proceeding of Annual Student Research Session 2013

PROCEEDINGS

of the Twenty Third Annual Students Research Sessions

Department of Animal Science December 21st, 2013

Faculty of Agriculture University of Peradeniya

Sri Lanka

Editors J.K. Vidanarachchi

S.M.C. Himali

Proceedings of 23rd Annual Students Research Session, Department of Animal Science, 2013

ii

Members of the Department of Animal Science and

the Coordinator of the Student Research Session 2013 appreciate the support given by the following sponsors and contributors

Samurdhi Authority of Sri Lanka Alltech Biotechnology (Pvt.) Ltd. Analytical Instruments (Pvt.) Ltd.

Norvartis Animal Health-S.S. Distributors Control Union Inspections (Pvt.) Ltd.

Agrinova (Pvt.) Ltd. Ceylon Grain Elevators PLC.

Global Agro Industries J.L. Morison Son & Jones (Ceylon) PLC.

Lucky Lanka Milk Processing Co. Ltd. Iceman Technologies (Pvt.) Ltd.

New Anthonies Farm Tetra Pak India (Pvt.) Ltd.

Maxie’s and Company (Pvt.) Ltd. Nelna Farms (Pvt.) Ltd.

Pussalla Farm (Pvt.) Ltd. Keells Food Products PLC

Cargills Quality Foods (Pvt.) Ltd. Crysbro Group of Companies

Delmo Chicken & Agro (Pvt.) Ltd. Sunpower Systems (Pvt.) Ltd.

Seemasahitha Sanasa Rakshana Samagama Hemsons International (Pvt.) Ltd.

Vet Line Animal Clinic Pets N Care Animal Clinic

Gold Coin Feed Mills (Lanka) Ltd. Miracle Agro (Pvt.) Ltd.

Hayleys Agriculture Holdings Ltd.-HJS Condiments Ltd. Ravi Breeder Farms (Pvt.) Ltd.


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Editors:

J.K. Vidanarachchi and S.M.C. Himali Department of Animal Science Faculty of Agriculture University of Peradeniya SRI LANKA (ISBN 955-589-074-9)

Panel of Reviewers:

Prof. A.N.F. Perera Prof. E.R.K. Perera Prof. H.W. Cyril Prof. S. Premaratne Prof. M.P.B. Wijayagunawardena Prof. C.M.B. Dematawewa Prof. G.L.L.P. Silva Prof. U. Edirisinghe Dr. K.F.S.T. Silva Dr. T.S. Samarakone Dr. M.B.P. Mahipala Dr. J.K. Vidanarachchi Dr. A.R.S.B. Athauda Dr. R.M.C. Deshapriya Dr. B.C. Jayawardana Dr. K.K.S.P. Kodituwakku Dr. S.M.C. Himali


iv

Published by:

Department of Animal Science Faulty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya Peradeniya, SRI LANKA December 21, 2013

Suggested Citation: Authors name, 2013. Article name. Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Student Research Session (Editors: J.K. Vidanarachchi and S.M.C. Himali). pp . Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.


v

MESSAGE FROM THE DEAN

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE

It is with great pleasure and pride I am issuing this message on the occasion of the 23rd Annual Student Research Session of the Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya. Agriculture is one of the main livelihood activities in Sri Lanka and is the backbone of the economy too. The country needs professionals who can lead this important sector, and the Faculty of Agriculture of University of Peradeniya is the leading higher education institute that shoulders this national responsibility for the last 65 years. In this endeavour the Faculty encourages independent thinking, innovative approach and technological advancement of students especially in their research. Adding new dimension to it the Department of Animal Science set off a new tradition of the Faculty of Agriculture by holding the student seminar day in providing a platform for graduating students to present their valuable research findings and interact with experts in the sector, peers and prospective employers. This tradition grew in height and infected most of other departments within and outside the Faculty in the past two decades. The Annual Student Research Session of the year 2013 is of great importance to the Faculty as well as the Department of Animal Science because the research output of graduating students of two degree programs offered by the Faculty is staged in this year at the 23rd Annual Student Research Session of the Department of Animal Science. I sincerely hope the experience that the students gain and the partnership strengthen in participating the student research session will shed light to brighten their path in entering to the challenging future. I, as the Dean of the Faculty wish to place my sincere gratitude to the Department of Animal Science and the staff for their commitment for staging Annual Student Research Session in the year 2013 for the 23rd consecutive time. I also take this opportunity to congratulate the graduating batches of Agriculture Technology & Management and Animal Science & Fisheries degree programs I sincerely wish the proceeding of Annual Student Research Session 2013 a great success. Professor K. Samarasinghe Dean/Faculty of Agriculture


vi

MESSAGE FROM THE HEAD

DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL SCIENCE It is with great pleasure and pride that I write this message on the occasion of the 23rd Annual Student Research Session of Department of Animal Science, University of Peradeniya. As the oldest and largest department of the kind in the island, Department of Animal Science has been contributing to the development of the livestock, poultry and fisheries sectors of the country during the last 45 years though producing high quality graduates, carrying out research, developing innovative products and technologies, training various stakeholder groups, contributing to national policy planning and in numerous other ways. Recognizing the importance of a scientific forum for the graduands to publicize the findings of their final year research projects among state and private sector stakeholders and to interact with future employers, The Department of Animal Science made a pioneering effort in launching the inaugural Annual Student Research Session in 1993. Since then the event gained momentum year by year becoming one of the most memorable annual events for the graduands, alumni, collaborating stakeholders of the industry and various external contributors to the academic program. Duly realizing the dire need of highly specialized Animal Science graduates capable of handling challenges of the industry and providing innovative solutions to the problems of the livestock and fisheries sectors, the Department pioneered in proposing a new degree called B.Sc in Animal Science and Fisheries in 2009. The 23rd Annual Student Research Session registers a historical landmark as the first research session to have graduands of both B.Sc. in Agricultural Technology and Management and B.Sc. in Animal Science and Fisheries degree programs. An event of this magnitude could not be staged without the genuine commitment and untiring efforts of the Coordinator of the Research Sessions and the staff of the Department of Animal Science. I would like to congratulate the Coordinator and the organizing team for staging the event magnificently. While thanking the Chief Guest, other invited participants, staff of the faculty, students, sponsors, all other contributors and well wishers, I wish the Animal Science graduands every success in undertaking future challenges. Professor H.W. Cyri l Head/Department of Animal Science


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MESSAGE FROM THE TWENTY THIRD ANNUAL STUDENT

RESEARCH SESSION COORDINATOR I am pleased to write this message as the coordinator of the Annual Student Research Session of the Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, consequently for the second time. The 23rdAnnual Student Research Session presents the research findings of undergraduates who have specialized in Animal Science of B.Sc. in Agricultural Management & Technology, and the undergraduates of the first batch of B.Sc. in Animal Science & Fisheries Degree program offered by the Department. This year, sixty students from both degree programs have successfully completed their final year research projects in wide array of disciplines in Animal Science and Fisheries. For this occasion ten oral presentations and twenty two poster presentations have been selected. The extended abstracts of all the sixty research projects are compiled in this proceeding. I take this opportunity to thank all the public and private sector institutions which provided facilities for our students to develop and conduct their research projects. I thank all the internal and external supervisors of the undergraduates for their professional guidance given in completion of research projects. On behalf of the Department of Animal Science I grateful acknowledge the generous contributions made by our sponsors and well-wishers. Their sponsorship made 23rd Annual Student Research Session a reality. Finally, I sincerely thank academic, technical and supportive staff members of the Department of Animal Science for their invaluable contributions made in making this event a success. Congratulations to our graduating students, and I wish them every success in their future endeavors! Dr. S.M.C. Himali Coordinator/Twenty-third Annual Students Research Session


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Annual Student Research Session

Department of Animal Science List of Coordinators 1993–2012

Dr. Udeni Edirisinghe 1993

Dr. K. Samarasinghe 1994

Dr. K. Samarasinghe 1995

Dr. A.N.F. Perera 1996

Dr. Sujatha Premeratne 1997

Dr. C.M.B. Demtawewa 1998

Dr. Missaka P.B. Wijayagunawardena 1999

Dr. Vajira P. Jayawardena 2000



Prof. E.R.K. Perera 2003

Dr. R.M.C. Deshapriya 2004 March

Dr. R.M.C. Deshapriya 2004 September

Mr. M.B.B. Mahipala 2005 March

Mr. M.P.B. Mahipala 2005 September

Mr. S.P. Kodithuwakku 2006

Mr. A.R.S.B. Athauda 2007

Dr. T.S. Samarakone 2008


Dr. Janak K. Vidanarachchi 2010

Dr. Barana C. Jayawadane 2011

Dr. S.M.C. Himali 2012


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

01 HYPOCHOLESTEROLAEMIC AND HYPOGLYCEMIC EFFECT

OF COWPEA (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) INCORPORATED EXPERIMENTAL DIETS IN WISTAR RATS (Rattus norvegicus)

P. Weththasinghe, B.C. Jayawardana, R. Liyanage, P.S. Fernando and J.K. Vidanarachchi

01

02 NEWLY FORMULATED EXTENDERS FOR BOAR SEMEN PRESERVATION

M.G.C.C. Vidyarathna, A.H.M.H. Dayarathna, R.D.G.J. Rajakaruna, S.P. Kodithuwakku, T.S. Samarakone and M.P.B. Wijayagunawardane

03

03 DEVELOPMENT OF A RICE INCORPORATED SYNBIOTIC YOGHURT

A.M.S.B.K. Amarakoon, I.N.T. Jayawardene, N.D. Seanaviratne, C.S. Ranadheera, K.F.S.T. Silva and J.K. Vidanarachchi

05

04 EFFECT OF CASHEW (Anacardium occidentale L.) GUM AND CHITOSAN COATING ON PHYSICO-FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES AND SHELF LIFE OF CHICKEN EGGS STORED AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

T.R.L. Senadheera, S.M.C. Himali and J.K. Vidanarachchi

07

05 EFFECT OF HIGH WATER TEMPARATURE & DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF 17α METHYL TESTOSTERONE (ANDROGEN HORMONE) ON SEX INVERSION OF NILE TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus) UNDER IMMERSION TECHNIQUE

S.C.A. Kulathilaka and A.R.S.B. Athauda

09

06 EFFECT OF INCORPORATION OF SOY MILK, COCONUT MILK AND ADDITION OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE SEPARATELY ON TEXTURE OF PANEER PREPARED FROM COW MILK WITH DIFFERENT MILK FAT

A. Sivakumaran and K.F.S.T. Silva

11


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07 APPLICATION OF QUALITY INDEX METHOD (QIM), TRIMETHYLAMINE (TMA), HISTAMINE AND TOTAL VOLATILE BASIC-NITROGEN (TVB-N) TO EVALUATE THE QUALITY OF SKIPJACK TUNA (Katsuwonus pelamis) STORED IN ICE

W.A.M. Pathmandra, K.K. Jinadasa, B.C. Jayawardena, S.M.C. Himali and J.K. Vidanarachchi

13

08 EFFECT OF MANCOZEB ON EMBRYO IMPLANTATION IN MICE

M.A.M. Ihshan, M.P.B. Wijayagunawardena, R.M.C.J. Rathnayake and S.P. Kodithuwakku

15

09 YIELD, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ADVERSE FACTORS OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF SORGHUM (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench) AND HYBRID NAPIER VAR. CO-3 (Pennisetum americanum × Pennisetum purpureum ) IN MID COUNTRY OF SRI LANKA

S.A.T. Erandathi, S. Premaratne and G.G.C. Premalal

17

10 PREBIOTIC EFFECT OF JACK SEED (Artocarpus heterophyllus) POLYSACCHARIDES IN PROBIOTIC YOGHURT

M.T.M. Kumarasinghe, U.de.Silva, J.K. Vidanarachchi, R.M.C Deshapriya and S.M.C. Himali

19

11 CHARACTERIZING OF TEXTURAL, SENSORIAL, RHEOLOGICAL AND MICROSTRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF THE SET-TYPE SKIMMED MILK YOGURTS PRODUCED WITH DIFFERENT TEXTURIZING STARTER CULTURES AT LOW LEVEL OF PROTEIN

T.V.H. Priyashantha, J.M. Dónega, A.Q. Pérez , R.M. Baixauli, M.P.F. Albalat and J.K. Vidanarachchi

21

12 EVALUATE THE EFFICACY OF MASTITIS TREATMENT IN CENTRAL PROVINCE OF SRI LANKA

K.G.D. Gunathilaka, M.A. Salgadu, T.P.M.S.D. Bandara, M.B.P. Mahipala, H.R.N. Jinadasa and M.P.B. Wijayagunawardena

23

13 DEVELOPMENT OF READY TO EAT CHICKEN JERKY A.S.P. Amarathunga, H.W. Cyril, N. Lalantha and S. Jayarathna

25


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14 DEVELOPMENT OF CANNED FISH BALLS USING Etroplus surantensis (PEARL SPOT), AN INDEGINEOUS INLAND FISH OF SRI LANKA

H.H.K.N. Dharmasiri, U. Edirisinghe, S.M.C. Himali and K.M. Pubudu Parakrama

27

15 EFFECT OF MANCOZEB FUNGICIDE ON BOVINE SPERMATOZOA

K.A.C. Krishanthe, W.W. Abegunawardana, M.P.B. Wijayagunawardane, and S.P. Kodithuwakku

29

16 EVALUATION OF GENETIC VARIANTS OF MILK PROTEINS AND BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MILK IN DIFFERENT BREEDS OF CATTLE AND BUFFALO IN SRI LANKA

R.M.C. Rathnayake, M. Johansson, G.L.L.P. Silva, L.D.B. Suriyagoda, K.F.S.T. Silva and J.K. Vidanarachchi

31

17 STUDY ON CARE OF DOGS AND ATTITUDES OF DOG OWNERS IN KURUNEGALA DISTRICT, SRI LANKA

N.G.C.O. Navarathne and T.S. Samarakone

33

18 CHARACTERISTICS OF GOAT FARMING SYSTEM AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH THE PREVALENCE OF Haemonchus contortus INFECTION IN JAMNAPARI CROSSBREDS IN AMPARA DISTRICT, SRI LANKA

T.M.A.P. Thennakoon, K.M.G.M.K.K. Kulatunga, M.S. Kurukulasuriya and G.L.L.P. Silva

35

19 EFFECT OF YEAST (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) SUPPLEMENTED TO NUTRITIONALLY IMPROVED RICE STRAW AS A NIGHT FEED FOR THE DAIRY CATTLE ON MILK YIELD AND COMPOSITION

P. Piramila, M.W. Chamari.D. Palliyeguru, M.B.P. Kumara Mahipala and N.D. Senevirathne

37

20 DEVELOPMENT OF READY TO EAT SAUSAGE TYPE EGG PRODUCT–(EGG FINGERS)

K. N. Dilrukshi and H.W. Cyril

39

21 INVESTIGATING IN VIVO HYPOLIPIDEMIC, HYPOGLYCEMIC AND ANTIOXIDATIVE CAPACITY OF BANANA (Musa acuminate) BLOSSOM INCORPORATED EXPERIMENTAL DIETS IN WISTAR RATS (Rattus norvegicus) FED WITH CHOLESTEROL

Saranya Gunasegaram, R. Liyanage, B.C. Jayawardana, P.S. Fernando and J.K. Vidanarachchi

41


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22 COMPARISON OF GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF TWO

COMMERCIAL BROILER STRAINS UNDER DIFFERENT HOUSING SYSTEMS IN ALLEVIATING HEAT STRESS

W.N.U. Perera and C.M.B. Dematawewa

43

23 DEVELOPMENT OF READY TO EAT SPICY CHICKEN PRODUCT AND EVALUATION OF KEEPING QUALITY DURING THE STORAGE AT -18°C

L.A.M.C. Priyadarshanee, H.W. Cyril and P.D.C. Disanayaka

45

24 PRESENT STATUS AND BREED DESCRIPTION OF DELFT GOAT AND PONY IN JAFFNA PENINSULA

S. Jasinthan and G.L.L.P. Silva

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25 DEVELOPMENT OF A PROBIOTIC VEGAN YOGURT B.G.S. Jayarathna, B.C. Jayawardana, J.K. Vidanarachchi and R. Liyanage

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26 USE OF BAEL (Aegle marmelos) FRUIT PULP AS THE BINDER IN CHICKEN SAUSAGES

P.A.C.S. Pannala, H.W. Cyril and N. Edirisinghe

51

27 POTENTIAL USE OF DIFFERENT FARM ANIMAL MANURE TO PRODUCE VERMICOMPOST IN COCONUT TRIANGLE

E.P.D.M. Munasinghe, S. Premaratne and S. Senarathna

53

28 DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECT OF GREEN TEA EXTRACT AND INULIN FROM Asparagus falcatus & Taraxacum javanicum ON THE GROWTH AMPLIFICATION OF Lactobacillus acidophilus & Bifidobacterium bifidum IN MILK UNDER INCUBATION

P.A.Y. Pradeepika, K.F.S.T. Silva, K.M.S. Wimalasiri and D. Mudannayaka

55

29 ESTABLISHING A MODEL FOR HEAT STRESS STUDIES USING WISTAR RATS (Rattus norvegicus) AND MICE (Mus musculus)

M.K.C.S. Sampath, A. Premachandra, M.P.B.Wijayagunawadhane and S.P. Kodithuwakku

57

30 GOAT FARMING SYSTEMS AND OCCURRENCE OF HAEMONCHUS CONTORTUS IN INDIGENOUS GOATS IN KALMUNAI

S. Krishnasanth, K, M.G.M.K.K. Kulatunga, M.S. Kurukulasuriya and G.L.L.P. Silva

56 59 56


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31 THE ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECT OF Garcinia cambogia AND Tamarindus indica ON MINCED Nematalosa galatheae (Katugoiyya) FISH UNDER REFRIGERATED STORAGE

T.U. Jayarathne, S.M.C. Himali and J.K. Vidanarachchi

61

32 THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF COPPER SULPHATE ON CONTROLLING THE NUISANCE ALGAE GROWTH USING TWO AQUATIC PLANT SPECIES

K.R.R. Welikanne, A.R.S.B. Athauda and V. Pahalawattaarachchi

63

33 34 35 36 37 38

DEVELOPMENT OF A SOYMILK AND ARTIFICIAL SWEETNER INCORPORATED ICE CREAM WITH IMPROVED SENSORY QUALITIES

R.W.S.R. Rajasekara and K.F.S.T. Silva

EFFCTIVENESS OF INDIGINOUS HERBAL RECIPIES ON TREATMENT OF MANGE IN PIGS

A.K.P.I. Mayuranga, W.N.D.S. Weerasakara, Suranga P. Kodithuwakku and Missaka P.B. Wijayagunawardene

EFFECT OF FEEDING GIFT TILAPIA (GENETICALLY IMPROVED FARMED TILAPIA) FRY AND FINGERLINGS WITH FEEDS PREPARED USING CHEAP AND LOCALLY AVAILABLE INDUSTRIAL BY-PRODUCTS

B.A.D.L.M. Dharmawansha and U. Edirisinghe

THE EFFECT OF STOCKING DENSITY ON THE QUALITY OF BLACK TIGER SHRIMP (Penaeus monodon) POST LARVAE

C.M.R.S. Dias, A.R.S.B. Athauda and S. Thayaparan

EVALUATION OF MORPHOMETRIC TRAITS AND BIRTH WEIGHT OF KHILLARI CATTLE

H.M.R. Dissanayake and C.M.B. Dematawewa COMPARISON OF THE FUNCTIONAL EFFICIENCY OF A NEWLY DEVELOPED COMMERCIAL PROTOTYPE OF A SOLAR POWERED PORTABLE MILKING MACHINE WITH A CONVENTIONAL MOBILE MILKING MACHINE AND MANUAL MILKING

K.H. Hettihewa, K.F.S.T. Silva and K.S.P. Amarathunga

65

67 69 71 73 75


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39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46

QUALITY OF MECHANICALLY SEPARATED MEAT: CAN THIS AFFECT ON THE WATER HOLDING CAPACITY OF CHICKEN BOCKWURST TYPE SAUSAGES?

H.P.C.J. Pathirana, S.M.C. Himali, C. Thundeniya, N. Edirisinghe and J.K.Vidanarachchi

COMPARISON OF SIX COMMERCIAL BROILER PARENT LINES WITH RESPECT TO PRODUCTION PERFORMANCES IN MID COUNTRY INTERMEDIATE ZONE IN SRI LANKA

C.I. Jenees, C.M.B. Dematawewa and N.M.S.N. Bandara SOME ASPECTS OF BIOLOGY, FEEDS AND FEEDING OF THE CICHLID; Etroplus suratensis (PEARL SPOT)

K.N.B.J. Senevirathne, U. Edirisinghe and P.A.C.T. Perera AWARENESS ON ENVIRONMENTAL TOXINS AMONG SENIOR UNDERGRADUATES OF UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA

K.K.P. Randika, M.P.B. Kumara Mahipala, S.P. Kodithuwakku and M.P.B. Wijayagunawardane

DEVELOPMENT OF A HAZARD ANALYSIS AND CRITICAL CONTROL POINT (HACCP) PLAN FOR THE PRODUCTION LINE OF UHT MILK AT DIGANA MILK PLANT

K.L.M. Ahamed, K.F.S.T. Silva and G.Y.G. Saman IDENTIFICATION OF CRITICAL CONTROL POINTS AND DEVELOPMENT OF A SUITABLE METHOD TO ELIMINATE SALMONELLA IN PROCESSED BLUE CRABS DURING PROCESS FLOW

K.T.S.L.P. Senawirathna, T. S. Smarakone, J. K. Vidanarachchi and D.R.P.S. Deshapriya

EGG QUALITY AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES: COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIFFERENT POULTRY SPECIES AND VILLAGE CHICKEN EGGS STORED AT REFRIGERSTED CONDITIONS

W.M.R.M. Wijedasa, S.M.C. Himali and J.K. Vidanaracchi CURRENT WELFARE STATUS OF BROILER CHICKEN IN ANURADHAPURA DISTRICT

W.J.M.N.P. Jayasingha and T. S. Samarakone

77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91


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47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PACKAGING MATERIALS ON QUALITY AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF PASTEURIZED FROZEN LIQUID WHOLE EGG DURING STORAGE

W.D.D.K. Karunarathna, S.M.C. Himali and J.K.Vidanarachchi ANTIFERTILITY EFFECT OF LEAVES EXTRACT OF Michelia champaca L. ON FEMALE ICR MICE

V.P. Senaratne, M.P.B. Wijayagunawardane, V.N. Seneviratne and S.P. Kodithuwakku

STUDY ON ANIMAL PROTEIN CONSUMPTION PATTERN AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS IN UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA

T.G.S. Chathuranga, B.C. Jayawardena and M.B.P. Kumara Mahipala

DEVELOPMENT OF A TRADITIONAL RICE FLOUR (Suwendal) INCORPORATED COATING FOR CHICKEN FINGERS

S.Thatchaneshkanth, B.C. Jayawardana, Nirosh Lalantha, S. Jayarathne, S.M.C. Himali and J.K. Vidanarachchi

EVALUATION OF THE PRESENT STATUS OF ECOTOURISM IN SRI LANKA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PINNAWALA ELEPHANT ORPHANAGE (PEO)

W.L.A.N.D Madhushanka, A.N.F Perera and R.C Rajapaksa

IDENTIFICATION OF QTLS FOR MILK PRODUCTION TRAITS OF DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS IN SRI LANKA

S.M. Hewawasam, P. Rajapaksha, P. Janaththani, S.W.M.B Dunuwille, S.D.S.S Sooriyapathirana, M.P.B. Wijayagunawadhane and S.P. Kodithuwakku

EFFECTIVENESS OF INDIGENOUS HERBAL RECIPES TO TREAT MANGE IN DOGS

L.M. Liyanage, Danuska Weerasekare, Suranga P. Kodithuwakku and Missaka P.B Wijayagunawardena

MODELING OF LACTATION CURVES FOR DAIRY CATTLE IN SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE FARMS IN HATTON VETERINARY RANGE

M. Amirthavarsiny, C. M. B. Dematawewa and S. Sukumar

93 95 97 99

101

103

105

107


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55 56 57 58 59 60

EFFETS OF FEEDING OF TOTAL MIXED RATION (TMR) ON THE PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE OF DAIRY COWS

M.S.M Sirimanna, M.B.P. Mahipala and W.M.P.B Weerasinghe

FIELD LEVEL TESTING OF LOW COST FEEDS FOR GIFT (GENETICALLY IMPROVED FARMED TILAPIA) (Oreochromis niloticus) TILAPIA

M.M.M. Siyan, U. Edirisinghe and A. Kalubovila

EFFECT OF TRANSPORT DISTANCE AND STARVATION PERIOD ON PORK QUALITY AND PIG WELFARE UNDER SRI LANKAN CONDITIONS

P.M.D.J. Fernando, B.C. Jayawardana, N. Lalantha, A. Fernando and T.S. Samarakone

DETERMINATION OF THE OPTIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION OF DELVOCID® AND POTASSIUM SORBATE TO CONTROL FUNGAL GROWTH ON FRESH CHEDDAR CHEESE DURING THE 12-DAY CURING PERIOD

R.B.A.T.Varuni, K.F.S.T. Silva and G.Y.G. Saman

HYDRAULIC AND CLIMATIC EFFECTS ON YIELD OF FISH IN VICTORIA AND SORABORA TANKS

Y. Nishanthan, C.M.B. Dematawewa and E.S. Wickremasinghe

UTILIZATION OF FAT TRAPPED FROM WASTE WATER OF DAIRY PROCESSING PLANT

I.M.K. Ruwanpathirana, H.W. Cyril, L.K.A. Gunawardhana Batch of Students Majoring in Animal Science, B.Sc. Agriculture Technology and Management Degree Programme (2008/2009) Batch of Students of B.Sc. in Animal Science and Fisheries Degree Programme (2008/2009)

109

111

113

115

117

119

121

122

Final year research projects conducted during year 2003-2012

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1

HYPOCHOLESTEROLAEMIC AND HYPOGLYCEMIC EFFECT OF COWPEA (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) INCORPORATED

EXPERIMENTAL DIETS IN WISTAR RATS (Rattus norvegicus)

P. Weththasinghe1, B.C. Jayawardana1, R. Liyanage2, P.S. Fernando3 and J.K. Vidanarachchi1

1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya. 2Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hanthana

Road, Kandy, 3Vterinary Research Institute, Peradeniya.

INTRODUCTION

At present growing prevalence of non-communicable diseases among many communities in worldwide is a health problem. It is well known that diet plays a major role in reducing the heart diseases and diabetes. Cowpea is one of the major grain legumes which are potential agents of reducing serum lipids and glucose. Cooking and processing may alter functional and nutritional properties of legumes as shown previously for other foods (Jasser, 2010). Thus, in the present study hypocholesterolaemic and hypoglycemic effect of boiled MI 35, boiled Bombay cultivar and sprouted Bombay cultivar were investigated in comparison with raw cowpeas of the same cultivars and Waruni and Dawala cultivars.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Seven weeks old Wistar rats were randomly divided into 8 groups (n=5) and housed individually. After providing two weeks of acclimatization period, initial body weight of rats were taken and experiment diets were provided ad libitum. Rats were fed with High Fat Diet (HFD)+20% Bombay cowpea powder (BOF), HFD+20% MI 35 cowpea powder (MIF), HFD+20% Waruni cowpea powder (WAF), HFD diet+20% Dawala cowpea powder (DAF), HFD+boiled Bombay cowpea powder (BBF), HFD+boiled MI35 cowpea powder (BMF) and HFD+sprouted Bombay cowpea powder (SBF) in comparison with HFD+casein powder (HFD). Body weight, feed intake and fecal weight of all rats were recorded weekly. At the end of the feeding period, blood was collected and rats were sacrificed. The ceacal weight, liver weight and kidney fat were measured. Lactic acid bacteria and total anaerobes of ceacal content were enumerated. Serum total cholesterol (TC), LDL, triacylglyceroles (TG) and glucose (GLU) concentrations and serum antioxidant activity were analyzed. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance


2

using the General Linear Model procedure of SAS. Significant differences among means were separated by the Duncan’s Multiple Rang Test.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Values are means ± standard deviations, Means bearing different superscripts are significantly different (p<0.05), BOF=HFD + 20% Bombay cowpea powder, MIF=HFD + 20% MI 35 cowpea powder, WAF=HFD + 20% Waruni cowpea powder, DAF=HFD diet + 20% Dawala cowpea powder, BBF=HFD with + boiled Bombay cowpea powder, BMF=HFD with + boiled MI35 cowpea powder and SBF=HFD with + sprouted Bombay cowpea powder , HFD=HFD + casein powder Figure 1. Serum lipids and glucose concentration in rats at the end of 6 weeks feeding period Serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triacylglyceroles and glucose concentrations in WAF fed group were significantly lower (P <0.05) than that of the HFD fed group and this was accompanied by significantly higher serum antioxidant activity in WAF group. The LDL levels in rats fed with BOF, MIF, BBF and BMF diets were significantly lower (P <0.05) than that of the HFD fed group (Figure 1).

CONCLUSIONS

Raw and boiled cowpea produced significant hypocholesterolaemic effect while raw Waruni cowpea produced significant hypolipidaemic and hypoglycaemic effects in Wistar rats. Germinated cowpea didn’t show significant hypocholesterolaemic or hypoglycaemic effects in Wistar rats.

REFERENCE Jasser, S.H.E. (2010). Chemical and biological properties of local cowpea seed protein grown in Gizan region. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, 1(2): 88-94.


3

NEWLY FORMULATED EXTENDERS FOR BOAR SEMEN PRESERVATION

M.G.C.C. Vidyarathna1, A.H.M.H. Dayarathna2, R.D.G.J. Rajakaruna3, S.P. Kodithuwakku1, T.S. Samarakone1 and

M.P.B. Wijayagunawardane1 1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of

Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 2Sri Lanka Navy, Welisara, Ragama, 3Maxies and Company Pvt. Ltd, Wennappuwa.

INTRODUCTION

Artificial insemination (AI) is the first generation reproductive biotechnology that has made a profound contribution to the genetic improvement (Gadea, 2003). In Sri Lanka AI in swine using chilled semen is getting popular among medium and large-scale swine industries. However, there are no extenders for boar semen preservation available in the local market. Therefore, in this research 2 newly formulated extenders were evaluated.


Semen samples were collected by glove-hand method according to Shipley, (1999). After assessing semen volume color, initial motility and concentration each sample was separated into 3 fractions. Then they were extended with 2 newly formulated extenders, B and S and with a commercial extender, Acromax® (A). The extended semen samples were evaluated just after extension, and 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 96, 120, 144 and 168 hours after chilling (17°C) for semen quality parameters such as mass motility, acrosome Integrity and live-dead ratio. The experiment was repeated 6 times.


Average volume, color, motility and sperm concentration of the freshly collected semen were 210 mL, creamy, 90% and 60x106 sperms/mL, respectively. Table 1 shows the variation of motility, acrosome intact live cell (AIL) percentage and live dead ratio (LDR) with time, respectively. These parameters were reduced with the time and had the same pattern of reduction in all extenders. However, all extenders maintained the required motility levels of 60% to do AI (Gadea, 2003) until day 4.


