Problems and Prospects of Jackfruit Commercialization

as Experienced by Farmers at Bhaluka Upazila under

Mymensingh District

MD. HAFIZUR RAHMAN

DEPARTMENT OF

AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION & INFORMATION SYSTEM

SHER-E-BANGLA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

SHER-E-BANGLA NAGAR, DHAKA-1207.

June, 2015

Problems and Prospects of Jackfruit Commercialization

as Experienced by Farmers at Bhaluka Upazila under

Mymensingh District

BY

MD. HAFIZUR RAHMAN

REGISTRATION NO. : 09-03491

A Thesis

Submitted to the Faculty of Agriculture,

Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka,

in Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE (MS)

IN

AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION

SEMESTER: JULY - JUNE, 2015

Approved by

…………………………………………………

(Dr. Mohummed Shofi Ullah Mazumder)

Co-supervisor

…….….……….…

(Md. Abul Bashar)

Associate Professor

Supervisor

…………………………..

(Prof. M Zahidul Haque) Supervisor

…………………………………………………

(Dr. Mohummed Shofi Ullah Mazumder)

Assoc. Prof. & Chairman

Department of Agricultural Extension & Information System

Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka

iii

Memo No.: SAU/AEIS Date:

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled, “Problems and prospects of jackfruit

commercialization as experienced by farmers at Bhaluka Upazila under Mymensingh

district” submitted to the faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural

University, Dhaka, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master

of Science (MS) in Agricultural Extension, embodies the result of a piece of bona

fide research work carried out by Md. Hafizur Rahman, Registration No. 09-03491,

under my supervision and guidance. No part of this thesis has been submitted for any

other degree or diploma.

I further certify that any help or sources of information, as has been availed of

during the course of investigation have been duly acknowledged.

Department of Agricultural Extension and Information System

Sher-Bangla Agricultural University

Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh.

Dated: June, 2015

Dhaka, Bangladesh

………..……………………..….…

(Prof. M Zahidul Haque) Supervisor

Dept. of Agricultural Extension and Info. System

Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University

Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka-1207.

iv

DEDICATION

DEDICATED TO

THIS THESIS IS LOVINGLY DEDICATED

TO

MY PARENTS

v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

All of my gratefulness to almighty Allah who enabled me to accomplish this

thesis paper. I would like to express my heartiest respect, deepest sense of

gratitude, profound appreciation to my supervisor, Prof. M Zahidul Haque,

Department of Agricultural Extension and information System, Sher-e-Bangla

Agricultural University, Dhaka for his sincere guidance, scholastic supervision,

constructive criticism and constant inspiration throughout the course and in

preparation of the manuscript of the thesis.

I would like to express my heartiest respect and profound appreciation to my

co-supervisor, Associate Professor & Chairman, Dr. Mohammed Shofi

Ullah Mazumder, Department of Agricultural Extension and information

System, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka for his utmost

cooperation and constructive suggestions to conduct the research work as well

as preparation of the thesis.

I would like to thank all of my family members who have helped me with

technical support to prepare this thesis paper. I also thank all of my roommates

and friends to help me in my research work.

Mere diction is not enough to express my profound gratitude and deepest

appreciation to my mother, brothers, sisters, and friends for their ever ending

prayer, encouragement, sacrifice and dedicated efforts to educate me to this

level.

June, 2015 The Researcher

vi

LIST OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v

LIST OF CONTENTS vi-viii

LIST OF TABLES ix

LIST OF FIGURES x

LIST OF APPENDIX xi

ABSTRACT xii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1-12

1.1. General background 1

1.2. Statement of the problem 4

1.3. Objectives of the study 6

1.4. Justification of the study 7

1.5. Scope and limitations of the study 8

1.6. Assumptions of the study 9

1.7. Definition of terms 10

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE 12-20

2.1. General findings on problems and prospect of jackfruit

and other fruits commercialization

12

2.2. Conceptual framework of the study 19

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 21-32

3.1. Locale of the study 21

3.2. Population and sample of the study 22

3.2.1. Population sampling 22

3.2.2 Distribution of the sample of population size 23

3.3. Data collecting instrument 23

3.4.

Variables of the study 26

3.5. Measurement of variables 26

3.6. Hypothesis of the study 30

3.7. Data collection 31

vii

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

3.8. Data processing 31

3.9. Statistical analysis 32

CHAPTER 4:

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

33-72

4.1. Selected Characteristics of the jackfruit growers and

jackfruit

33

4.1.1. Age 34

4.1.2. Education 34

4.1.3. Jackfruit land size 35

4.1.4. Number of jackfruit trees 36

4.1.5. Annual family income from jackfruit 37

4.1.6. Experience in jackfruit cultivation 38

4.1.7. Knowledge on jackfruit cultivation 39

4.1.8. Diversified use of jackfruit 40

4.1.9. Nutritional importance of jackfruit 40

4.1.10. Selling demand of jackfruit through different

marketing system

41

4.1.11. Selling price of jackfruit through different marketing

system

42

4.1.12. Problem faced by the farmers’ for commercialization 43

4.1.13. Prospects of jackfruit commercialization 44

4.2. Problem and Prospects Appearance Index (PPAI) 45

4.3. Relationship of the selected characteristics of the

jackfruit farmers problems and prospects of jackfruit

commercialization

48

4.3.1 The relationships between selected characteristics of

the jackfruit farmers and Problems of jackfruit

commercialization

49

4.3.2 The relationships between selected characteristics of

the jackfruit farmers and prospect of jackfruit

commercialization

62

4.3.3. Correlation between problem and prospect of jackfruit

commercialization

72

CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

73-81

5.1. Summary 74

5.1.1. Individual characteristics of the farmers 75

5.1.2. The relationships between selected characteristics of

the jackfruit farmers and problems and prospects of

jackfruit commercialization

76

viii

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

5.1.3. Correlation between problem and prospect of jackfruit

commercialization

77

5.2. Conclusions 78

5.3. Recommendations 79

5.3.1. Recommendations for policy implication 80

5.3.2. Recommendations for further study 81

REFERENCES 82-87

ix

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TITLE PAGE

3.1.

Distribution of the jackfruit growers according to

population and sample size

23

4.1. Distribution of the jackfruit growers according to their age 34

4.2. Distribution of the jackfruit growers according to their level

of education

35

4.3. Distribution of the jackfruit growers according to their

jackfruit land size

36

4.4. Distribution of the jackfruit growers according to their

jackfruit tree number

37

4.5. Distribution of the jackfruit growers according to their

annual family income from jackfruit

37

4.6. Distribution of the jackfruit growers according to their

experience in jackfruit cultivation

38

4.7. Distribution of the jackfruit growers according to their

knowledge on jackfruit Cultivation

39

4.8. Distribution of jackfruit growers according to their

diversified use of jackfruit

40

4.9. Distribution of jackfruit growers according to their

nutritional importance of jackfruit

41

4.10. Jackfruit growers response on selling demand of jackfruit at

different marketing system

42

4.11. Jackfruit growers response on selling price of jackfruit at

different marketing System

43

4.12. Problem faced by the jackfruit growers for jackfruit

commercialization

44

4.13. Prospects of jackfruit commercialization as perceived by

the Jackfruit growers

44

4.14. Rank order of problem and prospects of jackfruit

commercialization

46

4.15. Relationship between each of the selected characteristics of

the jackfruit growers and problems of commercialization

49

4.16 Relationship between each of the selected characteristics of

the jackfruit growers and prospects of commercialization

62

4.17 Correlation matrix between problem and prospect of

jackfruit commercialization

74

x

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

2.1.

Conceptual framework of the study

20

2.2. Map of Bangladesh showing Mymensingh district 24

2.3. Map of Mymensingh district showing the Bhaluka

upazila

25

xi

LIST OF APPENDIX

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A An interview schedule on “Problem and prospects

of jackfruit commercialization as experienced by

farmers at BhalukaUpazila under Mymensingh

district”

88-91

B Correlation matrix 92

xii

PROBLEM AND PROSPECTS OF JACKFRUIT COMMERCIALIZATION

AS EXPERIENCED BY FARMERS AT BHALUKA UPAZILA UNDER

MYMENSINGH DISTRICT

ABSTRACT

The main purpose of this study was to assess the problems and prospects of

jackfruit commercialization as experienced by farmers at Bhaluka Upazila

under Mymensingh district. Data were gathered from 86 jackfruit farmers of

selected villages of Bhaluka Upazilla under Mymensingh district by using a

structured interview schedule during the period from 10 February to 15 March,

2016. Descriptive statistics, Pearson Product Moment Correlation Co-efficient

were used for data analysis. The findings reveal that more than half (67.4%) of

the respondents faced medium problem in jackfruit commercialization

activities, while 18.6 percent faced high problems and only 14 percent faced

low problems. Majority (79.1%) of the respondents perceived medium level

prospects of jackfruit commercialization, while 12.8 percent found high level

Prospects of jackfruit commercialization and only 8.1 percent respondents

confirmed low level of prospects for jackfruit commercialization. The

statistical analysis exposed that annual family income from jackfruit,

experience in jackfruit cultivation, knowledge on jackfruit cultivation,

diversified use of jackfruit, selling demand of jackfruit at different marketing

system and selling price of jackfruit at different marketing system had

significant negative relationship with the problems faced by the farmers for

jackfruit commercialization where annual family income from jackfruit,

experience in jackfruit cultivation, knowledge on jackfruit cultivation,

diversified use of jackfruit, nutritional importance of jackfruit, selling demand

of jackfruit at different marketing system and selling price of jackfruit at

different marketing system had significant positive relationship with the

prospects of jackfruit commercialization as experienced by the farmers.

