Problems in Evs

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International Journal of Applied Research in Mechanical Engineering (IJARME) ISSN: 2231 5950, Volume-2, Issue-1, 2012

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PROBLEMS IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES

VARUN.M & CHAITRA KUMAR

Mechanical Department, Dr.Ambedkar Institute of TechnologyVisvesvaraya Technological University,Bangalore, INDIA

Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract: - Electric vehicles are the transportation machines which uses electric energy as power source for movement. Theobjective of this technical journal is to propose an idea to solve the electric automobile problems which are causing the back-log for sales and demand of electric automobiles in the Indian market. This is a technical journal consisting of a case study ofelectric vehicle problems in India, applications and advantages of electric vehicles, simple analysis of problems one by onebased on common thinking abilities, disadvantages in electric vehicles, discussion of preferable solutions for the electricvehicle problems and its disadvantages, field survey, listing the situation in order systematically, different types of batteriesthat can be used, motors that can be preferred for electric automobiles, preferred solution discussion including resultdiscussion with an example of electric automobile and finally conclusions. We have discussed on batteries and motors thatare suitable for electric vehicles. We have tried to solve the problems of electric vehicles after listing the problems that canbe faced in electric vehicles one by one. The main concept of this paper is having the battery exchange stations to exchangethe charge dried batteries to fully charged batteries. In battery exchange stations, a customer using electric vehicles shouldpay some amount and can exchange his used batteries to fully charged batteries. We have discussed the way of working of

battery exchange stations. Hydrogen fuel cell concepts are also detailed in this paper.

Keywords: - Sales of electric vehicles; Case Study; Battery exchange stations; Charge dried; fully charged; Fuel Cells.

I. INTRODUCTION:You may wonder why the electric vehicles must

be preferred rather than the Internal CombustionEngine Automobiles. If so here are some reasonsbelow to prefer Electric Automobiles in India: -

As you know electric vehicles dont emitsmoke so it is environment friendly.

Electricity is more than 10 times cheaperthan fossil fuels for same power extractionin India because of the hydro-power, windpower, solar power, that is in generalrenewable power extractions in India is hugeand India is also developing its capacity ofextraction.

Maintenance cost will be negligible whencompared to IC Engine vehicles.

In our country there are no big fossil fuelsources, so we have to import petroleum oilsin large scale continuously.

As we know scientific research says all thefossil fuels will be exhausted by 35-40 years.

India will lose the petroleum supply evenmuch earlier because all the countries willdecide some or the other day to preserve thepetroleum for their future usage before it isexhausted completely.

As everyone knows in whole world, petrolprices are highest in India itself.

If war is declared against Islamic Nations forany reason then supply of petroleum will bestopped and most important fact is thatmaximum petroleum produces is in Islamicnations only.

If the petroleum is not imported to India fromother countries or if other countries stop supplyingpetroleum to India then our country will stand stillsuddenly. There will be no transportation of any kindand we know all the causalities that will happen toIndia if the above statements come true. So to beprepared for the above scenario that we come toreality in future for sure, we have to think of anyother means of transportation which will not use

petroleum products as main source of fuel. In myopinion electricity is the only power that can replacepetrol and diesel since bio-products such as bio-gas,ethanol, methanol, bio-diesel, bio-fuels fromeucalyptus oil etc., cannot be mass produced on ascale which will satisfy transportation of 1.3 billionpeople in India. Bio-fuels production time includinggrowing of raw materials is too high and it is verysmall scaled for fast growing transportation powerrequirement problems in India. So, electricity or evenhybrids such as electricity with bio-fuels, electricitywith human power for 2-wheelers, electricity withpetroleum fuels etc., can solve the problems of road

transportation in India in future. This technical paperdeals on solving the electric automobile problems thatwe are facing now in India by giving some ideaswhich help in the beginning of the evolution ofelectric vehicles usage.

Since we know that in future electricity will bethe main source of fuel for road transportation, wehave to solve the problems in electric vehicles.

The main problems that the electric vehicles arefacing as per my vision are listed below: -

Batteries are too costly. Batteries should be replaced when its life is

over.


