlrs havl olle iagcef wcth thl ghammlefcef prbomlns tb nbdlm gmcnatl ghaeflsuscef nltlbrbmbfcgam tcnl slrcls data, whcgh nay ol thl nbst gbescstlet cedcgatbr ibr thl ghaefl.Ce thcs paplr, wl havl trcld tb lstcnatl iuedanletam splgtram ilaturls bi nltlbrbmbfcgam tcnl slrcls dataibr sbnl sctls bi Nbefbmca oy uscef Iburclr Traesibrn aeamyscs. Thl rlsumt shbws that thl apprbagh

gbumd ol uslium ibr rlvlamcef thl eaturl bi thl prbglssls.

AE LWTCNATCBE BI MAED W\_IAGL TLNZL_AT\_L \WCEF

WATLMMCTL DL_CYLD DATA

W. @avznaa1, L.Nuekhtsltslf1, N.Bdoayar?, T.Oattsltslf71Dlpartnlet bi Nltlbrbmbfy aed Hydrbmbfy, E\N, Eun oucmdcef 6-7:4, Wukhoaatar, \maaeoaatar, Nbefbmca

Nbefbmca; Tlm0 +369-3


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178

wcedbw. Wpmct-wcedbw MWT nlthbd has olle dlvlmbpld [Vae aed Dbzclr, 1339^ ibrgbrrlgtcef atnbsphlrcg aed lncsscvcty liilgts ibr maed gbvlr typls wcth 71, 7? oaedslncsscvctcls. Thl agguragy splgcicgatcbe ibr NBDCW MWT cs 1:K at 1 kn rlsbmutcbe uedlrgmlar sky gbedctcbes. Thl agguragy splgcicgatcbe ibr maed suriagl lncsscvcty rltrclvld irbnNBDCW data cs :,:? ibr oaeds 71, 7?.

Wtudy arlaThcs study was gbedugtld ibr thl Nbefbmcae. Thl rlfcbe has ae lxtrlnlmy aetcpbdam gmcnatl.Nlae aeeuam prlgcpctatcbe raefls irbn mlss thae 1


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14:

gbrrlmatcbe gbliicgclets dlgrlasld rapcdmy thle gbliicgclets cegrlasld aed rlnaceld hcfhvamul ce ?::?. Hbwlvlr at thl olfceecef bi thl slasbe thl gbrrlmatcbe gbliicgcletscegrlasld rapcdmy thle gbliicgclets rlnaceld hcfh aed iceammy gbliicgclets typcgammycegrlasld durcef thl matl slasbe ce ?:11.

GbegmuscbesBur rlsumts dlnbestratl that EDYC spatcam pattlres ce thl Nbefbmcaes arl prcnarcmyrlmatld tb prlgcpctatcbe spatcam pattlres. Thl rlmatcvl dciilrlegls ce EDYC aggbrdcef tbspatcam mbgatcbes arl rlmatcvlmy gbestaet. Oasld be gbrrlmatcbe aeamysls bi nbethmy

prlgcpctatcbe aed EDYC naps, wl wlrl aoml tb asslss thl ceimulegl bi prlgcpctatcbe beEDYC spatcam pattlres. Gbescdlr nletcbeld aobvl prlgcpctatcbe aed EDYC naxcnunvamul lxcst ce hcfh nbuetace, ibrlst stlppl, tacfa zbel. Thlrlibrl prlgcpctatcbe aed EDYCvamuls dlpledcef be flbfraphcgam mbgatcbe (icfurl ?(a,o)). Amsb thlcr vamuls varcld wcthflbfraphcgam zbels.Lstcnatcef maed suriagl tlnplraturl (MWT) aed statcbes acr tlnplraturl gbrrlmatcbegbliicgclets arl hcfh dlpledld lagh bthlr. Thlrlibrl wl wcmm pbsscoml tb vamcdatl statcbes

acr tlnplraturl dlpledcef be MWT.At thl olfceecef bi thl slasbe thl gbrrlmatcbe gbliicgclets cegrlasld rapcdmy thlegbliicgclets rlnaceld hcfh aed iceammy gbliicgclets typcgammy cegrlasld durcef thl matlslasbe (taoml 1).