Key words: Problem and prospect, Jackfruit commercialization;

1

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General background

Since the evolution of Homo sapiens about 25,000 years ago, men were mainly hunters

and food gatherers. They were dependent on the forest for seeds, grains, roots, rhizomes,

leaves and fruits for their very survival for about 15,000 years, after which agriculture

came into being in its very primitive stage. Therefore, fruits play among the most

important foods that helped man to survive from the very beginning. It is the blessings of

the Almighty that in Bangladesh we get some kind of the fruits all the year round. Fruit

has important roles in human diet, because it contains micronutrients, fiber, vitamins,

potassium, foliate, Vitamin C, vegetable proteins, carotenoids and polyphenols, which act

as antioxidants within the body as well as bio-functional components and also it is

economically important because fruit cultivation can contribute to one’s earnings

significantly. Jackfruit, mango, litchi, banana, pine-apple are the major fruits grown here

with a large quantity and among other fruits guava, papaya, pommel, melon &

watermelon, lime & lemon, orange are also grown here.

The jackfruit is the largest tree borne fruit in the world. Its fruit is seldom less than about

25 cm in diameter. Even a relatively thin tree (circa 10cm diameter) can bear large fruit.

The fruits can reach 36kg in weight and up to 90cm long and 50cm in diameter. The sweet

yellow sheaths around the seeds are about 3-5 mm thick and have a taste similar to that of

pineapple but milder and less juicy (APAARI, 2012).

The jackfruit is indigenous to the rain forests of the Western Ghats of India and is

cultivated throughout the tropical lowlands in South and Southeast Asia, parts of central

and eastern Africa and Brazil. Major jackfruit producers are Bangladesh, India, Myanmar,

Thailand, Vietnam, China, The Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia and Sri Lanka. It is a

popular and relatively cheaper fruit in Southern Asia and other warm countries of both the

2

hemispheres. In Europe, the fruit is sold canned with sugar syrup. Away from the Far

East, the jackfruit has never gained the kind of acceptance that is accorded to the

breadfruit (exception settlements of people of East Indian origin). This is largely due to

the odor of the ripe fruit and traditional preference for bread fruit (APAARI, 2012).

Jackfruit (Artocarpusheterophyllus Lam.) belongs to the family Moraceae, is one of the

tropical fruits of Bangladesh which is produced in large quantity every year. It is an

important and widely distributed and cultivated fruit crop in Bangladesh. The fruit is very

popular among the rural people. It has acclaimed the status of Bangladeshi national fruit

due to its popularity and nutritious values. Jackfruit is economically important throughout

the tropics of Asia. It is grown in the homestead in almost all the rural areas of

Bangladesh. It ranks top in production among the fruits grown in the country accounting

23.08 percent of total fruit production in 2008-09 (BBS, 2010).

Jackfruit is grown in all districts. The highest volume of production takes place in Dhaka,

Gazipur, Tangail, Khagrachari, Rangamati, Mymensingh, Moulvibazar, Narsingdi,

Dinajpur and Rangpur. Presently, Bangladesh cultivates jackfruits in 79 thousands

hectares of land producing about 1,352,000 tons fruits in a year. Yield per hectare is 17

MT. A small quantity of about 60 MT fresh jackfruit and some seeds are exported to UK.

The country has a large supply of fresh jackfruits but little has been done for industrial use

and use of its by-products. It is estimated that about one-third of the production can be

used for processing without affecting consumption of fresh fruits. However, it is reported

that research organization such as BARI post harvest and technology division, BAURES

of BAU, BCSIR, etc are conducting some sorts of research and trying to develop some

products or even patented some products or by-products by BCSIR. Hortex Foundation

and DAE are also promoting fruit production, processing and marketing (INSPIRED,

2013).

But fruit marketing system is not so developed is this area. There present a quite problem

i.e., transportation problem, road infrastructure problem, absence of cold storage and

processing center etc. Khandaker et al. (2009) found that appropriate marketing

3

infrastructure is crucial for efficient marketing of fruits. Adequate transportation and

product handling are also important for the trade of agricultural products and important

factors in assuring good prices and poverty alleviation. According to World Bank (2005)

investment is required for improved maintenance of road and port infrastructures. In

addition to infrastructure development, modification of policies and management are also

needed to improve appropriate and timely shipping of perishables. IDAF (2009) reported

that, a weak agricultural credit system, unorganized market structure, unfavorable

weather, small land holding sizes and inadequate technology development contributes to

low productivity in the small holder sector.

Jackfruit cultivation is one of the most important agricultural products in the country,

which plays an important role in the economic development. The jackfruit cultivators are

facing many problems in cultivation and harvesting season. During cultivation period the

problem of rainfall, selection seed and financial assistance and harvest season the fruits

losses due to lack of preservation. If the technique of manufacturing and preserving food

subsistence in an effective manner with a view to enhance their shelf life, improve quality

as well as make them functionally more useful. The jackfruit cultivation is based on local

natural resources and indigenous knowledge and skill of the people. This sector directly

contributing to income and employment generation and also induces output and

employment growth indirectly through its linkages with other sectors. Jackfruit processing

can be done at home or in food processing industry. Besides reducing unnecessary

wastage and losses of perishable items it helps in value addition, raising rural income by

generating direct and indirect employment and diversifies the rural economy.

The most important point in the jackfruit cultivation is that a substantial portion being

rural based and it has very high employment potential with significantly lower investment.

Post-harvest loss of fresh fruit is one of the important problem in the tropics, which occurs

at all stages of marketing chain. These losses in quantity and quality of produce occur at

different levels of respondents. The gross post-harvest losses from harvesting to

4

consumption of jackfruit at different levels (growers, intermediators, wholesalers, retailers

and consumers) were calculated as 25.42 percent (Molla, 2011).

1.2 Statement of the problem

Jackfruit is one of the most significant tropical fruit produced in Bangladesh. The jackfruit

cultivation is many centuries old and the farmers are unaware of the modern improved

cultivation practices. They have many problems relating to cultivation, harvesting and

marketing.

In the cultivation stage they have problem with decrease in rainfall, natural calamities

causes fluctuation in production and frequent drought conditions hampered the

development of agriculture. In the harvesting stage perishable nature of fruits are wasted

due to lack of storage facilities and lack of effective processing or preservation techniques,

leads to high wastage. The pest and disease problem also results low output and poor

quality of fruits.

In the marketing stage they have many problems relating price fluctuation and lack of

marketing problems. In Bangladesh is far from tapping the potential of processing and

exporting dried jackfruits processors and exporters currently not available. Dried fruits

have a large number of end-users including use in the dried fruit and nut industry.

Among all pre and post harvest practices, loss of jackfruit is the main problem and after

that marketing system for commercialization is mainly responsible for losses of jackfruit.

So, problems and prospect of jackfruit commercialization have been taken as present

research topic.

In order to minimize farmers’ problems and maximize prospects jackfruit

commercialization, the researcher undertook the investigation entitled “Problems and

prospect of jackfruit commercialization” in selected areas of Mymensingh districts in

order to have an understanding of the extent of losses of jackfruit and commercialization

by the farmers. Research information is required which could be helpful to the policy

5

maker, regarding supply of inputs, technological knowledge and problem being

encountered on jackfruit processing.

The purpose of the study was to assess the losses of Jackfruit as supposed by the farmers

regarding production, harvesting and marketing and to explore the relationship of the

selected characteristics of the farmers with the problems and prospect of jackfruit

commercialization by them. In order to make the study manageable, the following

research questions were taken into consideration.

1. Are there any problems for losses of jackfruit production, harvesting and marketing

as faced by the jackfruit growers?

2. What is the extent of problems for jackfruit commercialization faced by the

jackfruit growers?

3. Are there any prospects for jackfruit commercialization as perceived by the

jackfruit growers?

4. What are the characteristics of the jackfruit growers?

5. Is there any relationship between the farmers’ selected characteristics and problems

and prospects of jackfruit commercialization as perceived by them?

6

1.3 Specific Objectives

The following objectives are framed out in order to give an appropriate track to the

research work-

1. To explore the problems for Jackfruit commercialization as perceived by the

jackfruit growers;

2. To find out the prospects of Jackfruit commercialization as perceived by the

jackfruit growers;

3. To describe some selected personal and socio-economic characteristic of the

jackfruit growers and jackfruit:

a. Age

b. Level of education

c. Jackfruit land size

d. Number of jackfruit trees

e. Annual income from jackfruit

f. Experience in jackfruit cultivation

g. Knowledge on Jackfruit cultivation

h. Diversified use of jackfruit

i. Nutritional importance of jackfruit

j. Selling demand of jackfruit

k. Selling price of jackfruit;

4. To explore the relationship of the selected characteristics of the jackfruit farmers

and the problems and prospect of jackfruit commercialization as experienced by

them;

7

1.4. Justification of the Study

Jackfruit is mainly grown for its fruits. Fruits at 25-50 percent of full size are eaten unripe

as a vegetable or ripe, full size as a fruit. The fruit has high nutritive value, and

significantly contributes to the nutrition of the people of Bangladesh as a source of

vitamins, minerals and calories. The arils, edible parts of ripe fruits contain high amount

of vitamin A (175 I.U./100g), potassium (88-407 mg) and carbohydrates (22.4-24 g/100g),

and considerable amount various kinds of vitamin B like Thiamine, Riboflavin and Niacin

(Acedo, 1992). Each 100 gm of jackfruit contains: Calories: 94, Fat: 0.3 mg, Dietary fiber:

2 g, Protein: 1 g, Potassium: 303 mg, Calcium: 34 mg, Carbohydrate: 24 g, Folate: 14 mcg

andiron: 0.6 mg. Seeds of jackfruits are also a good source of carbohydrates and

potassium with considerable amount of phosphorus and calcium and protein (Acedo,

1992).