4

Table 1. Variation of motility, percentage of acrosome intact live cell (AIL), and live dead ratio (LDR) over the experimental period

Time Time

Acromax® B S

Motility %

AIL %

LDR Motility %

AIL %

LDR Motility %

AIL %

LDR

0 88.33 78.17 3.76 88.33 77.83 3.62 88.33 75.67 3.23 6 84.17 77.83 3.55 84.17 76.17 3.23 81.67 74.83 3.05

12 79.17 74.83 3.02 80.83 75.17 3.05 77.50 73.00 2.74 24 73.33 71.50 2.58 75.00 71.33 2.55 70.00 70.00 2.37 36 70.00 69.67 2.27 71.67 69.50 2.34 65.00 67.67 2.15 48 66.67 69.50 2.39 69.17 69.17 2.27 65.83 66.00 2.00 60 63.33 66.17 1.97 65.83 65.50 1.94 63.33 64.33 1.82 72 61.67 63.83 1.78 64.17 64.50 1.83 60.67 63.17 1.73 96 60.17 62.83 1.72 61.50 62.17 1.67 60.00 62.00 1.66

120 54.17 60.50 1.56 55.00 61.33 1.62 50.83 59.33 1.47 144 48.33 58.67 1.44 48.33 59.83 1.51 43.33 57.50 1.42 168 40.83 55.00 1.27 40.83 56.33 1.31 36.67 53.00 1.17

*Recommended lower limit of motility for AI (Gadea, 2003)

CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study clearly indicate that newly formulated extenders are preserving the semen quality parameters comparably with the commercial extender, Acromax®. Therefore, these newly formulated extenders can be efficiently utilized in the boar semen preservation for AI. Further studies to evaluate success rate following insemination are recommended before being release into commercial market.

REFERENCES

Gadea, J. (2003). Semen extenders used in artificial insemination of swine. Journal of Agriculture Research, 1:17-27.

Shipley, C.F. (1999). Breeding soundness examination in the boar. Swine Health Production, 7:117-120.

*


5

DEVELOPMENT OF A RICE INCORPORATED SYNBIOTIC YOGHURT

A.M.S.B.K. Amarakoon1, I.N.T. Jayawardene2, N.D. Seanaviratne1,

C.S. Ranadheera3, K.F.S.T. Silva1 and J.K. Vidanarachchi1

1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, 2J.L. Morison Son & Johns (Ceylon) PLC, Colombo,

3Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura.

INTRODUCTION

Consumer demand for yoghurt with natural additives has been dramatically increased. Therefore new formulation changes have been introduced to enhance the healthy image of yoghurt such as fruit or nut added yoghurt. Fibers from natural additives exhibit benefits of enhanced texture and firmness in yoghurt while reducing whey separation and provide sensory properties that have positive consumer acceptance. Most importantly it enhances the viability of probiotic bacteria present in synbiotic yoghurt and thus provide beneficial health effects for the consumer (Espirito-Santo et al., 2013). The purpose of this study was to develop a rice incorporated probiotic yoghurt in which cooked rice fiber may provide the prebiotic effect to stimulate the viability of added probiotic bacteria and also to make it a complete breakfast meal or a snack food.


Two traditional rice varieties (‘Suwandel’ and ‘Pachchaperumal’) and two nontraditional varieties (‘Basmathi’and‘BG1165’) were selected for development of the yoghurt. Four batches of yoghurt which were incorporated with four rice varieties were manufactured and two best rice varieties were chosen from a sensory evaluation for further development of the product. Another four batches of yoghurt containing the two selected rice varieties and two different probiotic cultures as BB12 (Bifidobacterium lactis) and ABY3 (A mixture of B. lactis and Lactobaccilis acidophilus) with each rice variety were manufactured. The most preferred rice-probiotic combination in yoghurt was selected from the second sensory evaluation. The selected final product was stored under refrigerated conditions (4°C) and physicochemical


6

parameters such as pH, titratable acidity (%), viscosity and synerasis were measured for 14 days in 3 days intervals. Viability of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria were also analyzed during the storage period. The experimental design used was Completely Randomized Design and the data were analyzed using one way ANOVA from SAS programme.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Yoghurt with BG1165 rice variety and inoculated with probiotic bifidobacteria (BB12) was selected as the most preferred final product. pH of the rice yoghurt samples were decreased gradually throughout the storage period. However the values were not significantly different (P>0.05) compared to that of a control yoghurt. Although titratable acidity of rice incorporated yoghurt was not significantly different from the control yoghurt at the beginning of the storage period, the values were significantly higher than that of the control yoghurt towards the latter part of the storage period (Day 10 & 14). Synerasis of the rice incorporated yoghurt was lower compared to the control (P<0.05), while viscosity of rice yoghurt was gradually increased over the time. Further, significantly higher viscosity values were observed in rice yoghurt than the control. By comparison, counts of bifidobacteria in rice yoghurt were significantly higher than that of the control yoghurts at day 7.

CONCLUSION

Rice incorporated synbiotic yoghurt can be introduced as a value added snack type dairy product with favorable sensory, physicochemical and microbiological properties.

REFERENCE

Espirito-Santo, A.P., Lagazzo, A., Sousa, A.L.O.P., Perego, P., Converti, A., and Oliveira, M.N. (2013). Rheology, spontaneous whey separation, microstructure and sensorial characteristics of probiotic yoghurts enriched with passion fruit fiber. Food Research International, 50(1): 224–231.


7

EFFECT OF CASHEW (Anacardium occidentale L.) GUM AND CHITOSAN COATING ON PHYSICO-FUNCTIONAL

PROPERTIES AND SHELF LIFE OF CHICKEN EGGS STORED AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

T.R.L. Senadheera, S.M.C. Himali and J.K. Vidanarachchi

Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya.

INTRODUCTION

Eggs are highly perishable and susceptible to internal quality deterioration after they have been laid, mainly due to the diffusion of carbon dioxide and moisture via the egg shell pores (Biladeau and Keener, 2009). Surface coating is an inexpensive and effective method to preserve the internal quality of eggs and prolong the shelf life. Chitosan and mineral oil have been widely used as coating materials for eggs. As a low cost locally available material the potential of Anacardium occidentale L. gum as an egg coating material is yet to be discovered. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of cashew gum, mineral oil and chitosan coatings on physico-functional properties and shelf life of chicken eggs during storage at room temperature (29°C).


Nine hundred sixty eggs (52 weeks old Shaver Brown) were obtained from a commercial layer farm located at Kurunegala. Eggs were individually weighed and randomly assigned to four different coating treatments (240 eggs/treatment) which included chitosan, cashew gum, mineral oil (positive control) and uncoated (negative control) and stored at room temperature (29oC). At weekly intervals internal quality parameters such as weight loss, Haugh unit, yolk index, yolk colour, air cell depth, albumen pH and yolk pH were determined. The evaluation of functional properties (gelling and foaming), rheological measurements, and colour change of whole egg were also conducted. Microbiological analysis was done to determine the total viable plate count (TVPC) value in the internal contents of the eggs. The experimental design was Completely Randomized Design and means were compared by Least Square Means Test at α = 0.05.


8

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Haugh Unit

Storage Time (Week)

Mineral oil Chitosan Cashew gum Control

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Yolk In

dex

Storage Time( Week)

Mineral oil Chitosan Cashew gum Control

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

There was an observable trend that the coated eggs were more effective in preserving internal quality of chicken eggs. Next to mineral oil respectively cashew gum and chitosan obtained the highest Haugh unit (Figure 1), yolk index (Figure 2) and yolk colour values. There was observable significant effect (P<0.05) between the treatments and storage time. The highest weight loss (%) and depth of air cell were observed in uncoated eggs, while cashew gum showed the minimum values next to the mineral oil coating. Regardless of coating material, there was no observable significant (P<0.05) differences among functional properties of eggs stored at room temperature. With regard to yolk pH and albumen pH, interactions between the treatments and the storage time were significant at P<0.05. According to the specifications of ICMF (1986), coated eggs were microbiologically safe throughout the storage period of six weeks at room temperature (29°C).

CONCLUSION

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) gum as an egg coating material is found to be more effective in preserving the internal quality and extending the shelf life of egg compared to chitosan coated and the non-coated eggs stored at 29°C for six weeks.

REFERENCE

Biladeasu, A.M. and Keener, K.M. (2009). The effects of edible coatings on chicken egg quality under refrigerated storage. Poultry Science, 88:1266-1274.

Figure 1. Haugh unit value of eggs during storage at 29°C

Figure 2. Yolk Index of eggs during storage at 29°C


9

EFFECT OF HIGH WATER TEMPARATURE & DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF 17α METHYL TESTOSTERONE (ANDROGEN HORMONE) ON SEX INVERSION OF NILE

TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus) UNDER IMMERSION TECHNIQUE

S.C.A. Kulathilaka and A.R.S.B. Athauda


INTRODUCTION

In Sri Lanka, tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) has higher consumer’s attraction than other freshwater fish in both rural and urban areas. In commercial fish culture of tilapia needs promising culture techniques to cater the increasing demand of the harvested tilapia production from freshwater resources. However, the major impediment to Nile tilapia culture is their early sexual maturation as they reach at 20-30g body weight. This resulted in successive spawning during the growing period which produced unwanted offspring that usually leads to crowded condition in the culture ponds and consequently reduces growth (Varadaraj & Pandian, 1990). One of the basic phenomenon of tilapia aquaculture is that males grow bigger and faster than females. In order to avoid unwanted reproduction in culture facility, all-male tilapia is preferred by culturists. Several techniques have been used to increase the percentage of males in culture tilapia population. Among them hormonal sex reversal using methyltestosterone (MT) is one of the most commonly used methods. The delivering of hormone is done by either feeding or immersion technique (Bart et al., 2003).

MATERIALS AND METHOD Experiment was done at CIC Agribusiness Centre Pelwehera, Dambulla. Hormone immersion technique was used with 17α-methyltestosterone hormone. Fry at 11th and 13th days after post fertilization were immersed 3 hours time period for each day in concentrations of 1 mg/L, 1.25 mg/L and 1.5 mg/L hormone solutions as treatments at 36±0.5ºC temperatures while control without hormone. Each treatment had three replicates. Fry density was maintained at 50 fry/L during hormonal immersion. Then treated fry were placed in 12 hapas as 50 fry/ hapa and feeding (23% CP) was done according to body weight. After 9 weeks of culture period sex


10

identification was done under the microscope using aceto carmine squash mount method.


0%20%40%60%80%

100%120%

00 mg/L (cont) 1 mg/L (T1) 1.25 mg/L (T2) 1.50 mg/L (T3)

Male pe

rcen

tage

Hormone concentration(Treatments)

Figure 1. Male tilapia percentage with different concentrations of 17α-MT at 36ºC. Results showed that there is a significant (P<0.05) difference between control and treatments. According to result, 1.5 mg/L 17α-MT at 36 ± 0.5°C has resulted 98.03% (P<0.05) male population while 1.25 mg/L and 1 mg/L hormone concentrations have resulted 95.85% and 94.25% of male tilapia population, respectively. Among different concentrations of MT used, 1.5 mg/L concentration resulted the highest percentage (98.03%) of male tilapia population while control gave the lowest (57.94%).

CONCLUSION

All male Tilapia population (>95% male population) can be achieved by using 1.5 mg/L and 1.25 mg/L of 17α MT at 36 ±0.5ºC of water temperature with hormone immersion technique under Sri Lankan conditions.

REFERENCES

Bart, A.N., Athauda, A.R.S.B., Fitzpatrick, M.S. and Contreras–Sanchez, M. (2003). Ultrasound enhanced immersion protocols for masculinization of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Journal of World Aquaculture Society, 34(2):210-216. Pandian, T.J. and Varadaraj, K. (1990). Techniques to produce 100 percent male tilapia. Naga The ICLARM Quarterly, 13(3): 3-5.

a

b b b


11

EFFECT OF INCORPORATION OF SOY MILK, COCONUT MILK AND ADDITION OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE

SEPARATELY ON TEXTURE OF PANEER PREPARED FROM COW MILK WITH DIFFERENT MILK FAT

A. Sivakumaran and K.F.S.T. Silva


INTRODUCTION

“Paneer” the very young cheese is most familiar to Indian household. Unlike cheese cubes, paneer is softer and bland. Typically paneer is a marble white in appearance. Paneer is obtained by the heat and acid coagulation of milk at relatively higher temperature. The quality of paneer is affected by several factors. Main objective of this study was to analyse the improvement of the texture of paneer prepared from different milk fat percentage through incorporation of soy milk and coconut milk separately and also by addition of CaCl2.


EXPERIMENT 1: Determination of the effect of incorporation of soy milk in paneer preparation. Soy milk prepared according to Mathare et al. (2009). 0% 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of cow milk with 0.01%, 1.5%, 3.0% & 4.5% milk fat was replaced with soy milk. Paneer was Prepared from reconstituted milk according to Khan and Pal (2010). EXPERIMENT 2: Determination of the effect of incorporation of coconut milk in paneer preparation. 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% cow milk with 0.01%, 1.5%, 3.0% & 4.5% milk fat were replaced with coconut milk. Paneer was Prepared from reconstituted milk according to Khan and Pal (2010). EXPERIMENT 3: Determination of the effect of addition of cacl2 in paneer preparation. 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% food grade CaCl2 were added cow milk with 0.01%, 1.5%, 3.0% & 4.5% milk fat. Paneer was prepared according to Khan and Pal (2010). Prepared paneer was deep fried in vegetable oil and then used for organolaptic evaluation and texture analysis.


12


There was a significant difference in the effect of milk fat% on textural properties of paneer from three experiments. Further to that incorporated percentage of soy milk, coconut milk and CaCl2 had a significant effect on texture of paneer (P<0.05). Paneer made out of 40% of soy milk, 20% of coconut milk and 0.2% of addition of CaCl2 showed lower mean value of hardness compared to other teratments.

Sensory data revealed that higher consumer preference was for 40% soy milk incorporated cow milk with 0.01% and 1.5% milk fat. Similarly 30% soy milk incorporated cow milk with 3.0% milk fat and 20% soy milk incorporated cow milk with 4.5% milk fat received higher consumer preference. The consumers preferred panner prepared with 15% coconut milk and cow milk with 0.01% & 4.5% milk fat. Also, consumers preferred panner made out of 20% coconut milk with 1.5% and 3.0% milk fat.

Sensory data also showed that consumer preferred, paneer made out of 0.2% CaCl2 addition into cow milk with 0.01% and 4.5% milk fat. Paneer prepared from cow milk with 1.5% and 3.0% milk fat have same sensory attributes similar to that of 0.15% and 0.2% CaCl2 addded samples.

CONCLUSION

According to this study 20% soy milk, 15% coconut milk added with 0.2% of CaCl2 containing cow milk with 4.5% of milk fat can be used to significantly improve the texture of paneer.

REFERENCES Khan, S.U. and Pal, M.A. (2010). Quality of paneer made from high soild reconstituted milk as influenced by calcium phosphate. Journal of Food Technology, 8(4):169-174.

Mathare, S.S., Bakal, S.B., Dissanayake, T.M.R. and Jain, S.K. (2009). Effects of coagulation temperature on the texture and yield of soy paneer. Journal of National Scienec Foundation Sri Lanka, 37(4):263-267.


13

APPLICATION OF QUALITY INDEX METHOD (QIM), TRIMETHYLAMINE (TMA), HISTAMINE AND TOTAL

VOLATILE BASIC-NITROGEN (TVB-N) TO EVALUATE THE QUALITY OF SKIPJACK TUNA

(Katsuwonus pelamis) STORED IN ICE

W.A.M. Pathmandra1, K.K. Jinadasa2, B.C. Jayawardena1, S.M.C. Himali1 and J.K. Vidanarachchi1

1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya,2National Aquatic Resources Research and Development

Authority, Colombo 15.

INTRODUCTION Skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) is an important commercial fish which has a high demand for human consumption. Skipjack tuna plays an important role in Sri Lankan export market. However, the export value of the skipjack tuna is strictly determined by the quality. Therefore, it is important to investigate a suitable and reliable method for monitoring the freshness of skipjack tuna in order to provide better quality products for consumers. In the current study, sensorial, biochemical and microbiologically acceptable shelf life of skipjack tuna stored in ice was determined. Quality changes during storage were assessed by the Quality Index Method (QIM).


The histamine content was determined by seafood-fluorometric method. The TMA-N content was determined by picrate acid method. Determination of TVB-N was done by modified micro-Kjeldhal method. The microbial quality of fish was determined by enumerating viable aerobic Total Plate Count (TPC). The sensory evaluation of fish was based on Quality Index Scheme, which was developed for skipjack tuna by using the sensory quality parameters.


The chemical assessment of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) showed that there was a general increase in TMA and TVB-N values throughout the 20th day storage period (Figure 1a and 1b). Such changes in TMA and TVB-N values can be attributed mainly due to the action of bacteria and


14

somatic enzymes digesting the fish tissue after death (Hergbond and Villadeen, 1975). The TMA and TVB-N values showed a slightly decrease from 20th day (Figure 1a and 1b). Such changes in TMA and TVB-N values can be attributed mainly due to the leaching of TMA and TVB-N to the melting ice. Histamine increased rapidly and reached highest level and then began to decrease. The 12 days shelf life (or limits of acceptability) obtained when chemical and microbiological indices were used to represent the lower limit of acceptability. The calculated Quality Index (QI) evolved linearly with storage time in ice (QI = 0.59X (days in ice) + 4.70, R2 = 0.96). The Quality Index of skipjack tuna was 12, which was relevant with biochemically and microbiologically acceptable (Figure 1b).

Figure 1(a) Figure 1(b) Figure 1. (a) Trimethylamine production of skipjack tuna stored in ice. (b) Average QI of skipjack tuna analyzed by sensory panel Table 1. Biochemical and microbiological parameters with days to pass acceptability level

CONCLUSIONS

The acceptable shelf life of skipjack tuna under ice storage is 12 days. Considering sensorial, biochemical and microbiological parameters, quality index of skipjack tuna stored in ice is 12.

REFERENCE Herbond, L. and Villadeen, A. (1975). Bacteria infection and invasion of flesh fish. Journal of Food Technology, 10:507-513.

Parameter Acceptability level Day to pass the acceptability level

TMA 10-15 mg/100g 18 TVB-N 30-35 mg/100g 12 Histamine 5 mg/100g 9 TPC 108 CFU/g 9


15

EFFECT OF MANCOZEB ON EMBRYO IMPLANTATION IN MICE

M.A.M. Ihshan1, M.P.B. Wijayagunawardena1, R.M.C.J. Rathnayake2 and S.P. Kodithuwakku1

1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, 2Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of

Medicine, University of Peradeniya

INTRODUCTION

The fungicide Mancozeb is commonly used in controlling the fungal diseases of plants. It has already been classified as an endocrine disruptive compound. Many studies have shown that the exposure of Mancozeb causes several harmful effects on humans and animals (Bindali and Kaliwal, 2002). It can cause various negative effects on the reproductive system via interfering the normal endocrine control. The present investigation was undertaken to develop a model to evaluate the effect of Mancozeb on embryo implantation and to study the dose effect of locally available Mancozeb on embryo implantation in Sri Lankan conditions by using mice as an animal model.


12-15 weeks old 20 female ICR mice were divided into 4 groups with 5 replicates in each group. Female mice were mated with mature adult males. The mating was confirmed by the presence of the vaginal plug. The female mice were exposed orally to different doses of Mancozeb starting from the day of confirmation of mating termed as gestation day1, up to gestation day 8. Mice in group 1 served as the control and were administered DMSO with olive oil, while those in group 2 were dosed with pure Mancozeb at 1mg/kg BW/day with olive oil. Mice in group 3 and 4 were exposed to commercial Mancozeb at 20 mg/kg BW/day and 40 mg/kg BW/day with olive oil respectively. At the gestation day 9 mice were sacrificed and the numbers of embryonic implantation sites were counted for each female. The uterus, ovary and oviduct were dissected out and tissues were fixed in bouin’s solution. Haematoxylin & eosin stained micrographs of uterus, ovary and oviduct tissues were analysed for structural abnormalities. Data were analysed non-parametrically by Mann-Whitney U test with SAS version 9.1 for windows programme, between the control and each treated group.


16


0

5

10

15

20

control T1 T2 T3

Number of

implan

tatio

n sites

Treatments

**

Figure 1. Number of embryonic implantation sites in female mice with different treatments of mancozeb. Mean±SD (n=5), *P<0.05 compared with control.

Number of embryonic implantation sites were significantly lower (p<0.05) in mice administered with 40mg/kg BW/day (T3) compared to control. Structural abnormalities in tissues were observed in 40 mg/kg BW/day Mancozeb treated group compared to control. Inhibition of implantation and structural abnormalities may be due to endocrine disrupting effect of Mancozeb.

CONCLUSIONS

Mice can be successfully used as an animal model to evaluate the effect of Mancozeb on embryo implantation. The administration of Mancozeb with the dose of 40 mg/kg BW/day cause embryonic implantation loss and structural disorders in uterus, ovary and oviduct in ICR mice.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This study was partially funded by the International Foundation of Science, Sweden, research grant no. B/5367-1 to SPK.

REFERENCE

Bindali, B. B. and Kaliwal, B. B. (2002). Anti-implantation effect of a carbamate fungicide Mancozeb in Albino mice. Industrial Health, 40: 191-197.


17

YIELD, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ADVERSE FACTORS OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF SORGHUM (Sorghum bicolor (L)

Moench) AND HYBRID NAPIER VAR. CO-3 (Pennisetum americanum × Pennisetum purpureum ) IN MID COUNTRY OF

SRI LANKA

S.A.T. Erandathi1, S. Premaratne1 and G.G.C. Premalal2

1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of

Peradeniya, 2Veterinary Research Institute, Peradeniya.

INTRODUCTION

The major constrain of dairy development of Sri Lanka is less availability of good quality green forages. Hence, growing high quality fodder to suit the particular production system is an efficient and economical solution for this problem. This research reviews the yield and chemical composition of sorghum (Sugar Graze, BMR Rocket and Jumbo Plus) and Hybrid Napier var. CO-3 in mid country of Sri Lanka.


A field experiment was conducted using three fodder sorghum varieties and CO-3 in Animal Experimental Farm, Gannoruwa. Experimental plots (2.5 m X 6 m per plot) were arranged according to Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replicates. For each variety, three plants were selected to measure growth parameters (plant height, tillers). First harvest was taken at 60 days after planting and the subsequent harvest was taken after forty days. Sub samples were taken from both harvests for the chemical analysis. Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and crude fiber (CF) were analyzed according to AOAC (2005) procedures. Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were analyzed by Van Soest et al. (1991). Fodder Nitrate was determined using spectrophotometer method and Fodder soluble oxalate was determined by permanganate method. Data were statistically analyzed using SAS software package and mean separation was done using Dunken Multiple Range test.


Mean plant height among fodder varieties were 213.5, 247.5, 236.5 and 145.0 cm during the first harvest and, 149, 198.26, 172.2 and 171.99 cm


18

for Sugar Graze, BMR Rocket, Jumbo Plus and CO-3, respectively. Higher numbers of plant tillers were recorded in CO-3 compared to sorghum varieties for both harvests. Highest fresh yield per square meter was recorded in Sugar Graze (5.01 kg/m2) while Hybrid Napier showed the lowest yield (2.06 kg/m2). Mean dry matter yield per plot is shown in Table 1. The highest dry matter yield (9.9kg/plot) was recorded in Sugar Graze while the lowest yield (3.8 kg/plot) was recorded in Hybrid Napier at the 1st harvest. Table1. Mean plant dry matter yield at first two harvests and the total yield per plot (15 m2) Cultivar Yield at First

Harvest (kg/plot) # Yield at Second Harvest (kg/Plot) #

Total Dry Yield (kg/plot) ##

Sugar Graze 9.91 ± 2.14 a 4.06 ± 0.17ab 13.97 ± 2.92a BMR Rocket 8.53 ± 1.02a 5.36 ± 1.53a 13.89 ± 1.58a Jumbo Plus 7.70 ± 0.77a 3.79 ± 0.36b 11.49 ± 1.95a CO-3 3.87 ± 0.61b 5.03 ± 0.19ab 08.90 ± 0.57b # Average for 4 reps, # # Average for 4 reps X 2 Harvests a,b,cMeans with different superscripts in a column is different at (P<0.05) CO-3 had the highest (P<0.05) crude protein level and Jumbo plus had the lowest (P<0.05) at both harvests.

CONCLUSIONS

Fodder sorghum is superior for short term cultivation due to high yield in the first harvest whereas CO-3 can be used for long term cultivation due to yield increase in the second harvest under wet zone conditions. Nitrate and oxalate levels in fodder sorghum and CO-3 are less than that of the recommended levels so that these fodder varieties can be recommended for ruminant feeding in Sri Lanka.

REFERENCES

AOAC (2005). Official Methods of Analysis, 18th Ed: Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, D.C., USA. Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B. and Lewis, B.A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74:3583-3597.


19

PREBIOTIC EFFECT OF JACK SEED (Artocarpus heterophyllus) POLYSACCHARIDES IN PROBIOTIC YOGHURT

M.T.M. Kumarasinghe1, U.de.Silva2, J.K. Vidanarachchi1,

R.M.C. Deshapriya1 and S.M.C. Himali1

1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, 2Ceylon Cold Stores PLC, Ranala.

INTRODUCTION

Probiotic yoghurts can render valuable health benefits to the consumers. By incorporating prebiotic compounds the effect of probiotic bacteria can be enhanced (Aklin et al., 2004). Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the prebiotic effect of underutilized jack seeds polysaccharides on probiotic yoghurts.


Soluble polysaccharides were extracted from jack seed using hot water extraction method (Wichienchot et al., 2011). Probiotic yoghurt was prepared according to the standard method and jack seed extract was added at different levels to obtain an acceptable quality product. Prepared yoghurt with two different levels of jack seed polysaccharides (0.5% & 0.75%) and control yoghurt without adding jack seed polysaccharides were subjected to sensory evaluation using ten trained panelists. Then the best level of jack seed extract incorporated yoghurt was compared with Orafti® (commercial prebiotic which contains 90% Inulin) incorporated yoghurt and commercial probiotic yoghurt for shelf life. Keeping quality parameters and lactic acid bacteria counts were analyzed for 12-day storage period at refrigerated temperature.


According to the first sensory evaluation there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in colour and odour among three treatments [jack seed extract 0.5% (0.5% JS), 0.75% (0.75% JS) and normal yoghurt]. However, there was a significant difference (p<0.05) in texture, taste and overall acceptability among yoghurts from three treatments (Figure 1).


20

Figure 1. The spider web diagram showing effect of jack seed polysaccharides on sensory properties of yoghurt Sensory evaluation revealed that the best leval of jack seed to produce desirable sensory properties in probiotic yoghurt is 0.5%. The lactic acid bacteria counts (CFU/mL) were high in 0.5% jack seed incorporated yoghurt when compared to that of Orafti® incorporated yoghurt and commercial yoghurt after 12 days of storage. Hence it indicates that the jack seed polysaccharides have an effect on growth of probiotic bacteria.

CONCLUSION

Jack seed polysaccharides can be used as a prebiotic source for probiotic incorporated yoghurt manufacturing.

REFERENCES

Akalin, A.S., Fenderya, S., Akbulut, N. (2004). Viability and activity of bifidobacteria in yoghurt containing fructooligosaccharide during refrigerated storage. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 39:613- 621. Wichienchot S, Thammarutwasik P, Jongjareonrak A, Chansuwan W, and Hmadhlu P. (2011). Extraction and analyze of prebiotics from selected plants from southern Thailand, Journal of Science and Technology, 33:517-525.


21

CHARACTERIZING OF TEXTURAL, SENSORIAL, RHEOLOGICAL AND MICROSTRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF

THE SET-TYPE SKIMMED MILK YOGURTS PRODUCED WITH DIFFERENT TEXTURIZING STARTER CULTURES AT

LOW LEVEL OF PROTEIN

T.V.H. Priyashantha1, J.M. Dónega2, A.Q. Pérez 2, R.M. Baixauli2, M.P.F. Albalat2 and J.K. Vidanarachchi1.


Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2Aula de Productos Lácteos, Universidade Santiago de Compostela, Spain.

INTRODUCTION

Physical properties of the yogurt gel are the fundamentally important considerations. Manipulation of several production parameters such as inclusion of skimmed milk powder and employing different combinations of mixed yogurt lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are enabling to obtain optimum texture without any hydrocolloids or stabilizers (Tamime and Robinson, 2007). Therefore, major scope of this study was to characterize the textural, sensorial, rheological and microstructural properties of the skimmed milk set-type yogurts produced with low protein content with different texturizing LAB cultures for obtaining the optimum yogurt gel physical properties.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Yogurts were produced with standardized procedure for production of skimmed milk yogurt with 3.7% of protein content. Seven different starter cultures under the trade mark of Chr. Hansen (Horsholm, Denmark) were used. Yogurts were stored for 7 days at 6±1°C prior to analysis. Sensory characterization was done with 10 trained panelists for complete texture profile. Instrumental texture characterization was done with TA-XTPlus Texture Analyzer (Stable Micro Systems, Godalming, UK). Rheological characterization was done with a controlled stress Rheometer (AR-G2 TA Instruments, New Castle, Delaware). Microstructure was examined with a Leica S440 Scanning Electron Microscope (Leica Cambridge LTD, England) operating at 20kV. One way ANOVA procedure with Student-Newman-Keuls (sensory) and Turkey’s range test (instrumental) were applied for multiple comparisons of means. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine


22

correlations and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to describe the total observed variability.


Yogurt gel texture related properties are seemed to be complex due to the multidimensional aspects. Findings showed that there is a good correlation with sensory data with instrumental data. Furthermore, PCA narrow down the total observed variability into two principal components as qualitative and quantitative descriptors. According to PCA, all seven starter cultures behaved differently and generated seven different gels with various magnitudes of studied gel physical and sensorial properties. Rheological and microstructural properties are comprehend the PCA. Perceived different sensory and observed different textural characters can be attributed to the amount and nature of exopolysaccharides produced by different starter bacterial cultures within the differently formed protein network entangling the pore spaces.

CONCLUSIONS

Production of physically and sensorial optimum yogurt at reduced protein content is possible with different texturizing starter cultures. Except F-DVS YoFlex® Creamy 1 (“C”), other six types of starter cultures gave acceptable firmness, elasticity and consistency; however starter culture “C” gave the highest creaminess and ropiness sensation over the others. Bacteria culture “C” may be suit for skimmed stirred yogurt while the other six cultures may be suit for skimmed set-yogurt.

REFERENCE Tamime, A.Y. and Robinson, R.K. (2007). Yoghurt Science and Technology, 3rd Ed, Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK.

Fig. 1 SEM image X20,000 of starter

culture "C"; F-DVS YoFlex® Creamy 1.0, which resulted

the more creaminess and ropiness

Fig. 2 SEM image X20,000 of starter

culture "D"; F-DVS YoFlex® Premium 2.0, which resulted

the more firmness of the gel

Fig. 3 SEM image

X50,000 of the starter culture “E”; F-DVS nu-trish® ABY-Premium,

LAB are entangled within the protein

network

Fig. 4 SEM image of X50,000 showing the

protein matrix and the pore spaces of the starter culture "G"; F-DVS nu-trish® BRY-

Creamy


23

EVALUATE THE EFFICACY OF MASTITIS TREATMENT IN CENTRAL PROVINCE OF SRI LANKA

K.G.D. Gunathilaka1, M.A. Salgadu2, T.P.M.S.D. Bandara2, M.B.P. Mahipala1, H.R.N. Jinadasa2 and M.P.B. Wijayagunawardena1

1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, 2Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal

Science, University of Peradeniya.

INTRODUCTION

Mastitis is the inflammation of the mammary gland and it is a multi-factorial and production disease, which directly or indirectly affect to the quality and quantity of milk. It is known that Streptococcus spp. Staphylococcus spp. and E. coli are the main causative agents for the mastitis (Sharma et al., 2011). Central province (CP) has a high incidence of mastitis than other provinces. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the common causative agents, suitable antibiotics treatments and recovery percentage of mastitis reported in the CP.


California mastitis test was conducted to identify the sub clinical mastitis. Milk sample were collected from affected cows and buffalos before and 7 days after treatment. Collected samples were immediately transported to the laboratory in cool box. Bacterial colony was estimated using pour plate method. Samples were cultured on sheep blood agar and Gram’s staining, catalase reaction and bio-chemical tests were used to identify causative organisms. Antibiotic Susceptible Test was performed on selected isolates.