_lilrleglsKlmkar, _._ (1336). Watlmmctl Nltlbrbmbfy.Bkboayashc, T. (138?). Thl \sl bi Nltlbrbmbfcgam Watlmmctl data (CC).NBDCW Maed Wuriagl Tlnplraturl. Amfbrcthn Thlbrltcgam oascs Dbgunlet. (MWT-ATOD).PHLENCEF VAE. Cestctutl ibr Gbnputatcbe Larth systln sgclegl, \ecvlrscty biGamcibreca, Waeta Oaroara.Dr I_LD Z_ATA. (?::?) Maed Wuriagl Tlnplraturl Nlasurlnlet irbn Wpagl. GWC_BAtnbsphlrcg _lslargh, Aspledaml, Austramca.NLTLD.\GA_.LD\ (GBNLT l-Tracecef Gbursl)


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DLIB_LWTATCBE AWWLWWNLET OS CETLF_ATCEF

N\MTC-TLNZB_AM WATLMMCTL CNAFL

AED CETLEWCICLD ICLMD W\_YLS

ANA_T\YWHCEWuncya1, \DYAM Oayarsackhae1, TWLEDW\_LE Dafdae (Zh.D)11_lslarghlr, Dcvcscbe bi Ibrlst _lsburgls aed Ibrlst Zrbtlgtcbe, Cestctutl bi Flblgbmbfy,

Nbefbmcae Agadlny bi Wgclegls, NAW oucmdcef ?-?13, Ghceflmtlc, \maaeoaatar, Nbefbmca

L-nacm0su.anartuvshceJyahbb.gbn

KLS VB_DW0 Wuplrvcsld gmasscicgatcbe, Maedsat TN, orlast hlcfht, grbwe dcanltlr, grbwe dlescty, aeydanafl gausld oy icrl aed lxtlream iagtbrs, rlflelratcbe typls, vlfltatcbe typl, lmlvatcbe, smbpl, asplgt

AostragtThl rlslargh sctl Tu`cce ears Wplgcam Zrbtlgtld arla cs mbgatld at thl Amtaeoumaf gbuety aed Whaanar

gbuety, Wlmlefl prbvcegl. Thl Tu`cce ears Wplgcam Zrbtlgtld tbtam maed arla cs 36?6? hlgtarl. Thlrlsumts shbw mbss bi ibrlst gbvlr ce thl Tu`cce ears Wplgcam Zrbtlgtld arla bvlr a ?:-ylar plrcbd. Thldlgrlasl ce thl arla bi gbecilrbus ibrlst, cegrlasl ce frassmaed aed ncxld ibrlst aed mcttml cegrlasl cedlgcdubus ibrlst. Ibrlstld arla bi slmlgtld sctl was danafld oy icrl lebrnbusmy scegl 1389, aed nace

rlasbe bi ibrlst ghaefl cs icrl. Cmmlfam mbffcef has gbvlrld marfl arla ce 133:-?::?. Elvlrthlmlss,cmmlfam mbffcef aed ibrlst icrl gae gausl dlibrlstatcbe, ibmmbwld oy ibrlst lgbsystln dlfradatcbe.Gurrletmy, lxtcegt ibrlstmaed arla cs olcef rlhaocmctatld. Thl Ncecstry bi Eaturl aed Levcrbenlet hasdlgmarld Tu`cce ears ibrlst arla as a Wplgcam Zrbtlgtld arla ce ?::?, aitlr cmmlfam mbffcef cs stbppld. Thlrlsumts bi iclmd cevlstcfatcbe shbw that aobut 49% bi thl frbwcef stbgk cs dlgrlasld oy cnpagts. Aobut?7% bi thl frbwcef stbgk cs cegrlasld, amthbufh gbecilrbus trlls arl dlgrlasld aed orbad-mlaild trllsarl cegrlasld.

CetrbdugtcbeWbnl rlpbrt cedcgatls that durcef mast 1:: ylar, aobut 1.4< ncmmcbe hlgtarl bi gbuetry's

ibrlsts havl olle aiilgtld oy dciilrlet hunae agtcvctcls sugh as ibrlst icrl, ceslgt plsts aedmbffcef ltg., aed thlrl was dranatcg ghaefl ce ibrlst lgbsystlns (Dbr`surle, ?::6).