Though a huge amount of jackfruit is produced in every year in Bangladesh, a significant

portion of them goes to waste due to its high perish ability and cramped seasonality. The

Peak harvesting period of jackfruit is June to July. It’s a hot, humid and rainy period of

Bangladesh. In this period, marketing of fruit becomes difficult, as the fruits are rotten

quickly once it ripens.

Lack of knowledge in the growers and latest technologies are also key-reasons behind

such spoilage leads to enormous economic losses, the researchers pointed out. During the

peak season for example, about 50 percent fruits mainly pineapple, watermelon, jackfruit,

tomato etc. is lost due to inadequate processing facilities in Bangladesh (Hussain, 1993).

Preservation of jackfruit ensuring quality would reduce the wide fluctuation of prices

between peak harvesting period and off-season. Moreover, if the excess amount of this

seasonal fruit can be processed and dried for the future storage that may be an earning

source of foreign currency. On the other hand, jackfruit processing industries may

generate an employment opportunity which is one of the urgent needs in the present

context of Bangladesh.

8

Therefore, assessing the proper commercialization of jackfruit can be considered

important alternatives for finding out the reason behind the pre and postharvest losses of

this nutritive fruit. So that the necessary steps can be taken to minimize the losses

fulfilling the above requirement. The researcher developed a felt need to conduct this sort

of research. So the researcher is eagerly interested to undertake the research entitled

“Problems and prospects of jackfruit commercialization as experienced by farmers at

Bhaluka Upazila under Mymensingh district”. The findings of the study will be helpful to

the extension providers and to the growers, intermediators, wholesalers, retailers,

consumers and researchers of Jackfruit. It is assumed that if the reason of problems of

jackfruit marketing could be identified and minimized successfully, the deficiency of food

and economic condition of our country would be improved undoubtedly.

1.5 Limitations and Scope of the Study

The respondents of the study were exclusively selected from Mymensingh districts. But

the findings may be applicable in other areas of Bangladesh where the physical, socio-

economic and cultural conditions are alike with those of the study area.

Thus, the findings of the study may be fruitful by the jackfruit production planners,

extension personnel and field workers for successful prevention of jackfruit losses in view

of marketing strategy.

However, in order to conduct the research in a meaningful and manageable way it

becomes necessary to impose certain limitations in regard to certain aspects of the study,

considering the time, money and necessary resources available to the researcher. The

study was conducted with the following limitations:

i) The study was confined to Bhaluka Upazilas under Mymensingh.

ii) Population for the present study was kept confined within the heads of farm

families in the study area.

iii) There were many characteristics of the farmers in the study area but only eight

of them were selected for investigation.

9

iv) For information about the study, the researcher depended on the data furnished

by the selected respondents during their interview with him.

v) Reluctance of the farmers to provide information was overcome by establishing

rapport.

1.6 Assumptions of the Study

An assumption has been defined as the supposition that an apparent fact or principle is

true in the light of the available evidence (Goode and Hatt, 1952). That means the

assumption is taken as a fact or belief to be true. The researcher had the following

assumptions in mind while undertaking this study:

The respondents, included in the sample were capable of satisfying proper

responses to the questions included in the interview schedule.

Views and opinions furnished by the respondents were the representative views and

opinions of the whole population of the study.

The responses furnished by the respondents were reliable. The researcher was well

adjusted to the social environment of the study area. So, the respondents gave their

opinions without any hesitation.

All the data concerning the variables were normally and independently distributed

with their respective means and standard deviation.

The findings of the study will have general applications to other parts of the

country with similar personal, socio-economic and cultural conditions.

10

1.7 Definition of Terms

A researcher needs to know the meaning and contents of every term that he uses. A

concept is an abstract of observed thing; events or phenomenon. It should clarify the issue

as well as explain the fact to the investigator and readers. However, for clarity of

understanding, a number of key concepts/terms frequently used throughout the study are

defined and interpreted as follows:

Respondents

Randomly selected people considered to be re-presentable of the population are known as

respondents. They are the people from whom a social research worker usually gets most

data required for his research. In this study the respondents were the village level jackfruit

farmers.

Farmers

The persons who were involved in farming activities are called farmers. They participated

in different farm and community level activities like crops, livestock, fisheries, other

farming activities etc. In this study, jackfruit growers were treated as farmers.

Age

Age of a respondent is defined as the span of life and is operationally measured by the

number of years from his/her birth to the time of interviewing.

Level of education

Empirically it was defined to the development of desirable changes in knowledge, skill

and attitudes in an individual through reading, writing, walking, observation and other

selected activities. It was measured on the basis of classes a farmer has passed from a

formal educational institution.

11

Jackfruit land size

In this study jackfruit land size refers to the area of land which was used by the farmers

for jackfruit cultivation. It was expressed in hectare.

Number of jackfruit trees

In this study it refers to the jackfruit trees which are owned by the respondents.

Annual income from jackfruit

Annual family income of a respondent generally refers to the total earning by him/her and

other members of his/her family from different sources during a year. Annual income

from jackfruit of the respondent only includes the earning from jackfruit by the

respondent. It was expressed in Thousand Taka.

Experience in jackfruit cultivation

Experience as a general concept comprises knowledge or skill of something or some event

gained through involvement in or exposure to that thing or event. Experience refers to the

nature of the events someone or something has undergone. Experience is what is

happening to us all the time - as we long we exist. However, in this study, it refers to the

years of cultivating jackfruit by the respondents.

Knowledge on Jackfruit cultivation

It is the extent of basic understanding of the farmers in different aspects of Jackfruit

production, harvesting and marketing etc. It includes the basic understanding of the use of

different inputs and practices for jackfruit cultivation.

Problem faced for jackfruit commercialization

Problem means any difficult situation which requires some actions to minimize the gap

between “what ought to be” and “what is”. The term problem faced refers to different

problem faced by the farmers in jackfruit production, harvesting and marketing.

12

Selling demand of jackfruit

It refers to the degree of purchase of jackfruit by the people from market or from any other

place which is frequently or not.

Selling price of jackfruit

It refers to the existing market price of jackfruit. It varies due to local and national market.

13

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter deals with the review of past research works that relates to this investigation

directly or indirectly. The reviews are conveniently presented based on the major

objectives of the study. The aim of this study was to have an understanding of Problems

and prospects of jackfruit commercialization as experienced by farmers at Bhaluka

Upazila under Mymensingh district and their relationships with the selected individual

characteristics. Despite anxious search, the researcher found only a few literatures related

to this study. The researcher came across with some expert opinions and has tried his best

to collect needful information through searching relevant studies, journals, periodicals,

bulletins, leaflets, internet etc. These enhanced the researcher’s knowledge for better and

clear understanding of the present study. But unfortunately no previous literature was

found related to relationship between losses of any fruits as perceived by the farmers and

their characteristics. On this consideration, this chapter has been presented in two sections

as follows:

Section 1: General findings on problem faced by the jackfruit growers

Section 2: The development of conceptual framework of the study

2.1 General findings on problems and prospect of jackfruit commercialization and

also related to other crops

All the fruits grown have economic importance for the fruit growers and all types of

middlemen involved for their economic empowerment and also rest of the country. Huge

quantity of fruits supplied to the market for meeting up large amount of fruit demand of

people can be proved as economically active zone of the country. But fruit marketing

system is not so developed in most of the area of Bangladesh. There present a quite

problem i.e., transportation problem, road infrastructure problem, absence of cold storage

and processing center etc.

14

Khandaker et al. (2009) found that appropriate marketing infrastructure is crucial for

efficient marketing of fruits. Adequate transportation and product handling are also

important for the trade of agricultural products and important factors in assuring good

prices and poverty alleviation.

According to World Bank (2005) investment is required for improved maintenance of

road and port infrastructures. In addition to infrastructure development, modification of

policies and management are also needed to improve appropriate and timely shipping of

perishables.

IDAF (2009) reported that, a weak agricultural credit system, unorganized market

structure, unfavorable weather, small land holding sizes and inadequate technology

development contributes to low productivity in the smallholder sector.

Majumder (2011) reported that local farmers have been facing problems due to low prices

of jackfruit, which were supposed to get bumper yields in eight upazilas of hilly district of

Khagrachhari. In his report, he showed some scenario like a farmer namely Abul Kashem

from Taindong village under Matiranga upazilla counted a loss of Tk. 800 after selling

4,000 jackfruit at Tk 25,000 only. He blamed poor transpiration system, lower prices and

absence of government control on the market regarding this issue.

Ahmmed (2010) conducted a research on postharvest loss assessment and nutritional

quality of jackfruit. The survey was conducted in Mymensingh and Gazipur districts and

the laboratory experiments were conducted at the laboratories of the Department of

Horticulture, Plant Pathology and Biochemistry, BAU, Mymensingh. Findings of the

study revealed that the postharvest problem of the jackfruit at the ‘growers’, ‘Bepari’,

‘wholesalers’ and ‘retailers’ levels were 16.13 percent, 11.40 percent, 9.22 percent and

6.76 percent, respectively and the total postharvest loss of jackfruit was estimated to be

43.51 percent in the entire supply chain. The losses occurred mainly due to improper

storage, careless handling and traditional transport system of marketing.

15

Hassan et al. (2011) observed that post-harvest wastage of 13 selected fruits and

vegetables in major growing areas annually costs the country about Tk 3,442 crore on

retail price. Findings also showed that the post-harvest loss ranges from 23.6 to 43.5

percent of the fruits and vegetables that include jackfruit, pineapple, papaya, mango,

litchi, banana, orange, cucumber, cauliflower, tomato, okra, brinjal, and red amaranth.