The results of the present study revealed that the Staphylococcus spp. (42.85%), Streptococcus spp. (28.57%) Klebsiella spp. (23.38%) and Pseudomonas spp. (4.76%) contributed to mastitis of the affected cows. Mastijet® (40%), Clavon® (50%), Home remedy (10%) were used as mastitis treatments and recovery percentages for those treatments were 25%, 25% and 0%, respectively. Results of ABST for isolated bacteria are shown in Table.1.


24

Table 1. Susceptible antibiotics of selected isolates

Staphylococcus spp.

Streptococcus spp.

Pseudomonas spp.

Klebsiella spp.

Enrofloxacin Gentamicin Gentamycin Gentamycin Gentamicin Chloramphenicol Enrofloxacin Neomycin Cloxacillin Cephalexin Enrofloxacin

Under intensive management system mastitis incidence were higher (76.7%) than semi-intensive system (23.3%). Teat dipping practice was very low (3.3%) in mastitis infected cows. Cows older than 5 years had a high incidence of mastitis (93.3%). During 3rd (30%) 4th (23.3%) and 5th

(23.3%) parities probability for mastitis infection was higher (30%, 23.3%, 23.3%). In 3rd (23.3%) and 4th (36.7%) months of lactation mastitis incidents were significantly higher than the other lactation stage.

CONCLUSIONS

The results indicate that the Staphylococcus species are the main causative organism for mastitis in CP and gentamicin is the promising antibiotic for treatment. The fundamental data of this study give us an insight on the status of mastitis in CP. Thus, can be efficiently utilized to establish therapeutic strategies to control mastitis. Moreover, improving farmer’s awareness on the preventive measures is essential to achieve the success of mastitis control programs.

REFERENCE

Sharma, N., Singh, N.K. and Bhadwal, M.S. (2011). Relationship of Somatic cell count and mastitis: An overview. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 24(3):429–438.


25

DEVELOPMENT OF A READY TO EAT CHICKEN JERKY

A.S.P. Amarathunga1, H.W. Cyril1, N. Lalantha2 and S. Jayarathna2 1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture,

University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya. 2Keells Food Product, PLC, Ekala, Ja-Ela.

INTRODUCTION

Malnutrition is the condition that results from eating a diet in which certain nutrients are lacking or intake in wrong proportions. Studies about the nutrition show that considerable number of children and adults are having protein malnutrition in Sri Lanka due to modern life style and different consumption pattern (Renuka, 2012). Consumption of protein rich sources is one of the solutions to overcome the protein malnutrition. Jerky is the better nutrient dense, popular, shelf-stable, portable lightweight source of protein from meat. It is convenient and ready to eat tasty treat. A study was conducted to develop a ready to eat flavored chicken Jerky.


Product development was carried out at the Keells Food Product PLC, Ja-Ela. After different preliminary studies, recipes were developed with the 60% of meat. Batter was prepared with the minced meat and non meat ingredients. Savory flavor and chicken flavor were used as flavor ingredients. Jerky strips were prepared and placed in the oven and gradually increase the temperature (50oC for 1 hour, 55oC for 0.5 hour and 60oC for 4.5 hours). As combination of all three stages product were kept in an oven for 6 h to dry. After drying period strips were heated to 135oC for 10 minutes to apply adequate lethality treatment. Then the dried Jerky was vacuum packed and stored at 28oC. Savory flavored and chicken flavored treatments were compared with the control in the sensory evaluation. Furthermore pH value, 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value, moisture content, colour, TPC, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp. and yeast and molds count of the Jerky were measured during the storage period at 28oC.


26


According to results, pH value, moisture content and TBARS values between all treatments were not significantly different (P>0.05). pH of the all samples were reduced during the storage (28oC) period. TBARS value and moisture content of the all samples were significantly (P<0.05) increased with the storage (28oC) period. Microbiological analysis was revealed that product was remained at its preferable safety level even after 20 days of storage at 28oC. According proximate analysis dry matter and crude fat contents were highest in savory flavor sample, crude protein was highest in chicken flavor sample, ash and crude fiber content were highest in the control sample.

Figure 1. Spider web diagrum showing sensory attributes of chicken

jerky

Sensory data were revealed that consumers preferred savory flavored Jerky when comparing spiciness, saltiness, taste, odour, texture, colour and overall acceptability.

CONCLUSION

Savory flavored chicken Jerky is the best product out of other treatments and can be used as a snack to overcome protein malnutrition in Sri Lanka.

REFERENCE

Renuka, J. (2012), Current Nutritional Status of Children in Sri Lanka,<http://nutritionmri.blogspot.com./2011/05/current-nutritional-status> Accessed: 15.11.2013.


27

DEVELOPMENT OF CANNED FISH BALLS USING Etroplus surantensis (PEARL SPOT), AN INDEGINEOUS INLAND

FISH OF SRI LANKA

H.H.K.N. Dharmasiri1, U. Edirisinghe1, S.M.C. Himali1 and K.M. Pubudu Parakrama2


Peradeniya, Peradeniya,2Ceylon Fisheries Corporation, Galle.

INTRODUCTION

Fish is a good source of high quality protein, vitamins and minerals. In addition, fish contains omega-3 fatty acid, which is helpful in preventing many disorders including heart disease. Modern human prefer products which are convenient, easy to prepare and with a variety. Due to the highly perishable nature of fish it is important to use preservation techniques. Shelf life of the product can be extended up to 2 to 3 years by canning. Development of ready to eat canned fish balls could be a popular product among local consumers. Etroplus surantensis (Pearl Spot) is a suitable fish species for this purpose due to its high nutritive value (Marichamy et al., 2011).


Fish balls were prepared using fish, corn flour, pepper, chilli, salt and onion. A curry mix was made with curry powder, coconut powder, water, garcinia and salt. First experiment was to select the suitable level of corn flour, which was used as the binder. Three treatments were prepared by using 2%, 6% and 10% of corn flour, while fish balls without corn flour was used as the control sample. Second experiment was performed in order to reduce cost of production and increase the colour and texture using bread crumbles. 20%, 30% and 40% bread crumbles were the treatments. Commercially available fish balls were used as the control.


In Experiment 1, sensory evaluation results revealed that fish balls with 10% corn flour gave the best overall acceptability. It showed the highest median value for odour and texture. Control sample which did not contain the binder received the highest mean value for taste. In the Experiment 2, 30% bread crumbles coated fish balls showed the highest overall acceptability. A significant difference between samples for the sensory characters, colour and taste was not observed, while 40% bread


28

crumble sample gave the highest mean value for odour. Median value for texture was higher in control sample and 30% bread crumble sample.

TBA value, pH value, colour and texture were tested at weekly intervals. pH of all the samples decreased with time while TBA values got increased. Texture and colour of the samples did not show a significant difference (P<0.05) with time. Microbiological analysis showed negative values for total plate count in all the samples.

Figure 1. Web diagram showing sensory attributes of fish balls from the Experiment 1

CONCLUSIONS

Bread crumbles are a good ingredient to be used in fish balls as it increases the colour, texture and reduce the cost of production. This study revealed that most suitable inclusion level is 30% bread crumbles. Increase in pH values and TBA values during storage inferred that retort time-temperature combination was unsuitable.

REFERENCE

Marichamy, G., Shanker, S., Saradha, A., Nazar, A.R., and Haq, M.A.B. (2011). Proximate composition and bioaccumulation of metals in some finfishes and shellfishes of Vellar Estuary (South east coast of India). European Journal of Experimental Biology, 1(2):47-55.


29

EFFECT OF MANCOZEB FUNGICIDE ON BOVINE SPERMATOZOA

K.A.C. Krishanthe1, W.W. Abegunawardana2,

M.P.B. Wijayagunawardane1, and S.P. Kodithuwakku1

1Department of Animal science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of

Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 2 Central Artificial Insemination Centre, Kundasale, Kandy.

INTRODUCTION

During last six decades both male and female fertility have been reduced significantly. This decline in fertility has been linked to an increased presence in the environment of endocrine disruptors. Majority of these endocrine disruptors are fungicides, insecticides and herbicides which belong to pesticides. Mancozeb is a broad spectrum, organometallic, polymeric complex of Manganese Zinc ethylenebisdithiocarbamate fungicide. Mancozeb can adversely affect on both male and female reproduction. In male, Mancozeb exert toxic effects on testis, suppressed testosterone level significantly, affect on spermatogenesis adversely and cause to reduce male fertility (Abdoon et al., 2011). With application of Mancozeb for agricultural purposes both humans and animals can be exposed to it. Hence, present study was chosen to evaluate effect of Mancozeb on bovine spermatozoa.


Semen samples were obtained from Jersey bulls at Central Artificial Insemination Station, Kundasale. Modified Tyrode’s solution was used as the short-term extender for the experiment. Sperm motion analysis parameters were measured using computer assisted sperm analysis (CASA) system. As further analysis, assessment of acrosin proteolytic activities (APA) and acrosome integrity test were done. The data was statistically analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test (SAS, version 9.1 for windows).


30


Based on the preliminary data, 1 µg/mL of mancozeb and 2 h of incubation were selected. CASA parameters for total motility, progressive motility, average path velocity, straight line velocity, curvilinear velocity after the two hours incubation were significantly (P≤0.05) different in treatment when compared to control. In both pure and commercial macozeb treated samples, ALH of sperms was negatively affected (P≤0.05) after two hours incubation. In gelatin digestion assay, both pure and commercial Macozeb had negatively affected (P≤0.05) on acrosine enzyme after 2 h incubation. In acrosome integrity test revealed, acrosome intact live, acrosome intact dead and Acrosome lost dead% of sperms of both technical grade and commercial Macozeb treated samples was significantly different (P≤0.05) after two hours incubation period.

Figure 1. Effect of Mancozeb on acrosin proteolytic avctivities of Sperms after two hours incubation period. Values are Mean±SD(n=6), *P≤0.05,compared with control group

CONCLUSION

Mancozeb can negatively affect on bovine spermatozoa function and significant effect can be seen on acrosome functions and integrity rather than the motility of the spermatozoa.

REFERENCE

Abdoon, A.S.S., O.M. Kandil, R.M. Sabraa and A.A. Said (2011). Effect of direct exposure to Mancozeb fungicide on the developmental competence of buffalo oocytes in vitro. Global Veterinaria, 7(3):242-248.

*


31

EVALUATION OF GENETIC VARIANTS OF MILK PROTEINS AND BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MILK IN

DIFFERENT BREEDS OF CATTLE AND BUFFALO IN SRI LANKA

R.M.C. Rathnayake1, M. Johansson2, G.L.L.P. Silva1,

L.D.B. Suriyagoda3, K.F.S.T. Silva1 and J.K. Vidanarachchi1

1Deparment of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of

Peradeniya,2Department of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden, 3Department of Crop Science,

Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya

INTRODUCTION

Milk protein composition, to a large extent determines the nutritional value and the technological properties of milk. Genetic polymorphism in milk protein genes can results protein variants associated with protein composition and milk production traits (Bonfatti et al., 2008). However, no studies have been conducted to estimate milk protein genetic variants and biochemical properties of milk in cattle and buffalo breeds in Sri Lanka. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyze the variation and concentration of genetic variants of milk protein and biochemical properties of milk obtained from different breeds of cattle and buffalo in Sri Lanka.


A total of 41 milk samples (250 mL from each individual) were collected from three European cattle breeds [Ayrshire (A), Friesian (F) and Jersey (J)], three indigenous cattle types [common local (Batu) (B), Thamankaduwa White (TW) and Lena-Iri (LI)] and three buffalo breeds/ types [Murrah (M), Nili-Ravi (NR), local buffalo (LB)] from several farms and locations of Sri Lanka. Swedish buffalo (SB) milk samples were also included in comparison of milk proteins. Collected milk samples were subjected to capillary zone electrophoresis analysis with G-1600AX capillary zone electrophoresis system controlled by Chemstation software version A 10.02 (Agilent Technologies Co., SE-164 94, Kista, Sweden) to determine variation and concentration in genetic variants of milk proteins. Calcium content of milk was analyzed by using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Scientific Co. Ltd., Japan). Lactose, crude protein (CP), dry matter (DM), ash and fat contents were determined. Experimental design was Completely


32

Randomized Design (CRD) with five replicates (animal) per treatment (breed/type). Correlation between milk protein genetic variants were analyzed using Pearson correlation and results were subjected to analysis of variants (ANOVA) and the means were compared by Least Square Means (LSM) test at α = 0.05.


There was a significantly lower β-casein A1 genetic variant in local (Batu) and Jersey cattle than that of other cattle breeds (P<0.05). Lactose and calcium content were significantly different among both cattle and buffalo breeds (P<0.05).

0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

1.25

1.50

breed

Ayrshire Friesian Lenairi Batu Jersey Thankadu

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

breed

Local Swedish Niliravi Murrah

According to linkage cluster analysis, there was a close relationship of milk protein genetic variants between Ayrshire and Friesian, local (Batu) cattle and Jersey (Figure 1). In buffalo, milk protein genetic variants between local and Swedish were closely related (Figure 2).

CONCLUSION

There is a large variation in main milk protein genetic variants and biochemical composition of milk among both cattle and buffalo breeds in Sri Lanka.

REFERENCE

Bonfatti, V., Grigoletto, L., Cecchinato, A., Gallo, L. and Carnier, P. (2008). Validation of a new reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for separation and identification of bovine milk protein genetic variants. Journal of Chromatography A: 1195:101-106.

TW Breed

J B A LI F

Frequency

Frequency

SB NR M Breed

LB

Figure 1. Average Linkage Cluster map of milk protein genetic variants of cattle breeds

Figure 2. Average Linkage Cluster map of milk protein genetic variants of buffalo breeds


33

STUDY ON CARE OF DOGS AND ATTITUDES OF DOG OWNERS IN KURUNEGALA DISTRICT, SRI LANKA

N.G.C.O. Navarathne and T.S. Samarakone


INTRODUCTION

The relationship between dogs and humans has a long history. It affects both parties positively as well as negatively. Because of its’ many positive benefits, public tend to rear dogs in their households as companions (Kobelt et al., 2003). However, welfare of dogs could be compromised depending on the owner characteristics such as income, care given and attitude of the owner towards dogs. In Sri Lanka, a considerable amount of public rear dogs for many reasons. However, few studies have been conducted to evaluate welfare (i.e. Provision of basic needs of animals such as feed, water, shelter, medication, and vaccinations) and reasons for behavioural problems present in dogs due to care of owner and owner attitude. The present study was conducted to evaluate the relationships between income of dog owners and caring and attitudes, and between the experience of rearing dogs and behavioural problems of dogs. In addition, care between local dogs and local and exotic breed crosses was also evaluated.


One hundred twenty three households who owned dogs representing urban, rural and estate sectors of sixteen divisional secretary (DS) divisions of the Kurunegala district were surveyed using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. The survey was conducted during September to November, 2013. The questionnaire consisted of four major categories of questions; general information of the householder and about dogs, care of dogs, attitude of the owner towards the dogs, and problem behaviours of dogs. Data were analysed using SAS package, Mintab 14 and SPSS statistical software.


Coefficient correlations among the experience of rearing dogs (time period of rearing) and behavioural problems such as excessive barking, chewing


34

objects and nervousness were -0.231 (P<0.05), -0.211 (P<0.05) and -0.357 (P<0.01) respectively. Coefficient correlations among the experience of rearing dogs (number of dogs reared up to the present time) and excessive barking, howling, chasing & biting other people, growling, and nervousness were -0.202 (P<0.05), -0.218 (P<0.05), -0.199 (P<0.05), -0.207 (P<0.05) and -0.357 (P<0.01), respectively. Furthermore, with respect to care and attitude of dog owners, there were significant differences between local dogs and local and exotic breed crosses (Table 1).

Table 1. Care of dogs between local and local and exotic breed crosses

Category Local dogs Cross dogs P- value

Water Supplying Frequency Two Times Per Day (48.57 %)

Three Times or More time (48.72%) 0.01

How Do They Supply Water To Bowl (40.58%) To Bowl (70.27%) 0.002 Type Of Feed Table Scrap (84%) Home Cooked Food (38.10%) 0.001 Attitudes And Behaviour Observation frequency

Sometimes (58.57%) Always Stand By (53.85%) 0.001

Consulting Vet Surgeon Whenever Necessary (27.13%)

Whenever Necessary (69.23%) 0.01

Caring Of Physical Condition

No Special Caring (62.86%)

Provide Regular Opportunities for exercise (35.90%)

0.01

Observing Parasitic problem If Necessary (50%) Once In A Week (44.44%) 0.004 How Do you Treat Dog As a Pet (57.58%) As A Family Member (46.15%) 0.36 Punish Their Dogs If Necessary (44.29%) Never (53.85%) 0.05 Play With Dogs Yes. But No Time

(57.14%) Yes. But No Time (66.67%) 0.01

CONCLUSION

The experience of dog owner had a significant role in alleviating behavioural problems in dogs and dog owners treat their dogs depending on the type of dogs they rear, indicating that the welfare of dogs may be affected by the attitude of the dog owner.

REFERENCE

Kobelt, A., Hemsworth , P. and Barnett , J. (2003). A survey of dog ownership in suburban Australia-conditions and behaviour problems. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 82(2):137-148.


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CHARACTERISTICS OF GOAT FARMING SYSTEM AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH THE PREVALENCE OF Haemonchus

contortus INFECTION IN JAMNAPARI CROSSBREDS IN AMPARA DISTRICT, SRI LANKA

T.M.A.P. Thennakoon, K.M.G.M.K.K. Kulatunga, M.S.

Kurukulasuriya and G.L.L.P. Silva

Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture University of Peradeniya.

INTRODUCTION

Goat farming is an important livelihood activity in rural economy in Sri Lanka especially in Dry Zone of the country where there is additional land area for extensive goat production. Gastrointestinal nematode, particularly H. contortus infection is the major constraint in goat production that causes the highest economic losses. The length of exposure to the infection and subsequent build up of infection was less compared to those in the young goats (Faizal and Rajapakse, 2001). Hence, this study was conducted to evaluate the farming system and investigate its association with the prevalence of Haemonchus contortus infection in Jamnapari crossbreds in Ampara district.


Data were collected using a fact sheet from selected farms in Addalachchenei and Kalmunei veterinary regions in Ampara district. Farms were selected based on the criteria of presence of Jamnapari crosses and practice of similar management conditions. Fecal and blood samples were collected from 112 goats in 3-6 months of age in two consecutive weeks and fecal egg counts (FEC) and Packed Cell Volume (PCV) were estimated. Animals were grouped according to degree of presence of Jamnapari breed characteristics by phenotypic observation. FEC was estimated using modified Mcmaster technique and PCV by micro Haematocrit method. FAMACHA scoring was done by using a laminated color chart. Statistical analysis was done by MS, Minitab (version 15) and SAS (version 9). FEC were normalized by log10 (Eggs per gram+1) transformation (LFEC).


36


All the farms were managed extensively with grazing allowed 9.00 am to 5.00 pm along the road sides and fallow agricultural lands. Night feeding was rare and deworming was frequent. However, 78.6%-79.7% of goats were infected with H. contortus. The LFEC and PCV not varied (P>0.05) between two visits and in two sexes of goats indicating the constant prevalence of infection in both males and females. There is a significant difference (P<0.05) in LFEC in goats with different levels of Jamnapari characteristics while no significant variation shown in PCV among those goats (Table 1). Contrasting low level of FEC in crossbred level 5 could be due to the special management practices adopted for Jamnapri goats by not allowing them for grazing. FAMACHA scoring ranged between 3-5 and weak negative correlation was observed between LFEC and PCV value. No correlation was depicted between FAMACHA score and LFEC value (r=0.074). Table 1. Mean Fecal egg count, Packed cell volume and FAMACHA score of goats showing different Jamnapari crossbred levels

* Jamnapari characteristics changes high to low from level 5–1.

CONCLUSIONS

Extensive system with free grazing is the common farming practice found in Ampara district. There is a continuous persistence of H. contortus infection in both male and female animals. The LFEC and PCV values changed significantly according to bressbred level of animals. FAMACHA score and LFEC values do not correspondent to each other under Sri Lankan condition.

REFERENCE

Faizal, A.C.M. and R.P.V.J. Rajapakse (2001). Prevalence of coccidian and gastrointestinal nematode infection in crossbred goats in the dry areas of Sri Lanka. Small Ruminant Research, 40: 233-238.

Crossbred level* Mean FEC Mean PCV% FAMACHA score 1 2763.4 24% 2-4 2 651 23% 2-5 3 800 25% 2-5 4 445 24% 2-4 5 20 25% 3-4


37

EFFECT OF YEAST (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) SUPPLEMENTED TO NUTRITIONALLY IMPROVED RICE STRAW AS A NIGHT

FEED FOR THE DAIRY CATTLE ON MILK YIELD AND COMPOSITION

P. Piramila1, M.W. Chamari D. Palliyeguru2, M.B.P. Kumara Mahipala1 and N.D. Senevirathne1

1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, 2Veterinary Research Institute, Gannoruwa,

Peradeniya.

INTRODUCTION

Dairy development is a prioritised area in the Sri Lankan economy. Poor feeding of dairy cattle has become a major limiting factor to achieve self sufficiency in milk. Rice straw is an abundantly available crop by-product and ideal solution for this feed scarcity for dairy cattle. However, the poor nutritive quality and digestibility are the major constraints to feeding dairy cattle with rice straw alone. Thus, different treatment methods have developed to improve the nutritive quality of rice straw. The present study is designed to examine the effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplemented to nutritionally improved rice straw as a night feed for the dairy cattle on milk yield and composition.


Eight pure breed Jersey cows in late lactation with 365±50 kg body weights, managed at the Livestock Field Station of the Dept. of Animal Science were used for the experiment. Four cows were randomly assigned in to each of the two diets (alkaline treated and nutrient enriched rice straw supplemented with Sacchromyces cerevisiae) in a 2×2 Latin square design. The treatment rotated between the two groups after 21 days and continued the feeding trial for another 21 days. In each period of treatment after an adaptation of 14 days, the milk samples were collected for 7 days both in the morning and in the evening. Milk yield was recorded individually. The milk samples were analyzed for fat, protein, lactose, total solids, calcium, phosphorus and milk urea nitrogen. Significance of the treatment effects was statistically analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using the Latin square design in the 16th edition of the GenStat software.


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Milk urea nitrogen content in the morning milk was significantly reduced (P<0.05) in the cows fed with yeast treated straw compared to those fed straw without yeast treatment. Milk urea nitrogen is a useful parameter for monitoring the efficiency of protein utilization in dairy cows. However, no significant differences were (P>0.05) observed in fat corrected milk (4%) yield and protein, fat, lactose, total solids, calcium and phosphorus contents between treatment and control. Previous researchers have concluded that the dietary yeast has increased the dry matter intake and milk yield in dairy cattle and buffaloes. However, those experiments have conducted with the cows in early and mid lactation. Addition of Sacchromyces cerevisiae in ruminant diet results both positive and negative effect and the consistent beneficial effect depends on various interaction factors (Amlan, 2012). The controversial findings of the present research may be due to the fact that the cows used in the experiment were at the latter part of the lactation and they were at different parity and stage of lactation.

CONCLUSION

Supplementation of Sacchromyces cerevisiae treated rice straw improves the nitrogen metabolism in the dairy cattle. Further studies with entire day feeding with Sacchromyces cerevisiae treated rice straw are needed to carry out to investigate the benefits in terms of milk production and composition in dairy cattle.

REFERENCE

Amlan, K.P. (2012). The use of live yeast products as microbial feed additives in ruminant nutrition. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 7(5): 366-375.


39

DEVELOPMENT OF READY TO EAT SAUSAGE TYPE EGG PRODUCT–(EGG FINGERS)

K. N. Dilrukshi and H.W. Cyril

Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture,

University of Peradeniya.

INTRODUCTION

World egg production was increased by 2.4% per year during the last ten years. In today’s modern competitive food market, egg has to face some of challenges due to their certain disadvantages such as fragile state of shell and quality loss with hen’s age. To overcome these problems, it is needed planned new production methods and good quality protective measures (Van Immerseel et al., 2011). Hence to reduce the economic losses to producers due to damaged eggs it is important to find a way to use damaged eggs and down grade eggs to produce various egg products.


Randomly selected 1050 eggs per day were observed for damages at each point in logistic chain and effect of age of hen and egg collection time on egg quality was observed in Switz Lanka (Pvt) Ltd, Puttalam. Egg fingers were developed by using eggs and other ingredients (salt, big onion, green chili, chili powder, pepper, cardamom, cloves, corn flour, garlic, ginger). Finally products were vacuum packed and stored at -18 oC. Sensory evaluation was performed for new products. Samples 235(control), 391(Ginger flavor), 417(Garlic flavor) were tested for keeping quality during one month period at -18oC. Proximate analysis was done for dry mater, ash, crude protein and crude fat (AOAC, 1995). Total plate count was done at 1st day and the last day of storage. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and means were separated by the LSD test. Sensory data were analyzed using MINITAB software.


Highest percentage of the egg damage was observed at the collection point at the cage (3.23±0.77). Egg damage was 0.76 % at the morning collection. Highest percentage of egg damage was observed at the 34 week age of hen (0.76±0.42).


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Table1. Proximate composition of egg fingers

Sam-ples

Dry Matter (%)

Ash Content (%)

Crude Protein (%)

Crude Fat (%)

235 96.53 ±0.20 9.35±0.17 38.42±0.08 21.28±0.43

391 97.81±0.31 9.38±0.09 37.89±0.08 22.40±0.43 417 97.68±0.05 9.04±0.18 38.19±0.68 24.03±0.53

Dry matter content and crude fat content of sample 235 were significantly lower than that of 391 and 417. There were no significant (P>0.05) differences in values of ash and crude protein content between the different treatments. No significant difference in initial total plate counts between samples. However, end of the storage, significantly high count was observed in the control sample. Sample 417 (Garlic flavor) had significantly higher value for overall acceptability. pH values (p<0.05) and WHC of all the treatment were reduced during the storage period. TBARS and shear values of all the products increased significantly during the storage at -18°C.

CONCLUSIONS

Egg finger is the best solution to reduce economic loss due to damaged eggs. Egg finger is a convenient and highly nutritious food product that can be used to improve nutritional status of the human.

REFERENCES AOAC, (1995). Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 16th :Association of Official Analytical Chemists International, Suite 500, 481, North Frederick Avenue, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20877-2417 USA. Van Immerseel, F., Nys, Y. and Bain, M. (2011). Improving the Safety and Quality of Eggs and Egg products, Wood Head Publishing, Cambridge, UK.


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INVESTIGATING IN VIVO HYPOLIPIDEMIC, HYPOGLYCEMIC AND ANTIOXIDATIVE CAPACITY OF BANANA (Musa acuminate) BLOSSOM INCORPORATED

EXPERIMENTAL DIETS IN WISTAR RATS (Rattus norvegicus) FED WITH CHOLESTEROL

Saranya Gunasegaram1, R. Liyanage1, B.C. Jayawardana2, P.S. Fernando3 and J.K. Vidanarachchi1

1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, 2Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy,

3Vetrinary Research Institute, Peradeniya.

INTRODUCTION

Blossom of the banana plant (Musa acuminate Colla) is often consumed as a vegetable in many Asian countries. In Sri Lanka more than 32 million of banana bunches are produced annually (Kudagamage et al., 1998). Banana blossom is a popular dish in Sri Lankan cuisines. Despite the absence of data on dietary fiber content and composition of the banana blossom, it is generally valued as a fiber-rich source. The objective of the current study was to investigate the banana blossom incorporated experimental diets on lipid metabolism, hypoglycemic effect and antioxidative capacity in rats.


Banana blossoms (variety Ambul) were purchased from the Kandy market. Eighteen Wistar rats were purchased from the Medical Research Institute, Sri Lanka. They were grouped into 3 groups; Control diet (CD), high cholesterol diet with 5% cholesterol (5%CD) and experimental diet with 5% cholesterol+21% banana blossom powder (5%CD+B). Proximate composition of banana blossom was measured and experimental diets were formulated accordingly. Rats were fed with experimental diets for four weeks and body weight, feed intake and fecal weight were taken every week. The blood samples of rats were obtained initially and in the 2nd and 4th week. On the 4th week rats were sacrificed, liver, kidney and kidney fat were removed and weights were taken. Caecal content was obtained for microbial analysis. The blood samples


42

were analyzed for serum lipids, glucoseand glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and serum antioxidative capacity.


Table 1. Serum lipids, glucose concentrations, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and antioxidant activity in rats fed with experimental diet for four weeks.

Parameter Diet C Diet 5% CD Diet 5% CD+ 21%B

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.16 ± 0.2b 1.67 ± 0.20a 1.32 ± 0.09b

HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

0.68± 0.18 a 0.48 ± 0.02b 0.49 ± 0.07b

Non-HDL- cholesterol (mmol/L)

0.47± 0.26c 1.19 ± 0.18a 0.83± 0.10b

Glucose concentration (mmol/L)

3.36 ± 1.01a 3.53 ± 1.40a 2.94 ± 0.31b

GOT ( Δ A /min) 1.07± 0.31b 6.40±3.98a 0.74± 0.42b

Antioxidantactivity (AOA µmol/L)

600.31±78.61a 437.41±98.1a 513 ±191.38a

Lower serum lipids and glucose level in rats fed with 5% CD+ 21% B diet accompanied by higher fecal weight, higher lactobacilli and bifidobacteria population (microbial data not shown) compared to 5% cholesterol diet fed group. As banana blossom contain high dietary fiber it may promotes a bacterial growth and production of short chain fatty acids. Moreover dietary fiber in banana blossom inhibits cholesterol synthesis and thereby favorably modulates the serum lipids.

CONCLUSION

Banana blossom incorporated diet modulated the serum lipids, glucose and cecal microflora favourably in Wistar rats.

REFERENCE Kudagamage, C., Chandrasiri, G.W.J. and Razmy, A.M.Z. (2002). Analysis of long-term trends in banana sector of Sri Lanka. Annals of Sri Lanka Department of Agriculture 4:21-32.


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COMPARISON OF GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF TWO COMMERCIAL BROILER STRAINS UNDER DIFFERENT

HOUSING SYSTEMS IN ALLEVIATING HEAT STRESS

W.N.U. Perera and C.M.B. Dematawewa

Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya.

INTRODUCTION

Heat build up in naturally ventilated (open) poultry houses is a common problem which results in heat stress in broilers (Czarick and Fairchild, 2008). Roofing material used in poultry houses can affect the heat build-up in open houses. In this study different open poultry houses with different roofing materials and a tunnel ventilated closed house were used to determine the effect of house type on performance of Cobb 500 and Hubbard F-15 broiler strains.


This study was conducted in Udubaddawa area in North Western province. Three types of roofing materials were used in naturally ventilated (open) poultry houses as cadjan, galvanized corrugated metal (GCM) sheets, and a combination of the two (a layer of GCM sheet with a layer of cadjan underneath). A set of 2220 unsexed day old broiler chicks of Cobb 500 and Hubbard F-15 strains (1110 chicks/strain) were brooded for 7 days and assigned to 3 types of houses on the 8th day. Four experimental units (185 birds/replicate) were arranged for each house type (2 replicates/strain). Body weights of randomly selected 15 chicks from each replicate were measured regularly for 38 days of age. Daily feed intake was measured on experimental unit basis. Body weights of 60 birds of each strain randomly selected from a tunnel ventilated closed house nearby were also measured. Temperature and relative humidity inside and outside each house were measured three times a day. ANOVA procedure was carried out treating strain and house type as fixed factors and means of performance traits were compared with Duncan’s Multiple Range test. A cost-benefit analysis was carried out to determine the profitability of each house type and strain considering all input costs including depreciation cost.