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Frequent recharging is a very importantdrawback.

Recharging time is high and waiting forrecharging is a big pain.

Access for recharge is not easily availableoutside the home, but in the case of petrol

and diesel availability, it is not a problem.

All these problems are directly related to powersupply system (that is batteries). So, problems can besolved if we work on batteries of different types. Alsono other problems will be faced in electric vehiclesby customers. Just to notify acceleration in electricautomobiles are great, no problem with accelerationand speed of the vehicle because how much everspeed and acceleration is required, can be obtained byincreasing the power of the motor. Thus solving theabove listed problems can do miracles and electricvehicle sales can touch the sky very fast by

eliminating conventional petrol and diesel engineautomobile sales on the way rapidly.

II. SCARCITY OF ELECTRICITY:Does electricity production in India can satisfy

power for transportation? this is the question we getwhen we think of electric vehicles usage in largescale. Our answer to this question is yes, of-coursewe can satisfy the electric power needs even if thetransportation is completely dependent on electricity.The ways to satisfy the electric power needsincluding transportation is discussed below.

Bio-fuels can be used to produce electricity infuture in quiet a large scale like bio-fuel thermalpower plants in Tumkur district at Kabbigere villagecalled Hasiru Shakthi wherein they dry eucalyptustrees and heat it in absence of air that is in absence ofoxygen to high temperatures or burning eucalyptustrees in very less supply of oxygen. This process iscalled pulverization and this produces carbon monooxide and hydrogen mainly. These two main outputsare having high calorific values. High calorific valuesof carbon mono oxide and hydrogen makes themeligible to be burnt in compression ignition engines toextract mechanical work from it. Eucalyptus oil canalso be extracted from eucalyptus trees, burning thiseucalyptus oil in gas format in the compressionignition engine generate electricity throughmechanical work production. There are many otherdifferent trees and plants that can produce bio-products like sunflower, rice straws, rice husk, wheatbyproducts, groundnut oils, neem trees etc., Therewill be many other different ways to get the powerand supply to the whole country. Renewable powersources like solar energy, wind energy, bio-fuelsenergy, tidal energy, hydro energy, nuclear energyetc., and non-renewable power sources like coal,wood etc., are hugely available in India to take careof the electricity production in future but we have to

work on extracting them efficiently. If this happens aspredicted then there will be enough power to supplyfor the transportation also. Thus, these discussionsprove that there will be no scarcity for electric powerin the future, and also for road transportation in India.

III. OUR VISION OF SOLUTIONFOR THE PROBLEMS:

There is one single solution that will solveall the problems listed above to help electricautomobile sales. The solution is choosing and usingthe batteries which has a high energy density (highVA) thus increasing the range of electric vehicles andexchanging the batteries after usage in the batterystations to the fully charged batteries (like petrolbunks presently).

In other words we have to just use the

electric vehicle until its charge is over and go tonearby battery station and exchange the charge driedbatteries to fully charged batteries which takes just afew seconds and go on riding it. This method offuelling will take less time than filling the petrol ordiesel for the same range compared to electricvehicles. This battery stations concept is coming intoexistence in few countries abroad but with unsolvedproblems and unanswered questions like batteries thatshould be preferred by all, success of the idea etc.,because every country has its own mentality anddifferent people who thinks in n number of ways asper the country financial support and peoplesfinancial situations.

Consider all the disadvantages or main problemsthat are listed above one by one.

Batteries are too costly: - This will be not aproblem because batteries will becontinuously exchanged with the batterystations by electric vehicle users. So thereplacement headache is for battery stations,they have to estimate the battery life andtheir replacement cost after their life andcollect it at every battery exchange timefrom the customers on the prorata basis bycalculating the replacement cost of the deadbatteries to new batteries.

Battery stations should charge thecustomers (every time when they come toexchange the batteries) for rechargingbatteries, small calculated amount forreplacing of the batteries after their life andtheir fixed profit margin. The best way is tocollect the cost for replacements of thebatteries after its life while purchasing theelectric vehicles itself. The cost should becollected less considering the interest of theamount paid at start. This will be like an


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insurance policy which is a single paymentbut lifetime membership.