Among the selected fruits, post-harvest problems have been found maximum 44 percent in

jackfruit with main diseases syndromes of shoot and fruit borer, stem-bleeding, and died-

back that appeared as the serious threat in the leading jackfruit producing areas such as

Mymensingh and Gazipur. The loss is attributed to the fact that jackfruit is seriously

damaged by fruit borer (insects) and is soft rot since the growers of the surveyed region,

Mymensingh and Gazipur, hardly apply any pesticides or fungicides to reduce damages in

the field. The second important reason for higher loss in jackfruit is the excessive use of

ripening chemicals, which accelerate fruit ripening and dramatically shorten shelf life.

Haque (2006) opined that post harvest problems of jackfruit can be as much as 30-34

percent.

In a study in India Mitra (2010) reported that high cumulative wastages were found across

the supply chain which were Mango : 22 percent, Banana : 30 percent, Guava : 16 percent,

Litchi : 25 percent, Pineapple : 20 percent, Jackfruit : 12 percent.

Medagoda (2011) observed in a study that a very low percentage of total produce is

consumed as a food amounting 30 percent and greater percentages, amounting to about 70

percent is lost in the form of pre and post-harvest problems. The major constraint reported

in marketing were the absence of properly organized marketing structures, lack of

processing plants and the poor demand in local market for jack products. An integrated

approach would improve productivity, quality and income from jack cultivation

contributing to poverty alleviation in the rural sector to a considerable extent.

Patil (2008) found that ‘Higher the value addition better the pH management and lower

will be losses’. He also mentioned some reasons for losses such as handling of raw

16

produce through many stages of middlemen, processing is mostly controlled by urban

rather than rural entrepreneurs which leads to losses in valuable by products, non

availability of adequate and efficient equipment and machinery to be used in catchment

areas, low level of entrepreneurial urge in rural areas due to constraints of finance, assured

market and proper training on technology and on the whole, there exists a fragmented and

inefficient value chain.

Laordenet et al. (2011) found average post harvest losses for jackfruit across marketing

levels was 28.30 percent in Philippine.

Mojica (2010) reported in a study that the official report from the BAS stated that jackfruit

production continued to slow down by three percent annually since 2003 and recorded a

13.14 percent drop from the period of January to September 2009. In its Crop Statistics

report from the period of 2003-2008, BAS said that the country produced 884 thousand mt

of jackfruit in 2008, 14 percent lower than the 1,024 thousand mt in 2007. This drop,

according to the report, resulted from the adverse effects of typhoon Frank, rains during

flowering stage, less flower induction, toppling down of trees due to typhoon Cosme, and

the attack of anthracnose.

Amiruzzaman (1990) found that the magnitude of post-harvest losses of major fruits and

vegetables in Bangladesh is 25-50 percent and it is only 5-25 percent in developed

countries as reported by Khader, 1992.

Carlos (1992) reported that the post-harvest loss of mango has been estimated 17 percent

in Bangladesh.

Hossain(1989) stated that 40 percent post-harvest losses of mango occur due to improper

harvesting, handling and lack of storage technique especially processing and preservation

technique.

Azad (2000) reported that 27 percent post-harvest loss of mangoes occurs due to improper

harvesting and handling.

17

Pantastico (1977) opined that the amount of post-harvest loss of fruits and vegetables each

year in the Philippines has been estimated at 29 metric tons of protein which could supply

the protein requirement of 1.3 M Filipinos.

Hussain, (1993) found that Post-harvest losses in durable crops ranged between 10-15

percent; loss in semi-perishable crops was 15-30 percent and that of perishables, 25-40

percent. During the peak season for example, about 50 percent fruits mainly pineapple,

watermelon, jackfruit, tomato etc. is lost due to inadequate processing facilities in

Bangladesh.

FAO (1989) reported that estimates of the post-harvest losses of food grains in the

developing world from mishandling, spoilage and pest infestation are put at 25 percent;

this means that one-quarter of what is produced never reaches the consumer for whom it

was grown, and the effort and money required to produce it are lost-forever. Fruit,

vegetables and root crops are much less hardy and are mostly quickly perishable, and if

care is not taken in their harvesting, handling and transport, they will soon decay and

become unfit for human consumption. Estimates of production losses in developing

countries are hard to judge, but some authorities put losses of sweet potatoes, plantain,

tomatoes, bananas and citrus fruit sometimes as high as 50 percent, or half of what is

grown. Reduction in this wastage, particularly if it can economically be avoided, would be

of great significance to growers and consumers alike.

Yuen and Teng (1990) revealed that Post-harvest losses in tropical fruits have been

estimated to average between 15 percent–25 percent of production and do not appear to

differ between the main crops of bananas, plantains, citrus, mangoes, pineapple, papaya,

and avocado. NAC (1978) found in a study that post-harvest losses occur up to 50 percent

in perishable agricultural commodities in developing countries.

Chaudhury (1998) observed that the sum-total of losses in food grains amount to 1.44

million tons valued at Rs.3.13 billion which if converted into dollar currency units will

18

equal to 316.15 million, US Dollars. From any international standard, it is an immense

recurring loss which the developing economy of Pakistan can hardly afford to bear.

Oyeniran (1988) revealed that although postharvest loss estimate figure for fruits and

vegetables are difficult to substantiate especially in developing countries like Nigeria, it is

however estimated that losses as high as 50 – 70 percent are common in the tropics

between the production areas and consumption points.

Kader (1992) showed that the magnitude of post-harvest losses of fresh fruits and

vegetables is estimated to be 5 to 25 percent in developed countries and 20 to 50 percent

in developing countries depending upon commodity.

Gathambiriet al. (2006) showed Percentage postharvest losses of mango fruit in Kenya is

about 45 percent and one of the causes is due to excess fruits in the market during the peak

seasons. Postharvest value addition technologies would reduce the losses giving farmers

high returns for their crop.

Mollaet al. (2010) found that the postharvest losses of litchi were mainly at harvesting (8.0

percent), handling from orchard to selling point by the growers and beparies involved in

harvesting (4.61 percent) and after buying to consumption by the consumers (7.5 percent).

Considering the channels involved in litchi marketing, the growers and/or beparies

engaged in harvesting had the highest percent of losses (16percent in Dinajpur, 12percent

in Ishurdi, and 11 percent in Natore) followed by the consumers (7.5percent).

It is evident from the past studies that every occurrence or phenomenon is the outcome of

a number of variables, which may or may not be interdependent or interrelated with each

other. Variables together are the cause effect and thus, there is cause-effect relationship

everywhere in the universe. So, the researcher have come in point to study the relationship

of the jackfruit growers and jackfruit with the commercialization problem of jackfruit and

its prospect.

19

2.2 Conceptual framework of the study

In scientific research, selection and measurement of variables constitute an important task.

The hypothesis of a research while constructed properly contains at least two important

elements i.e. “a dependent variable” and “an independent variable”. A dependent variable

is that factors which appears, disappears or varies as the researcher introduces, removes or

varies the independent variables (Townsend, 1953). An independent variable is that factor

which is manipulated by the researcher in his attempt to ascertain its relationship to an

observed phenomenon. In view of prime findings of review of literature, the researcher

constructed a conceptual framework of the study that is self-explanatory and is presented

in Fig. 2.1.

20

Conceptual framework

Figure 2.1 Conceptual framework of the study

Independent variables Dependent variable

Jackfruit growers and jackfruit

characteristics

Age

Education

Jackfruit land size

Jackfruit tree number

Annual family income from jackfruit

Experience in jackfruit cultivation

Knowledge on jackfruit cultivation

Diversified use of jackfruit

Nutritional importance of jackfruit

Selling demand of jackfruit at

different marketing system

Selling price of jackfruit at different

marketing system

Problems and prospects

of jackfruit

commercialization

21

Chapter 3

Materials and Methods

Methodology refers to the methods and procedures in the research work. In any scientific

research, methodology plays an important role and requires a very careful consideration.

More appropriate the methodology more accurate the research. The basic materials for

conducting any research are the unbiased information and facts.

Methodology should be appropriate so that the research will be able to collect necessary

data and analyze them in a proper way, which will help him to reach correct decision.

Building of research methodology requires a vast knowledge, experience and skill.

Considering this, the researcher went through previous studies, obtained from supervisors

and experts regarding all aspects of this piece of the study.

A sequential description of the methodologies followed in conducting this research work

has been presented in this chapter.

3.1 Locale of the Study

The study was conducted in purposively selected one Upazillas namely Bhaluka under

Mymensingh District. Two villages from the Upazillas as such Kachina, habirbari and

Honpara under Bhaluka Upazilla were also purposively selected as the locale of the study

as these areas are very much famous of producing jackfruit. The map of Bangladesh

showing the study districts appears in the Figure 3.1. The maps of selected districts

showing locale the study Upazillas are shown in Figure 3.2.

22

3.2 Population and Sample of the Study

The researcher himself with the cooperation of local leaders and concerned with Sub-

Assistant Agriculture Officer (SAAO) collected an updated list of all the jackfruit

cultivators of the selected villages of respective upazila. The total number of farm families

(jackfruit cultivators) in these villages was 825; where 307 farm family heads from

Kachina village and 518 from Honpara village under the upazila of Bhaluka which

constituted the population of the study. A total of 825 jackfruit growing farmers were

listed which constituted the population of this study.

3.2.1. Population Sampling

There are several methods for determining the sample size. Here, researcher used

Yamane’s (1967) formula for study group:

n =

Where,

n = Sample size;

N, Population size = 825;

e, The level of precision = 10% ;

z = the value of the standard normal variable given the chosen

confidence level (e.g., z = 1.96 with a confidence level of 95 %) and

P, The proportion or degree of variability = 50%;

So, the sample size (n) is = 86.