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Among the open houses (Table 1), house type with cadjan resulted in birds with significantly superior performance in all traits measured compared to those in GCM type houses (P<0.05). Closed house has significantly higher mean body weight, lower inside temperature and higher relative humidity compared to all types of open houses (P<0.05). Cobb 500 has better body weight (2057.8 g) than F-15 (2022.6 g) in closed house. Cost-benefit analysis showed closed house is the most profitable with cadjan type being the second best.

Table 1. Mean body weight (g), feed intake (kg/bird), feed conversion ratio (FCR), liveability %, of Cobb 500 and Hubbard F-15 strains at 38 days of age, mean internal temperature, humidity and litter moisture under different open house types1.

Roofing material Cadjan Cadjan +GCM2 GCM2

Strain Cobb F-15 Cobb F-15 Cobb F-15 Body weight(g) 1982.3a 1952.8a 1847.7b 1833.0 b 1784.7c 1748.8d

Feed intake (kg) 3.65a 3.53b 3.47bc 3.43cd 3.41cd 3.35d FCR 1.84bc 1.81c 1.88ab 1.86b 1.92a 1.91a Liveability% 97.84a 97.84a 95.95ab 96.76ab 95.41b 94.87b Mean temp.(0C) 29.34a 29.59a 29.87a Mean RH (%) 65.44a 64.81a 64.04a Litter MC (%) 29.18a 26.54ab 23.50b

1Within row means not sharing a common superscript are significantly different (P<0.05). 2GCM: galvanized corrugated metal sheets.

CONCLUSIONS

Closed house system, though initial investment is high, has proven to be superior in performance of birds and profitability. Cadjan type house (with F-15 birds) was the most profitable among open houses.

REFERENCE

Czarick, M. and Fairchild, B.D. (2008). Poultry Housing for Hot Climates.(In) Poultry Production in Hot Climates, 2nd Edn. N. J. Daghir (Ed.). pp. 80–131.CAB International, UK.


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DEVELOPMENT OF READY TO EAT SPICY CHICKEN PRODUCT AND EVALUATION OF KEEPING QUALITY

DURING THE STORAGE AT -18°C

L.A.M.C. Priyadarshanee1, H.W. Cyril1and P.D.C. Disanayaka2

1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, 2New Anthony’s Farms Pvt (Ltd), Hanwella.

INTRODUCTION

Chicken meat is economical, easy to prepare and has a number of desirable nutritional properties. With the changing of socio-economic pattern of life, there is a high demand for safe and convenient meat products. Women who are working outside the home prefer convenient meat products. These convenient meat products can be categorized as both ready to eat and ready to cook meat products. By producing ready to eat products from chicken is a great economic advantage to the producer than selling raw meat. Therefore, this study was conducted to develop ready to eat spicy chicken products with different flavors by using chicken breast meat.


This product development was conducted at the New Anthony’s Farms Pvt (Ltd) at Hanwella. Five different flavor products were developed using five recipes. Those were the chicken curry flavor product, chicken “Kalupol” flavor product, chicken devilled flavor, and chicken stew flavor. Preliminary trials were conducted to find out the best possible levels of spices and flavor enhancers that can be added to the spicy chicken products. Developed five products were subjected to sensory evaluation to select best three consumer preferable products. Products were tested by 30 untrained panelists. Selected best three products were analyzed for keeping quality characters. pH and rancidity was measured for one and half month period at two weeks interval. At the beginning and end of the storage period at -18oC, total plate counts (TPC) were measured. The proximate composition was analyzed by standard methods (AOAC, 1995). Data were analyzed by using SAS and Minitab software packages.


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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION There was a significance difference for texture, color, flavor and overall acceptability between five products (P<0.05) except for aroma. Highest median value for flavor was given to the devilled flavor product. According to the taste panel results, devilled flavor, “Kalupol” flavor and curry flavor products were selected for keeping quality analysis. pH values of all three products were reduced during freezing storage. However, it was not significant (P>0.05). TBARS values (Figure 1) of all three products were gradually increased but not significantly (P>0.05).

Curry flavor product was shown the highest median value for CP than control sample (P<0.05). CF, DM, TA, and CF were higher in “Kalupol” flavored product (P<0.05). TPC values of three products were increased not significantly during the storage period at -18oC.

CONCLUSION

Devilled flavored product was selected as the best product by sensory panel and followed by “Kalupol” and curry flavor product. All products had better keeping qualities during storage temperature at -18 oC.

REFERENCE

AOAC, (1995). Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC international, 16th: Association of Official Analytical Chemists International, Suite 500,481, North Frederick Avenue, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20877-2417 USA.

Figure 1. TBARS values of spicy chicken products during storage period at -18ºC


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PRESENT STATUS AND BREED DESCRIPTION OF DELFT GOAT AND PONY IN JAFFNA PENINSULA

S. Jasinthan and G.L.L.P. Silva



INTRODUCTION Sri Lanka inhabits a variety of indigenous animal species including goat and pony. Most of indigenous goats in Sri Lanka are found in north and east part of the country. The goats found in Delft Island in Northern Province are unique due to the isolated breeding occurred for centuries. The type of indigenous pony inhabits in Delft Island is exceptional owing to its historical importance. These ponies are known as Delft ponies (Silva, 2010). Limited attention has so far been paid on proper identification and characterization of Delft goats and pony and in identifying their management system. Therefore, the present study was conducted to find the phenotypic characteristics of Delft goats and ponies, and their status in terms of production and management system.


A total of 63 and 24 households were surveyed using pre-tested questionnaire to collect information on goats and pony production systems, respectively covering six GS divisions in Delft Island. The information was verified by indirect questioning and direct observations. Body measurements of goats and pony were obtained from randomly selected 21 adult rams and 59 adult does of goats and 26 adult stallions and 2 adult mares of ponies. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze data using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 14) and performed by ANOVA by using SAS (SAS 9.1.3).


Majority of goat farmers (78.1%) has had primary education (grade 5) were males (76.1%). Only 28.6% of farmers do goat farming as their main income source, which is earned through from animal sales. The mean flock size is 17.84 and most of the goat farmers (77.8%) practiced non mixed farming system. The withers height of buck and doe were


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62.72±4.42 cm and 63.42±4.12 cm, respectively. The predominant colours of goats are brown, black and white. The colour and appearance of brown goat are similar to the description of the extinct goat breed called “Akyub”. All pony farmers were large scale cattle farmers which justify the purpose of rearing ponies. Behavior and social groups of feral ponies include harem, one mature male with females and adult males groups. Keiper (1976) reported the same pony groups on Assateague Island located along the coast of Maryland and Virginia. According to phenotypic information there is no significant difference between three color populations of pony. The Delft ponies are comparatively smaller compared to similar wild population in Assateaque Island. Table1. Body parameters of Delft pony

Parameter Black (cm)

Golden brown (cm)

Reddish brown (cm)

Withers height 114.75 ± 8.81 116.20 ± 5.45 112.10 ± 6.51

Body length 109.75 ± 5.68 108.4 ± 4.28 105.21 ± 4.72

Heart girth 122.75 ± 7.63 121.8 ± 5.40 119.00 ± 7.55

CONCLUSIONS The indigenous populations of goats and ponies in Delft Island are reared unique farming conditions despite the fact that Delft ponies are mostly found in wild. Both Delft goat and pony are small animals having distinct characteristics. The population size, the breeding management and the population trends indicate that the populations are diminishing and need attention of the authority in supporting conservation of these unique genetic resources through sustainable utilization.

REFERENCES

Keiper, R.R. (1976). Social Organization of Feral Ponies. Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science, Pennsylvania, USA, 50:69. Silva, P. (2010). Indigenous Animal Genetic Resources in Sri Lanka; Status, Potential and Opportunities. UNEP-GEF-ILRI-FAnGR Asia Project of Sri Lanka, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.


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DEVELOPMENT OF A PROBIOTIC VEGAN YOGURT

B.G.S. Jayarathna1, B.C. Jayawardana1, J.K. Vidanarachchi1and R. Liyanage2


Peradeniya, Peradeniya.2Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy.

INTRODUCTION

The demand for alternatives to cows’ milk is growing due to problems with allergenicity, desire for vegetarian alternatives, lactose intolerance and high price and scarcity of cows’ milk. Also the consumers today are highly concerned about the fact of transferring harmful substances through cow milk such as herbicides, pesticides and dioxins. Additionally many religious and cultural taboos concern the consumption of protein-rich animal food. Therefore, there is an increasing interest towards vegetable protein derived substitutes. Among the vegetable protein sources, soy proteins have been ranked superior to most others. Soy milk is concerned as an alternative to cow’s milk and is with immense health benefits. Since soy yogurts have high nutritional value and low cost of production and improved flavor, (Osman and Razig, 2010) lactic fermentation of soy milk into soy yogurt is worthwhile. Studies have shown that soymilk is a good substrate for some lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. Hence, the aim of the current study was to develop a total vegan whole soy probiotic yogurt.


In the preliminary trials, carboxymethylcellulose, isolated soy protein, carrageenan and agar agar at different levels were compared with the 0.75% level of gelatin to select the best comparable stabilizing agent. Sensory evaluation was done for the soy yogurts fermented only with yogurt starter culture bacteria, starter culture bacteria+bifidobacteria, starter culture bacteria+Lactobacillus acidophilus and starter culture bacteria+mixture of bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus acidophilus. The selected sample was stored for two weeks at 4°C and physico chemical parameters, viable counts of total lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria were measured. Friedman non-parametric statistics was used for the statistical analysis of the sensory test. Other parameters were analyzed in CRD using SAS software package. Mean differences were compared with Duncan’s Multiple Range test.


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According to the median scores, the yogurt containing bifidobacteria was ranked superior among all other treatments in the sensory evaluation in terms of overall flavor and texture. Upon storage of that sample, a clearly negative effect (P<0.05) of storage on pH of the soy yogurt was observed. Furthermore, viscosity of the soy yogurts significantly (P<0.05) increased during storage. Both titratable acidity and syneresis were initially decreased and increased thereafter. The highest viable bacterial counts of lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria were observed at the 7thday of storage and were significantly higher than the viable counts of a probiotic cow milk yogurt. The lowering of the viable counts by 14th day may be attributed with the reduced pH due to post acidification or accumulation of bacterial waste products such as H2O2.

** Means in the same column followed by different superscript are significantly different (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Soy milk with agar-agar stabilizer can be used to produce 100% vegan yogurt. Incorporation of probiotic bifidobacteria could improve the sensory and microbiological quality of the product.

REFERENCE

Osman, M.M.D. and Razig, K.A.A. (2010). Quality attributes of soy yogurt during storage period. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 9(11):1088-1093.

Storage Time (Days) Total lactic acid bacteria

(log cfu/mL)

Bifidobacteria (log cfu/mL)

1 8.63b 8.47b 7 8.85a 8.87a 14 8.68b 8.60b

Table 1. Total lactic acid bacteria and Bifidobacteria counts of soy yogurt during storage (4°C)


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USE OF BAEL (Aegle marmelos) FRUIT PULP AS THE BINDER IN CHICKEN SAUSAGES

P.A.C.S. Pannala1, H.W. Cyril1 and N. Edirisinghe2


Peradeniya, 2Cargill’s Quality Foods (Pvt) Ltd, Ja-ela.

INTRODUCTION

In the modern world, the lifecycles of people are changing day by day. It is affected to the food habit and dietary patterns as well. Therefore searching for more convenient food items has become a rising issue in food industry. Among them chicken sausage is very popular food item (Essien, 2003). Binders play a major role in sausage making. Bael (Aegle marmelos) is a highly nutritive fruit and it’s pulp has very mucilaginous texture. Therefore bael fruit pulp has big potential to use as a binding agent while enhancing the both nutritional and health properties in sausages. The objective of present study was to determine the suitability of bael fruit pulp as a binder in chicken sausages and evaluate the keeping quality of the product.


The extraction of bael fruit pulp was prepared by adding of water to fruit pulp (1:1). The dry matter percentage of bael extract was determined. Modified starch and rusk powder levels in sausages were replaced by the bael fruit pulp extraction. Mechanically separated meat, minced boneless chicken, emulsion, water and other non-meat ingredients were used to prepare sausages. Samples were vacuum packed and stored at -18°C. Sensory evaluations were carried out to select the best two treatments using 20 trained panelists. WHC, pH, TBARS value, shear value, colour and cooking loss were measured during the storage period at -18°C. Proximate analysis and Total Plate Count were also carried out. SAS and Minitab software packages were used to analyze data.


According to the sensory evaluations treatment 4 (1% bael, 0% modified starch, 2% rusk powder) and treatment 9 (0.75% bael, 0.75% modified starch, 1.5% rusk powder) were selected as two best treatments.


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WHC and pH were decreased significantly (P<0.05) during storage period in all the samples (Figure 1 and 2). TBARS value and shear values of all the samples were increased during storage but only TBARS values were shown significantly (P<0.05) increased. WHC, pH and shear values were not significantly (P>0.05) different between treatments during storage at -18°C. Initial L*, a*, b* values, Total Plate Count, dry matter, crude fat and crude fiber contents were not significantly (P>0.05) different between treatments. Crude Protein content of trt4 was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of the trt9 and control.

CONCLUSION

Bael (Aegle marmelos) fruit pulp can be used as a good binding material in chicken sausages by replacing total amount of modified starch in sausage mixture which was 1%. Also it is possible to replace 25% of binder mixture (0.75:1.5) of modified starch and rusk powder.

REFERENCE

Essien, E. (2003). Sausage Manufacture Principles and Practice. Woodhead Publishing Ltd, Abington Hall, England.

Figure 1. WHC of sausages during storage at -18°C

Figure 2. pH values of sausages during storage at -18°C


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POTENTIAL USE OF DIFFERENT FARM ANIMAL MANURE TO PRODUCE VERMICOMPOST IN COCONUT TRIANGLE

E.P.D.M. Munasinghe1, S. Premaratne1 and S. Senarathna2

1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 2Coconut Research Institute, Lunuwila.

INTRODUCTION Composting and vermicomposting are interesting options for restoration and improvement of infertile tropical soils. When compare with other composts, vermicompost is superior of its quality because of the undigested materials or castings which are fertile and rich in nutrients readily available to plants (Hansen, 2007). Therefore, the main objective of this study was to find out the effect of different farm animal manure on quality of vermicompost in coconut triangle of Sri Lanka.


The experiment was carried out in a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments and four replicates per treatment. Five treatments were as follows; T1 Cow dung + Rice straw (Oriza sativa) + Gliricidia leaves T2 Buffalo dung + Rice straw + Gliricidia leaves T3 Goat manure + Rice straw + Gliricidia leave T4 Poultry liter (layer) + Rice straw + Gliricidia leave T5 Cow dung + Grass residue + Gliricidia leave Slurry of each manure type was prepared by mixing dung and water in 1:1 proportion. Gliricidia (Glyricidia sepium) and Guinea (Panicum maximum) were used as legume and grass, respectively. Vermicomposts were prepared in plastic pots with a volume of 20 dm3. During the vermicomposting process, physical, chemic and biological properties of different vermicomposts were analyzed. Data were statistically analyzed using DMRT (Dunken Multiple Range Test).


According to results, the highest (P<0.05) number of juveniles (413/20dm3) was found in buffalo manure. Use of goat manure (T3) and poultry litter (T4) increased (P<0.05) the nitrogen content of


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vermicompost compared to others The maximum C:N ratio was recorded in the vermicompost produced by control but the values were not significantly different from each other. Therefore, it is the best material to produce vermicompost in terms of C:N ratio. Table 1. Effect of animal manure on quality of vermicompost

a,b,c,Means not sharing the same superscript in a column differ significantly (P<0.05). According to results, good quality vermicomposts can easily be prepared using goat and poultry manure whereas the better growth of earthworms can be observed in vermicomposts prepared using goat and buffalo manure.

CONCLUSION

The study revealed that animal manures, which are readily available in the coconut triangle such as cow dung, buffalo dung, goat manure and poultry liter can be successfully used to produce good quality vermicompost.

REFERENCE

Hansen, D. (2007). Vermicomposting: innovative kitchen help. http://www.dnr.mo.gov/env/swmp/docs/vermicomposting.pdf (Accessed on August, 12, 2013).

Treatment N,% Total C, % C/N Ca,% Mg, % T1 1.6b±1.5 25.9b±1.4 16.2b±2.2 0.7b±0.2 0.2a±0.08 T2 1.8b±1.8 23.8b±0.4 13.2c±0.8 0.7b±0.2 0.2a±0.06 T3 2.2a±2.3 19.8c±1.7 8.3d ±0.6 0.9b±0.7 0.1a±0.08 T4 2.1a±2.1 26.2b±0.4 12.4c ±0.9 1.8a±0.4 0.2a±0.06 T5 1.6b±1.4 29.9a±1.8 20.2a±1.3 0.9b±0.1 0.2a±0.06 P level * * * * NS


55

DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECT OF GREEN TEA EXTRACT AND INULIN FROM Asparagus falcatus &

Taraxacum javanicum ON THE GROWTH AMPLIFICATION OF Lactobacillus acidophilus & Bifidobacterium bifidum IN

MILK UNDER INCUBATION

P.A.Y. Pradeepika1, K.F.S.T. Silva1, K.M.S. Wimalasiri2 and D. Mudannayaka3


Peradeniya, 2Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, 3Uwa-Wellassa University,

Badulla.

INTRODUCTION

Green Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) has highest amount of polyphenols and other phenolic compounds. They have been known to have a beneficial effect on health (Marhamatizadeh et al., 2013). The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of the supplementation with Green Tea (0.05%, 0.075%, 0.1% and 0.125%) extract 2%(w/v) with plant inulin extracted from A. falcatus and T. javanicum plant roots on bacterial count of two probiotic strains of L. acidophilus and B. bifidum during product incubation in 12% (w/v) skim milk.


A. falcatus and T. javanicum plant root inulin powders were extracted in H2O separately. Green tea extract was added to 12% (w/v) skim milk at 0.05%, 0.075%, 0.1%, 0.125% concentrations containing 2% (w/v) of A. falcatus and T. javanicum extract powder separately, as two experiments. Prepared samples were placed in an incubator at 37oC for 24 h. Diluted samples (10-5, 10-6, 10-7) were inoculated on to specific media in Petri dishes. MRS agar medium and Brain Heart Infusion agar medium were used for L. acidophilus and B. bifidum, respectively. Inoculated samples were placed in incubator at 37oC for 72 h under anaerobic conditions.


The viable plate count of B. bifidum and L. acidophilus in milk with different Green Tea (GT) concentrations and T. javanicum (Tj) and A. falcatus (Af) are summarized in Table 1 and Table 2.


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Table 1.The colony counts of different concentrations of GT extracts with 2% T. javanicum extract Treatment Bifidobacteria (log

cfu/mL) Lactobacilli (log cfu/mL)

Milk without GT & Tj 7.55±0.55d 7.43±0.31h 0.05% GT + 2% Tj 8.60±0.11b 8.41±0.02fg 0.075% GT + 2% Tj 8.74±0.11ab 8.71±0.08ef 0.1% GT + 2% Tj 8.82±0.08a 8.88±0.11e 0.125% GT + 2%Tj 8.67±0.1ab 8.77±0.34ef 2% Commercial inulin 8.40±0.12c 8.20±0.09g 2% Tj 8.22±0.16c 8.26±0.14g Table 2. The colony counts of different concentrations of GT extracts with 2% A. falcatus extract Treatment Bifidobacteria

(log cfu/mL) Lactobacilli (log cfu/mL)

Milk without GT & Af 7.55±0.14d 7.56±0.11h 0.05% GT + 2% Af 8.59±0.13ab 8.43±0.07efg 0.075% GT + 2% Af 8.61±0.15ab 8.44±0.16efg 0.1% GT + 2% Af 8.75±0.06a 8.65±0.07e 0.125% GT + 2%Af 8.63±0.08ab 8.56±0.12ef 2% commercial inulionly 8.38±0.06c 8.36±0.18fg 2% Af only 8.44±0.01bc 8.24±0.16g When comparing the effect of different amounts of GT along with 2% Tj and that of 2%Tj alone, all four GT concentrations had a significant effect while the highest effect was at 0.1% GT for amplifying both B. bifidum and L. acidophilus. Similarly when comparing the effect of different amounts of GT along with 2% Af and that of 2% Af alone, only 0.1% and 0.125% GT had a significant effect while the highest effect was at 0.1% GT for amplifying the growth of both B. bifidum and L. acidophillus.

CONCLUSION Green Tea has a positive significant effect when used either with A. falcatus or T. javanicum on amplification of L. acidophilus and B. bifidum growth in milk at 37oC.

REFERENCE

Marhamatizadeh, M.H., Ehsandoost, E, and Gholami, P. (2013). The influence of Green Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) extract on characteristic of probiotic bacteria in milk and yoghurt during fermentation and refrigerated storage, International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences, 2(17):599–606.


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ESTABLISHING A MODEL FOR HEAT STRESS STUDIES USING WISTAR RATS (Rattus norvegicus) AND MICE (Mus

musculus)

M.K.C.S. Sampath, A. Premachandra, M.P.B. Wijayagunawadhane and S.P. Kodithuwakku


INTRODUCTION

Many studies have been done on heat stress and effect of heat stress on mammals. Previous studies have mainly focused on male reproduction, because high heat can affect directly on gametes production and fertility. Severe environmental heat stress can also reduce the production of farm animals like cattle, swine, goat, etc. For heat stress studies, many animals can be used as models such as rats, mice, guinea pigs. Thus, present study was designed to study the effect of heat stress on female reproduction using a murine and rodent model.


Nine matured female Wistar rats and ICR mice were obtained from the Animal House at Faculty of medicine, University of Peradeniya and Medical Research Institute, Sri Lanka. The control was kept in ambient temperature and the other 02 treatment was 33±2°C and 35±2°C supplied using Tungstun filament bulbs and the height between the bulb and cage was adjusted to maintain the internal temperature in a constant value. For rats and mice the heat was supplied 06 hours for 04 and 05 consecutive days, respectively. Rats and mice were sacrificed on 5th and 6th with chloroform and then they were dissected. The reproductive tracts were separated and one set of ovaries, oviducts and uterus horns were placed in Bouin’s solution for tissue fixation. Implantation sites were counted in mice. The tissues were embedded, sectioned and Haematoxylin and Eosin staining was done. After that images were captured as digital micrographs and then they were analysed using ImageJ® software.


There was an effect of heat stress on ovarian structure of rats and implantation potential of mice. The tissue thicknesses of endometrial epithelium and oviducts of rats and number of implantation sites of mice are summarized in graphs (Figure 1).


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(A) (B)

Figure 1. Effect of heat stress on uterus horns and oviducts and embryo implantation (A) Effect on thickness of endometrial and ampullary epithelial thickness. (B) Effect on No. of implantation sites. Control (C), Treatment 01 (T1), Treatment 2 (T2).

Kruskal Wallis test was used to analyse the data. When considering endometrial and ampullary epithelial thicknesses, there were significant differences between control and treatment 01 and also between control and treatment 02 (P<0.05). Number of implantation sites also showed a significant difference between control and the treatments (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The heat stress of 33±2°C and 35±2°C was able to reduce the thickness of both uterine and oviductal epitheliums of the rats as well as the number of implantation sites in mice. These results show that the higher temperatures may adversely affect the female reproductive performances of mammals and this model can be used for heat stress studies.

REFERENCE

Hansen, P.J. (2009). Effects of heat stress on mammalian reproduction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 364(1534):3341–3350.


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GOAT FARMING SYSTEMS AND OCCURRENCE OF HAEMONCHUS CONTORTUS IN INDIGENOUS GOATS IN

KALMUNAI

S. Krishnasanth, K, M.G.M.K.K. Kulatunga, M.S. Kurukulasuriya and G.L.L.P. Silva


University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya.

INTRODUCTION

Small ruminants are important domestic animals in tropical production systems as they contribute a great proportion to the total wealth of poor families. Parasitic diseases such as helminthic infestation are a continuous serious health problem to goats affecting their productivity (Waller, 2004). Gastro-intestinal nematode infection is associated with management functions such as farming system and feed intake, and physiological functions such as gastro-intestinal activities and protein turn over. However, indigenous animals show varying degree of tolerance to internal parasites. Therefore, this study is carried out to identify the variation of Haemonchus contortus parasitic load of indigenous goats in Kalmunai area for internal parasites.


The study was conducted in Kalmunai area. A total of 100 animals from ten farms were selected based on the criteria of presence of indigenous goats and practice of similar management conditions, to collect information. Animals were divided into two phenotypic categories (category 1- with more indigenous characteristics and category 2 – with less indigenous characteristics) and two age classes 3- <4 month and 4-6 month. The general information was verified by indirect questioning and direct observations. Fecal and blood samples were collected from 100 goats, and Body weights, Packed Cell Volume (PCV), FAMACHA score, Fecal Egg Count (FEC) were measured. FEC were determined by the modified McMaster technique with saturated solution of sodium chloride as the floating medium. PCV was expressed as a percentage of packed red cells in the total volume of whole blood measured by micro-haematocrit centrifuge. Data were analyzed using by TTEST procedures of SAS (2003) and PROC CORR (SAS, 2003).


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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION PCV and FEC values were significantly affected (P<0.05) by phenotypic category of goats where Category 1 goats showed high PCV (25.4±3.2%) and low FEC (141.8±10.8) values indicating the high level of tolerance of goats showing more indigenous characteristics. However, FAMACHA scores, which is a direct indication of anemic level of the animals showed no significant (P>0.05) variation according to the phenotypic category, sex and Age. PCV was significantly different between two age groups where 3-<4 month goats showed higher PCV value (25.4±3.3%) than 5-6 month of age animals (24.1±3.8%). This observation reveals that animals between 3-4 month age are less affected by Haemonchus contortus, and maintain a higher blood level than the animals in higher age group. As expected, body weights were positively correlated (P<0.05) with PCV, and negatively correlated (P< 0.05) to log transformed FEC following the similar pattern of the age group. However, no correlations (P>0.05) was observed between body weights and FAMACHA score. PCVs were negatively correlated (P<0.05) to FAMACHA scores and FEC.

CONCLUSIONS Goats with more indigenous characteristic showed high tolerance to Haemonchus contortus compared to goats with less indigenous characteristics in Kalmunai area. Packed Cell Volume and Fecal Egg Counts are the reliable parameters in measuring the H. contortus infection levels among indigenous goats.

REFERENCE Waller, P.J. (2004). Management and control of nematode parasites of small ruminants in the face of total anthelmintic failure. Tropical Biomedicine, 21:7-13.


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THE ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECT OF Garcinia cambogia AND Tamarindus indica ON MINCED

Nematalosa galatheae (Katugoiyya) FISH UNDER REFRIGERATED STORAGE

T.U. Jayarathne, S.M.C. Himali and J.K. Vidanarachchi


INTRODUCTION

Fish is a valuable protein source, which contains high amount of omega-3 fatty acids. Fish can be easily subjected to microbiological degradation, autolysis and lipids oxidation. Number of antioxidants is currently used as food preservatives to mitigate the oxidation in food items. There is an increasing interest in using natural antioxidants, such as green tea, rosemary, garlic etc., (Lara et al., 2008). The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of Garcinia cambogia (Garcinia or Goraka) and Tamarindus indica (Tamarind) on minced Nematalosa galatheae fish during storage at 4°C.


Antioxidant potentials of extracts were measured by DPPH assay and the polyphenol contents were quantified by Folin-Ciocalteau’s reagent assay and expressed as gallic acid equivalents (µg GAE/g). Equivalent concentrations (1% w/w) of Garcinia cambogia (GE) and Tamarindus indica (TE) extracts were prepared and added to the minced Nematalosa galatheae. As the positive control TBHQ (AO) (0.001% w/w) was used. Keeping qualities such as pH, 2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) value, trimethylamine (TMA) content, color and total viable plate counts (TVPC) were determined during nine-day period of storage at 4°C. Results were statistically analyzed by SAS 9.1.3 programme at p<0.05.

RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION

Tamarind extract has shown higher (P<0.05) values in DPPH assay and also in Folin–Ciocalteau’s reagent assay than that of Garcinia extract. A positive relationship has been found between total phenolic content and


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antioxidant activity of these extracts similar to the previous studies (Promjiam et al., 2013). The keeping quality parameters such as pH value (Table1), TBARS value and instrumental color evaluation showed that a significant difference (p<0.005) among all the treatments.

Table 1. pH values of fish sample during the storage period at 4oC Treatments Day 0 Day 3 Day 6 Day 9

GE 5.64a(±0.05) 5.53a(±0.01) 5.42a(±0.02) 5.23a(±0.03) TE 5.63b(±0.02) 5.64b(±0.04) 5.52b(±0.02) 5.41b(±0.04) AO 5.67c(±0.03) 6.27c(±0.02) 6.15c(±0.03) 6.14c(±0.01) CO 5.64c(±0.01) 5.16d(±0.03) 6.56d(±0.03) 6.75d(±0.03)

a-dMean ± SE with different letters within each column indicate significant difference at P < 0.05

The TE and GE extracts have suppressed the oxidation of minced fish significantly than the control (P<0.005) and TE has shown higher antioxidant potential than GE. However, the effect was not strong as that of the AO treated samples. The lower TVPC values were shown by GE than TE, and AO has shown higher TVPC value than TE. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) among treatments with regard to TMA contents.

CONCLUSION

Since Garcinia and Tamarind extracts have a potential to retard the lipid oxidation and microbial load in minced fish, there is a potential to be used these extracts as natural antioxidants in fish products.

REFERENCES

Lara, M.S., Gutierrez, J.I., Timon, M. and Andres, A.I. (2011). Evaluation of two natural extracts (Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Melissa officinalis L.) as antioxidants in cooked pork patties packed in MAP. Meat Science, 88(3): 481-488.

Promjiam, P., Siripongvutikorn, S., Usawakesmanee, W. and Wichienchot, S. (2013). Effect of added Garcinia fruit on total phenolic compound content, antioxidant properties and quality changes of the Southern Sour Curry Paste, Keang-hleung, during Storage. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 4: 812-820.


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THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF COPPER SULPHATE ON CONTROLLING THE NUISANCE ALGAE

GROWTH USING TWO AQUATIC PLANT SPECIES

K.R.R. Welikanne1, A.R.S.B. Athauda1 and V. Pahalawattaarachchi2 1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, 2National Aquatic Resources and Research Development

Agency (NARA), Colombo 15.

INTRODUCTION

The export demand for aquatic plants has increased in the past few years. When it is considered about the aquatic plant industry in Sri Lanka, there was an upward trend of exportation of aquatic plants from Sri Lanka .The income is mainly from the exportation of live plants which are included a considerable amount of aquatic plants, branches and leaves etc. The growth of nuisance algae in the aquatic plants growing tanks or ponds is considered as a main problem which has to be faced when the aquatic plants are prepared to export market. Algae have many deleterious effects on aquatic plants. Copper sulphate (CuSO4) is widely used to control the fresh water algae and macrophytes as well as the filamentous algae and higher algae (Eisler, 1998). This research study was carried out to investigate the effects of four different concentrations of CuSO4 which were added to commercially available fertilizer for controlling nuisance algae growth in aquatic plants growing tanks.


Thirty tanks (20, 88L) were prepared to establish two species of aquatic plants, a slow growth having species (Cryptocoryne wendtii) and a fast growth having species (Echinodorus parviflorus). Fourty five aquatic plants from each species as three plants for each tank from both species were arranged as a treatment unit among 30 tanks (4 different CuSO4 concentrations and control). Each tank was added with the commercially available fertilizer (Hayley’s Albert solution) in a concentration of 2g/L of water volume and as the four treatments copper sulphate was added in 5mg/L, 7mg/L, 9mg/L and 11mg/L with three replicates for each treatment units and as the control (without CuSO4) for 2 species of aquatic plants. One week after planting, one liter of water sample was collected from each treatment tank by weekly interval for 4 week period. Water samples were filtered by plankton net and algae counting were done by using sedge wick draft and microscope. Statistical analyzing was done using SAS, PROC CATMOD analyzing method.