Batteries should be replaced when its lifeis over: - This also will not be a problem forthe electric automobile users because the

battery stations will take care of thereplacement of the batteries.

Frequent recharging: - We dont need torecharge the batteries; we just have toexchange the batteries with battery stations.So, this problem is also solved.

Recharging time required: - Since we haveto exchange the batteries and dont have torecharge the batteries and also theexchanging time is very fast; so, we can alsoovercome this disadvantage.

Access for the recharging: - Because wedont need to recharge the batteries; we haveto exchange it in battery stations;accessibility depends on number of batterystations present like fueling stations of petroland diesel.

Now we can conclude that all the problems facedby electric automobiles will be solved now if wefollow this method to power the electric vehicles.Thus we can increase the sales of the electric vehiclesuppressing the sales of the petrol and dieselautomobiles. Finally one fine day we can eliminateall IC engine vehicles totally. This battery stationscan be brought to existence if the range and life of thebatteries chosen to be used in electric vehicles isconsiderably good. The different types of batteriesthat can be chosen for usage in electric automobilesare discussed below one by one.

IV. DIFFERENT TYPES OF BATTERIES:Batteries are the current storing devices. The differenttypes of Batteries that can be used are listed below:

Lead acid Batteries Li-ion Batteries Carbon-Zinc Batteries Alkaline Batteries Ni-ion Batteries

All batteries should be compared with each other tojudge the best battery for recharge free electricvehicles.

These figures given below in tabular column help

in choosing which battery type is best for a given

application:The energy/weight ratio, the energy/volume

ratio, the power to weight ratio, and the cost in watt-hours per dollar are some of the parameters we can

consider for choosing the batteries for our rechargefree electric automobiles. These parameters aretabulated below in comparison to the common lead-acid battery which is probably the least desirable torun an electric vehicle.

TABLE: - 1

BatteryType

Cost($)/power

Watt-hour/kg

Joules/kgWatt-

hour/L

Lead-acid $0.17 41 146,000 100

Alkaline $0.19 110 400,000 320

Carbon-zinc $0.31 36 130,000 92

Ni-ion $0.99 95 340,000 250

Lithium-ion $0.47 128 460,000 230

As you can clearly see choosing Carbon-Zinc

batteries or Ni-ion batteries is not desirable at allbecause of its high cost and low power storingcapability for the rates of the batteries. So, we cantchoose these batteries for our recharge free electricvehicles. Thus, we havent discussed about these twobatteries in our paper.

Lead acid Batteries:These are the commonly used batteries in electric

vehicles in present days. These batteries have lowpower density and thus they dont suit for using inrecharge free electric vehicles generally. Lead acid isthe power storing substance in lead acid batteries.

But, they have the advantage of economy i.e., theyare very cheap when compared to the Li-ion batteries.So we can just use it for those vehicles which haveless weight and short range is sufficient like 2-wheelers. If the weight is more or if range required ismore then we have to use more lead acid batteries orwe have to increase the size of the batteries. Thiscauses very much difficulty while exchanging thebatteries in battery stations and also this increases theweight of the vehicles.

Thus, we can use lead acid batteries only in lowweight and small ranged recharge free electric

vehicles because of their low power density. Eventhough Lead acid batteries are very cheap they havevery small life when compared to Li-ion batteries. So,not using them is preferable when initial vehicle costis not much of concern. Even though Lead acidbatteries have low energy storing of 146 Joules/Kg, itis very less in cost. So, Lead acid batteries arepreferable only for its less cost in electric vehicles.

Li-Ion Batteries:Lithium ion batteries also called Li-ion batteries

have high power density when compared to lead acidbatteries. These batteries are generally used inmobiles and laptop because of its low weight and

high energy storage density. Li-ion batteries havenearly 3 times more power storing density for same


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size and weight as that of lead acid batteries. So, fewelectric cars are using Li-ion batteries to store theelectricity required. But Li-ion batteries are verycostly and expensive. To compensate thisdisadvantage we have an advantage of battery life.Li-ion batteries have very long battery life of around

15 years or so. Thus we can afford and decide to usethe Li-ion batteries in recharge free electricautomobiles also. Even though Li-ion Batteries isvery expensive, it has a very high energy storingcapacity that is 460 Joules/Kg. So, Li-ion Batteries ismost preferable if the initial investment is not muchof concern.