23

3.2.2. Distribution of the Population of Sample Size

According to Yamane’s formula, the respondent comprising 86 farmers.

A reserve list of 10 farmers was also prepared. Farmers in the reserve list were used only

when a respondent in the original list was not available. The distribution of the sample

farmers and those in the reserved list from the villages is shown in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1 Population and sample of the study

Sl. No. District Upazila Village Number of Jackfruit

growing farmers

Reserve

List Size

Population Sample

1. Mymensingh Bhaluka Kachina 307

86

4

Honpara 518 6

Total 825 10

3.3 Data Collecting Instrument

In order to collect relevant information from the respondents, a previously structured

interview schedule was prepared in Bengali considering the objectives of the study. The

interview schedule was pre-tested in actual field situations before using the same for final

data collection. This survey provided an opportunity to examine the effectiveness of the

schedule which revealed some unforeseen defects associated with it. Necessary correction,

modification and adjustment were made in the interview schedule on the basis of results of

pre-test. The interview schedule was then printed in its final form. An interview schedule

in English version has been presented in Appendix- A.

24

Fig. 3.1 Map showing Mymensingh district

25

Fig. 3.2 Map showing Bhaluka upazila

26

3.4 Variables of the Study

A variable is any characteristics which can assume varying or different values in

successive individual cases (Ezekiel and Fox, 1959). In a descriptive research, the

selection and measurement of the variables are the important task. Based on relevant

available literature, discussion with teachers, experts and research fellows in the relevant

field and considering the time and resources available to the researcher, variables were

selected. The researcher selected eight characteristics of the jackfruit growers as the

variables.

The characteristics includes age, education, jackfruit land size, jackfruit tree number,

annual family income from jackfruit, experience in jackfruit cultivation, knowledge on

jackfruit cultivation, diversified use of jackfruit, nutritional importance of jackfruit, selling

demand of jackfruit at different marketing system and selling price of jackfruit at different

marketing system. On the other hand, problems and prospects of jackfruit

commercialization as perceived by the jackfruit growers were the main focus of the study.

3.5 Measurement of Variables

In order to conduct the study in accordance with the objectives, it was necessary to

measure the variables. The procedure for measuring the variables has been described

below.

Age

Age of the respondents was measured in terms of year. The age of a respondent was

measured by counting the period of time from his birth to the time of interview. A score of

one (1) was assigned for each year of age. It was measured in complete years as reported

by a respondent. Question regarding this variable appears in item number 1 in the

interview schedule as presented in Appendix- A.

27

Level of Education

Education of a jackfruit grower was measured by the number of years of schooling

completed in an educational institution. A score of one (1) was given for each year of

schooling completed. If a jackfruit grower didn’t t know how to read and write, his/her

education score was zero, while a score of 0.5 was given to a farmer who could sign his

name only. If a farmer completes primary level of education his/her score was considered

as scoring 5 as well as 10 for secondary level of education and above 10 means higher

education (Appendix-A).

Jackfruit land size

It refers to the area of land owned by a jackfruit grower on which jackfruit growing

activities are carried out. However, it was estimated in terms of hectare. Data obtained in

response to questions under item no. 3 in the interview schedule (Appendix-A) formed the

basis for determining jackfruit cultivation area of the respondent.

Number of jackfruit trees

The number of jackfruit trees of a jackfruit grower was measured in terms of actual

number. It was measured by counting the total number of trees what a respondent had. A

score of one (1) was assigned for each tree. Question regarding this variable appears in

item number 4 in the interview schedule as presented in Appendix- A.

Annual income from jackfruit

The annual income from jackfruit of a jackfruit grower is an important indicator of how

much s/he can earn in his jackfruit business. Annual income from jackfruit was the

income earned by the respondent from selling jackfruit. Annual income from jackfruit was

measured in `thousand' Taka. The score 1(one) was assigned for each ‘000’ taka to

compute the score of annual income from jackfruit of the respondent. Questions regarding

this variable appear in item no. 5 of the interview schedule.

28

Experience in jackfruit cultivation

Experience in jackfruit cultivation of a respondent was measured on the basis of his

duration of jackfruit cultivation in terms of years. The experience of a respondent was

measured by counting the period of time of jackfruit cultivation. A score of one (1) was

assigned for each year of jackfruit cultivation. It was measured in complete years as

reported by a respondent. Question regarding this variable appears in item number 6 in the

interview schedule as presented in Appendix- A.

Knowledge on Jackfruit cultivation

Knowledge refers to the ability of a respondent to recall or recognize items of information

related to anything. A scale consisting of 14 questions was used to determine the

knowledge score of the respondents on jackfruit cultivation. The questions were selected

from different dimensions of Jackfruit production, harvesting and marketing after

thorough consultation with the relevant experts and review of relevant literatures as shown

in Appendix A. Each respondent was asked 20 questions. A score of two (2) was assigned

for each complete and correct answer and 0 (zero) for incorrect or no answer for each

question. Partial score was assigned for partially correct answer for each question. Thus,

the total assigned score of all the questions was 28. The total score obtained by answering

all the questions by a respondent was the knowledge score of the respondents. Thus, the

score could range from 0 to 28 where ‘0’ indicating ‘very low knowledge’ and ‘28’

indicating ‘very high ‘knowledge’ on jackfruit cultivation. Questions regarding this

variable appear in item no. 7 of the interview schedule.

29

Diversified use of jackfruit

A scale consisting of 6 questions was used to determine the diversified use of jackfruit

knowledge score of the respondents. Each respondent was asked 6 questions. For each

question three categories was asked as High, Medium, Low and assigned score was 3, 2 and 1

respectively. Thus, the total assigned score of all the questions was 18. Thus, the score

could range from 6 to 18 where ‘6’ indicating ‘very low diversified use of jackfruit

knowledge and ‘28’ indicating ‘very high ‘diversified use of jackfruit knowledge’ on

jackfruit. Questions regarding this variable appear in item no. 8 of the interview schedule.

Nutritional importance

A scale consisting of 3 item questions on awareness was used to determine the Nutritional

importance score of the respondents. Each respondent was asked 3 questions. For each

question four categories of opinion was asked as Strongly agreed, Agreed, No opinion

Disagreed and Strongly disagree assigned score was 4, 3, 2, 1 and 0 respectively. Thus, the total

assigned score of all the questions was 12. Thus, the score could range from 3 to 12 where

‘3’ indicating ‘very low diversified use of jackfruit knowledge and ‘28’ indicating ‘very

high ‘diversified use of jackfruit knowledge’ on jackfruit. Questions regarding this

variable appear in item no. 9 of the interview schedule.

Demand variation in different marketing system

A scale consisting of 3 items of opinion as high, medium and low and assigned score was

3, 2, 1 respectively for both local market and national market.

Price variation on different marketing system

A scale consisting of 3 items of opinion as high, medium and low and assigned score was

3, 2, 1 respectively for both local market and national market.

30

Measurement of PPAI (Problem and Prospects Appearance Index)

The extent of problem and prospect of jackfruit commercialization index was measured by

the following formula

PPAI was measured on the basis of 12 selected problems item and 5 selected prospects

item.

The respondents were asked to express their degree of opinion in the form of ‘Strongly

agreed, ‘Agreed, ‘No opinion ‘Disagreed, and ‘Strongly disagree, while scores assigned to

the above four responses were 4, 3, 2, 1 and 0 respectively.

An Problem and Prospects Appearance Index (PPAI) was used to measure the dependent

variable.

PPAI = N × S + N × A + N × O + N × D + N× SD

Where,

PPAI = Problem and Prospects Appearance Index

N = Number of farmers;

S = Strongly agreed;

A = Agreed;

O = No opinion;

D = Disagreed;

SD= Strongly disagree;

Thus, PPAI for a particular problem and prospect could range from ‘0’ to ‘320’, while ‘0’

indicating no problem ‘360’ indicating highest problem faced.

3.7 Hypothesis of the Study

A hypothesis is a proposition or a set of proposition set forth as an explanation for the

concurrence of some specific group of phenomena either asserted merely as a provisional

conjecture to guide some investigation or accepted as highly probably in the light of

established fact (Kothari, 1994). Hypothesis may be divided into two categories- a)

31

Research hypothesis (Hi) and b) Null hypothesis (Ho). A null hypothesis states that there

is no relationship between the concerned variables. The following null hypothesis was

undertaken for the present study:

Ho: “There is no relationship of the selected characteristics of the farmers with problems

and prospect of jackfruit commercialization”.

The related characteristics age, education, jackfruit land size, jackfruit tree number, annual

family income from jackfruit, experience in jackfruit cultivation, knowledge on jackfruit

cultivation, diversified use of jackfruit, nutritional importance of jackfruit, selling demand

of jackfruit at different marketing system and selling price of jackfruit at different

marketing system.

3.8 Data Collection

The researcher himself collected data from the selected samples through personal

interview. The interview schedule prepared earlier by the researcher was used to gather

information. All possible efforts were made to explain the purpose of the study to the

respondents in order to get valid and pertinent information from them. Interviews were

conducted with respondents in their homes. While starting interview with any respondent,

the researcher was willing and took possible care to establish rapport with them so that

they did not feel hesitation to furnish proper responses to the questions and statements in

the schedule. The questions were explained and clarified whenever any respondent felt

difficulty in understanding properly.

3.9 Data Processing

The collected raw data were examined thoroughly to detect errors and omission. As a

matter of fact the researcher made a careful scrutiny while completing the interview

schedule to make sure that the information were entered as complete as possible and well

arranged to facilitate coding and tabulation. After completion of field survey, the entire

interview schedule was compiled. Local units were converted into standard unit and

32

qualitative data were converted into quantitative data by means of suitable scoring

whenever necessary. The responses of the individual respondent contained in the

interview schedule were transferred to a master sheet for entering the data in the computer.