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Figure1. Mean algae counts for both aquatic plant species against the CuSO4 treatments for the initial and end of the weeks

There was a significant difference between treatments of copper sulphate (P<0.05) and between the aquatic plant species (P<0.05) on the algae growth and there was not a significant difference (P>0.05) in the association of treatments and aquatic plant species on algae growth. The highest concentration of treatment of copper sulphate has been resulted the lowest mean value of algae growth.

CONCLUSION

The highest concentration of copper sulphate (0.11 mg/L) has given the lowest algae growth and that concentration has not made any toxicity or deleterious effect on the aquatic plants.

REFERENCE

Eisler, R. (1998). Copper Hazards to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrate: a Synoptic Review, Contaminant Hazard Reviews Report 33, Biological Science Report, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., USA.


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DEVELOPMENT OF A SOYMILK AND ARTIFICIAL SWEETNER INCORPORATED ICE CREAM WITH IMPROVED

SENSORY QUALITIES

R.W.S.R. Rajasekara and K.F.S.T. Silva


INTRODUCTION

Ice cream is a frozen dairy dessert made by freezing a mix with agitation to incorporate air and ensure uniformity of consistency (Arbuckle, 1986). Conventional ice cream formulations have high concentrations of sugar and fat. However; increasing concerns about health and nutrition have given an impulse to the market of low calorie processed food. The food industry has been seeking alternative ingredients without a major modification in the conventional food characteristics. This study was carried out to formulate a frozen dessert for consumption by diabetic patients.


The research was conducted at the Dairy Technology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya. Soymilk was extracted using three extracting methods such as Illinois method, method of home preparation of soymilk and method of home preparation of soymilk without dehulling in order to select the best extracting method. Four recipes of ice cream mixes (regular, negative control, positive control and the treatment) were calculated based on the resulting glycemic index of ice cream mixes and the basic formula of 12:12:9- fat: sucrose: SNF, according to the Arbuckle, (1977). Sucralose was selected as the sweetening agent for the ice cream mix treatment. Treatment and the regular ice cream were compared using proximate analysis, analysis of physicochemical parameters and sensory evaluation by 30 untrained panelists.


Based on sensory qualities and the highest protein content, Illinois method was selected as the best method for extraction of soymilk. Dry matter% and crude protein% were significantly higher (P<0.05) in


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treatment compared to regular ice cream. Between regular ice cream and the diabetic ice cream, there were no any significant difference (P<0.05) in pH and melting rate. However, overrun was high in regular ice cream while the textural strength in diabetic ice cream was significantly high.

Table 1. Results of proximate analysis of ice creams

Parameter

Regular soy ice cream

Treatment (Diabetic ice cream)

Dry matter % 93.78±0.06b 96.1±0.26a

Crude protein % 10.44±0.37b 22.71±0.55a

Crude fiber % 0.01±0.02a 0.02±0.01a

Fat % 12±0a 11.5±0b

Total solids % 33.78±0.63a 32.49±0.11a

a,bValues with same alphabetic latters are not significantly different in rows.

According to the medians of sensory evaluation for the treatment, lower medians regarding color, texture, sweetness and overall flavor lies more towards moderately like scale.

CONCLUSIONS

Soymilk and sucralose are good alternatives to the production of ice cream with low glycemic index and improved sensory qualities. Consumer preference for the treatment is not much different compared to that of regular soy ice cream which has a higher caloric value. It is a good frozen dessert especially for adults and children with type 2 diabetes who want to maintain a proper diet therapy.

REFERENCE

Arbuckle, W.S. (1986). Ice Cream. The Avi Publishing Company, New York, USA.


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EFFCTIVENESS OF INDIGINOUS HERBAL RECIPIES ON TREATMENT OF MANGE IN PIGS

A.K.P.I. Mayuranga1, W.N.D.S. Weerasakara2, Suranga P.

Kodithuwakku1 and Missaka P.B. Wijayagunawardene1

1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture,

University of Peradeniya, 2Trinity College, Kandy.

INTRODUCTION

The people in the world have strong relationships with their natural environment. The indigenous medicinal system in Sri Lanka known as “Deshiyachikitsawa” or “Sinhalavedakama” is the best example for the above attainment. Traditional physicians of Sri Lanka regularly treated not only humans but also animals such as cattle, other household animals, elephants and horses for various ailments. Mange is a skin disease, which affects most of the domesticated animal and wild animal species. The disease is caused by mites and is endemic in many parts of the world, notably in tropical wet and humid areas (Hamid et al., 2006). Various indigenous medical practitioners have used herbal plants to treat mange. Therefore, the aim of this research study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 3 different indigenous herbal recipes to treat mange in pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus).


Recipes written in traditional documents were referred and preparation was done according to the instruction of the indigenous medical practitioner. Three different herbal recipes of indigenous medicine for external application were selected. In order to formulate effective preparations the traditional methods and instruments were used. Herbal materials were ground and mixed together. 5% of Copper Sulphate (CuSO4) was added to improve the keeping quality. Pigs were randomly selected by observing the external sings of mange and confirm by parasite presence in skin scrapings. Animals were given a score from 1 to 10 according to the severity. Score 0 was given to the pigs when there is no external sings of mange. The treatments were done every 3 days until day 15. The scores were recorded before start the treatment procedure and before the commenced the treatment each day.


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Untreated affected pigs were served as control. A commercially available acaricide, Triclophon (Neguvon) was used as the positive control. The effects of deferent recipes were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test using Minitab software.


Table 1. Scoring of pigs with different treatments during the experimental period. (*Values are expressed as means±S.D) Time Score

Control Neguvon T1 T2 T3 Day 0 5.3±0.4 6±1.3 7.7±1.1 6.7±1.1 6.3±0.9 Day3 5.3±0.4 5±1.3 6.7±1.8 5.7±1.8 4.3±1.6 Day6 4.7±0.9 4.3±1.6 5.3±2.2 4.7±1.8 3.7±1.8 Day9 5.0±0.7 3.7±1.8 4.0±2.0 4.3±1.6 3.0±1.3 Day12 4.7±0.9 3.3±1.6 2.7±2.2 3.3±1.6 1.7±0.9 a Day15 4.7±0.9 3.3±1.6 1.7±2.2a 1.7±1.1 a 1.3±0.4 a aSignificantly different from day 0 (P<0.05) The herbal preparations used in this study could effectively controlled skin mange in pigs. The treatment 1 provided the complete cure of the treated pigs during the experimental period. Significant reduction of sores in T2 and T3 indicated the effectiveness of the herbal preparations as mange treatment.

CONCLUSION

The results indicate that the indigenous herbal recipes used were highly effective to control mange in pigs. However, further studies are needed to improve the effectiveness of the recipe and to formulate ready to use preparation.

REFERENCE Hamid, M.E., Alla, K.M., Ahmed, S.S., El-Shiekh, A.E., Ibrahim, K.E. (2006). Unusual manifestation of a concurrent demodectic and sarcoptic mange in a Zebu–Friesian cross-bred heifer. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, 77(2):90–91.


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EFFECT OF FEEDING GIFT TILAPIA (GENETICALLY IMPROVED FARMED TILAPIA) FRY AND FINGERLINGS WITH FEEDS PREPARED USING CHEAP AND LOCALLY

AVAILABLE INDUSTRIAL BY-PRODUCTS

B.A.D.L.M. Dharmawansha and U. Edirisinghe


INTRODUCTION

Aquaculture of GIFT tilapia is becoming popular in Sri Lanka. In addition, the demand and supply do not match and farmers always face scarcity of feed. This could be solved if a cheap feed is formulated out of locally available by-products. The development of aquaculture is adversely affected by high cost of fish feed. In fish farming, nutrition is critical and feed represents 40-50 % of the production costs. Hence, in order to minimize running cost, it is important to use cheaper alternative feed ingredients that are locally available to produce good quality, nutritionally balanced and palatable fish feeds.


GIFT tilapia fry and fingerlings were collected from Aquaculture Development Centre at Polonnaruwa. Experiment was carried out at Department of Animal Science, University of Peradeniya. Five experimental diets were formulated using locally available industrial by-products by trial and error method. Twelve fingerlings and twelve fry were stocked in 24 glass tanks (30x30x75cm3) and allowed to grow for one month in order to get acclimatized. Experimental feeds were provided for one month at 3% body weight daily. They were fed twice a day at 8.00 a.m. and 2.00 p.m. Body weight gain, average daily growth, condition factor, feed conversion ratio were determined weekly. Feed quality parameters such as water stability, floating ability and palatability were determined. Data were analyzed using Randomized Complete Block Design. LSD was used to separate means.


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Body weight gain and condition factor were significantly different among 12 treatments (P<0.05). However, average daily growth and feed conversion ratio were significantly different (P<0.05) only for fingerlings. All the growth parameters showed the highest value in fry and fingerlings fed with Feed 1 and lowest was in control (Figure 1 and 2). Water stability, floating ability and palatability were significantly different among six feeds (P<0.05). Palatability of Feed 1 was the highest while Feed 4 floated for the longest time. However, control ration showed the highest stability and the lowest floating ability and palatability. Reason for the highest growth rate and palatability of Feed 1 was the use of shrimp head meal at 50% which contained shrimp meat, consumed feed and shrimp shell.

CONCLUSION

Results of the study inferred that Feed 1 could be considered as the economically feasible feed for GIFT tilapia food fish culture in Sri Lanka. Further research is needed to improve this feed as a commercial feed.

REFERENCE

Ighwela, K.A., Ahmad, A.B. and Munafi, A.B. (2013). Water stability and nutrient leaching of different levels of maltose formulated fish pellets. Journal of Global Veterinaria 10(6):638-642.

Figure 2. Growth curve for fingerlings Figure 1. Growth curve for fry


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THE EFFECT OF STOCKING DENSITY ON THE QUALITY OF BLACK TIGER SHRIMP

(Penaeus monodon) POST LARVAE

C.M.R.S. Dias1, A.R.S.B. Athauda1 and S. Thayaparan2

1Deapartment of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of

Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 2King Aqua Services (Pvt) Ltd, Chilaw.

INTRODUCTION In Sri Lanka, shrimp farming industry is playing a valuable role to economy of the country. The hatchery bred post larvae (PL) are the key element in the shrimp farming industry. Penaeus monodon is cultured in commercial basis in Sri Lanka, which species have been selected for culture due to its fast growth, large size, high price, high market potential and the availability of technology. Assessment of larval condition is one of the most important activities carried out in the hatchery. This study was carried out to find the most suitable stocking density combination for rearing of best quality PL, most suitable PL stage used for shrimp farmer and post larvae quality system practices in hatcheries management.


The study was under taken in hatchery of, King Aqua Services (Pvt) Ltd, Chilaw (Udappuwa). PL10-PL15 stage sample were analyzed by observing quality parameters through the microscopic view. Quality parameters were; ideal length compare with age, gut to muscle ratio, swollen hind gut syndrome, necrosis and abnormalities, endoparasite, external parasite quality of the PL were scored as percentage (Hettiarachchi and Hettiarachchi, 2006) according to PL quality assessment protocol prepared by NAQDA, which is also being practiced at King Aqua Services. Total scores assigned with to the quality of PL produced in hatchery with different stocking density such as low (200,000-400,000), medium (400,000-600,000) and high (600,000-800,000). Treatments and observation were compared using Friedman Test and Kruskal-Wallis Test in Minitab 15 and MS Excel was used for general analysis.


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According to the Friedman Test (P<0.05), there was a significant difference between stocking density and PL quality. From the larval stages, to the harvestable level controlled conditions are maintained regarding feed, quality of water, temperature, salinity pH, and dissolved oxygen (Das et al., 1996). In this hatchery, owners practiced best management practices that would help to maintain all the parameters for all the tanks in optimum levels. Among the different stocking densities, low stocking density (200,000- 400,000/ 16 ton) has reported the high PL quality than other stocking densities. According to the Kruskal-Wallis Test (P<0.05) there was significant difference between different post larvae stages. The most suitable age is for issuing post larvae for grow-out farmers is PL14 and PL15 (among PL10-PL15), because that PL quality reported was more than 90% and that age PLs internal and external system are fully developed for grow-out farming system.

CONCLUSION

Maintenance of low stocking density of PL (200,000-400,000 PL/16ton) in hatchery conditions has given the best quality PLs and the PL14 and PL15 stages are the best stage for issuing to grow-out farmers.

REFERENCES

Das, N.G., Sarwar, S.M.M. and Parvez, M.M. (1996). Observation on the water quality management of larval and post larval rearing tanks of Penaeusmonodon hatchery at Cox’s Bazar, Bangalesh. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 43(3): 255-265. Hettiarachchi, C. and Hettiarachchi, M. (2006). A comparative study on the quality of post larvae of Black Tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon), produced in hatcheries in Sri Lanka. Journal of National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka, 34(4): 195-203.


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EVALUATION OF MORPHOMETRIC TRAITS AND BIRTH WEIGHT OF KHILLARI CATTLE

H.M.R. Dissanayake and C.M.B. Dematawewa



INTRODUCTION

Khillari cattle are well known for their draught power and resistance to harsh climatic conditions. They have been imported by the Sri Lankan Government in the past to upgrade draught qualities of local cattle. However, very little information is available on their morphometric traits and performance under Sri Lankan conditions. This research study was carried out to investigate morphometric measurements of Khillari cattle and to carry out quantitative genetic analysis on birth weight the population.


This study was conducted using a purebred Khillari herd in a state farm Polonnaruwa district. Morphological characters such as coat colour and horn type variations, body length, height at withers and horn length were recorded as defined by Brown et al. (1973). Information on identification number of calf and dam, calving month, parity of dam, birth weight of the calf, and rainfall data were obtained from farm records. After editing, there were 1328 birth weight records from 773 Khillari cattle for further analysis. ANOVA procedure was used to determine the effects of factors on birth weight of calves and regression analysis was performed to find out linear relationships between the respective quantitative traits. Heritability of Khillari herd for birth weight was estimated based on half sib analysis using within and between dams information.


White coat colour was the most common (98.5%) with a few exhibiting the grayish coat colour variation (1.49%). About


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78.1% of animals exhibited the curved-up type horns, and 18.9% of them had crescent type horns while the remaining animals (3%) had straight horns. The mean Height at withers, body length and horn length of Khillari cattle were 119.01±0.6 cm, 109.91±0.82 cm and 53.31±0.72 cm, respectively. There was a significantly positive linear relationship (intercept=100.8; slope=0.339; P<0.05) found between the horn length and height at withers (Figure 1). However, height was not significantly correlated with body length (P>0.05), probably because most animals in the sample were adults. Year and month of calving and parity of dam significantly (P<0.05) affected birth weight. However, monthly rainfall had no relationship with monthly mean birth weight (P<0.05). The heritability estimate obtained for birth weight was 0.28.

Figure 1. Relationship between height at withers and horn length in Khillari cattle.

CONCLUSIONS

This study shows the significant influence of parity of dam and seasonal effects on birth weight of Khillari cattle in the Dry Zone. Though this herd has been closely bred for many years, heritability estimate for birth weight shows the presence of sufficient additive genetic variability to conduct within herd selection and improvement for birth weight and other correlated growth traits.

REFERENCE Brown, J.E, Brown, C.J. and Betts, W.T. (1973). Evaluating relationship among measures of size, shape and performance of beef bulls. Journal of Animal Science, 36:1011-1031.


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COMPARISON OF THE FUNCTIONAL EFFICIENCY OF A NEWLY DEVELOPED COMMERCIAL PROTOTYPE OF A

SOLAR POWERED PORTABLE MILKING MACHINE WITH A CONVENTIONAL MOBILE MILKING MACHINE AND

MANUAL MILKING

K.H. Hettihewa1, K.F.S.T. Silva1

and K.S.P. Amaratunga2


Peradeniya, 2 Department of Agicultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya.

INTRODUCTION

In dairy industry, milking is the most important farm operation. Small and medium scale dairy farmers in Sri Lanka are affected with lack of skilled labour especially for milking and the high labour cost. To overcome those problems, a portable milking machine was designed and prototype milking machine was assembled for testing. The cost of the machine has been reduced by using locally available materials considering the affordability of those farmers. All the machine parts were designed and constructed to deduct the power consumption of the machine. Considering initial cost and availability of main supply solar powered portable milking machine is much more suitable to Sri Lankan conditions and is considered as a sustainable solution to the problem. As a consequence of vacuum and pulsations applied in the machine milking procedures, certain changes of the teat tissue appear, such as teat end congestion, changes in teat dimensions, teat colour changes, formation of callus ring on the top of the teats and teat texture changes etc.


The developed solar powered portable milking machine (SPPMM) was tested by milking the cows at Mawelawatta Livestock Field Station, University of Peradeniya. A cow with average yield of 7 L/day was used for testing the milking machine. The average milking time for collecting 10 L of milk was 7 minutes. External teat conditions were visually recorded just prior to udder preparation for milking, immediately following removal of teats cups and three times in ten minutes interval after stopping the milking. A measuring tape was used to take the measurement. Teat length and


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external teat circumference were measured in the same location in each and every teat. Teat circumference is measured in three locations. They are neck of the teat, middle of the teat and end of the teat. Instead of those parameters milk yield and milking time were recorded. Those parameters had been taken during early morning milking for seven days. Conventional mobile milking machine and hand milking were also practiced like that way to compare the functional efficiency of the developed commercial prototype of a SPPMM.


Since the milking was done for one method, consecutively for 7 days, and the yield is declining with the time a comparison cannot be made for the milk yield directly. Analysis of variance (single factor) was performed to check whether there is any difference among method of milking. According to the results, there was no variation among the method of milking in terms of teat length or teat circumference.

CONCLUSION

The newly developed solar powered portable milking machine performs similarly as conventional milking and hand milking. Therefore, it can be concluded that newly developed lift and carry type milking machine can be used for commercial milking without having any adverse effects to the teats of cows.

REFERENCE

Dodd, F.H. (1977). Machine Milking, The Relationship Between Man, Cow and Machine. Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Ireland.


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QUALITY OF MECHANICALLY SEPARATED MEAT: CAN THIS AFFECT ON THE WATER HOLDING CAPACITY OF

CHICKEN BOCKWURST TYPE SAUSAGES?

H.P.C.J. Pathirana1, S.M.C. Himali1, C. Thundeniya1, N. Edirisinghe2 and J.K.Vidanarachchi1

1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 2Cargills (Ceylon) PLC, Colombo.

INTRODUCTION

Comminuted meat products are most popular food items in the world. Considering the quality aspects and economic scenario, water holding capacity plays a major role in comminuted meat products. Mechanically separated meat (MSM) is one of the major raw materials used for the production of comminuted meat products. The current study was carried out to investigate how the quality of MSM affects on the water holding capacity (WHC) of chicken Bockwurst type sausages.


Sample sausages were prepared using MSM obtained from five different suppliers. Proximate composition, calcium content of MSM and, WHC & drip loss of sausages were measured according to the standard procedures. The experiment was designed as a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 3 replicates. Statistical analyses were conducted by using SAS software package. Correlations between WHC of sausages and crude protein, crude fat & calcium content of the MSM were obtained.


MSM from different suppliers contained 48-61% crude protein, 31-44% crude fat, 0.5-1.4% crude fiber and 4-6% ash content on dry basis. Crude protein & crude fat content were significantly different (P<0.05) among different suppliers, whereas the crude fiber, ash contents were not significantly different. Calcium content of MSM was positively correlated with the WHC of sausages (Figure 1). Crude protein and crude fat contents of MSM were not significantly correlated with WHC of sausages (P<0.05).


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Figure1. Correlation of calcium content of MSM (ppm) with WHC (%) of Bockwurst type sausages As shown by Ostwald & Maclennan (1974) calcium is a good binding agent of protein molecules. Hence, it may enhance the WHC of sausages. It is well known that proteins are good water binding molecules. Certain structural changes of meat proteins could have resulted due to high calcium of MSM. Hence, this could have increased the WHC of chicken Bockwurst type sausages.

CONCLUSION

According to the findings from current study, poor WHC of chicken Bockwurst type sausages is not significantly affected by the major quality characteristics of MSM.

REFERENCE

Ostwald, T.J. and Maclennan, D.H. (1974). Isolation of a high affinity calcium-binding protein from sarcoplasmic reticulum. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 249:974-979.


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COMPARISON OF SIX COMMERCIAL BROILER PARENT LINES WITH RESPECT TO PRODUCTION PERFORMANCES

IN MID COUNTRY INTERMEDIATE ZONE IN SRI LANKA

C.I. Jenees1, C.M.B. Dematawewa1and N.M.S.N. Bandara2

1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, 2NLDB Farm, Karandagolla, Kundasale.

INTRODUCTION

Specialized parent and grandparent (breeder) lines are used to produce commercial broiler chicks. Thus parent lines must be well adapted to local conditions with inherent capacity to produce high quality hatching eggs and broiler chicks (Farooq et al., 2003). Therefore, this study was conducted to compare six broiler parent lines with respect to egg production, hatchability and mortality under mid country intermediate zone in Sri Lanka.


This study was carried out in a state poultry farm in Kundasale, Kandy. Information on weekly mortality, egg production and hatchability of six strains (Starbro, Avian, Hybro PG+, Marshall MY, Cobb500 and Hubbard Flex) during the production period (26-68 weeks of age) were collected from farm records. Data were analyzed by using ANOVA procedure treating age and strain as fixed effects and means were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.


The Table 1 shows that significant differences exist among strains with respect to the three traits. Cobb 500 had higher survival % than Avian and Hybro PG+ strains (P<0.05). Figure 1 shows the egg production pattern up to 68th week of age of broiler parents. With regard to egg production and hatchability%, Marshall MY showed the best performance (P<0.05). Lower egg production in other strains, particularly Hubbard Flex, could be due to inherent negative correlations existing between egg production and growth related traits.


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Table 1. Performance (mean±SE) of different commercial broiler parent lines from 26th to 68th week of age1

Strain Mortality % Egg production/ bird/day

Hatchability %

Marshall MY 6.02 ±1.29ab

4.38 ±0.41a 84.31 ±0.84

a

Starbro 4.73 ±0.04ab

3.85 ±0.38b 79.34 ±0.57

b

Avian 4.30 ±0.65b 3.84 ±0.37

b 79.02 ±0.77

b

Cobb 500 6.88 ±0.86a 3.72 ±0.42

b 72.50 ±0.86

c

Hybro PG+ 3.87 ±0.39b 3.52 ±0.40

b 73.64 ±0.68

c

Hubbard Flex 6.02 ±0.65ab

3.08 ±0.43c 76.99 ±0.81

b

Overall mean 5.16 ±0.13 3.66 ±0.40 76.06 ±0.2 1Means with the same letter within a column are not significantly different at P<0.05.

Figure 1. Weekly means of number of eggs laid per bird during the production cycle (from 26th to 68th week of age)

CONCLUSIONS

It is evident that commercial broiler parent lines exhibit differences with respect to egg production and fitness traits under environmental conditions prevailing in mid country intermediate zone. Further studies must be conducted to evaluate growth (and meat quality) performance in order to determine the better performing strains for overall genetic merit and net profit for the given zone.

REFERENCE

Farooq, M., Haq, Z. U., Mian, M. A., Durani, F. R., and Sayed, M. (2003). Cost of production, gross return and net profit in commercial egg production. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 23:41-48.


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SOME ASPECTS OF BIOLOGY, FEEDS AND FEEDING OF THE CICHLID; Etroplus suratensis (PEARL SPOT)

K.N.B.J. Senevirathne1, U. Edirisinghe1 and P.A.C.T. Perera2

1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture,University of

Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 2Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya.

INTRODUCTION

Presence of alien invasive exotic fish species such as tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) is one of the main problems which should be solved to increase the productivity of freshwater resources in Sri Lanka (Edirisinghe, 2009). Present study was aimed to evaluate the possibility of using Etroplus suratensis as a potential candidate in this venture. Therefore, different experiments were planned in order to gain the basic knowledge on morphology, feeding pattern and biology of E. suratensis.


Poecilia reticulate (Wild guppy–1.5±0.5cm), Oreochromis niloticus (tilapia–1.5±0.5cm) and Caridina simoni–2±0.5cm were used to find out the daily requirement of live feed for E. suratensis (Total weight and total length of E. suratensis ranged between 35-130 g and 11-17.5 cm, respectively). In order to determine the most preferred live feed three combinations of feed viz P. reticulate and O. niloticus; P. reticulate and C. simoni; O. niloticus and C. simoni were introduced at a given time. The condition factor of fish under natural conditions was compared with the acclimatized and artificially reared fish. The morphometric and meristic characteristics of fish were also determined. Statistical analysis was carried out using complete randomized design and categorical data analysis with SAS software package.


Results revealed that the preference of E. suratensis for O. niloticus were significantly (P<0.05) higher than for the P. reticulate and C. simoni. E. suratensis required 3.0-3.5g of live feed/fish/day (Figure 1). O. niloticus and P. reticulate were the best combination of live feed for E. suratensis. It was observed that the condition factor of the fish collected from the


82

natural habitat (2.58±0.12) was significantly higher than the acclimatized fish (1.89 ± 0.08), and artificially reared fish (1.99±0.09). Comparatively higher condition factor of laboratory reared fish indicated that E. suratensis could be reared successfully under laboratory conditions using live feeds.

Figure 1: Live feed Figure 2: Mean condition preference of Etroplus suratensis factor of Etroplus suratensis

CONCLUSION

Present study indicates that E. suratensis is an omnivore, which could be easily domesticated and used to control some of the invasive fish species found in Sri Lanka.

REFERENCE

Edirisinghe, U. (2009). Freshwater Capture Fisheries & Aquaculture of Sri Lanka, Aruna Printers, Kurunegala, Sri Lanka.


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AWARENESS ON ENVIRONMENTAL TOXINS AMONG SENIOR UNDERGRADUATES OF UNIVERSITY OF

PERADENIYA

K.K.P. Randika, M.P.B. Kumara Mahipala, S.P. Kodithuwakku and M.P.B. Wijayagunawardane



INTRODUCTION Toxins are hazardous substances causing illnesses or damages to an exposed organisms. The sources of toxins are either natural or manmade chemicals but both of them can harmfully affect the ecosystems. As the environmental toxins have many impacts, it is really important to make the local community aware about the effects of them as it can help to minimize the damage done and essential for the regulatory approaches. Therefore, in this study, the knowledge level of the university students was assessed using a survey conducted with purposive sampling.


Average of 30 students of final or 3rd years undergraduate students were selected as purposive samples from 08 faculties of The University of Peradeniya. Pre-tested questionnaire was used to interview the selected students.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Among the sampled population, 87.9% of students had the awareness about the environmental toxins while 12.1% responders did not have any idea of the concept. As most of them stated, the major source of the environmental toxins was the factories (57%), secondly the agricultural chemicals (22.1%). The mode of enter into the human body was identify as inhalation (35.4%) and the drinking water (31.1%). Vegetable (45.8%) and processed meat (36.2%) were identified as most common food sources for the exposure. Ninety (90.0%) of the sampled population knew that the environmental toxins adversely affect on human health. However, 3.5% did not know and 6.5% had no idea. In the student group who knew that the


84

environmental toxins adversely affect the health, 90.0% stated that kidney diseases (36.7%) and lung diseases (35.5%) are due to the exposure to environment toxins. The knowledge on endocrine disruptors among the tested group was very low. 74% of the group was not aware about endocrine disruptors while only 26% was aware. Moreover, 90.1% of students were not aware about Bisphenol A. In the group with the awareness, 11.1% stated that the plastic is the major source of Bisphenol A, while 3.9% stated that the household electronics appliance is the major source. 90.9% of the sample was not heard about the Mancozeb while only 9.1% had the awareness on Mancozeb. Moreover, 77.5% of the sampled population recommended that mitigation of environmental toxins could be done using organic fertilizers, while 63.8% recommended that the mitigation could be done using recycling of plastic material. As legislative methods to regulate the release of environmental toxins, 77.1% suggested to implement new laws, 63.8% suggested to having new acts and 37.9% suggested to enforce certifications.

CONCLUSION According to the survey results, awareness of the university students on environmental toxins is low. However, majority is having general idea without a comprehensive knowledge. Even though most of them knew environmental toxins have an adverse effect on health and ecosystems, they cannot identify a clear relationship between source and the effect. Therefore, the results indicate an urgent need of increasing awareness on environment toxins and endocrine disruptors among the university students.

REFERENCE Duffus, J.H. (1980). Assessment of Toxicity. In: Cottrell, A. and Southwood, T.R.E (Eds). Environmental Toxicology, Edward Arnold Ltd., 41, Bedford Square, London: pp:1-19.


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DEVELOPMENT OF A HAZARD ANALYSIS AND CRITICAL CONTROL POINT (HACCP) PLAN FOR THE PRODUCTION

LINE OF UHT MILK AT DIGANA MILK PLANT

K.L.M. Ahamed1, K.F.S.T. Silva1 and G.Y.G. Saman2

1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 2MILCO (PVT) Ltd, Digana.

INTRODUCTION

Hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) system is an internationally recognized systematic approach to identify and assess the hazards associated with food. The HACCP system can be applied throughout the food chain from primary production to the consumption to identify the hazards and to ensure food safety (Sri Lanka Standards Institution, 2007). Hence, this study was focused on the development of HACCP plan for production line of UHT milk at MILCO Factory, Digana. At first, Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), Standard Operational Practices (SOP) and Standard Sanitation Operation Practices (SSOP) were assessed as existing prerequisite programs (Sri Lanka Standards Institution, 2007).


This study was carried out at MILCO (PVT) Ltd, Digana. Application of HACCP to the production of UHT milk products was done according to Codex general principles of food hygiene, the appropriate Codex Codes of practices and appropriate food safety legislation. The HACCP team was assembled and scope of the study was identified. The process flow diagram of UHT milk and the factory layout were constructed. After that, all potential biological, chemical and physical hazards associated with each processing steps and ingredients were identified, analyzed and justified. Critical control points (CCP) were identified by using CCP decision tree; finally, the HACCP plan was developed (Codex Allimentarius Commission, 1993).


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Table 1. Identification of CCPs, potential hazards and critical limits

CONCLUSION

Five critical control points that were identified in the study are raw milk reception, pasteurization, UHT treatment, filling and form aseptic packaging, raw material and UHT milk pack storage area.

REFERENCES

Codex Allimentarius Commission (1993), Guidelines For The Application Of The Hazard Analysis And Critical Control Point (HACCP) System, Volume 1, Sup 1, Rome, Italy. Sri Lanka Standards Institution (2007), HACCP User Guide, (3rd ed.), Colombo, Sri Lanka.

CCP PROCESS STEP

POTENTIAL HAZARD

CRITICAL LIMIT

CCP 1 Raw milk /Reception

Pathogenic micro-

organisms

Receiving temperature < 7 °C

CCP 2 Pasteurization Survival of pathogenic

bacteria

72 °C for at least 15 seconds

CCP 3 UHT Treatment

Heat damage of milk/micro

organism contamination

Control temperature of Heat exchangers

(L1,L2,L3) are 90 °C,110 °C,139 °C

CCP 4 Filling and Aseptic Form

Packaging

Cross contamination of microbes and H2O2

concentration

35% H2O2 Concentration, H2O2 residues less than

0.5 ppm Filling temperature less

than 37 °C

CCP 5 Raw material and UHT milk pack Storage

area

Foreign matter/Pest and rodents, and microbes

Proper inspection, RH<65 °C

Temperature<25 °C


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IDENTIFICATION OF CRITICAL CONTROL POINTS AND DEVELOPMENT OF A SUITABLE METHOD TO ELIMINATE

SALMONELLA IN PROCESSED BLUE CRABS DURING PROCESS FLOW

K.T.S.L.P. Senawirathna1, Thusith S. Smarakone1, J.K. Vidanarachchi1, D.R.P.S. Deshapriya2

1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, 2Ceylon Catch (PVT) Ltd, Dankotuwa.