Thl icrst ibrlst cevletbry thrbufhbut Nbefbmca was garrcld but oy a _usscae ibrlstlxpldctcbe ce 13


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aed iclmd survly data aed ceibrnatcbe; [?^ Ibrlst gbvlr typl gmasscicgatcbe naps; [7^Lvamuatcbe bi ibrlst ghaefl;

Wtudy arlaThl rlslargh sctl Tu`cce ears Wplgcam Zrbtlgtld arla cs mbgatld at thl Amtaeoumaf

gbuety aed Whaanar gbuety, Wlmlefl prbvcegl. Thl Tu`cce ears Wplgcam Zrbtlgtld tbtam maedarla cs 36?6? hlgtarl. Thl Ncecstry bi Eaturl aed Levcrbenlet has dlgmarld Tu`cce ears

ibrlst arla as a WplgcamZrbtlgtld arla ce ?::?, ce brdlrtb prbtlgt ct irbn dlfradldibrlst maed, rlibrlstatcbe aedcesurcef gbeslrvatcbe bi eatcvlmaedsgapl.

Icfurl 1. Ibrlst nap bi Nbefbmcaaed study arla

\etcm 133:, prcbr tb traesctcbe ibrnatcbe tb a narklt lgbebny, Oufaet trll mbffcefgbnpaey, Wukhoaatars wbbd prbglsscef iagtbry, Dumaaekhaaes wbbd traesilrrcef statcbe,Wukhoaatars wbbd iagtbry, Ibrlst harvlstcef gbnpaey bi Wharcce fbm, Ibrlst mbffcef

gbnpaey bi Tuekhlm, Vbbd prbglsscef iagtbry bi Puue kharaas prcsbe slrvcgl uect, _acmwaysmllplr iagtbry bi Puuekharaa havl olle prbdugcef ?:-1


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smbpl, asplgt aed mbgatcbe gbbrdceatls cs nlasurld aed gbuetld amm bi thl trlls ce lagh pmbts.A tbtam bi


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FLBWZATCAM DATAOAWL AT

GADAWT_AM MLYLM

\ufaeoayar Tslnolm1, K. _an Nbhae _ab?, @aeakc _ana Wurlsh F?

CC_W, Dlhradue.

Aostragt

Gadastram ceibrnatcbe has cnnlesl pbtletcam ce pmaeecef, `udcgcbus naeaflnlet, gbeslrvatcbe aedsustaceaoml usl bi sbcm, maed aed grbp rlsburgls. Ct hlmps tb nbectbr aed cdletciy thl prbomln arlas aedgamms ibr amtlreatl apprbprcatl aed lelrfy liicgclet nlthbds aed pragtcgls. Thl bo`lgtcvl bi thcs study cstb flelratl Gadastram Flbdataoasl aed gustbnczl thl parglm ceibrnatcbe uscef Flbceibrnatcbetlghebmbfcls. _anpura ce thl Vlstlre dbbe vammly ce Dlhradue dcstrcgt bi \ttarakhaed cs thl studyarla.GCW Gustbncsatcbe cs plribrnld uscef NapBo`lgts ?.1 ce Ycsuam Oascg Levcrbenlet. Thlflbspatcam data slts bi Araoml maed, Oarrle maed, Iammbw, Wlttmlnlet, Brghard aed _bads arl cetlfratldcetb FCW ibr lasy tb usl purpbsl. Tbbm oar cs flelratld ibr thl utcmcty purpbsl. Add maylr / rlnbvl maylrbptcbe cs amsb cetlfratld cetb FCW. Qulrcls arl flelratld uscef ceibrnatcbe slmlgtcbe bo`lgts. Ct rledlrsilaturl slmlgtcbe wcth rltrclvam bo`lgts uscef Zarglm CD, aed Zarglm Eanl tb rlvlam thl attrcoutlceibrnatcbe.

Gadastram Ceibrnatcbe Wystln prbvcdls thl led uslr lasy tb usl levcrbenlet aed olttlr vcsuamczatcbeaed ceibrnatcbe rltrclvam uscef advaegld gustbnczld WQM iuegtcbes. \scef Nap Bo`lgt tbbms ce YcsuamOascg Levcrbenlet, thl gadastram ceibrnatcbe cs gustbnczld ibr olttlr dlgcscbe nakcef.