As soon as the data entered into the computer, it was then analyzed in accordance with the

objectives of the study.

3.10 Statistical Analysis

Descriptive statistical methods like number and percentage distribution, range, mean,

standard deviation etc. were used in describing the variables of the study. For clarity and

understanding, tables were also used in presenting the data, for exploring the relationships

between the extent of losses of jackfruit as perceived by the farmers and their selected

characteristics; Pearson’s Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation (r) was used.

The analysis of data was performed by using SPSS computer program. Throughout the

study, at least five percent (0.05) level of probability was used as a basis of rejecting any

null hypothesis.

33

Chapter 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Results and discussion is the central point of whole research work. The purpose of this

chapter is to describe the findings of the study. Procedures of using data for the

measurement needed some discussion for clarity of understanding. Data obtained from

respondents by interview were measured, analyzed, tabulated and statistically treated

according to the objectives of the study. This chapter has been discussed in three sections

such as (1) selected characteristics of the jackfruit growers and jackfruit (2) Problems of

jackfruit commercialization as distinguished by farmers and prospects of jackfruit

commercialization as perceived by the jackfruit growers and (3) contribution of the

selected characteristics of the jackfruit growers and Problems and prospects of jackfruit

commercialization as distinguished by farmers.

4.1 Selected Characteristics

Eleven characteristics of the several types of jackfruit growers and jackfruit were selected

to describe and to find out their relationships with their commercialization status. These

selected characteristics were age, education, jackfruit land size, jackfruit tree number,

annual family income from jackfruit, experience in jackfruit cultivation, knowledge on

jackfruit cultivation, diversified use of jackfruit, nutritional importance of jackfruit, selling

demand of jackfruit at different marketing system and selling price of jackfruit at different

marketing system. The noticeable topographies of the eleven characteristics of the

jackfruit growers and jackfruit, each of which constituted an independent variable.

4.1.1 Age

The age of the sample farmers ranged from 21 to 64 years with an average of 43.02 and

standard deviation of 10.112. The respondents were classified into three categories on the

basis of their age (Table 4.1) following Rashid (2014) Table 4.1.

34

Table 4.1. Distribution of the jackfruit growers according to their age

Category

(age) Age range

Observed

range

Respondents Mean SD

Number Percent (%)

Young Up to 35

22 - 63

16 18.6

43.02 10.112 Middle 36 - 50 51 59.3

Old > 50 19 22.1

Total 21 - 64 86 100.00

Data showing that the highest value of proportion 59.3 percent of the jackfruit growers

were middle aged compared to 22.1 percent old and 18.6 percent being young aged.

Middle and old aged people (81.4%) generally show more problem and prospect of

jackfruit commercialization. The extension agents can target those people in designing

their extension activities.

4.1.2 Education

Education of the respondents was measured by following the procedure as discussed

earlier in Chapter 3. The education ranged from 0-12, with an average of 4.436 and

standard deviation of 4.479. The respondents were classified into five categories on the

basis of their education (Table 4.2) following Rashid et al. 2014).

Table 4.2. Distribution of the jackfruit growers according to their level of education

Category Scoring

respondents

Mean SD Number Percent

(%)

Can’t read or sign 0 29 33.7

4.436 4.479

Can sign only 0.5 13 15.1

Primary education (1-5) 1 – 5 8 9.3

Secondary education (6-10) 6 – 10 32 37.2

Higher secondary or above > 10 4 4.7

Total 0 - 12 86 100.00

35

It is determined from the Table 4.2 that 9.3 percent comprised primary education, 37.2

percent comprised of secondary education, 33.7 percent of the respondents were can’t read

or sign, 15.1 percent comprised of can sign only and 4.7 percent had above secondary

education. Table 4.2 also shows that above 46.5 percent out of the selected respondents

got primary to secondary level of education. Jalal (2009) also find similar findings in his

study. The findings indicate that education of an individual is likely to be more interested

to overcome the problems in their daily life. Thus, farming community in the study area

may be well considered as a suitable ground for the adoption of different mechanism, or

execution of change program whatever needed.

4.1.3 Jackfruit land size

Jackfruit land size varied from 17 to 875 decimal with an average of 297.50 decimal and

standard deviation of 13.43. The respondents were classified into five categories on the

basis of their farm size (Table 4.3) following DAE (Department of Agricultural

Extension)

Table 4.3. Distribution of the jackfruit growers according to their jackfruit land size

Category Score range

(ha)

Observed

range

Respondents Mean SD

Number Percent (%)

Landless ≤.02

.1 – 1.56

0 0

.703 .315

Marginal .021 - .20 1 1.2

Small .21 - 1 69 80.2

Medium 1 - 3 16 18.6

Large > 3 0 0

Total 86 100.00

Data in the Table 4.3 reveal that more than two-third (80.2 %) of the total respondent had

small farm where, no respondents were landless, 18.6 percent farmers had medium

jackfruit land, 1.2 percent respondents are marginal and no respondents had large jackfruit

land. Table 4.3. also shows that majority (98.8%) of the total respondent had small to

36

medium size of jackfruit land. Hossain et al. (2011) also found similar findings in his

study. The farmer with landless or marginal farmers has very little scope to undergo

higher commercialization of jackfruit. On the other hand the farmer with large jackfruit

land size can easily go under higher commercialization with a great scope.

4.1.4 Number of jackfruit trees

The observed jackfruit tree number of the farmers ranged from 10 to 56 with a mean of

28.58 and standard deviation of 11.750. On the basis of their jackfruit tree number, the

respondents were classified into three categories (Mean ± Standard Deviation) as shown in

Table 4.4.

Table 4.4. Distribution of the jackfruit growers according to their jackfruit tree number

Category Score range Observed

range

Respondents

Mean SD Number

Percent

(%)

Small ≤ 16

10 - 56

10 11.6

28.58 11.750 Medium 17 - 40 59 68.6

Large > 40 17 19.8

Total 86 100.00

Table 4.4 shows that farmers under low number of jackfruit trees category constitute the

lowest proportion (11.6 %) compared to 68.6 percent under highest number category and

19.8 percent under small number category. Thus, overwhelming majority (88.4%) of the

farmers had medium to large number of jackfruit trees.

4.1.5 Annual family income from jackfruit

Annual income from jackfruit of the respondents was measured in `thousand taka' per year

and in the present study that ranged from 10 to 36 with an average of 18.62 and standard

deviation of 6.841. On the basis of annual family income from jackfruit, the respondents

were divided into three categories (Mean ± Standard Deviation) as shown in Table 4.5.

37

Table 4.5. Distribution of the jackfruit growers according to their annual family income

from jackfruit

Category Scoring

('000' tk)

Observed

range ('000'

tk)

Number of respondents Mean

('000'

tk)

SD Number

Percent

(%)

Low ≤ 10

10-36

10 11.6

18.62 6.841 Medium 11-25 59 68.6

High > 25 17 19.8

Total 86 100.00

Data furnished in Table 4.5 reveal that above half (68.6 %) of the respondents had

medium annual income from jackfruit while 11.6 percent and 19.8 percent of them had

low and high annual income from jackfruit respectively. Major portion of the rural farm

families possessed small to medium income and thus maximum income from jackfruit was

medium to high. Aziz (2004), Islam (2003) and Nahar (2000) found more or less similar

findings in their respective studies.

4.1.6 Experience in jackfruit cultivation

Experience in jackfruit cultivation of the respondents was measured in terms of actual

years of jackfruit cultivation and in the present study that ranged from 1 to 17 with an

average of 10.22 and standard deviation of 3.647. On the basis of experience in jackfruit

cultivation, the respondents were divided into three categories (Mean ± Standard

Deviation) as shown in Table 4.6.

Table 4.6. Distribution of the jackfruit growers according to their experience in

jackfruit cultivation

Category Scoring

(years)

Observed

range

Respondents

Mean SD

Number

Percent

(%)

Low ≤6

1 - 17

13 15.1

10.22 3.647 Medium 7 - 14 61 70.9

High > 14 12 14.0

Total 86 100.00

38

Table 4.6 shows that farmers under medium experience category constitute the highest

proportion (70.9%) compared to about same (15.1 %) low experience category and only

14.0 percent high experience category. Thus, overwhelming majority (86%) of the farmers

had low to medium experience in jackfruit cultivation. It is logical that experienced

farmers could minimize their problems in jackfruit production.

4.1.7 Knowledge on jackfruit cultivation

Knowledge on jackfruit cultivation score of the respondents ranged from 8 to 26 against

the possible range of 0 - 28 having an average of 15.40 and standard deviation of 6.708.

On the basis of knowledge scores, the respondents were classified into three categories

(Mean ± Standard Deviation) namely, ‘poor knowledge’, ‘medium knowledge’ and ‘high

knowledge’. The distribution of the respondents according to their knowledge on jackfruit

cultivation is given in Table 4.7.

Table 4.7. Distribution of the jackfruit growers according to their knowledge on

jackfruit Cultivation

Category Scoring Observed

range

Respondents Mean SD

Number Percent (%)

Poor 0 - 10

8 - 26

20 23.3

15.40 6.708 Medium 09 - 22 46 53.5

High 23 - 28 20 23.2

Total 0 - 28 86 100.00

Data of Table 4.7 shows that above fifty percent (53.5%) of the respondents felt in

medium knowledge category followed by 23.3 percent in low knowledge category and

only 23.2 percent in high knowledge category. The findings of the present study again

reveal that maximum (76.8%) jackfruit growers in the study area had poor to moderate

knowledge on jackfruit cultivation. Knowledge is to be considered as vision of an

explanation in any aspect of the situation regarding jackfruit cultivation. It is act or state of

understanding, clear perception of fact or truth that helps an individual to foresee the

39

consequence he may have to face in future. It makes individuals to become rational and

conscious about related field. To perform optimum production, jackfruit growers should

have adequate knowledge on different aspects of it.