INTRODUCTION

Seafood is considered a nutrient dense food source which provides various nutritional and other health benefits to humans. Fresh crabs, which come under category of crustaceans, are highly perishable and microbiological spoilage is one of the main causes of limited shelf-life and food safety. Among pathogenic bacteria, strains of salmonella are amongst the most frequent causes of foodborne infections transmitted to humans. Chlorine-based products, especially hypochlorites, are used to overcome this problem in the seafood industry. Hazard Analytical Critical Control Point (HACCP) system is an efficient approach of controlling hazards related food safety (De Silva and Yamao, 2008). The aim of this study was to develop a method to prevent salmonella in processed crabs using a chlorinated compound and develop a HACCP system to control hazards in crab processing.


The experiment was conducted at Ceylon Catch Pvt. Ltd, Dankotuwa. Three batches of crabs were collected from the receiving lot from a selected supplier. Following that samples (6 crabs/lot) of crab meat were collected at different steps of crab processing; Step a: soon after arriving at the plant, Step b: following dip in 10 ppm chlorinated chilled water for 10 minutes, Step c: following de-shelling and dip in 1-2 ppm chlorine bath, Step d: after crabs were separated into two halves and washed with 1 ppm chilled chlorinated water, and Step e: following storage at -18°C for 2 weeks. Enumerations of salmonella and aerobic plate counts were carried out at each step (Enumeration I, II, III, IV and V). HACCP system for the crab processing section at Ceylon Catch Pvt. Ltd., Dankotuwa was developed and suitable recommendations were made to eliminate identified CCPs.


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Figure 1-a Figure 1-b

Figure 1. Total aerobes (Figure 1-a) and salmonella (Figure 1-b) availability in crabs at different steps of crab processing (Steps of processing; a: raw material, b: initial chlorine bath, c: second chlorine bath after de-shelling, d: third chlorine bath after separating into halves, e: frozen crabs) Total aerobic counts and presence of salmonella in crabs reduced along the steps in the processing procedure. There were significantly (P<0.05) lower amount of total aerobic counts at steps d and e compared with steps a and b, and intermediate levels were found at step c. HACCP plans were identified for three critical control points, namely receiving, freezing and cold storage of crabs.

CONCLUSION

The chlorine concentration and time should be considered together to establish critical control points. Three critical control points were found and corrective measures and critical limits were introduced to follow HACCP process for frozen cut crabs.

REFERENCE

De Silva, D.A.M and Yamao, M. (2008). Compliance on HACCP and export penetration: An empirical analysis of the seafood processing firms in Sri Lanka. Sabaramuwa University Journal, 8(1); 61-77.


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EGG QUALITY AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES: COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIFFERENT POULTRY SPECIES

AND VILLAGE CHICKEN EGGS STORED AT REFRIGERSTED CONDITIONS

W.M.R.M. Wijedasa, S.M.C. Himali and J.K. Vidanaracchi


INTRODUCTION

Egg quality has been defined as the characteristics of an egg that affect its acceptability to the consumers. Usages of eggs are recognized in food related capacities for coagulation, foaming, emulsification, color and flavor due to the functional characteristics of egg proteins (Hsieh & Resenstein, 1989). This study was carried out with the purpose of assessing egg quality traits and functional properties among five different poultry species including commercial chicken, Sri Lankan village chicken, duck, quail, turkey and the impact of storage period on quality and functionality of chicken eggs stored under refrigerated conditions.


One-day old Japanese quail, Shaver Brown, village chicken, duck and turkey eggs were collected from Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. Shape index, shell thickness, air cell depth, Haugh unit, yolk index, viscosity and yolk color were measured in order to determine the external and internal quality parameters of fresh eggs. The functional properties were analyzed with the measurements of foaming stability, gel strength, emulsion stability and whole egg color. In order to examine the changes during long term refrigerated storage, one-day old eggs (60) were collected from Shaver Brown and village chicken and stored at 10 ᵒC for one-month period. The above mentioned egg quality traits and functional properties were measured in 0, 1st, 2nd and 3rd week of storage. The experimental design was Complete Randomized Design (CRD). The results were subjected to analysis of variance (Repeated Measured ANOVA) and the means were compared by Least Significant Difference (LSD) method at α = 0.05.


90


Yolk color, shape index and shell thickness of fresh poultry eggs were significantly Pp<0.05) differed among the species tested. The highest shape index was found in quail eggs whereas the lowest was recorded with turkey eggs. Yolk color was highest in village chicken eggs and eggshells of turkey and duck eggs were thicker compared with eggshells of other poultry species. The foaming stability, gel strength, viscosity (Figure 1) and emulsifying properties were significantly (P<0.05) higher in duck eggs than other examined poultry eggs. This is likely to be due to high content of albumin present in egg white of duck eggs. Hough unit and yolk index of poultry eggs were decreased and air cell depth was increased (P<0.05) with increasing storage time of poultry eggs. While shell thickness, shape index and overall color were not significantly (P<0.05) changed during the cold storage.

Figure 1. Rheological values of fresh eggs obtained from different poultry species. Error bars indicate standard deviation. Data points were from the average of three measurements (n=3). Bars with different letters are significantly different (p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Duck eggs have shown excellent foaming, gelling, rheological and emulsifying properties compared with other species. Village chicken eggs were subjected to higher rate of quality deterioration than commercial chicken eggs under refrigerated storage.

REFERANCE

Hsieh, Y.L. and Resenstein, J.M. (1989). Texture changes on hating spray-dried egg white. Journal of Food Science, 54:1206-1208.


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CURRENT WELFARE STATUS OF BROILER CHICKEN IN ANURADHAPURA DISTRICT

W.J.M.N.P. Jayasingha and T.S. Samarakone


INTRODUCTION

Broiler industry plays an important role in the animal production sector in Sri Lanka as broiler meat is an important source of high quality protein, minerals and vitamins to balance the human diet. In the recent past, consumer concerns about food safety risks and the impact of food consumption on human health have increased. In addition, concern on how animals are raised in terms of welfare is gradually increasing among consumers due to various welfare problems associated with modern animal production systems. Animal welfare has been defined as avoidance of abuse and exploitation of animals by humans, by maintaining appropriate standards of accommodation, feeding and general care, and prevention and treatment of disease (FAO, 2012). This research study was aimed to evaluate the current welfare situation of broiler chickens raised in Sri Lankan farms.


Thirty seven small scale farms (< 1000 birds/farm) and thirty seven medium scale farms (>1000 to < 5000 birds/farm) from Galenbindunuwewa, Galnewa, Thalawa, Nuwaragampalatha (Central Division) and Thirappane Veterinary Ranges of Anuradhapura district were randomly selected for the study. The study was carried out from September to November, 2013. Farms were evaluated in terms of input and output based measures using a pre-tested questionnaire. Housing condition and other management practices such as feeding and watering program, health management, and bio-security measures, and animal based measures such as dirtiness, contact dermatitis, gait score and hock burns were evaluated. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Minitab 16.


92


Majority of small scale (89.2%) and medium scale (94.6%) producers surveyed in this study engaged in buy-back system of rearing. Out of the total population, 98.7% of the producers did not know about the concepts related to welfare of farm animals and none of them had training/education related to welfare aspects of farm animals. However, 35.1% and 43.2% of the small and medium scale producers had attended management practices related training programs organized by the companies involve in buy-back system. Major concerns with respect to compromising welfare standards of broiler birds were found during brooding period and during the catching process of broilers to be transported to slaughter. At the stage of brooding 18.9% small scale and 13.3% medium scale farmers did not provide recommended spacing for the birds. At the time of catching, a mere percentage of small (4.8%) and medium (4.9%) scale producers follow the recommendation of catching and carrying only three or lesser birds in one hand at a time. The other management practices and the conditions that provided for the birds were of acceptable and within recommended levels, which may be due to the guidance and continuous advice of the field officers of buy-back companies.

CONCLUSIONS

Awareness of concepts related to animal welfare was poor among the broiler producers in Anuradhapura district. However, majority of producers are maintaining standard management practices, may be due to the guidance and continuous advice of the field officers of buy-back companies.

REFERENCE

FAO, (2012). Economics and Farm Animal Welfare, FAO Statistical Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy.


93

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PACKAGING MATERIALS ON QUALITY AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF

PASTEURIZED FROZEN LIQUID WHOLE EGG DURING STORAGE

W.D.D.K. Karunarathna, S.M.C. Himali and J.K.Vidanarachchi

Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture


INTRODUCTION Frozen liquid whole egg is safe to use, as pasteurization inactivates harmful microorganisms, mainly Salmonella spp. Pasteurized frozen liquid egg is simple to be used in distribution and food manufacturing processes. Selection of suitable packaging material for liquid whole egg for frozen storage is important in order to preserve the quality and functional properties of egg. The objective of this study was to find out the best packaging material for long term frozen storage of liquid whole egg while considering the quality and functional properties of the liquid whole egg.


After homogenization of liquid whole egg (from surface disinfected day old Shaver Brown’s eggs), pasteurization was done at 62.5ºC for 2.5 min. Pasteurized liquid eggs was stored at -18oC for two-month period after packing in three different packaging materials (Metalized Polyester- Polyethylene (MPP), Polypropylene (PP) and Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE)). The foaming properties, gelling, emulsifying, color, viscosity, pH and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values were determined by fortnight intervals and compared with unpasteurized fresh liquid whole egg (UPLWE) and pasteurized liquid whole egg (PLWE). Microbial analysis was done at the beginning and at the end of the frozen storage period. Butter cakes prepared with frozen liquid whole eggs were subjected to sensory quality evaluation. Complete Randomized Design was used with least square mean multiple comparisons test for the statistical analyses of quality and functional properties data. Sensory evaluation data was analyzed by using Friedman test in Minitab.


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Gelling, color, viscosity and rancidity of frozen whole liquid eggs were significantly (P<0.05) increased during the storage period for all the treatments. Whereas, the foaming stability significantly (P<0.05) decreased with storage time and pH did not change significantly (P>0.05) during the storage time. Foaming had highest mean value for MPP packed frozen liquid whole egg, whereas it showed the lower viscosity values than other treatments (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Effect of storage on viscosity of frozen liquid whole egg in different packaging materials Cake prepared with pasteurized frozen liquid whole egg in MPP had higher overall acceptability than other cakes prepared with frozen whole eggs. Foaming or coagulating properties of egg white and emulsifying properties of egg yolk are important functional properties in food industry (Jones, 2007). No microbial growth was observed in microbial analysis of frozen eggs even after two-month storage period.

CONCLUSION

Metalized polyester-polyethylene is the most suitable packaging material among the packaging materials tested for pasteurized frozen liquid whole egg. Pasteurized frozen liquid whole egg in MPP possesses the required quality characteristics of liquid whole eggs for bakery products.

REFERENCE Jones, D.R. (2007). Egg functionality and quality during long-terms storage. International Journal of Poultry Science, 6 (3): 157-162.


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ANTIFERTILITY EFFECT OF LEAVES EXTRACT OF Michelia champaca L. ON FEMALE ICR MICE

V.P. Senaratne1, M.P.B. Wijayagunawardane1, V.N. Seneviratne2

and S.P. Kodithuwakku1

1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, 2Deparment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of

Peradeniya.

INTRODUCTION

Michelia champaca L. is a plant which is used traditionally among Bhatra women of Chhattisgarh State in India as an antifertility drug. Though studies conducted in India have confirmed the antifertility properties in M. champaca (Tapriol et al., 2013), no studies have hitherto been conducted in Sri Lanka on this promising species to ascertain its potential anti-fertility effects. A given plant species could possess different chemical characteristics under varying environmental conditions. Therefore this study was undertaken to assess the anti-fertility effects of M. champaca found abundantly in Sri Lanka.


Leaves of M. champaca were collected from Meewathura Farm, University of Peradeniya. A voucher specimen was deposited for future reference. Leaves were air- dried for 3 weeks and were ground to a powder. The dried, pulverized leaves were extracted with hydro-alcohol (Ethanol:Water; 30:70) using Soxhlet for 72 hours. The extract was concentrated to semi-solid mass using rotary evaporator and was then lyophilized. The lyophilized extract was preserved at 4 °C. Proximate composition of the leaves was analyzed. The hydro-alcoholic leaves extract of M. champacawas subjected to a preliminary phytochemical screening to identify alkaloids, glycosides, phytosterols, resins, phenols, saponins, tannins and flavonoids. Matured 4 month old female ICR mice weighing 30±5 g were obtained. Four animals were used for each treatment. The extract was administered at two levels, i.e. 100 and 200 mg per kg of body weight per day. The dose of extract was reconstituted by suspending the required quantity of extract in Tween 80 (5% v/v in saline) and was injected orally. The control received an equal volume of Tween 80 (5% v/vin saline). The extract was administered continuously to female rats from the 1stday to the 8th day of pregnancy and on the 9th


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day, the mice were sacrificed and the number of implantation sites was counted. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In this present study, average implantation sites in the control group (C), 100 mg/kg/day (T1) and 200 mg/kg/day (T2) was 13.5, 11.5 and 9 respectively. According to Kruskal-Wallis test there was no significant difference in number of implantation sites (P>0.05) between the control group and T1. But there was a significant difference (P<0.05) between control group and T2 (Figure 2).

Figure 1. Mean implantation sites of the treatments The Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the extract gave positive result for alkaloids, glycosides, phytosterols, phenols, tannins and flavonoids and negative results for tannins and resins.

CONCLUSION

Leaves of Michelia champaca tree which grows in Sri Lanka has the potential to exert an antifertility effect in mice.

REFERENCE

Taprial, S., Kashyap, D., Mehta, V., Kumar, S. and Kumar, D. (2013). Antifertility effect of hydroalcoholic leaves extract of Michelia champaca L.: an ethnomedicine used by Bhatra women in Chhattisgarh state of India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 147(3): 671–675.


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STUDY ON ANIMAL PROTEIN CONSUMPTION PATTERN AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF UNDERGRADUATE

STUDENTS IN UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA

T.G.S. Chathuranga, B.C. Jayawardena and M.B.P. Kumara Mahipala



INTRODUCTION

Animal proteins are superior to vegetable proteins with some essential amino acids. It is important to incorporate animal proteins to daily diet to maintain proper nutrition. The present study investigates the factors affect on the consumption pattern of animal protein and relationship between animal protein consumption and nutritional status of the undergraduate students of University of Peradeniya.


The information was collected using a pretested structured questionnaire from undergraduates of University of Peradeniya. The study population consisted with 50% males and 50% females with total number of 200 students. Prior to conducting the survey the responders were informed about the purpose of the study. Anthropometric measurements were taken according to the recommendations of the World Health Organization (Onis and Habicht, 1996). Data were entered to an excel spread sheet and analysed using SAS (version 9.13) and Minitab (version 14) software.


There were negative relationships between age and body mass index (BMI), mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) and waist to hip ratio (WHR) while skin fold thickness (SFT) showed a positive relationship with age. There were positive relationships between BMI and MUAC, SFT and WHR (0.816, 0.292 and 0.326 (P<0.05)) and a negative relationship was observed between SFT and WHR.


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The BMI, MUAC and WHR of males were significantly higher than females. But the SFT was significantly higher in females. The result may be due to fat depositions in females’ with secondary sexual changes. The significantly high mean BMI and MUAC values (24.86 and 301.5 mm, respectively) were shown by students who had consumed only milk products while the lowest values (18.89 and 243.2 mm, respectively) were shown by students who had not consumed any animal proteins. There was no significant difference in average BMI, MUAC and WHR among different ethnicities. The majority of the students consumes food from canteens (54%) and 37% of students cook their foods while only 10% of the population depend on nearby shops. Method of food supply didn’t affect BMI and MUAC values according. But the students who cook their own food show significantly higher SFT value than the other two groups. The highest average WHR value was observed in students who take food from the canteens which was significantly higher than other food supply methods.

CONCLUSIONS

There was a significant relationship between animal protein consumption patterns and nutritional status of undergraduate students of University of Peradeniya. Animal protein consumption patterns of students have been affected by number of socio-economic factors like religion, ethnicity, sex, age, and the amount of money that spend on foods.

REFERENCE

Onis, M.D., and Habicht, J.P. (1996). Anthropometric reference data for international use. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 64:650-658.


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DEVELOPMENT OF A TRADITIONAL RICE FLOUR (Suwendal) INCORPORATED COATING FOR CHICKEN FINGERS

S.Thatchaneshkanth1, B.C. Jayawardana1, Nirosh Lalantha2,

S. Jayarathne2, S.M.C. Himali1 and J.K. Vidanarachchi1


Peradeniya,2Keells Food Products Pvt Ltd, Ja-Ela.

INTRODUCTION

Preference for designer functional meat products is becoming popular in the meat processing industry. There is a great potential to use rice varieties in functional food product development with various health benefits. Suwendal is a traditional rice variety with milky taste, high nutritive qualities, antioxidative properties and high fiber content (Abeysekera, 2011). In the current study possibility of replacing wheat in a coating of chicken fingers with traditional rice variety, Suwendal was studied.


The product development was carried out at the Krest Plant of Keells Food Products PLC, Ja-Ela. Wheat (100%) flour incorporated, coated chicken fingers were considered as control (C).Wheat flour used in coating was subsequently replaced with three levels ({T1-15%, T2-30%, and T3-45%}) of Suwendal rice flour. Sensory evaluation was conducted to evaluate texture, appearance, taste, oiliness, crunchiness and overall acceptability using ten trained panelists. Objective evaluations such as, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances value (TBARS), total aerobic plate count of chicken finger samples were taken during three weeks of storage at -1 °C.


According to the sensory panel results T2 (30% rice flour) showed the highest values for appearance, external colour, oiliness, crunchiness and overall acceptability. All three treatments showed significantly low (P<0.05) TBARS values compared to control during the first and third week of storage. Total aerobic plate count of all treatments and control was increased throughout the storage period. However, there was no


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significant difference in total aerobic plate count among treatments. Proximate analysis clearly illustrated that there was no significant difference in crude fat, ash and crude fiber content among treatments and control samples. However, there was a significant difference (P<0.05) in dry matter content and crude protein among treatments. T2 contained the highest amount of dry matter, whereas control contained highest amount of crude protein compared to other treatments. T1 showed the highest value for coating pick up compared to other treatments. Furthermore T1 showed the highest value for cooking yield and lowest value for cooking loss.

CONCLUSION

Suwendal rice flour can be successfully used to replace wheat flour up to 30% in the coating of chicken finger with better sensory and objective quality characteristics.

REFERENCE

Abeysekera, W.K.S.M., Premakumara, G.A.S., Ratnasooriya, W.D. and Chandrasekharan, N.V. (2011). Antioxidant properties of some Sri Lankan traditional red rice (Oryza sativa L.). Annual Research Proceedings, University of Colombo, 289-293.

Figure 1: Total plate count of chicken fingers during storage period

Figure 2: TBARS value of chicken fingers during storage period


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EVALUATION OF THE PRESENT STATUS OF ECOTOURISM IN SRI LANKA WITH SPECIAL

REFERENCE TO PINNAWALA ELEPHANT ORPHANAGE (PEO)

W.L.A.N.D. Madhushanka1, A.N.F. Perera1 and

R.C. Rajapaksa2

1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, 2 Pinnawala Elephant Orphanage, Pinnawala.

INTRODUCTION Sri Lanka’s diverse landscape and rich cultural heritage provides a wide range of tourism opportunities, ranging from “sun and beach” holidays, wildlife excursions, to cultural tours. Ecotourism is the fast growing segment in the tourism sector. The PEO is globally renowned tourist attraction in Sri Lanka which draws annually 0.5 million visitors. The PEO is also an ex situ conservation facility established for a globally threatened Asian elephants. This study was undertaken to analyze the visitor dynamics, visitor profiles, visitor perception and visitor expectations to improve ecotourism in PEO and convert PEO in to one of the leading ecotourism destination in Sri Lanka.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty foreign adult visitors and fifty local adult visitors were surveyed using a questionnaire. This survey was conducted at the PEO to examine the characteristics of visitors, feeling on the eco-tourism, satisfaction gained from the visit, their attitude towards the conservation of the elephants, their reactions to the current facilities available at the orphanage, reason for selecting PEO for a visit, main visitor attraction at PEO, limitation identified by the visitors and their opinions to improve activities in PEO. The secondary information uses in this research were extracted from Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority and Monthly statistical reports of PEO. This survey was carried out over period of two months from 1st October 2013 to 30th November 2013. Data were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft Excel.


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The survey indicated that foreign visitors to the PEO during the surveyed period majority came from Europe (68%), Asia (12%), and Australia (8%). Majority of the local visitors came from Colombo district (16%) followed by Kandy (12%) and Kegalle (10%). Majority of local people (40%) age group between 21-30 and 38% of foreign people between 31-40 age group visited PEO. Out of total population 88% of foreigners knew the concept of ecotourism and 54% of locals were aware of it. Visitors selected PEO for their visit due to higher interest to see elephant (31%) and conservation (24%) of elephants. In addition 70% of visitors were interested to watch elephant bathing in the river and 56% were interested to free ranging elephants in the PEO among major visitor attractions.

CONCLUSIONS

This research suggests that PEO has an excellent potential for ecotourism while promoting the elephant conservation consciousness among the general public. This study revealed that certain important aspect and contribution of current events at PEO for tourist attraction and visitor expected activities at PEO. Therefore, government sector should give more attention for better planning considering tourist arrival pattern, infrastructure facilities and financial support for improving the ecotourism in PEO.

REFERENCE Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority (SLTDA) (2012). Annual Statically Report of Sri Lanka Tourism, Sri Lanka.

Figure 2: Percentage of the tourist arriving in Sri Lanka that visits the PEO during 2009 to 2012

Figure 1: Response in relation to the knowledge about Ecotourism concept.


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IDENTIFICATION OF QTLS FOR MILK PRODUCTION TRAITS OF DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS IN SRI LANKA

S.M. Hewawasam1, P. Rajapaksha2, P. Janaththani2,

S.W.M.B Dunuwille2, S.D.S.S Sooriyapathirana2, M.P.B. Wijayagunawadhane1 and S.P. Kodithuwakku1


Peradeniya,2 Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya.

INTRODUCTION

At present, Sri Lanka produces a mere 0.22 million metric tons of milk per year, and still struggle to adopt a suitable breeding programme to uplift the cattle herd in the country. In dairy cattle, most of the economical traits are quantitative and ‘Quantitative trait loci’ (QTLs) are the regions of DNA that is associated with a particular phenotypic trait. QTLs are found on different chromosomes. Quantitative traits refer to phenotypes that vary in degree and can be attributed to polygenic effects such as milk production, reproduction, functional, and conformation traits etc. Identifying QTL has a potential to significantly increase the genetic improvement through implementation of marker-assisted selection (MacNeil and Grosz, 2009). Thus, this study was undertaken as a pilot project to identify possible QTLs (i.e. markers) associated with milk production in Sri Lankan dairy cattle.


Venous blood were collected from 29 cattle from the herds at National Livestock Development Board farm, Malsiripura consisted of European and European×Indian cross bred animals and from local cattle with indigenous phenotypic characteristics in Mannar and Thamankadwa. Milk yield data were also obtained from the records. Genomic DNA was extracted from buffy coats of those blood samples by using a commercial DNA extraction kit. PCR implication for genomic DNA was done using 11 pairs of previously identified milk yield related microsatellite markers. Four specific microsatellite makers; BM 6425, BM 3517, RM 011 and ETH 225 were selected for study based on polymorphic patterns in an agarose gel electrophoresis. Suspected polymorphic samples were


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further resolved by Poly-Acrylamide Gel electrophoresis (PAGE). After PAGE, each band on the gel was read manually. Size and height values were used to calculate allele frequencies esteem and shadow bands correction was also employed as described by (Lipkin et al., 1998). Analysis was done for quantitative trait loci associated with the milk using single marker analysis using the statistical package SAS 9.1.

Figure 1. Black bands are showing the monomorphic bands and red color bands are showing polymorphic bands in the PAGE


From the PCR products, 18 bands were identified by PAGE. Out of 18 bands, 11 bands showed polymorphism and 7 bands were identified as monomorphic. Bands B5, B6, B8, B9, B10, B11, B12, B13, B14, B15, B16 and B17 were found to be polymorphic where as only B17 showed significant association with milk yield under 40% probability.Therefore, presence of B17 band, which corresponds to ETH 225 maker, was associated with high milk production (2061.00 L/Yr) and absent of the B17 was associated with the low milk yield (852.50 L/Yr).

CONCLUSION

ETH 225 can be used to identify high yielding cows and for further development of QTLs for milk production traits of dairy cattle breeds in Sri Lanka.

REFERENCE

Lipkin, E., Darvasi, A., Friedmann, A. E. and Soller, M. (1998). Quantitative trait loci locus mapping in dairy cattle by means of selective milk DNA pooling using dinucleotide microsatellite merkers: Analysis of milk protein percentage. Genetics Society of America, 149(3):1557-1567.


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EFFECTIVENESS OF INDIGENOUS HERBAL RECIPES TO TREAT MANGE IN DOGS

L.M. Liyanage1, Danuska Weerasekare2, Suranga P. Kodithuwakku1

and Missaka P.B Wijayagunawardena1


Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. 2Trinity College, Kandy.

INTRODUCTION

It is a moral trend that people are moving from western medicine to traditional medicine using various herbal materials. Sri Lankan traditional medical system is known as “Desheeya Chikitsa” which existed over 3000 years, and passed generation to generation by handed prescriptions. King Buddhadasa (398 AD) was one of the most famous traditional physician wrote the “Sarartha Sangrahaya”, a very useful medicine book. Sri Lankan physicians still use that information even today for their treatments. Mange is a highly contagious, intensively pruritic parasitic skin disease. The disease commonly affects dogs with worldwide distribution (Curtis, 1996). This study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of 3 indigenous herbal recipes to treat mange in dogs (Canis lupus familiaris).


Three different herbal recipes of indigenous medicine for external application were selected to treat mange in dogs. The treatment preparation was done according to the instruction of the indigenous medical practitioner. The preparations were added with 1% CuSO4 to improve the keeping quality and stored in the room temperature. The treatments were randomly allocated for mange-affected dogs. A commercially available Acaricide Triclorphon (Neguvon) was used as the positive control. A 0 to 10 score system was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatments. The score system was based on the severity of disease. The most severely affected dogs was given score 10 and the score 0 was given to the dogs when no external sings of mange. The initial score was recorded before commencement of the treatment process. The treatments were done every 3 days until day 15. The visual evaluation was done each day just before the treatments and the score


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was recorded. The effects of deferent recipes were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test using Minitab software.


Table 1. Scoring of dogs with different treatments during the experimental period.

Time Score*

T1 T2 T3 Control Days 0 8.00±0.82 7.00±0.47 7.25±0.54 7.66±0.72 Days 3 7.67±1.09 7.00±0.47 7.25±0.54 7.66±0.72 Days 6 7.00±0.82 6.66±0.27 7.25±0.54 7.66±0.72 Days 9 7.00±0.82 6.66±0.27 7.00±0.35 7.33±0.54 Days 12 6.33±0.98 5.33±0.27 6.75±0.41 7.00±0.82 Days 15 6.00±0.82 5.33±0.27 6.25±0.22 6.67±0.72 Days 18 5.00±0.82 4.67±0.27 5.25±0.22 6.67±0.72

*Values are expressed as means±SD A significant effect of herbal treatment in controlling mange was observed. However, any of the treatments used was not effective enough to provide complete cure of the treated dogs during the experimental period.

CONCLUSION Therefore, it can be concluded that the herbal treatments using indigenous recipes can be efficiently utilized to control mange in dogs. However, long-term treatments with more improved preparations are necessary to accomplish the complete cure.

REFERENCE

Curtis, C.F. (1996). Use of 0.25 per cent fipronil spray to treat sarcoptic mange in a litter of five-week-old puppies. The veterinary Record,139:143.


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MODELING OF LACTATION CURVES FOR DAIRY CATTLE IN SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE FARMS IN HATTON

VETERINARY RANGE

M. Amirthavarsiny1, C. M. B. Dematawewa1 and S. Sukumar2

1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 2Department of Animal Production and Health

(Central Province), Hatton.

INTRODUCTION

Modeling lactation curves enables us to obtain a clearly visible summary of the production performance of dairy cattle in a particular management scenario. Thus lactation curves are aids to identify genetic and management ways and means to enhance production levels (Dematawewa et al., 2007). Therefore, this study was carried out in a medium scale farm and 30 small scale farms practicing intensive management in Hatton veterinary range in Nuwara Eliya district to model lactation curves of Friesian, Jersey and Ayrshire cows and to evaluate their performance at field level.


A set of daily milk records of 40 purebred Friesian, Jersey and Ayrshire cows in a medium scale farm, and morning and evening milk yields of 30 purebred Friesian cows from small scale dairy producers (one cow per farmer) were randomly selected. Wood’s formula [Yt = atbexp(-ct); where Yt is the daily yield at tth day in milk and a, b, and c are parameters, as in Wood (1967)] was fitted separately for each category of milk records using nonlinear regression procedure in SAS software to model lactation curves.


The lactation curves fitted for Friesian (n=32), Ayrshire (n=4) and Jersey (n=4) cows in the medium scale farm are in Figure 1. Wood’s model has fitted satisfactorily for all three breeds (R2 values were 0.91, 0.88, and 0.92, respectively. The estimates for a, b, and c parameters were 14.89, 0.14, 0.003 and for Friesians, 11.96, 0.17 and 0.004 for Ayrshire and 8.31, 0.17, 0.004 for Jersey cows. The peak yields of the three breeds


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were 22.3, 19.6, and 13.4 litres, and the peak days were 48, 49 and 41, respectively. The 305-day total yields were 5678.7, 4843.2, and 3071.4 litres, respectively. Small scale farmers had only Friesian cows. Their respective parameter estimates were 4.25, 0.22, and 0.004 for morning yield, 2.83, 0.22, and 0.004 for evening yield and 7.07, 0.22, and 0.004 for total daily yields. Total 305-day yield of small scale farmers was 3322.1 litres.

CONCLUSIONS The Wood’s model with only three parameters seems sufficient to model lactation curves at field level. Friesian cows have outperformed Ayrshire and Jersey cows under intensive farming in Hatton range. Comparatively lower performance of small scale farmers shows the potential for further improvement through better management practices.

REFERENCES

Dematawewa, C.M.B., Pearson, R.E. and P.M. VanRaden (2007). Modeling extended lactations in Holsteins. Jornal of Dairy Science, 90:3924-3936. Wood, P.D.P. (1967). Algebraic model of the lactation curve in cattle. Nature, 216:164-165.

Figure 1. Lactation curves, Ayrshire and Jersey cows in the medium scale farm


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EFFETS OF FEEDING OF TOTAL MIXED RATION (TMR) ON THE PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE OF DAIRY COWS

M.S.M Sirimanna1, M.B.P. Mahipala1 and W.M.P.B Weerasinghe2

1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, 2 Veterinary Research Institute, Gannoruwa.

INTRODUCTION

Feeding a total mixed ration (TMR) helps a dairy cow to achieve maximum performance. This is accomplished by feeding a nutritionally balanced ration, allowing cows to consume its energy requirements while maintaining physical or roughage characteristics required for proper rumen function.Total Mixed Ration (TMR) is a mixture of both the roughage and processed ingredients, formulated and mixed to supply the cow’s requirements, in a form that precludes selection. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of TMR prepared using CO3, gliricidia, maize silage and concentrate (mixer of ground maize, rice bran, mineral premixture) on the performance of dairy cows.