Figure 1: - Lead acid Figure 2: - Li-ion

Alkaline Batteries:As per the above table, you can clearly observe

that the alkaline batteries have very high energystoring capacity of 400 Joules/Kg and they are verycheap in cost also. But alkaline batteries cannot berecharged by common man easily. We can rechargethe alkaline batteries but its too difficult, we needsuitable charges for recharging. Usage, properties andrecharging of alkaline batteries is discussed belowbriefly.

Alkaline batteries have long shelf lives thatare they do not discharge themselves even thoughthey have kept used for long time. Alkaline batteries

do not suffer the memory effects like Ni-ionbatteries suffer. The term Memory effects refers tothe batteries becoming weaker with continues usage.Generally alkaline batteries cannot be recharged; torecharge an ordinary alkaline battery we need a righttype of equipment to do the job.

The question arising will be How manytimes an ordinary alkaline battery can be recharged?Would you believe, the answer is hundreds of times?The trick is to stop using the batteries well before ithas given up all of its available stored energy becauseif the higher current is drawn draining the batteries or

if the batteries had been completely discharged thenthe whole active area of the anode will involve thus

making the reaction irreversible which producecurrent. So, batteries should be recharged before itdrains out complete charge. For this reason, therecharge free electric vehicles should have the cut-offvoltage and below which the vehicle should not run.Therefore fixing the cut-off voltage will solve the

problem in alkaline batteries to be used in rechargefree electric vehicles and alkaline batteries will returnto battery stations before the charge is completelyempty. Battery stations can recharge the alkalinebatteries safely using right equipment that is by usingright chargers like Battery Xtender .

When the drill stops turning, charge thebattery, but not before is a good rule for Ni-ionbatteries, but not for alkaline batteries. To safelycharge alkaline batteries using suitable chargers likeBattery Xtender charger, dont wait for thebattery to stop working and charge it before itself by

fixing a cut-off voltage. When voltage drops to cut-off voltage, charge the batteries.

Chemical reaction in alkaline batteries:In an alkaline battery, the anode (negative

terminal) is made of zinc powder, which gives moresurface area for increased current, andthe cathode (positive terminal) is composed ofmanganese dioxide.

FIGURE 3: - (Sectional view of alkaline batteries)

The half-reactions are: -Zn (s) + 2OH (aq) ZnO (s) + H2O (l) + 2e

2MnO2 (s) + H2O (l) + 2e

Mn2O3 (s) + 2OH (aq)

Alkaline batteries dont work good if theload is more. So, alkaline batteries will not beefficient if the power extraction from it is not morethan 1.5V. All alkaline batteries are made for 1.5Vapplication only to get best efficiency. But to counterthis problem and overcome it alkaline batteries can beconnected in parallel to one another and highervoltage can be obtained from the set of alkalinebatteries with same very good high efficiency. Thus,many big and long rod type alkaline batteries shouldbe connected in parallel in box to make a suitable bigbattery for the recharge free electric vehicles. We canalso connect these types of alkaline battery boxes in

series to obtain more current storage capacity for ourrecharge free electric vehicles. This big battery boxhaving many alkaline batteries connected in parallel


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and fixed should be replaced wholly in batterystations for recharged ones. Battery stations willcharge the alkaline batteries with suitable chargersone by one.

So, alkaline batteries assisting with the cut-off voltage vehicle stopper is very much suitable and

best preferred batteries for recharge free electricvehicles because of its cheap cost and very highenergy storing capability. Most important thing thatshould be noticed is that the worlds fast electricvehicle used alkaline batteries to power itself.

V. MOTORS & DIFFERENT TYPES OFMOTORS:

Motors are the machines which convertselectrical power to mechanical rotary motion. Thereare many types of motors that we can prefer for ourrecharge free electric vehicle. But, we need a type of

motor which has high torque even in less speed orless RPM. So, the list of preferable motors boilsdown to two types.