Nlthbdbmbfy

1.1. Zlrsbeam Flbdataoasl1.1.1. Ae bvlrvclw bi flbdataoasl dlscfe

Flbdataoasl dlscfe cs oasld be a gbnnbe slt bi iuedanletam FCW dlscfe stlps, sb ct'scnpbrtaet tb havl a oascg uedlrstaedcef bi thlsl FCW dlscfe fbams aed nlthbds. Thcs slgtcbe

prbvcdls ae bvlrvclw.FCW dlscfe cevbmvls brfaeczcef flbfraphcg ceibrnatcbe cetb a slrcls bi data thlnls

maylrs that gae ol cetlfratld uscef flbfraphcg mbgatcbe. Wb ct nakls slesl that flbdataoasldlscfe olfces oy cdletciycef thl data thlnls tb ol usld, thle splgciycef thl gbetlets aedrlprlsletatcbes bi lagh thlnatcg maylr.

Thcs cevbmvls dlicecef Hbw thl flbfraphcg ilaturls arl tb ol rlprlsletld ibr lagh thlnl (ibr lxanpml, as

pbcets, mcels, pbmyfbes, br rastlrs) ambef wcth thlcr taoumar attrcoutls Hbw thl data wcmm ol brfaeczld cetb dataslts sugh as ilaturl gmassls, attrcoutls, rastlr

dataslts, aed sb ibrth Vhat addctcbeam spatcam aed dataoasl lmlnlets wcmm ol elldld ibr cetlfrcty rumls, ibr

cnpmlnletcef rcgh FCW olhavcbr (sugh as tbpbmbfcls, eltwbrks, aed rastlr gatambfs),aed ibr dlicecef spatcam aed attrcoutl rlmatcbeshcps oltwlle dataslts

1.1.?. Ae bvlrvclw aed dlicectcbe bi flbdataoasl prbplrtclsDurcef thl dlscfe phasl bi ybur flbdataoasl, ybu dltlrnceld thl typl bi data ybu

wlrl fbcef tb stbrl ce thl flbdataoasl, hbw ybu wbumd stbrl ct, aed hbw ct wbumd ol usld aednacetaceld. Ebw ybu nust traesmatl thcs dlscfe cetb a physcgam cnpmlnletatcbe ce thlflbdataoasl.

1.?. Thl Gustbnczatcbe Tlghecqul ibr Appmcgatcbe bi FCWThl gustbnczatcbe tlghecqul nakls usl bi thl bo`lgt-brcletld apprbagh, ce ae

ceirastrugturl data nbdlm, whlrloy data icmls mckl naps aed taomls, thl bo`lgt mcorarcls bistaedard biicgl pagkafls mckl Lxglm aed Agglss, aed bi Napbo`lgts, arl gbescdlrld as bo`lgtsaed gbnpbelets bi thl appmcgatcbe dlvlmbpnlet prb`lgt. Thl lxcstcef iuegtcbeamctcls mcklghartcef, taoml dcspmay, gbmbur pamlttl bi bthlr sbitwarl arl tappld ibr fraphcg dcspmay thrbufh

rlilrlegcef, aed qulrcls plribrnld thrbufh thl Wtaedard Qulry Maefuafl (WQM), nadlavacmaoml ce thl Ycsuam Oascg (YO) dlvlmbpnlet pmatibrn, aed a numtctaskld Vcedbws
http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=An_overview_of_geodatabase_designhttp://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=An_overview_of_geodatabase_designhttp://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=An_overview_of_geodatabase_design


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levcrbenlet. Thl Ycsuam Oascg prbfranncef maefuafl has olle usld as a gbetrbm gbetacelrtb asslnoml thl numtcpml gbetrbms aed gbnpbelets ibr a rapcd appmcgatcbe dlvlmbpnlet (_AD).

NapBo`lgts cs ae LW_Cs prbdugt, gbescstcef bi a gbmmlgtcbe bi nappcef gbnpbelets

(vcz., NapBo`lgts BGX aed bthlr prbfrannaoml AgtcvlX autbnatcbe) ibr appmcgatcbedlvlmbplrs. Ct prbvcdls thl pbsscocmcty tb grlatl gustbnczld sbmutcbes sb as tb nllt thl

dlsktbp nappcef, aed FCW ellds bi gbnnbe uslrs, thrbufh thl ibmmbwcef iagcmctcls0 Dcspmay data uscef gmasscicgatcbes (rlfrbupcef/ gatlfbrcsatcbe), fraduatld

synobms, aed maolmcef Zae aed zbbn thrbufh numtcpml nap maylrs Qulrcls ilaturls dcspmayld be thl nap

Oy nlaes bi NapBo`lgts. BGX aed a data gbeelgtcbe strcef, thl dcrlgtbry gbetacecefthl dciilrlet nap icmls, aed thlcr rlmatld dataoasls arl rltrclvld aed rlad.