The experiment was conducted in dry zone commercial farm. Six Jersey cross bred cows were randomly allocated in a 2 x 2 Latin Square design. They were either fed with conventional forage based ration (control) or TMR (treatment), each for 4 weeks period. Experimental diet contained CO3 (25 kg), gliricidiya (3 kg) and concentrates (40 kg).Treatment diet contained CO3 (19kg), gliricidiya (3 kg), concentrates (3 kg) and silage (5 kg) .Cows were milked day at 7.00 a.m. and 4.00 p.m. Milk yield recorded twice a week and feed twice a samples taken weekly. Diets offered adlibitum and water available throughout the day. Milk samples were tested for fat (MF), urea nitrogen (MUN), solid non fat (SNF), total solid (TS) and lactose contents once a week using a “milco scanner” TMR feed, control feed, Silage, CO3,gliricidia and TMR samples were analyzed for moisture, crude protein, crude fiber, ether extract, ash and, using AOAC meathead 2010. Data were statistically analyzed by “Genstat” software (Snedecor and Cochran, 1987).


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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 1. Performance and milk and plasma mineral contents of dairy cows fed control or TMR diets

Control TMR S.E.D Significance Milk yield, Kg/d 4.67 5.00 1.202 0.808 Milk fat % 4.57 6.37 0.321 0.030 Total solids % 13.8 16.0 0.504 0.047 Solid nonfat % 9.23 9.70 0.333 0.296 MUN 8.10 6.77 0.617 0.163 Plasma mineral profiles P (mg/dl) 5.10 6.70 1.401 0.372 Ca(mg/dl) 11.24 10.12 0.287 0.060 Mg (mg/dl) 1.80 1.77 0.333 0.950 Cu (µg/dl) 74.0 63.9 3.55 0.105 Zn (µg/dl) 84.3 90.9 6.83 0.432 BW, kg 703 720 36.7 0.689

There was no different (p>0.05) between treatment and control diets fed animals on milk yield, solid nonfat, MUN, blood minerals (Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn) and body weight. But milk fat and total solid content were higher (p<0.05) in treatment diet fed animals compared control diet fed animals

CONCLUSIONS

Results of the present study demonstrate that milk yield not changed because two diets were comparable nutritionally so that animals in both groups had their requirements fulfilled. Milk fat and total solid have increased with TMR. Treatment diets maintain healthy rumen environment (PH stability and others) so that animals fed TMR would have continuous maintenance of nutrients in the rumen. MUN values were numerically low in TMR group indicating better utilization of proteins.

REFERENCES

Bargo, F., L. D. Muller, J. E. Delahoy, and T. W. Cassidy (2002). Performance of high producing dairy cows with three different feeding systems combining pasture and total mixed rations. Journal of Dairy Science, 85:2948–2963.


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FIELD LEVEL TESTING OF LOW COST FEEDS FOR GIFT (GENETICALLY IMPROVED FARMED TILAPIA) (Oreochromis

niloticus) TILAPIA

M.M.M. Siyan1, U. Edirisinghe1 and A. Kalubovila2


Peredeniya,2TGM Farm, Madampe.

INTRODUCTION

Sri Lanka is a country with immense water resources. Freshwater, salt water and brackish water resources are playing a vital role in the fish industry of the island. Intensive culture of freshwater fish species is becoming more popular in Sri Lanka. GIFT (Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia) are the major culture species. Fish feed generally constitute 60–70% of the operational cost in the intensive and semi- intensive aquaculture systems (Singh et al., 2006). Hence, it is important to minimize the feed cost through the use of cheaper raw materials in the feed ingredients. The main objective of the study is to test a low cost feed in the field level for food fish culture using shrimp head meal and brewery waste which are low cost raw materials.


This study was carried out in TGM Farm, Madampe, Sri Lanka. Three rations were formulated for the study. Feed used in the farm was selected as the control. Four cages were constructed. 125 Day old male GIFT tilapia were selected for the feed trial. Each cage was stocked with four fish. Each ration was taken as a treatment. Experiment was carried out for four weeks. Weekly weight gain and total length of the fish were measured. Condition Factor (CF), Average Daily Growth (ADG) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) were calculated. Table 1. Different feed rations given for GIFT tilapia during four weeks of raring period

Treatment ration

Ingredients Cost (Rs/kg)

Shrimp head meal

Rice bran

Coconut poonac

Beer waste

Wheat floor

Treatment 2 (Ration 2) 38 10 15 30 7 38.30 Treatment 3 (Ration 3) 40 4 4 45 7 35.25 Treatment 4 (Ration 4) Treatment 1 (Ration 1)

50 7 6 30 7 34.25 - - - - - 42.50


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Condition Factor (CF) and Average Daily Growth (ADG) of fish were analyzed using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Condition Factor did not show a significant difference among treatments at P>0.05. Average Daily Growth gave significant difference between treatments at P<0.05. ADG values were 1.93, 1.85, 2.07, 2.18 for treatments 1 (control), 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Results indicated Treatment 3 and 4 gave significantly higher (P<0.05) growth when compared with Treatment 2 and the control. Furthermore a significant difference was observed in terms of growth between Treatments 4 and 3. This indicates that Treatment 4 gave the highest growth.

CONCLUSION

Ration 4 which contain 50% shrimp head meal was the well performed and low cost feed for GIFT tilapia, at field level.

REFERENCE

Singh, P. K., Gaur, S. R. and Chan, M. S. (2006). Growth performance of Labeorohita (Ham.) fed on diet containing different levels of slaughter house waste. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 1:10-16.

Figure 1. Average daily growth of GIFT tilapia (g/day)


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EFFECT OF TRANSPORT DISTANCE AND STARVATION PERIOD ON PORK QUALITY AND PIG WELFARE UNDER SRI

LANKAN CONDITIONS

P.M.D.J. Fernando1, B.C. Jayawardana1, N. Lalantha2, A. Fernando2 and T.S. Samarakone1

1Department of Animal Science, 1Faculty of Agriculture, University of

Peradeniya, 2John Keells Food Products (PLC), Ja-ela.

INTRODUCTION

Starvation period, distance and time of transport, lairage period, condition in processing plant, method of stunning are amongst crucial factors that determine ultimate pork quality. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effect of transport distance and starvation period on pigs’ welfare and meat quality under local conditions.


Fifty four pigs, live market weight of 73.1 ± 5.8 kg (Mean±S.D.) were randomly selected from two commercial farms. The experiment was designed to 2×2 factorial which involved two transport distances (20 and 38 km) and three starvation periods before transportation (8, 12 and 16 hours). In each journey, nine pigs were randomly subdivided into three groups and three starvation periods were allocated. From each farm three journeys were evaluated. Pigs were handled with minimal force without electric prods. Following 1.5 h resting period, experimental pigs were slaughtered in the standard procedure and muscle samples (200g) were collected from the m. longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle for further laboratory analysis. pH at 1 h (pH1), pH at 24 h (pH24), colour, cooking loss, water holding capacity and dressing percentage were measured. Ambient temperature, time taken and behaviour during loading and unloading, time to 100% resting following journey, injuries, skin blotchiness and carcass damages were observed in experimental pigs. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS 9.1.


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Fasting increased pH 24 (P<0.05) and length of transport affected pH1 and cooking loss (P<0.05). There were no significant difference in meat colour (L*, a*, b*), water holding capacity and dressing percentage among treatments. Starvation extended the loading time (P<0.05), increased carcass damages (P<0.05) and reduced 100% lying time (P<0.05), while transport distance had a significant influence on unloading time (P<0.05). Starvation lowers post mortem glycolysis and therefore, reduces lactic acid production resulting elevation in pH 24. pH positively correlates with water holding capacity, whereas it negatively affect cooking loss. Observed stress behaviour of pigs may be a result of acute or chronic stress during the transportation, which is triggered by elevation in cortisol concentration through the mediation of hypothalamus and pituitary axis (Li et al., 2008).

CONCLUSION

The results of the present study indicated that starvation period and transport distance affected meat pH. Furthermore, extended starvation periods increased the carcass damages.

REFERENCE

Li, L.A., Xia, D., Bao, E.D., Wei, S., Xiao, J.S., Bao, J.W. and Zhao, R.Q. (2008). Erhualian and Pietrain pigs exhibit distinct behavioural, endocrine and biochemical responses during transport. Livestock Science, 113 (2-3), 169–177.

5.45.55.65.75.8

8 12 16

pH

Starvation period (hours)

0

20

40

60

16 12 8

Time to 100

%resting(min)

Starvation period (hours)

Figure 1. Starvation period and pH 24 hours

Figure 2. Starvation period and time to 100% resting


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DETERMINATION OF THE OPTIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION OF DELVOCID® AND POTASSIUM

SORBATE TO CONTROL FUNGAL GROWTH ON FRESH CHEDDAR CHEESE DURING THE 12-DAY CURING PERIOD

R.B.A.T.Varuni1, K.F.S.T. Silva1 and G.Y.G. Saman2


Peradeniya, 2 Milco (Pvt) Ltd., Digana, Rajawella.

INTRODUCTION

Several studies have been done about control of fungal growth on cheese. Studies on control of fungi growth on cheddar cheese are very limited. Cheese is a good substrate for the growth of certain adaptative fungal species due to its low pH, elevated salt concentration and low water activity (Pitt and Ailsa, 2010) Therefore, current study was conducted with an aim of determining of the optimum inhibitory concentration of Delvocid® and Potassium sorbate to control fungal growth when applied as a surface treatment on fresh cheddar cheese during the twelve-day curing period at 10°C, a mid-country large scale cheese plant in Sri Lanka.


Delvocid® and Potassium Sorbate were used as antifungal agent surface treatment for cheese. Five different concentration levels for each antifungal agent were prepared and applied on the surface of fresh cheddar cheese. (For the Delvocid®D1=1mg/dm2, D2=1.25mg/dm2, D3=1.5mg/dm2, D4=1.75mg/dm2, D5=2mg/dm2 and for the potassium sorbate PS1=600mg/dm2, PS2=700mg/dm2, PS3=800mg/dm2, PS4=900mg/dm2, PS5=1000mg/dm2 and C for control without antifungal agent). 4cm2 Swab samples were collected from the surface of the cheddar cheese wheels on day 0, 4, 8 and 12. Then, yeast and mold count was performed for those collected swab samples.


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Table 1: Yeast and mold colony forming units in cheese treated with Delvocid® and potassium sorbate D Conc.

Day 0

Day 4

Day 8

Day 12

PS Conc.

Day 0

Day 4

Day 8

Day 12

D1 3.30a 2.30b 5.83b 6.09b PS1 3.30a 2.15b 5.39b 6.44a D2 3.30a 2.15bc 3.94c 5.08c PS2 3.30a 2.15b 5.26c 6.20a D3 3.15ab 2.00c 1.00d 4.11d PS3 3.15a 2.00b 5.18d 5.27b D4 3.15ab 1.00d 1.00e 1.00e PS4 3.00a 1.00c 3.98e 4.23c D5 3.00b 1.00d 1.00e 1.00e PS5 3.15a 1.00c 3.30f 3.90d C 3. 30a 3.80a 5.61a 6.49a C 3.30a 3.87a 5.16a 6.49a


At the end of the curing period there was no significant different, (P>0.05) between D4 and D5. However, other all pairs are significantly different (P<0.05).When potassium sorbate is considered, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) between PS1- C, and all other pairs are significantly different (P<0.05) from each other.

CONCLUSION

1.75 mg/dm2 Delvocid® can be recommended as an optimum inhibitory concentration level for the Delvocid®. Among the above five different concentration levels of Potassium sorbate none of concentration level can be select as an optimum inhibitory concentration against fungi.

REFERENCE

Pitt, J. and Ailsa, D. H. (2010). Fungi and Food Spoilage, Springer, New York, USA.


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HYDRAULIC AND CLIMATIC EFFECTS ON YIELD OF FISH IN VICTORIA AND SORABORA TANKS

Y. Nishanthan1, C.M.B. Dematawewa1 and E.S. Wickremasinghe2

1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, 2District Aquaculture Extension Office, National

Aquaculture Development Authority, Kandy.

INTRODUCTION

Inland fisheries and aquaculture contribute about 25% to the total fish production in the world (Renwick, 2001). The potential of small scale fisheries in cash generation and local food security are still poorly recognized (Dugan et al., 2007). Most inland reservoirs are located in the Dry Zone where majority of the low income group lives, which makes the development of reservoir fisheries invaluable (Renwick, 2001). This study was conducted to determine the effects of seasonal changes in hydraulic and climatic factors on size of catch of fish in Victoria and Sorabora reservoirs.


Hydraulic (water level, surface area, volume, flushing rate, monthly renewal rate) and climatic (rainfall) data were obtained for three calendar years from July, 2010 till June, 2013 on Victoria (Kandy district) and Sorabora (Badulla district) reservoirs. Hydraulic and climatic data of Victoria were collected from Mahaweli Authority, Digana and catch data were collected from District Aquaculture Extension Office, Kandy. Hydraulic and climatic data of Sorabora were collected from Irrigation Department, Mahiyangana and catch data were from Regional Aquaculture Extension Office, Mahiyangana. Uniformity of frequency distributions of size of catch of various fish species were analysed using Chi-square test and relationships between size of the catch and each hydraulic factor or rainfall were determined using regression analysis.


Annual catch of fish in Victoria and Sorabora were 0.54 million kg and 0.1million kg, respectively. The catch size of individual species (Tilapia, Common Carp, Catla, Snake Head, Hirikanaya, Fresh water Prawns, etc.) as well as total catch of all species (Figure 1) were not uniformly


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distributed throughout the year (p<0.05). Tilapia contributed to about 55% of total catch in Victoria and 42% in Sorabora. The second highest catch in Victoria tank was Common carp (20%) and it was Catla (18%) in Sorabora. Effects of hydraulic factors and rainfall on catch size varied with the species and tank.

Figure 1. Distribution of monthly means of total catch of all species in Victoria and Sorabora reservoirs.

CONCLUSION

The differences between the two aquatic resources with respect to the influence of hydraulic factors and rainfall on fish yield indicates the need for formulation of reservoir specific management strategies.

REFERENCES

Duncan, P., Sugunan, V.V., Welcomme, R.L., Bene, C., and Beveridge, M.C.M. (2007). Inland fisheries and aquaculture. In: D. Molden (Ed.). Water for Food, Water for Life. International Water Management Institute, Colombo. pp 459-483. Renwick, M.E. (2001). Valuing water in irrigated agriculture and reservoir fisheries: A multiple use irrigation system in Sri Lanka. Research Report 51. International Water Management Institute, Colombo.


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UTILIZATION OF FAT TRAPPED FROM WASTE WATER OF DAIRY PROCESSING PLANT

I.M.K. Ruwanpathirana1, H.W. Cyril1and L.K.A. Gunawardhana2

1Deparment of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, 2Lucky Lanka Milk Processing Co Ltd., Bibulewela,

Karagoda, Uyangoda.

INTRODUCTION

Dairy wastewater is distinguished by high levels of dissolved or suspended solids including fats, oils and nutrients. Fat trapped system is the main structure of most dairy processing waste treatment plant before the anaerobic digestion. Lipids cause inhibition of methonogenic activity in anaerobic digestion (Perleet al., 1995). To minimize fat accumulation in anaerobic digestion plant, fat should be fully trapped. Fat trapped was expensive due to labor cost for removal and disposal of fat from dairy processing plant. Cost can be cut down and recovered by effective utilization of fat trapped. The objective of the current study was to investigate the possibility of using fat trap from a dairy processing plant for formulating a dairy cow diet.


Five tanks were used to trap the fat from wastewater. Fat trapped yield and pH variation with time were measured. Different treatments were done to reduce rancidity of fat trapped. Initial TBARS value of fat trapped was determined at 12 pm and 4 pm in each tank. Effect of adding antioxidant, shading fat trapped system and cleaning of fat trapped system with shade on TBARS value were determined. Proximate analysis was conducted to assess the nutrient content of fat trapped. Three dairy cattle rations were prepared by utilization of different amount of fat trapped to determine the best ration. Feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the palatability of three rations compare with control (commercial feed).


Average fat trapped yield (liter)/day was 82.62 L and that was 0.3% from total waste water. Average pH value at 12pm, 2 pm, 4 pm and following day morning were 6.8, 6.7, 7.2 and 8.6, respectively. Anaerobic digestion


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of fat trapped with time caused high pH value (P<0.05) following day morning.

Figure 1. Effect of different methods used to reduce the rancidity of fat trapped

TBARS values decreased significantly (P<0.05) after incorporation of antioxidant, providing shade to the fat trapping tanks and cleaning of the tanks. Crude fat of fat trapped was higher than compare with other nutrients. Rate of feed intake of control, ration 1, 2 and 3 were 135 g/min, 142.5 g/min, 153.25 g/min and 182g/min respectively. Palatability were significantly different between three rations (P<0.05). High amount of waste milk fat increased taste, textural characteristic of feed caused high palatability of ration 3.

CONCLUSIONS

Fat trapped yield from total waste water/day was 0.3%. pH value of fat trapped was increased with the retention time in waste water collected tanks. TBARS value of fat trapped could be reduced by adding antioxidant, shading fat trapped system and cleaning of fat trapped system with providing shade to the waste collected system. Incorporation of waste milk fat increased the palatability of dairy cattle feed.

REFERENCE

Perle, M., Kimchie, S. and Shelef, G.(1995). Some biochemical aspects of the anaerobic degradation of dairy waste water. Water Research, 29(6), 1549-1554


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Final year research projects conducted by

Animal Science majoring students during the period of 2003-2012

Year 2003

Contribution of indigenous animals in local beef industry and its influence on genetic improvement

B.L.N. Kelum, and G.L.L.P. Silva

Effect of egg size on reproductive and egg quality parameters of Japanese quails

R.C. Kiriwaththuduwa and G.L.L.P. Silva

Estimation of heritability of body weight and growth performance of different ecotypes of village chicken

S.K.C. Kushanthi, C.M.B. Dematawewa and D.V.S. Gamage

Effect of selection on body weight of Japanese quail T.W. Shanika Iranthi and G.L.L.P. Silva

Effect of slaughtering age on carcass quality characteristics of broilers D.C. Wanigarathna C.M.B. Dematawewa and G.L.L.P. Silva

Effect of polyethelene glycol and potassium permanganate on in-vitro fermentation and rumen degradation of tannin rich tree fodder

N.D. Senevirathna, V.P. Jayawardana and A.N.F. Perera

Formulation of sugarcane top based diets for ruminants W.A.M.J.S.B. Abeysinghe, V.P. Jayawardana and G. Chandrasena

Formulation of low cost rations using non-conventional feed resources for growing rabbits

A. Vinodahewa, S. Premarathna and I.K. Attapattu

Effect of transportation temperature, composition of medium and incubator condition on in-vitro maturation and fertilization of goat oocytes

A.M.C.L. Senadheera, E.R.K Perera and A.D.N. Chandrasiri


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Evaluation of semen characteristics and fertility in nine ecotypes of indigenous chicken

J.M.B. Sanjeewani Kumari, E.R.K Perera and D.V.S. de S. Gamage

A study on the present status of fishermen of the Ibbankatuwa reservoir M.A.C. Rajika and U. Edirisinghe

Identification of co-management strategies for the management of the fishery in Ibbankatuwa reservoir, Dambulla

A.S. Jayasundara and U. Edirisinghe

Identification of socio-economic level of the livestock farmers around Ibbankatuwa reservoir

S.N.D. Kumari and U. Edirisinghe

Development of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point System for cooked peeled tail-on shrimp product

M.A.L. Prasad and U. Edirisinghe

Changes of Vibrio counts in shrimp farming areas of Chilaw, Mundal and Puttlam lagoons during the Maha season

W.F.T.R. Sovis, U. Edirisinghe and N.A. Orlina

Effect of mud pond size on the early growth of Paneaus monodon W.D.P.L Warnakula and U. Edirisinghe

Manufacture of a low cost new processed cheese spread with higher sensory qualities for the local market

A.N.K. Jayalath and K.F.S. T. Silva

Formation of a low cost ice cream mix by incorporation of different stabilizer/ emulsifier combinations to improve the texture of ice cream

A.M. Aroos and K.F.S. T. Silva

The role of amphibians and reptiles in natural pest control in paddy fields of Sri Lanka

D.M.N.P. Kumara and M.N.M. Ibrahim and H.N.P. Wijayagunasekara

A study of medicinal plants used in indigenous medicine in the Kurunegala District (Wariyapola Divisional Secretariat) of Sri Lanka

L.H.M.S. Bandara and M.N.M. Ibrahim


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Evaluation of the present status of cattle and buffalo farming in Udawalawe/ Ambilipitiya area

A.S.J. Danwatte and A.N.F. Perera

Historic aspects of draught animals in Sri Lanka and future potentials for sustainable use

P.M.D. Jayalath and A.N.F. Perera

An evaluation of two large-scale livestock farms M.T.G.G.M. Jayathilake and E.R.K. Perera

Development of a low cost and sustainable poultry production system under coconut plantations

U.P.S.P. Wijayasinghe, M.N.M. Ibrahim and A. Samarajeewa

Accelerated method of fermented Tuna sauce preparation L.S. Senarathna and H.W. Cyril

Effect of selected green herbals as non-conventional colouring and flavouring agents in low fat commuted meat products

J.A.S.P. Jayasinghe, H.W. Cyril and N. Edirisinghe

Preparation of oyster sauce by using pineapple and papaya juice D.M.M.K. Dissanayake, H.W. Cyril and M.S.P.D. Ranasinghe

Efficiency of machinery and labour usage in meat processing P.H. Ranaweera and H.W. Cyril

Effect of processing temperature on chemical, physical and organoleptic properties of dry fermented sausage

H.W.A.S. Senarathna and H.W. Cyril

On farm management and persistence of hybrid Napier (Pennisetum purpureum x Pennisetum americanum var.CO-3) grass at Kurunegala District

M.W.S. Chamara, S. Premaratne and G.G.C. Premalal

A study on livestock farming activities, botanical composition and forage quality in Handapan-villu grassland of flood plain national park

D.M.J.R. Dissanayake, V.P. Jayawardena and G.G.C. Premalal


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Year 2004 A Vascular endothelial growth for system in the bovine oviductal contractions: A possible involvement in the embryo transport

Suranga P. Kodithuwakku, M. P.B. Wijayagunawardena and Akio Miyamoto

Optimal hormonal regime and using phosphate buffered saline and undissociated cumulus oocyte complex, for embryo transfer in mice

R.D.C.S. Ranadheera and E.R.K. Perera

Use of Mannan Oligosacharides, Mycotoxin bindings and solid-state fermentation enzyme as alternative feed additives for broilers

K.K.J.S. De AIwis and K. Samarasinghe Effect of long-term application of animal manure on pollution in upcountry cultivated soil

W.M.R.W.B. Wijekoon and A.N.F. Perera Rate of release of Ammonia from different animal wastes

L.M.R. Ariyarathne and A.N.F. Perera Determination of solubility of Eppawala Rock Phosphate in different buffer solutions

L.P.S. Samanraja, A.N.F Perera and C. Thundeniya Yield and nutritive value of Napier hybrid (CO-3) and Guinea grass (VRI-435) as affected by fertilizers

N. Jayasekara, S. Premaratna and G.G.C. Premalal Performance of Rabbits as affected by Type of grass

R.M.G. Samarakoon, S. Premaratne and G.G.C. Premalal Preparation of Chilli paste from cleaned shrimp head powder

G.H.L.U. Dharmarathna and H.W. Cyril Preparation of chicken snack

P.H.P. Prasanna and H.W. Cyril Preparation of marinated chicken products for barbecuing

D.M.D.D. Pethiyagoda and H.W. Cyril


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Development of ready to eat chicken crisps T.K.C.K de Silva and H.W. Cyril

Development of Set Yoghurt by incorporating Palmyrah (Borassus flabellifer) fruit pulp preserved in frozen state

H.P.D. Sumanasinghe and K.F.S.T. Silva Effect of addition of Lactobacillus pentosus starter culture with whey powder on gerkin (Cucumis sativas) fermentation time and quality of brine stock

A.B. Vanderputt and K.F.S.T. Silva Development of HACCP for row frozen head on and headless shrimp products

M.P.S. Darshani and U. Edirisinghe Effect of feed on the growth of Siamese Fighter Fish (Betta spendens), Effect of stimuli on nest building behaviour and cost benefit analysis on farming

S.V.P.D.P. Suriyapperuma and U Edirisinghe Mineral profiles of some water sources used for shrimp farming in the North-Western Province of Sri Lanka

D.S.C.K. Wijesinghe and U. Edirisinghe A Financial analysis of the Isurudisi Fisheries Cooperative Society account at Ibbankatuwa

M.A.C. Udaya Lanka and U. Edirisinghe Evaluation of performance of exotic swine under tropical farm condition

P.C. Obeysiri and G.L.L.P. Silva Analysis of lactation curve of Murrah buffaloes

M.R.M. Farzan and C.M.B. Dematawewa Case study of cattle farming system in Kahabiliyawa village of Mid-County Intermediate-Zone

P.V.C. Fernando and M.B.P. Mahipala


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Year 2004 B

Performance analysis of breeder farm and hatchery of CIC feed company in Kotadeniyawa

W.M.I.P. Wijekoon, K. Samarasinghe, A.B.M Wafi

Effect of Aflatoxin on poultry and assessment of effectiveness of microsorb as a toxin absorbent

D.B.G.S.K. Herath, K. Samarasinghe and S. Wimalasiri

Anti oxidative properties of selected herbs and spices H.W.B.G. Karunarathna, K. Samarasinghe and H.W. Cyril

Goat urine as an organic fertilizer A.A. Sajith Udara, A.N.F. Perera and A.D. Samarajeewa

Mineral Accumulation in deep litter of different poultry species E.B.R.W.S. Edirisinghe, S. Premaratne and K. Samarasinghe

Identification of pasture/forage varieties of water logged saline lands in western and southern costal areas of Sri Lanka

G.A.P. Dharmasinghe, S. Premaratne and G.G.C. Premalal

Identification of suitable pasture/fodder varieties for saline soils in Sri Lanka

A.A.C.A. Amarasinghe, S. Premaratne and G.G.C. Premalal

Incorporation of mushroom in chicken sausage J.M.G. Duminda, H.W. Cyril and N.P. Edirisinghe

Factors determining the consumer preference and purchase decision on chicken meat in Sri Lanka and Japan

R.W. Senewirathne, H.W. Cyril and Mitsuo Sekikawa

Study on post harvest quality losses of Thunnes spp. Handled export industry

R.D.K. Sumanasiri, H.W. Cyril and G.J. Ganegama Arachchi

Development of chicken nuggets for the local market by incorporating Cereals and Legume binders

P.D.G.E. Perera, H.W. Cyril and N. Lalantha


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Comparison of Mozzarella cheese made with cow and buffalo milk at two different fat levels

P.C.R. Wimalasooriya and K.F.S.T. Silva

Effect of different inoculation rates of Lactobacillus pentosus starter culture and different concentrations of whey powder on gherkin (Cucumis sativas) fermentation time and product quality

G.G.G. Siriwardhana and K.F.S.T. Silva

Effect of calf, fungal and recombinant rennet with the addition of calcium chloride on the yield of natural Cheddar cheese

N.S. Bopage and K.F.S.T. Silva

Present involvement of quarantine service for the ornamental fish export industry in Sri Lanka

N.M.S.T. Bandara, U. Edrisinghe and S. Jayasinghe

Evaluation of different management systems under Guppy (Poecilia eticulate) rearing

H.C.V. Hendawitharana, U. Edirisinghe and K. Senanayaka

A study on the present status of fishermen at the Kandalama reservoir K.E.D.M. Chathurani, C.M.B. Dematawewa and U. Edirisinghe

A comparison of socioeconomic status between fishermen and other farmers around the Kandalama reservoir

H.W.P. Hendiniitharana and U. Edirisinghe

Phenotypic variation of village chicken in Sri Lanka; Development of interactive CD-ROM

K.M.G. Prasanna Premadasa, G.L.L. P. Silva and A. Premasundara

Digestibility of elephant feeds using simulated technique R.D. Gunathilaka and A.N.F Perera

Human elephant conflict in central province and methodologies to prevent conflicts

J.P. Jayathilaka and A.N.F. Perera


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Year 2005 A

Evaluation of antioxidative activities of selected herbs W. Nirudika Wickramaratne and K. Samarasinghe

Effect of growth stage and additives on fermentation of CO-3 (Pennisetum purpurium x Pennisetum americanum) grass

D.N. Ranasinghe, S. Premaratne and G.G.C. Premalal

Morphological and genetic characterization of indigenous cattle of Jaffna Peninsula

B. Sivaharan and G.L.L. P. Silva

Preparation of Data Warehouse for animal nutrition data S.N.S.L.H.P. Neelawala, A.N.F. Perera and T.M.I.R. Sahama

Overall contribution of the cooperative society for the socio-economic upliftment of the community around Dambulu Oya reservoir

W.A.D.V. Weerathilake and U. Edirisinghe

Ulcerative disease condition in Guppy (Poecilla reticulata): A study on the causative agent and establishment of a treatment schedule

S.H.W.N.P. de Silva, U. Edirisinghe, R.M.C. Deshapriya and P. Gunawardena

Effect of decapsulation of Asian originated Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina) on growth of Guppy (Poecilia reticulata)

M.C. Gunarathne, U. Edirisinghe and Kapila Thisera

Development of a feed for Guppy (Poecilla reticulata) growers using locally available raw materials

W.A.C.A. Harischandra and U. Edirisinghe

Development of a fruit yoghurt by incorporation of pineapple (Ananas comosus) preserved in sugar syrup with preservatives and oven drying under vacuum

E.D.N.S. Abeyrathne and K.F.S.T. Silva

Determination of microbial inhibition of raw milk preservation with Lacto-Peroxidase system in Oyamaduwa and Padaviya milk collection network areas

A.M.T.S. Krunarathne and K.F.S.T. Silva


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Residual Sodium Thiocyanate levels at different phases of milk preservation under Lacto-Peroxidase system and prolongation of Lacto-Peroxidase system stabilization

R.M.R.P.B. Rathnayaka and K.F.S.T. Silva

Status of the employees in tourist industry in Southern coastal zone after Tsunami disaster

P.A.A. Nuwan and A.N.F. Perera

Impact of Tsunami devastation on Southern coastal tourist industry C.A.K. Weerasinghe and A.N.F. Perera

Socio-economic aspects of dairy and goat farming in Rambukkana and Aranayake

W.M.T.S. Gunathilake and S. Premaratne

An evaluation of socio-economic development program implemented to uplift the living standards of community around Dambulu oya reservoir

E.W.A.C. Ediriweera and U. Edirisinghe

Development of pork based white sausage D.K.D.D. Jayasena, H.W. Cyril and N.P. Edirisinghe

Effect of Sodium Lactate on quality parameters and keeping quality of meat products

M.T.S. Saranga, H.W. Cyril and Nirosh Lalantha

Development of a bread crumb for chicken nuggets by incorporating sesame seeds

H.A. Buddhiya, H.W. Cyril and Nirosh Lalantha

Development of “Meat Fingers” M. Baanu and H.W. Cyril

Development of ready to cook spicy chicken M.W.S. Priyangika and H.W. Cyril

Year 2005 B

Effect of Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes in improving water quality in cement tanks

F.J. Ameen , U. Edirisinghe and S. Jayamanne


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Traditional veterinary practices; a glimpse of present status W.A.S. Perera and A.N.F. Perera

Use of allozyme SSF, BIOMOS, and coriander as alternative feed additive for broilers

A.W. M. Azam and , K. Samarasingh

Evaluation of kaladuru (Kyllinga mallanosperma) grown in water logged saline lands in Matara district as a ruminant feed

W.A.P.S.D. Wickramasinghe, S. Premaratne and G.G.C Premalal

Development of a fish sausage using a small fish (Anchoviella commersonii)

K.M.G.D. Chamila, H.W. Cyril, Nirosh Lalantha and Anton Kalubovila

Incorporation of peanut and dhal in chicken meatball G.G.C.P.S. Galahitiyawa, H.W. Cyril, and N.P. Edirisinghe

Identification of problems in processors marketing channels and how to overcome those issues

U.G.A.M.A.R.K Athapaththu and Udeni Edirisinghe

Identification of the nature of marketing channels and problems of agricultural activities among the community around Dambulu-oya reservoir

C.D. Kodituwakku and Udeni Edirisinghe

Evaluation of Tikiya (Eliocharis dulcis) grown in water logged saline lands in Matara district as a ruminant feed

B.W.N.J. Samaraweera, S. Premaratna and G.G.C. Premalal

Different stunning methods affect on quality of pork H.M.M.C. Jayatilaka, H.W. Cyril and A. Kalubowila

Development of ready to eat spicy chicken product P.D.C. Dissanayaka and H.W. Cyril

Development of chicken Ambulthial L.H.A.C. Kumara, H.W. Cyril and N.P. Edirisinghe

Development of chicken based cholesterol reducing sausages K.V.I.J. Perera, H.W. Cyril


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Development of chicken based spicy ham L.H.D. Ramanayaka, H.W. Cyril1 and Anton Kalubowila

Development of probiotic frozen yoghurt by incorporating palmyrah (Borassus flabellifer L.) fruit pulp in frozen state

B. Mathavan and K.F.S.T. Silva

Year 2006

Development of round bale silage under dry zone conditions C. Kodikara, S. Premaratne and Samantha R. Silva

Development of manure storage system to reduce environment pollution and enhance value of cattle manure as fertilizer

M.H.M.M.T. Maddegoda, A.N.F. Perera, G.G.C. Premalal, K.A. Perera, Chandima Thundeniya.