The two types of preferable motors for are: Direct Current Series Motors Alternative Current 3 Phase Induction

Motors

Direct Current Series Motors or in short DCseries motors are the best motors for the locomotivesand automobiles because of its very high torque atlow RPM. In fact they say DC series motors shouldbe started without a load applied to it. DC seriesmotors have the property of high torque at low RPM& as RPM increases, Torque decreases. So, torquevariation with respect to RPM present in this type ofmotors is best suitable for driving the automobiles.

Alternative Current 3 Phase Induction Motors arealso preferable motors for the electric vehicles. Themost famous and most selling electric car in Indiathat is REVA (now MAHINDA REVA) uses AC 3Phase Induction motors. These motors have very highefficiency and have all properties required for electriccars. So, AC 3 phase induction motors are also anoption for our recharge free electric vehicles.

Motors used in electric vehicles will be generallybrushless motors because to ease out the designcomplication and to reduce weight of the vehicle byreducing the components. Generally both the type ofmotors will be Hub motors (motors which aremounted in the wheel of the vehicle itself) to reducethe transmission loss and to reduce the weight of thetransmission systems. These Hub motor and brushlessmotor concepts can be included in the recharge freeelectric vehicles we have been discussing all thesetime. After deciding the type of motors, we shouldconcentrate on the power required for the electricvehicle and choose the motors.

Figure 4: - Brushless, Hub motor Sectional View

VI. RECYCLING OF BATTERIES:If recharge free electric vehicles come into

existence then the recycling of the batteries is the

head ache of battery stations. Battery stations shouldrecycle the batteries after its life. Its better to sendthe batteries to the respective companies forreplacement and those companies should charge allbattery stations equally because battery stationswhich receive the dead batteries should not face anylosses. The other option is giving the franchise oragencies for opening the battery stations by thebattery company itself so no problems like exchangethe new battery for dead battery and facing the lossesfor the same. This type of system will be like adomestic cooking gas supply systems in India.

We can reuse after processing the many materialsin batteries like potassium in alkaline batteries,magnesium, zinc, lithium etc. Even the battery case(which may be plastic or metal) can also be recycledand reused. All batteries can be recycled includinglead acid batteries, Lithium-ion batteries and alkalinebatteries. Recycling of all the materials in batterieswill reduce the money for making the new batteriesand also save the environment because we dontdispose maximum materials (which is non-biodegradable material and hazardous to theenvironment). Recycling of batteries will also reducethe working cost of the recharge free electric vehicles

for customers. So, recycling of batteries is also anessential part of the working.

VII.HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS:We can power the motors using hydrogen fuel

cells also. We dont need batteries if we use this.Hydrogen fuel cells work on pure hydrogen. Inhydrogen fuel cells, the H-H bonds exist. Hydrogenwill be in liquid state and they will be tending to reactwith the oxygen in the atmosphere. But the only wayout for the hydrogen from the fuel cell is through themesh like structure made up of an anode, a cathode,

catalysts and a proton exchange membrane as shownin the figure below. This mesh structure is so fine that


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hydrogen-hydrogen bonded molecules cannot passthrough it. So, the hydrogen molecules split andprotons of hydrogen will pass through the mesh(proton exchange membrane) and come to other sideof the mesh. Even the electron cant pass through themesh because of the electromagnetic field present

around the electrons. Thus, electrons will comeacross the mesh through wired circuit passing all theresistances and loads. Thus current will be extracted.Once the electrons reach the other side of the meshafter loading and working all the componentsconnected in the circuit, it combines with the protonsand reacts with oxygen in the atmosphere forming thewater molecules (H2O). Formed water vapors willescape to atmosphere. This is how the hydrogen fuelcells work.