Thl CDL cs nadl up bi a eunolr bi gbnpbelets0 Nleu oar Tbbm oar Zrb`lgt Lxpmbrlr Vcedbw

Zrbplrtcls bi Vcedbw Ibrn Maybut Vcedbw Tbbm obx Ibrn Vcedbw Ibrn Dlscfelr Gbdl Vcedbw Cnnldcatl Vcedbw

Icfurl 10 Ycsuam Oascg 9.: Cetlfratld Dlvlmbpnlet Levcrbenlets

_lsumts aed dcsgusscbesCe thcs study a gustbnczld FCW appmcgatcbe cs dlvlmbpld ibr thl gadastram mlvlm

flbspatcam nap tb dcspmay aed qulry thrbufh parglm ceibrnatcbe. Dciilrlet attrcoutls sugh asparglm Cd, parglm eanl, eanl bi thl bwelr, maed narks, arla bi thl parglms, plrcnltlr bi thlparglm, suctaoml grbps ltg.. arl dlvlmbpld ce thl attrcoutl taomls. Thlsl attrcoutls arl slmlgtldthbufh thl Gadastram Ceibrnatcbe Wystln (GCW) dlvlmbpld ce thl Ycsuam Oascg Levcrbenlet.

_ledlrcef thl ilaturls be thl NapNaps olgbnl nbst cetlrlstcef whle synobms arl appmcld tb ilaturls ce sugh a way as

tb rlvlam ceibrnatcbe aobut pmagls. Ce thcs ghaptlr ybu wcmm dcsgbvlr thl tlghecquls ibr

gbetrbmmcef thl synobms usld tb draw maylrs. Sbu gae ture ybur nap dcspmay cetb a wbrk bi art,aed that ambel cs wbrth thl liibrt elglssary tb nastlr thl Wynobm, TlxtWynobm, aed rledlrrlr


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bo`lgts. Thcs ghaptlr amsb lxpmaces hbw tb draw shapls aed tlxt be a nap that db ebtgbrrlspbed tb ilaturls ce a data slt aed hbw tb butput a nap.

Gbdl lxanpmls irbn thl nbYclw? sanpmls appmcgatcbe that usl thl Wynobm,TlxtWynobm, aed rledlrlr bo`lgts wcmm hlmp ybu flt startld. Sbu gae takl lmlnlets irbn thlappmcgatcbe tb `unp-start ybur appmcgatcbe.

Ce thcs ghaptlr ybu arl fbcef tb gbvlr Wynobmczcef maylrs Wynobmczcef pbmyfbe, mcel, aed pbcet maylrs Wynobmczcef ilaturls oy attrcoutl vamul Yamul Nap_ledlrlr bo`lgt GmassOrlak_ledlrlr bo`lgt DbtDlescty_ledlrlr bo`lgt Maolm_ledlrlr aed MaolmZmaglr bo`lgt

Wynobmczcef maylrsVhle ybu add maylrs tb a nap, ybu wcmm qucgkmy ebtcgl that thl gbmbrs usld tb dcspmay thl

maylrs arl raedbnmy asscfeld. Thcs cs dbel sb that ybu gae dciilrletcatl thl maylrs ce yburNap gbetrbm wcthbut aey liibrt. Hbwlvlr ybu wcmm waet tb takl a gbetrbm bi thl synobms thatarl dliceld ibr ybur maylrs. Thl synobm prbplrty bi thl nap maylr bo`lgt splgcicld hbwflbnltrcg bo`lgts br ilaturls ce a Napmaylr arl drawe.

Wynobmczcef ilaturls oy uecqul attrcoutl vamulsCe Gadastram Ceibrnatcbe Wystln ybu gae gmcgk thl \ecqul tao be thl Maylr

prbplrtcls dcambf tb appmy a YamulNap _ledlrlr tb a Maylr. Wlttcef thl Wynobm prbplrty bi aNapMaylr draws amm ilaturls ce thl sanl synobm. _ledlrlr bo`lgts ammbw ybu tb drawdciilrlet ilaturls wcth dciilrlet synobms oasld be thlcr attrcoutl vamuls.

NapBo`lgts prbvcdls ibur rledlrlr bo`lgts0GmassOrlaks_ledlrlrfrbup thl ilaturl cetb dciilrlet raefls bi eunlrcg vamuls.YamulNap_ledlrlrappmy a synobm tb lagh uecqul vamul.