4.1.8 Diversified use of jackfruit

Diversified use of jackfruit by the respondents was measured in terms of multipurpose use

of jackfruit and in the present study that ranged from 8 to 17 with an average of 10.15 and

standard deviation of 3.281. On the basis of diversified use of jackfruit, the respondents

were divided into three categories (Mean ± Standard Deviation) as shown in Table 4.8.

Table 4.8. Distribution of jackfruit growers according to their diversified use of jackfruit

Category Scoring Observed

range

Number of respondents

Mean SD

Number

Percent

(%)

Low ≤7

8- 17

11 12.8

10.15 3.281 Medium 8 - 13 58 67.4

High >13 17 19.8

Total 86 100.00

Table 4.8 shows that farmers under diversification of jackfruit use category constitute the

highest proportion (67.4%) under medium category compared to 19.8 under high category

and only 12.8 percent under low category. Thus, overwhelming majority (87.2%) of the

farmers had medium to high knowledge on diversified use of jackfruit.

4.1.9 Nutritional importance of jackfruit

Nutritional importance of jackfruit among the respondents was measured with knowledge

on nutrients status in jackfruit by the farmers and in the present study that ranged from 5

to 12 with an average of 7.07 and standard deviation of 2.20. On the basis of nutritional

importance of jackfruit, the respondents were divided into three categories (Mean ±

Standard Deviation) as shown in Table 4.9.

40

Table 4.9. Distribution of jackfruit growers according to their nutritional importance of

jackfruit

Category Scoring Observed

range

Respondents Mean SD

Number Percent (%)

Low ≤4

5 - 12

0 0

7.07 2.200 Medium 5 - 9 65 75.6

High >9 21 24.4

Total 86 100.00

Table 4.9 represented that most of the respondents (75.6%) were aware of nutritional

importance of jackfruit with medium level of importance regarding nutritional value where

24.4% had high nutritional knowledge of jackfruit. No respondents had low nutritional

knowledge of jackfruit.

4.1.10 Selling demand of jackfruit at different marketing system

Selling demand of jackfruit at different marketing system given opinion among the

respondents was measured by the situation of market condition where jackfruit selling

occurred frequently high, medium or low level. Two level of marketing system was

considered as local market and national market. Score range was 1 to 3 for both local and

national market with mean values of 1.37 and 1.83 respectively and standard deviation of

1.14 and 1.24 respectively presented in Table 4.10.

41

Table 4.10. Jackfruit growers response on selling demand of jackfruit at different

marketing system

Market

category

Demand

variation Score

Number of respondents Mean SD

Number Percent (%)

Local market

Low 1 62 72.09

1.37 1.14 Medium 2 20 23.26

High 3 4 4.65

National

market

Low 1 17 19.76

1.83 1.24 Medium 2 59 68.60

High 3 10 11.64

Selling demand varied due to market difference. Table 4.10 shows that selling demand is

greater in national market than local market. 72.09 percent respondent opined that selling

demand is low in local market where only 23.26 percent in favor for national market with

this opinion. About 68.60 percent respondents (medium level) showed that selling

demand is medium in national market where 11.64 percent respondents were in favor of

high selling demand in national market. But in case of local market, only 4.65 percent

respondents showed that selling demand is high in local market and 19.76 percent

respondents showed that selling demand is low in national market.

4.1.11 Selling price of jackfruit at different marketing system

Selling price of jackfruit at different marketing system given opinion among the

respondents was measured by the situation of market condition where jackfruit selling

occurred frequently high, medium or low level. Two level of marketing system was

considered as local market and national market. Score range was 1 to 3 for both local and

national market with mean values of 1.57 and 2.06 respectively and standard deviation of

1.23 and 1.17 respectively presented in Table 4.11.

42

Table 4.11. jackfruit growers response on selling price of jackfruit at different marketing

system

Market

category

Demand

variation Score

Number of respondents Mean SD

Number Percent (%)

Local market

Low 1 52 60.46

1.57 1.23 Medium 2 26 30.23

High 3 8 9.31

National

market

Low 1 13 15.12

2.06 1.17 Medium 2 51 59.30

High 3 22 25.58

Selling price varied due to market difference. Table 4.10 shows that selling price is greater

in national market than local market. Maximum (60.46 percent) respondent opined that

selling price is low in local market where only 15.12 percent was in favor for national

market with this opinion. About 59.30 percent respondents showed that selling price is

medium in national market where 25.58 percent respondents were in favor of high selling

price in national market. But in case of local market, only 9.31 percent respondents

showed that selling price is high in local market and 15.12 percent respondents showed

selling price is low in national market. It is true that market price of any product depends

on its quality and sufficient supply. If quality product is supplied to a national market,

prospect of jackfruit cultivation in terms of cash return may by high.

4.1.12 Problem faced by the farmers’ for commercialization

The scores of problem faced in jackfruit commercialization of the respondents ranged

from 9 to 33 against the possible range of 0 – 36 with an average of 18.81 and standard

deviation of 6.203. Based on the observed scores of problem faced in jackfruit

commercialization, the respondents were classified into the three categories (Mean ±

Standard Deviation) i.e. low problem, medium problem and high problem faced. The

distribution has been shown in Table 4.12.

43

Table 4.12.Problem faced by the Jackfruit farmers for jackfruit commercialization

Category Scoring Observed

range

Respondents

Mean SD

Number

Percent

(%)

Low ≤12

9 - 33

12 14.0

18.81 6.203 Medium 13 - 25 58 67.4

High >25 16 18.6

Total 86 100

More than half (67.4 %) of the respondents faced medium problem in jackfruit

commercialization activities, while 18.6 percent faced high problems and only 14.0

percent faced low problems. Findings again revealed that overwhelming majority (86.0%)

of the farmers faced medium to high problems in jackfruit commercialization. It is quite

logical that farmers facing lower problems could minimize their losses of jackfruit during

production phases and proper marketing in time.

4.1.13 Prospects of jackfruit commercialization

The scores of prospects of jackfruit commercialization of the respondents ranged from 3

to 12 against the possible range of 5 – 20 with an average of 7.36 and standard deviation

of 2.254. Based on the observed scores, prospects of jackfruit commercialization, the

respondents were classified into three categories (Mean ± Standard Deviation) i.e. low,

medium and high Prospects of jackfruit commercialization. The distribution has been

shown in Table 4.13.

Table 4. 13. Prospects of jackfruit commercialization as perceived by the farmers

Category Scoring Observed

range

Respondents Mean SD

Number Percent (%)

Low ≤4

3 - 12

7 8.1

7.36 2.254 Medium 5 - 10 68 79.1

High >10 11 12.8

Total 86 100.00

44

Majority of the respondents (79.1 %) perceived medium level prospect of jackfruit

commercialization, while 12.8 percent found high level Prospects of jackfruit

commercialization and only 8.1 percent respondents confirmed low level of Prospects for

jackfruit commercialization. Findings again revealed that overwhelming majority (91.9%)

of the farmers observed medium to high level prospects of jackfruit commercialization. It

is quite consistent that farmers are watching in future, commercialization of jackfruit has

great prospect though having severe problems of its commercialization.

4.2. Problem and Prospects Appearance Index (PPAI)

The observed problem and prospect appearance index regarding jackfruit

commercialization ranged from 196 to 344 against the possible range of 0 to 344. The

formula for determining PPAI has been shown in chapter 3. The selected seventeen

problems and prospects observed by the respondents which were arranged in rank order

according to their problem and prospect appearance index (PPAI) are shown in Table

4.14.

On the basis of PPAI, it was observed that ‘Trees don’t give jackfruit regularly’ problem

ranked first followed by followed by fall of immature fruit, deformed fruits, rotten

inflorescence due to insect attack which were ranked 2nd

, 3rd

and 4th

respectively where

quick rot after harvesting and high prices of inputs were ranked 17th

and 16th

among the

faced problems for jackfruit commercialization.

On the basis of PPAI, considering prospects of jackfruit commercialization ‘Possible to

increase jackfruit cultivation area’ ranked first followed by ‘government facilities can be

provided for commercial purpose’, ‘possible to increase jackfruit production even in

existing situation’ and ‘enough supply of jackfruit is possible if marketing system and

exporting policy are developed here’ that was ranked 2nd

, 3rd

and 4th

. The prospect of

‘enough supply of jackfruit is possible if industrial demand is high’ was ranked last.

45

Table 4.14. Rank order of problem and prospects of jackfruit commercialization

Sl.

No

Terms on

problems and

prospects of

jackfruit

commercialization

Strongly

agreed

(4)

Agreed

(3)

No

opinion

(2)

Disagre

ed (1)

Strongly

disagreed

(0) PPFI

Rank

order

Problems of jackfruit commercialization

1. Trees don’t give

jackfruit regularly 86 0 0 0 0 344 1

2. Fall of immature

fruit 54 32 0 0 0 312 2

3. Deformed fruits 42 44 0 0 0 300 3

4.

Rotten

inflorescence due

to insect attack

38 43 5 0 0 291 4

5.

Disease

controlling

problem

33 51 2 0 0 289 5

6. Insect controlling

problem 30 48 8 0 0 280 6

7.

Disease

dissemination in

inflorescence

26 45 6 9 0 260 7

8.