We can use the hydrogen fuel cell also for therecharge free electric vehicles. Just we need to fill the

liquid hydrogen in the battery stations or fuellingstation and continue to drive. This will be mucheasier. But the only problem is that production ofhydrogen is very difficult and expensive. We canproduce hydrogen from water by electrolysis but weget only 2% efficiency in splitting the hydrogen fromwater and remaining 98% of power supplied will goas waste. Hydrogen can be produced from methanebut this is also expansive. So, scientists are workingfor cheap, efficient and better way for producinghydrogen. If scientists become successful inproducing hydrogen in efficient and cost cheap waythen this hydrogen fuel cell powered electric vehicleswill be a best option. But as per now using batteries isthe only solution for electric automobiles powersupply in India.

The working of the hydrogen fuel cell isexplained above in previous paragraphs and thepictorial representation of the working of thehydrogen fuel cells is shown below.

Figure 5: - Working of Hydrogen fuel cell pictorial

representation

Figure 6: - Electric Car with 8 wheels, Li-ion batteries8 Hub brushless DC Series Motors (one in each wheel).

This car has a top speed of 370 KMPH and arange of 200 KM. This car has front four wheel

steering system. Car shown above proves that electricvehicles are also capable of competing with the ICengine cars in all matters like good speed,acceleration, comfort and having a good range.

VIII. RESULT AND DISCUSSION:We can bring the recharge free electric vehicles

into existence. But for cars, exchanging the very hugebatteries in battery stations for small ranges like 100to 120 KM is not desirable. The range must be goodand there must be an option of self charging thebatteries by plug-in to current supply for all

recharge free electric vehicles. To get the betterrange for electric vehicles we should prefer for Li-ionbatteries or alkaline batteries only rather than theLead acid batteries. The range of the electric carsrunning in Li-ion batteries and alkaline batteries withcomparison to lead acid batteries will be very huge.Li-ion batteries and also alkaline batteries can storemore than 3 times the electric charge that can bestored in lead acid batteries. This charge storingcapability of all the batteries can be observed in theTable: - 1 given above.

Since the charge storing capability of the

batteries (current supply or current delivered) isdirectly proportional to the range of the electricvehicle when the load, resistance, power of the motorand motor RPM remains constant We can clearlystate that electric car will have a range of 350-360KM per full charge of the batteries if we use Li-ionBatteries or Alkaline Batteries instead of lead acidbatteries of same weight otherwise the car wouldhave a range of 110-120 KM per full charge ofbatteries in lead acid batteries. For example aMAHINDA REVA famous electric car in India ishaving a range of 120 KM per full charge and it runson lead acid batteries. If we replace the lead acid

batteries with Li-ion batteries or alkaline batteries, wecan get a range of nearly 360 KM or more for the


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same power of motor and same battery weight. Eventhe battery life will be more for Li-ion batteries thanthe lead acid batteries. Life span of lead acid batterieswill be approximately 3 years and life span of Li-ionbatteries will be approximately 15 years (that is 5times more life). An electric car having a range of

360 KM is very decent and respectable range.

IX. CONCLUSION:Recharge free electric vehicles are also a better

option for the alterative way of road transportation inIndia. Survey states that India has the highest petrolprice in whole world, so as of now Indians shouldconcentrate for alternative sources of power for roadtransportation and implement it as soon as possible.Recharge free electric vehicles concept will runsuccessfully like domestic gas companies and itsagencies in India. Electric vehicles in India are

booming up and in future electric vehicle or hybridvehicles with electricity as option will take over inIndia. Switch over to electric vehicles will be the bestsolution for all the people in India because ofcontinues increasing prices of petrol and diesel.

We can start the electric vehicles era by simplesteps like buying the electric vehicles, telling oradvising others to buy electric vehicles by tellingthem the advantages of it. Not only the environmentwill be saved but also the economy of this countrywill improve for sure because the major importproduct for India is petroleum. If the electric vehiclesare used largely in city limits then the pollution willdrastically come down reducing health problems.Conclusion of this paper is electric vehicles insystematic way of recharge will dominate the InternalCombustion Engines (IC Engines) easily and takeover the race of sales in India.

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[5]. mary bellis (2010-06-16). "Inventors - Electric Cars (1890 -1930)". Inventors.about.com. Retrieved 2010-12-26.

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Problems in Evs