Biodynamic farming and Sri Lankan traditional agriculture D.M.A.C. Dissanayke, A.N.F. Perera and A. Jayawardhana

The traditional knowledge used in cottage dairy processing in Sri Lanka and present status of cottage level dairy processing in Kandy district

B.H.S.P. Sandanayaka, A.N.F. Perera, B. Dissanayake and A. Jayawardene

Development of chicken meat based sausages with oyster mushroom L. Bavatharanee, H.W. Cyril and N. Lalantha

Development of mushroom burgers M.Z.K.F. Farhana and H.W. Cyril

Consumer behaviour and customer buying pattern for broiler chicken meat in Sri Lanka

R. Kularathne, H.W. Cyril and Kapila Rajapakshe

Yield and quality of mechanical De–boned chicken meat A.K.E. Madhusarani, H.W. Cyril and A. Kalubowila

Development of a processed cheese spread with higher sensory qualities at low cost for the local market

M.P. Aluthgedera and K.F.S.T. Silva


136

Comparison of microbial inhibition during raw milk preservation by activation of lactoperoxidase system (LPS) in two areas with different ambient temperatures

J.L.V.C. Jayasinghe and K.F.S.T. Silva

Morphological and genetic characterization of indigenous cattle (Draught purpose) in Uva province

B.A.I.K. Bulumulla and G.L.L.P. Silva

Identifying the correct time of artificial insemination in water Buffaloes (Bubalis bubalis) in relation to synchronization with prostaglandin

M.F.M. Fazny, Taku Kawi, Suranga P. Kodithuwakku, A.S. Weerasinghe, M. P.B. Wijayagunawardana.

Year 2007

Effect of milking frequency on milk yield, composition and milk flow rate of cattle and buffalo under Sri Lankan conditions

K.P.D.T. Prabath and E.R.K. Perera

Compare the effect of two different inducing agents s-GnRH and LHRHa used for spawning of Catla and Rohu in Dambulla fish breeding station

A.M.A..B. Athapattu and A.R.S.B.Athauda

Genetic and phenotypic characterization of Sri Lankan elephants M.M.M. Muneeb, R.P.V.J. Rajapakse, G.L.L.P. Silva and M.P.B. Wijayagunawardane

Effect curry leaf (Murraya kocnigil) in beef Sausages on blood cholesterol level of mice

N.S.P. Malmuthuge, H.W. Cyril, J.K. Vidanarachchi and B.D.R. Wijewardana

Development of a value added product using chicken wings T. Jeyaharan, H.W. Cyril, J.K. Vidanarachchi and M. Lakmali

Development of a beef Ambulthial KG.G.S. Kodagoda, H.W. Cyril, J. K. Vidanarachchi and N.P. Edirisinghe

Pre-slaughter factors affecting the quality of pork W.T.L. Weerasinghe, H.W. Cyril, T.S. Samarakone, J. K Vidanarachchi and A. Kalubowila


137

Identification of quality deterioration stages and quality improvement of the raw meat at the cargills food processing factory and food cities

A.M.K.B. Athapattu, H.W. Cyril and N.P. Edirisinghe.

Development of fancy meat loaves H.A.A. Dilruksh, H.W. Cyril and Nirosh Lalantha

Influence of different pickling solutions on the quality characteristics of pickled quail eggs

M.G.N.W.W. Gunathilaka, H.W. Cyril and S.M.C. Himali

Determination of factors causing the sedimentation downstream to the pre-sterilizer level during manufacturing of highland sterilized milk

M.H. Batagoda, Dr. K.F.S.T. Silva and M.P.K. Jayarathne

Development of a low fat, high energy cereal frozen dessert (rice cream) by incorporation of different levels of brown rice flour

S. Aluthgedara, K.F.ST. Silva and N.P.B. Attanayake

Development and analysis of the quality of Anona juice based fruit ice cream

L.R.B. Weerasekara and KF.S.T. Silva

The factors which are responsible for the different quantitative readings of dispatched and received milk within processing plants of MILCO (Pvt.) Ltd.

W.A.R.M. Weerakkody, KF.S.T. Silva and Y.G.Y. Saman

Effect of physico-chemical parameters of water on the growth of pcnacus monodon during October to November crop cycle in North Western province of Sri Lanka

D.M.S.B. Dissanayaka, Chaminda Fernando and U. Edirisinghe

An investigation on the profitability of a subsistence level vegetable-ornamental fish integrated system and predatory capacity of Channa channa

O.W.M.P. Hemathilaka and U. Edirisinghe

Commercialization of hay for expansion of cattle industry in Sri Lanka K. Keerthirathna , S. Premaratne and Samantha R. Silva


138

Effects of soil characteristics and climatic factors on nesting behaviour of turtle

I.D.P.K. Ranasinghe, E.M.L. Ekanayake, E.R.K. Perera and A.N.F. Perera

Scientific identification of plants and preparation of a monograph of some indigenous medical recipes in Sri Lanka

A.M. Samaraweera, T.S. Samarakone and M.P.B. Wijayagunawardane

Year 2008

Relationships among udder parameters, body parameters and milk yield of exotic and crossbred buffaloes

W.D.S.M. Kumara and E.R.K. Perera

Status of peri-urban buffalo production in the Western province of Sri Lanka

M.D.R. Jayasinghe and E.R.K. Perera

A comparison of growth of Penaeus monodon fed with a locally formulated and an imported commercial feed after 60-day culture period

W.S.J. Rodrigo, C.D.A.M.P.A. Dissanayake and U. Edirisinghe

Potential use of selected spices as alternative to antibiotic growth promoters for broilers

H.D.K.C. Hathurusinghe, J. K. Vidanarachchi, K. Samarasinghe and K.F.S.T. Silva

Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of ethanol and steam extracts of selected herbs and spices in vitro

H.L.J. Nenaruwan, K. Samarasinghe, K.F.S.T. Silva, J. K. Vidanarachchi and N. Rajapakshe

Effect of coconut galactomannans on serum lipid profile of laboratory guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus)

M.K.S. Priyantha, K. Samarasinghe, J.K. Vidanarachchi and J. Goonaratne

Development of orange sausages for preschoolers R. Janardhanan, H.W. Cyril and J.K. Vidanarachchi


139

Development of ready to cook spicy curry pork and pork Ambulthial P.A.S.M. Seneviratne, H.W. Cyril, J.K. Vidanarachchi and N. Lalantha

Development of mechanically separated meat (MSM) for standard chicken sausage

S.A.M.A. Rajasooriya, H.W. Cyril, J. K. Vidanarachchi and Anton Kalubowila

Feasibility study on introducing chicken pieces as convenient chicken product

S.A.S.K. Subasinghe and H.W. Cyril

Year 2009

Development of ready to eat type barbeque products from chicken wings N.C. Sooriyaarachchi, J. K. Vidanarachchi, R.A.A. Ranathunga and H.W. Cyril

Evaluation of factors affecting on water uptake of broilers under immersion chilling

N. Weerasinghe, J.K. Vidanarachchi, M. Imitiaz, N.D. Senevirathna and H.W. Cyril

Effect of slaughtering age, strain and sex of broiler birds on carcass quality characteristics

K.A.D.D.D. Prasad, J. K. Vidanarachchi, C.M.B. Dematawewa and H.W. Cyril

Development of chicken burgers with the incorporation of Kohila (Lasia spinosa) and Oyster mushroom (Plueratus ostreatus)

A.K.I. Jayantha, J. K. Vidanarachchi, N. Lalantha and H.W. Cyril

Labour efficiency and factors affect on the labour efficiency in a manually operated small scale poultry processing plant

S.R. Mohammed, J. K. Vidanarachchi and H.W. Cyril


140

Identification of the best method to apply liquid smoke to chicken sausage for an optimum development of colour

U.S. Perera, J. K. Vidanarachchi, Krishantha Wijesuriya and H.W. Cyril

Development of a garlic flavoured fish sausage using off cuts of yellow-fin Tuna (Thunnus albacares)

L.G.S.J. Alexander, J.K. Vidanarachchi, E.A.J.K. Kumara and H.W. Cyril

Effect of bio-mos® (mannanoligosaccharide) supplementation on performance, organ development and intestinal microflora of broiler chickens

J.A.D.S. Lakdeep, T.S. Samarakone, J.K. Vidanarachchi and S. Kariyawasam

Evaluation of sperm motility in deep frozen bull semen: effect on the success rate of artificial insemination in Sri Lanka

R.P. Liyanage, S. Sivayoganadan, W.W. Abeygunawardene and M.P.B. Wijayagunawardene

Enhancing the survival of probiotic bacteria in bio-yoghurt during refrigerated storage by incorporation of arrow root (Maranta arundinacae)

A.M.N.L. Abesinghe, J. K. Vidanarachchi and K.F.S.T. Silva

Electrophoretic analysis of beta-casein A1 protein in milk derived from four dairy cattle breeds in Sri Lanka

H.K.A. Premachandra, J.M.R.S. Bandara, H.A.M. Wickramasinghe, J. K. Vidhanarachchi, D.R.A. Dissanayake and K.F.S.T. Silva

Determination of optimum manufacturing conditions to minimize age thickening and sandiness defects of sweetened condensed milk

T.M.B.D. Jayathilake, W.G.N. Fernando and K.F.S.T. Silva

Development of a strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) incorporated frozen yoghurt

S.M. Kaluarachchi and K.F.S.T. Silva

Development of a cream spread by incorporation of different spices and stabilizers

H.F.P.N. Fonseka and K.F.S.T. Silva


141

Preparation of low cost culture media suitable for mass culture of Moina micrura at farm level

H.W.N. Sewwandi, U. Edirisinghe and T.G. Wijewardana

Evaluation of socio-economic status and identification of present reservoir management strategies of fishing community around Katiyawa reservoir

A.N.C. Mendis and U. Edirisinghe

Sex reversal of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) using hormonal immersion technique

W.M.N.H.K. Fernando, A.R.S.B. Athauda and G.G.C.T.S. Galahitiyawa

Effect of increased protein level in supplementary diet on the length of post partum anoestrus in dairy cattle

S.D.N. Madhusanka and E.R.K. Perera

Comparison of performance of broilers in different climatic zones under a buy-back system

A.W.M. Fazil and C.M.B. Dematawewa

Genetic and farming system characteristics of Jaffna local sheep in Sri Lanka

E.A.N.D. Ranathunga and G.L.L.P. Silva

Year 2010 Determination of residual nitrite levels in processed meat products available in sri lanka

A.M.A.U. Alahakoon, J.K. Vidanarachchi, B.C. Jayawadana, C.M.B. Dematawewa and H.W. Cyril

Effect of incorporation of lentils (lens culinaris l.) As the binder on quality and composition of chicken sausages

D. Amarakoon, J.K. Vidanarachchi, D. Thavarajah, P. Thavarajah and H.W. Cyril

Determination of optimum concentration of aluminum sulphate for the control of snail (pomacea canaliculata) in aquatic plants

W.M.P. Aravinda, A.R.S.B. Athauda, U. Edirisinghe and M. Babaranda


142

Improvement of the sensory qualities and wholesomeness of lassi by incorporation of mango (mangifera indica) pulp and toning with soy (glycine max) milk

A.B.G.K. Baduge and K.F.S.T. Silva Analysis of buffalo (bubalus bubalis) production systems in hambantota area

S.C. Gamage and G.L.L.P. Silva A comparism of growth rate of penaeus monodon in relation to physico-chemical parameters in chilaw lagoon, puttalam lagoon and dutch canal areas

I.M.K.H. Ilankoon, A.R.S.B. Athauda, U. Edirisinghe and Chaminda Fernando

Modelling of lactation curves for yield prediction and management decision making for holstein friesians in upcountry sri lanka

G. D. C. Jayasuriya and C. M. B. Dematawewa Estimation of fish waste landed by multiday boats at negambo

J.A.U.L. Jayawarna, A.N.F. Perera and D.S. Jayakody Evaluation of dairy villages in Nuwaraeliya district

K.M.D.Y.K. Karunanayaka and E.R.K. Perera Evaluation of antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli and salmonella in broiler chicken in Sri lanka

J.A.A. Karunarathna, J.K. Vidanarachchi, D.R.A. Dissanayake, K.F.S.T. Silva, D.C. Hettiarachchi, H.W. Cyril

Analysis on total bacteria population including lipolytic, proteolytic and psychrotrophic bacteria at different links of the milk procument chain in Thamankaduwa area

K.G.D.H. Kodithuwakku, J.K. Vidanarachchi and K.F.S.T. Silva An evaluation of overall contribution of the co-operative society for the socio-economic upliftment of fishing community at pesalai in Mannar island

P.C.P. Luxsan, U. Edirisinghe and A.R.S.B. Athauda


143

Preparation of lingus: the best formula and keeping quality

J.S. Manathunga, C.M.B. Dematawewa, K. Wijesooriya and H.W. Cyril

Prediction of live weight based on morphometric measurements of Friesians and Ayrshires under semi intensive conditions in up country, Sri Lanka H. D. A. T. Nirmal and C. M. B. Dematawewa Effect of organic trace minerals and vitamin e on performance and mineral balance of broilers

T.P.M.R. Premadasa, J.K. Vidanarachchi, S. Kariyawasam and K. Samarasinghe

Metabolic status and reproductive performance of transition dairy cows at Ambewela dairy farm

S. Ramachandra, M. P. B. Wijayagunawardena, V.P. Jayawardena and M. B. P. K. Mahipala

Estimation of sausage production-line efficiencies and financial analysis of ‘d & w food products (Pvt) limited’, Makandura

R. M. P. D. Rathnayake, B.C. Jayawardana, D.G.C. Prasanna and H.W. Cyril

Evaluation of antibiotic resistivity in Escherichia coli and salmonella isolated from broiler chicken meat available in Sri Lanka

K.G.T. Sandeepa, J.K. Vidanarachchi, D.C. Hettiarachchi, D.R.A. Dissanayake, K.F.S.T. Silva and H.W. Cyril

Evaluation of a commercially available herbal preparation as a growth promoting feed additive for broilers

K.H.M. Sanjaya, J.K. Vidanarachchi, A. Gunasekara and K. Samarasinghe

Use of lentils (Lens culinaris L.) As an ingredient in ready to eat ovo-vege fingers

H. Tharangani, J.K. Vidanarachchi, P. Thavarajah, D. Thavarajahand H.W. Cyril


144

Use of lycopene as a natural colorant for development of a pork sausage N.H. Thilakarathna, J. K. Vidanarachchi, B. C. Jayawardana and D. C. K. Illeperuma

Assessment of pain induced by castration in 14 and 28 day old piglets: vocalization and subsequent growth and behavioural responses

M.M.U.P. Weeratunga, M.B.P. Mahipala, K.S.P. Amaratunga and T.S. Samarakone

Study of heavy metal contamination in sword fish (Xiphias gladius) and marlin fish (Makaira indika) export from Sri Lanka

H. R. M. U. U. Wijebandara, J.K. Vidanarachchi, R.L.R. Chandrajith, R. Weerasooriya, B. C. Jayawardana and C. M. B. Dematawewa

Changes in postmortum quality & shelflife determination of frigate mackerel (Auxis thazard) and ray (Dasyatis margarita) during ice storage

W.M.N.M. Wijesundara, J.K. Vidanarachchi, B.C. Jayawardana and C.M.B. Dematawewa

Analysis of spore forming bacteria in raw milk targeted for manufacturing of Ultra High Temperature (UHT) treated milk in Polonnaruwa area

M.A.A. Pubudu Kumari, J.K. Vidanarachchi and K.F.S.T. Silva Development of fruit yoghurt by incorporating preserved strawberry grown in Sri Lanka

H.G.R.T. Dhanasekara and K.F.S.T. Silva Formulation and development of a low cost pet food by using fish processing waste

D.B.O. Malaweera, N.P. Edirisinghe, P.G.J.C. de Silva, J. K. Vidanarachchi and H.W. Cyril

Effect of different cooking methods on the quality of the boneless chicken drumsticks

K.G.S.W. Gnanathilaka, J. K. Vidanarachchi, B. C. Jayawardana, A. A. Nirosh Lalantha and H. W. Cyril


145

Effect of pre and post slaughter factors on physical quality of commercially produced broiler chicken carcasses

W.H.R.E. Fernando, B.C. Jayawardana, M. Imtiaz and H.W. Cyril

Constraints encountered in promoting medium scale dairy operations & estimation of cost of milk production in central province

S. H. Yapa and K. F. S. T. Silva Perception of consumers and broiler chicken producers on animal welfare and present welfare status in broiler chicken farms in Kandy district

K. M. S. Indunil, T.S. Samarakone and M.B.P. Kumara Mahipala

The effect of delaying time on histamine formation and activity of fish spoilage bacteria in the muscle of yellow fin tuna (Thunnus albacares) and skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis)

K. N. B. Rathnayaka, J. K. Vidanarachchi, L. G. S. J. Alexander and A. Dissanayaka

Year 2011 Developing a practical and reliable protocol to assess the internal parasites of asian elephants, and its application to a comparative study of captive, semi captive and wild elephants in selected localities

K.S. Abeysinghe, A. N. F. Perera, and Prithiviraj Fernando

Evaluation of hydroponically grown maize fodder for dairy production in Sri Lanka

W.K.N.J. Amarasinghe, V.P.Jayawardan, G.C.C.Premalal and S. Hettiarchchi

Effect of different concentration of 17α-methyl testosterone & temperature on sex inversion of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) under immersion technique

P.K.S. Chameera and A.R.S.B. Athauda Antioxidant effect of onion (Allium cepa) on lipid oxidation and sensory quality of cooked pork sausages

S.D.P.M.P. Chandika, B.C. Jayawardana, J.K. Vidanarachchi, and R. Liyanage


146

Antioxidant activities of black and green tea extracts in uncured pork sausages.

V.A.K.I. Dharmasena , B.C. Jayawardana, M.B.P. Mahipala and G.H. Thotawattage

Development of lentil incoporated shrimp sauce W.E.M.L.J. Ekanayake, H.W. Cyril, P. Thavarajah and D. Thavarajah

Positive effect of lentils (Lens culinaris l.) and cassava (Manihot esculenta c.) leaves incorporation into meat systems on the iron bioavailability of blood profile of guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus)

G.K.I.N .Galgamuwa, J.K. Vidanarachchi, M.Kurukulasooriya, P. Thavaraja and D. Thavarajah

Incorporation of Canadian Lentil (Lens culinaris L.) As the binder, improves the nutritional composition and sensory quality characters of chicken burger

G. I. Godahewa, J. K. Vidanarachchi, B.C.Jayawardana, P. Thavarajah and D. Thavarajah

Species composition and dung beetle guilds in buffalo dung in four agroclmatic regions

R.N. Jayadheera, A.N.F. Perera and J.P. Edirisinghe Potential of producing milk at a lower cost using a newly formulated “concentrte feed mixture”

K. Janaki, E.R.K. Perera and C.E. Amunugama Comparision of vibrio counts in probiotic farming of black tiger shrimp, (Penaeus monodon) in chilaw area

D.G.A. Kumara, U. Edirisinghe and Chaminda Fernando Development of mechanically deboned meat incorporated chicken

sandwich spread I.A. Ranaweera, B. C. Jayawardana, J.K. Vidanarachchi and N. C. Sooriyarachchi

Angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ace) inhibitory activity of the milk fermented with Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis nbrc 12007 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae k7

D. M. Dilan Rasika, J. K. Vidanarachchi, K. F. S. T. Silva, L. D. B. Suriyagoda, S. Ando and U.E.D.A. Toshihisa


147

Association between egg production and body morphology of some village chicken eco type in Sri Lanka

M.N. Sanjeewa, J.K. Vidanarachchi and G.L.L.P. Silva Development of suitable innoculation procedure for the preparation of silage from hybrid sorghum

J.K.J. Thamali, V.P Jayawardana and G.C.C.Premalal Development of ready-to-eat snack food by using canadian lentil (Lens culinaris l.) flour and chicken gizzard

B.V. Bulathsinghala, H.W. Cyril, P. Thavarajah, and D. Thavarajah

Heritability estimation for birth weight and modeling of growth of goats in the state farms in Sri Lanka

M. Arunshankar and C.M.B. Dematawewa Evaluation of the effect of different freeze-dried direct-vat- set commercial starter cultures on sensory qualities and shelf life of set yoghurt

P.A.T. Piumika, K.F.S.T Silva and K. Jayarathna Economic analysis of buy-back system of poultry: a case study

J. Sajahan and C. M. B. Dematawewa Evaluation of growth yield nutrient composition of multi-cut hybrid fodder sorghum millet varieties in Sri Lanka

R.A.B.Y. Rajapakse, V.P. Jayawardena, G.C.C. Premalal, A.Z. Caffoor and S. Hettiarchchi

Development of an improved version of curd with short setting time and based on cow & buffalo milk mixture using a freeze dried direct- vat- set starter culture

J.A.M.M. Jayakody, K. Jayarathna, K.F.S.T. Silva, and E.R.K Perera

Comparison of composition, shelf life and sensory qualities of khoa based traditional Indian sweetmeats: gulabjamun, burfi and kalakand

K.S. Amali, K. Jayarathna and K.F.S.T. Silva


148

Incorporation of plant based gelling agents as the stabiliser to replace gelatin in set-yoghurt.

N. Jayasinghe, J.K. Vidanarachchi, K.F.S.T. Silva, P. Thavarajah, D. Thavarajah and U. Mallikarachchi

A preliminary evaluation of socio-economic status of inland fisheries societies in Batticaloa district

T. Niroshanth and Udeni Edirisinge A comparison of growth rate of Penaeus monodon with and without probiotics under semi-intensive farming system in Puttalam district, Sri Lanka

T. Niloshan, U. Edirisinghe and C. Fernando Determination of optimum time-temperature combination for HTST pasteurization to extend the shelf life of liquid milk obtained from Kandy district of mid-country region in Sri Lanka

J .Vidanapathirana, R.M.C. Deshapriya and K.F.S.T. Silva Development of a low cost yoghurt based weaning food for 1-3 years old toddlers by incorporation of mungbean (Vigna radiata), soybean (Glycine max) and brown rice (Oryza sativa) for the Sri Lankan market

M.A.D.D. Munasinghe, K. Jayarathne, K. H. Sarananda and K.F.S.T Silva

Determination of the suitable place for sea cucumber farming in Jaffna peninsula

N. Haran, A.R.S.B. Athauda and Upali Mallikarachchi Development of liver mush prepared with pork “variety meat”

K.A.S.L Kumarapeli, H.W. Cyril, A. Kalubowila and N. Lalantha

Year 2012 Semi artificial breeding of Climbing Perch (Anabas testudineus) under Sri Lankan conditions

K.A.H.T. Kodithuwakku, P. A.C.T. Perera and U. Edirisinghe


149

Effect of different packaging material on quality characteristics of chicken eggs during storage

H. K. J. P. Wickramasinghe, J. K. Vidanarachchi, S. M. C. Himali and P. S. Fernando

Evaluation of hydroponically grown maize as a feed source for rabbits

S. Thadchanamoorthy, V. P. Jayawardena and C.G.C Pramalal2 A study on effect of inlet temperature and feed pressure on milk powder quality M. D. N. Perera, R. M. C. Deshapriya and A. R. Dayananda Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Drumstick (Moringa oleifera) leaves in herbal chicken sausages

I.S.T. Iddamalgoda, B.C. Jayawardana, R. Liyanage and N. Lalantha

Analyses of cadmium, nickel, zinc, copper and iron in Bicep femoris muscle, liver and kidney of beef and mutton from North Central Province, Sri Lanka

R.M.C. Udayangani, J.K. Vidanarachchi, R. Liyanag, R.L.R.Chandrajith and S.M.C Himali

Present status of Jaffna Local sheep; The morphology and production T.Vijitha and Pradeepa Silva Pasteurization of liquid whole egg on its functional properties and exclusion of Salmonella rnterica Serovar Enteritidis

J. A. R. Madushan, S. M. C. Himali, J. K. Vidanarachchi and P. S. Fernando

Effect of floor space allowance during transportation on behaviour, welfare and meat quality of slaughter weight pigs D. Hettiarachchi, T.S. Samarakone and A. Kalubowila Development of a ready to eat chicken and vegetable mix pie with Arrowroot (Maranta Arundinacea) flour incorporated crust

P. N. Amarasekara, S. M. C. Himali, J. K. Vidanarachchi and N. Edirisinghe


150

Prevalence and some effects of luminescent bacteria present in Penaeus monodon (Black Tiger Shrimp) cultured water sources and semi-intensive pond systems in Puttalam district S.S.A.N. Darshika, U. Edirisinghe and C. Fernando Comparision of growth, yield and nutritive value of maize, multi-cut fodder sorghum and Hybrid Napier (Var. Co3) grown in Wet Zone of Sri Lanka T.M. Epasinghe, V.P. Jayawardena and G.G.C. Premalal Development of a chicken sausage using natural colorant of anthocyanins extracted from Hibiscus rosasinensis (Red Layered Hibiscus) flowers

M.T.G.S.W.Gunawardana, J. K. Vidanarachchi, S.M.C. Himali and N. Edirisinghe

Analysis the potentials of Agro tourism as the new element of tourism and community development in Sigiriya area W.A.D.M.J Gunawardane, A.N.F Perera and K. Abeysingha In vitro digestibility of hybrid sorghum, millet, hydroponically grown maize and the influence of probiotic yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) culture on digestion of forages

J.M.A.G.M.P. Karunathilaka, V.P. Jayawardena and G.G.C. Premalal

Effect of high water teparature & different concentration of methyl testosterone (androgen hormone) on sex inversion of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) under immersion technique D.M.C.R. Kumara and A.R.S.B. Athauda Development of ready to eat chicken meal for outlets O. K. E. Manoshika, H. W. Cyril and M. Imtiaz Partial replacement of salt with combination of potassium chloride, potassium lactate and calcium ascorbate in chicken sausages

D. T. Nanayakkara, B. C. Jayawardana, M.B.P. Mahipala and N. Lalantha

Development of a purple sausage using natural colourants E.P. Pathirana, H.W. Cyril and H.K.P. Wijesooriya


151

Development of Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) incoporated chicken sausage M. Pireyangan and H.W. Cyril A preliminary study on the perception of home garden wild animals among rural and urban people of Sri Lanka. M.D.K.A. Prasangi and A.N.F Perera Evaluation of potassium sorbate, Ɛ- polylysine and chitosan for their inhibitory activity on post-acidification of set yoghurt under 20-day cold storage D. S. W. Rajapaksha, K. F. S. T. Silva and L. Rupasinghe Performance of different types of village chicken in Kalmunai area. L. F. Rusni and Pradeepa Silva Best salinity and stocking density combination for achieving higher growth performance of Penaeus monodon under the present climatic condition of Puttalam district B. K. N. P. Rodrigo, A. R. S. B. Athaudha and S. Thayaparan Development of a lacto-vegetarian yoghurt by incorporating “Kitul” (Caryota urens) pith flour stabilizer as a gelatin substitute E.V.M. Zoysa, K.F.S.T. Silva and M.P.K. Jayarathna Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) incorporated experimental diets modulate the serum lipid profile and ceacal microflora in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus)

U. I. L. Perera, B. C. Jayawardana, J. K. Vidanarachchi and R. Liyanage

Development of a low cost black pepper flavored processed cheese spread with improved sensory qualities and longer shelf life to the local market T.H.N. Madhushanthi, K.F.S.T. Silva and L. Rupasinghe Development of a garlic and chilli incoporated concentrated yoghurt B.G.C.A. Piyawantha, R.M.C. Deshapriya and A.R. Dayananda


152

Effect of water quality on the growth rate of Penaeus monodon (Black Tiger shrimp) cultured under semi intensive system in Puttalam district M.Umakanth, U. Edirisinghe and C. Fernando Modelling of lactation curves and progeny testing (for growth traits) of dairy sires used in Talawakele Veterinary Range S. Sheromiha, C. M. B. Dematawewa and S. Sukumar Development of immunity on Koi Carp, Cyprinus carpio (L.) by using medicinal plant, Solanum xanthocarpum. K.P.A. Dilmini, A. R. S. B. Athauda and A.D.W.R. Rajapakshe A Survey on nutritional status and animal product consumption pattern of adolescent school children in Trincomalee district, Sri Lanka M. Mythily, S.M.C. Himali and J.K. Vidanarachchi


153

Members of the Department of Animal Science and the Coordinator of the Student Research Sessions 2013. Appreciate the Support Given by the Following Sponsors and the Contributors

Samurdhi Authority of Sri Lanka

Alltech Biotechnology (Pvt.) Ltd.

Norvartis Animal Health-S.S. Distributors

Ceylon Grain Elevators PLC.

ANIMAL HEALTH


154

Members of the Department of Animal Science and the Coordinator of the Student Research Sessions 2013 Appreciate the Support Given by

the Following Sponsors and the Contributors

J.L. Morison Son & Jones (Ceylon) PLC.

Control Union Inspections (Pvt.) Ltd.

Lucky Lanka Milk Processing Co. Ltd.

Iceman Technologies (Pvt.) Ltd.


155



New Anthonies Farm Delmo Chicken & Agro (Pvt) Ltd.

Tetra Pak India (Pvt.) Ltd.

Maxie’s and Company (Pvt.) Ltd. Nelna Farms (Pvt.) Ltd.


156



Keells Food Products PLC

Cargills Quality Foods (Pvt.) Ltd.

Crysbro Group of Companies

Sunpower Systems (Pvt.) Ltd.


157



Seemasahitha Sanasa Rakshana Samagama

Hemsons International (Pvt.) Ltd.

Gold Coin Feed Mills (Lanka) Ltd.

Hayleys Agriculture Holdings Ltd. HJS Condiments Ltd.


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Ravi Breeder Farms (Pvt.) Ltd. Analytical Instruments (Pvt.) Ltd.

Agrinova (Pvt.) Ltd. Global Agro Industries

Pussalla Farm (Pvt.) Ltd. Vet Line Animal Clinic

Pets N Care Animal Clinic Miracle Agro (Pvt.) Ltd.

Documents

proceeding of Annual Student Research Session 2013