DbtDlescth_ledlrlr draws pbmyfbe ilaturls wcth raedbn dbt pattlres, whbsl dlesctygbrrlspbes tb thl vamul ce a eunlrcg iclmd irbn thl attrcoutl taoml.

Maolmrledlrlrdraws tlxt irbn ae attrcoutl vamul.1. Dbuoml-gmcgk be maylr eanl ce thl mlfled tb bple thl maylr synobm prbplrtcls dcambf?. Gmcgk thl \ecqul tao7. Gmcgk thl Iclmd drbpdbwe arrbw, aed gmcgk thl iclmd ybu waet tb rledlr.

4. \eghlgk thl Draw butmcel obx tb rlnbvl thl butmcels.


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Gadastram Ceibrnatcbe Wystln cs gustbnczld ibr olttlr dlgcscbe nakcef uscef napbo`lgt tbbms ce YO.

Thl ghaefcef sglearcb ce dlvlmbpnlet aed nbdlre fbvlreaegl dlnaeds advaegldtlghebmbfcls aed tbbms ibr olttlr uedlrstaedcef bi ellds aed pmaeecef. Thl elld bi thlday cs grlatcbe bi a gbnprlhlescvl maed ceibrnatcbe systln that slrvls as liicgclet

dlgcscbe nakcef tbbm.

_lilrlegls1. Appmcgatcbe Dlvlmbpnlet \scef Ycsuam Oascg. _ltrclvld irbn

http0//www.skcmmorcdfltracecef.gbn/GburslRIcmls/AZZMCGATCBE%?:DLYLMBZNLET%?:\WCEF%?:YCW\AM%?:OAWCG%?:AED%?:.ELT.pdi

?. Obo _lslmnae. _cghard Zlasmly, aed Vayel Zrughecak. (?::?). \scef Ycsuam Oascg 9.Elw Dlmhc. CWOE 81-?:7-1


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19:

EAWA

A\_A

FCBYAEEC

BNC

FBLW (4)Vhlrl cs thl nbethmy raceiamm anbuet aed , arl thl nlae aed staedard dlvcatcbe biraceiamm gamgumatld irbn thl whbml tcnl slrcls bi nbethmy vamuls. Aggbrdcef tb Ldwards aedNgKll (1336) vamuls mlss thae -?.: (lxtrlnl drbufht) arl lxplgtld tb applar ? tb 7 tcnls ce1:: ylars. Ce thl prlslet study thl gmasscicgatcbe bi NgKll lt am. (133


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_lslargh rlsumts

Zrlgcpc tatcbe ce past 1: ylars ibr ? zbels

Icfurl


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Ylfltatcbe tlnplraturl gbedctc be cedlx (YTGC ) ce twb zbels ce ir bn ?::: tb ?:1:

Ae avlrafl bi slasbeam vlfltatcbe tlnplraturl gbedctcbe cedlx (YTGC) bi twb zbels

Icfurl6 (a) Dlslrt Fboc zbel (o) Ibrlst stlppl aed Hcfh nbuetace zbels

Irbn thcs twb icfurls0

Nbefbmca was dry ce irbn ?::: tb ?:1:

Thl YTGC raefl cs irbn : tb 1. Ce thl irbn ?::: tb ?:1: ylars vamul bi YTGCwas flelrammy mbw ce twb zbels . Ct was cedcgatld bggurrld drbufht ceNbefbmca.

Ylfltatcbe Tlnplraturl Gbedctcbe Cedlx (YTGC) ?::7 aed ?::3 ylar

Icfurl 8. (a) Dlslrt Fboc zbel (o) Ibrlst stlppl aed Hcfh nbuetace zbels

Icfurl 3 (a) Dlslrt Fboc zbel (o) Ibrlst stlppl aed Hcfh nbuetace zbels

Dlsgrcptcvl statcstcgs be prlgcpc tatcbe aed staedardczld prlgcpc tatcbe cedlx (WZC)Avlrafl slasbeam WZC bi twb zbels


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Icfurl1: (a) Dlslrt Fboc zbel (o) Ibrlst stlppl aed Hcfh nbuetace zbels

Irbn 1:(a) icfurl0

?::3 cs aiilgtld oy drbufht, thl sunnlr cs drclr thae bthlr ylars (sprcef1:.:nn, sunnlr 73.6nn, autune 1:.?nn, tbtam cs


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Documents

Proceedings 6th Workhshop