Unavailability of

transporting post-

harvest marketing

23 44 9 10 0 252 8

9. Lower market

price 22 43 10 11 0 248 9

10. Damaged caused

during marketing 13 29 34 10 0 217 10

11. High prices of

inputs 10 36 18 22 0 206 11

12. Quick rot after

harvesting 12 29 22 23 0 202 12

46

Prprospects of jackfruit commercialization

1.

Possible to

increase jackfruit

cultivation area

32 37 7 10 0 263 1

2.

Government

facilities can be

provided for

commercial

purpose

18 44 13 11 0 241 2

3.

Possible to

increase jackfruit

production even

in existing

situation

24 33 12 17 0 236 3

4.

Enough supply of

jackfruit is

possible if

marketing system

and exporting

policy are

developed here

14 43 8 21 0 222 4

5.

Enough supply of

jackfruit is

possible if

industrial demand

is high

16 27 26 17 0 214 5

PPAI = Problem and Prospects Appearance Index

47

4.3 Relationship of the selected characteristics of the jackfruit farmers and problems

of jackfruit commercialization

The purpose of this section is to examine the relationship of 11 selected characteristics of

the jackfruit farmers with commercialization regarding problems and prospect as

perceived by them.

The selected characteristics of the farmers include age, education, jackfruit land size,

jackfruit tree number, annual family income from jackfruit, experience in jackfruit

cultivation, knowledge on jackfruit cultivation, diversified use of jackfruit, nutritional

importance of jackfruit, selling demand of jackfruit at different marketing system and

selling price of jackfruit at different marketing system..

Pearson's Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation (r) has been computed to explore the

relationships. The null hypothesis formulated for this study has already been described in

Chapter 3. A null hypothesis was rejected when the observed ‘r’ value was equal or

greater than the table value of ‘r’ at 0.05 level of probability.

Two types of relationship was measured under the present study; (i) The relationships

between each of the selected characteristics of the jackfruit farmers and Problems of

jackfruit commercialization as distinguished by farmers and (ii) the relationships between

each of the selected characteristics of the jackfruit farmers and Prospects of jackfruit

commercialization as perceived by the jackfruit farmers.

The summary of the results of the correlation analysis has been presented in Table 4.15

and 4.16 showing the relationship between each of 11 selected characteristics of the

farmers and problem and prospects of jackfruit commercialization. For understanding

about the inter-correlations among all the variables Appendix-B may be seen.

48

4.3.1 The relationships between selected characteristics of the jackfruit farmers and

Problems of jackfruit commercialization

Table 4.15. Relationship between each of the selected characteristics of the jackfruit

growers and problems of commercialization

Dependent

variable Independent variable

Computed

value ‘r’

Tabulated value of

“r”

at 0.05

level

at 0.01

level

Problems of

jackfruit

commercialization

as distinguished

by farmers

Age 0.086NS

0.225 0.290

Education 0.102NS

Jackfruit land size 0.168NS

Jackfruit tree number 0.097NS

Annual family income from

jackfruit

-0.254*

Experience in jackfruit cultivation -0.235*

Knowledge on jackfruit cultivation -0.267*

Diversified use of jackfruit -0.241*

Nutritional importance of jackfruit 0.139NS

Selling demand of jackfruit at

different marketing system

-0.358**

Selling price of jackfruit at different

marketing system

-0.466**

NS Not significant

* Significant at 0.05 level of probability

** Significant at 0.01 level of probability

49

4.3.1.1 The relationships between age of the jackfruit farmers and problems faced

for jackfruit commercialization

The relationship between age of the farmers and problems faced for jackfruit

commercialization by them was determined by Pearson product moment correlation

coefficient and examined by testing the concerned null hypothesis:

“There is no relationship between age of the jackfruit farmers and problems faced for

jackfruit commercialization by them”.

The coefficient of correlation between age of the jackfruit farmers and problems faced for

jackfruit commercialization by them is presented in Table 4.15. The coefficient of

correlation between the concerned variables was found to be 0.086. The following

observations were made on the basis of the value of correlation coefficient between the

two concerned variables of the study under consideration:

a. The relationship showed a positive trend between the concerned variables.

b. The observed value of ‘r’ 0.086) between the concerned variables was found to be

smaller than the tabulated value (r = 0.225) with 84 degrees of freedom at 0.05

level of probability.

c. The null hypothesis could not be rejected.

d. The relationship between the concerned variables was not statistically significant at

0.05 level of probability.

Based on the above findings, it was concluded that age of the jackfruit famers had no

significant relationships with problems faced for jackfruit commercialization by the

farmers. That means problems for jackfruit commercialization occur for all aged farmers.

This represent that age of the respondent farmers was not an important factor for problems

of jackfruit commercialization by them.

50

4.3.1.2 The relationships between education of the jackfruit farmers and problems

faced for jackfruit commercialization

The relationship between level of education of the jackfruit farmers and problems of

jackfruit commercialization by them was determined by Pearson product moment

correlation coefficient and examined by testing the concerned null hypothesis:

“There is no relationship between level of education of the jackfruit farmers and problems

faced for jackfruit commercialization by them”.

The coefficient of correlation between level of education of the jackfruit farmers and

problems faced for jackfruit commercialization by them is presented in Table 4.15. The

coefficient of correlation between the concerned variables was found to be 0.102. The

following observations were made on the basis of the value of correlation coefficient

between the two concerned variables of the study under consideration:

a. The relationship showed a positive trend between the concerned variables.

b. The observed value of ‘r’ 0.102) between the concerned variables was found to be

smaller than the tabulated value (r = 0.225) with 84 degrees of freedom at 0.05

level of probability.

c. The null hypothesis could not be rejected.

d. The relationship between the concerned variables was not statistically significant at

0.05 level of probability.

Based on the above findings, it was concluded that level of education of the jackfruit

famers had no significant relationships problems faced for jackfruit commercialization by

the farmers. That means problems of jackfruit commercialization occur for all ‘level of

education’ category farmers. This represent that level of education of the respondent

farmers was not an important factor for problems of jackfruit commercialization by them.

51

4.3.1.3 Relationship between jackfruit land size of the farmers and problems faced

for jackfruit commercialization by them

The relationship between jackfruit land size of the farmers and problems faced for

jackfruit commercialization by them was determined by Pearson product moment

correlation coefficient and examined by testing the concerned null hypothesis:

“There is no relationship between jackfruit land size of the farmers problems faced for

jackfruit commercialization by them”.

The coefficient of correlation between jackfruit land size of the farmers and problems

faced for jackfruit commercialization by them is presented in Table 4.15. The coefficient

of correlation between the concerned variables was found to be 0.168. The following

observations were made on the basis of the value of correlation coefficient between the

two concerned variables of the study under consideration:

a. The relationship showed a positive trend between the concerned variables.

b. The observed value of ‘r’ (0.097) between the concerned variables was found to be

smaller than the tabulated value (r = 0.225) with 84 degrees of freedom at 0.05

level of probability.

c. The null hypothesis could not be rejected.

d. The relationship between the concerned variables was not statistically significant at

0.05 level of probability.

Based on the above findings, it was concluded that jackfruit land size of the famers had no

significant relationships with the problems faced for jackfruit commercialization by them.

That means problems of jackfruit commercialization occur for all ‘land size’ category

farmers. This represent that jackfruit land size of the respondent farmers was not an

important factor for problems of jackfruit commercialization by them.

52

4.3.1.4 Relationship between number of jackfruit trees of the farmers and problems

faced for jackfruit commercialization by them

The relationship between number of jackfruit trees of the farmers and problems faced for

jackfruit commercialization by them was determined by Pearson product moment

correlation coefficient and examined by testing the concerned null hypothesis:

“There is no relationship between number of jackfruit trees of the farmers and problems

faced for jackfruit commercialization by them”.

The coefficient of correlation between number of jackfruit trees of the farmers and

problems faced for jackfruit commercialization by them is presented in Table 4.15. The

coefficient of correlation between the concerned variables was found to be 0.097. The

following observations were made on the basis of the value of correlation coefficient

between the two concerned variables of the study under consideration:

a. The relationship showed a positive trend between the concerned variables.

b. The observed value of ‘r’ (0.097) between the concerned variables was found to be

smaller than the tabulated value (r = 0.225) with 84 degrees of freedom at 0.05

level of probability.

c. The null hypothesis could not be rejected.

d. The relationship between the concerned variables was not statistically significant at

0.05 level of probability.

Based on the above findings, it was concluded that number of jackfruit trees of the famers

had no significant relationships with the problems faced for jackfruit commercialization

by them. That means problems of jackfruit commercialization occur for all ‘tree number’

category farmers. This represent that jackfruit tree number of the respondent farmers was

not an important factor for problems of jackfruit commercialization by them.

53

4.3.1.5 Relationship between annual family income from jackfruit of the farmers and

problems faced for jackfruit commercialization by them

The relationship between annual income from jackfruit of the farmers and problems faced

for jackfruit commercialization by them was determined by Pearson product moment

correlation coefficient and examined by testing the concerned null hypothesis:

“There is no relationship between annual income from jackfruit of the farmers and

problems faced for jackfruit commercialization by them”.

The coefficient of correlation between annual income from jackfruit of the jackfruit

farmers and problems of jackfruit commercialization is presented in Table 4.15. The

coefficient of correlation between the concerned variables was found to be -0.254. The

following observations were made on the basis of the value of correlation coefficient

between the two concerned variables of the study under consideration:

a. The relationship showed a negative trend between the concerned variables.

b. The observed value of ‘r’ (-0.254) between the concerned variables was found to be

greater than the tabulated value (r = 0.225) with 84 degrees of freedom at 0.05 level

of probability.

c. The null hypothesis could be rejected.

d. The relationship between the concerned variables was statistically significant at

0.05 level of probability.

Based on the above findings, it was concluded that annual family income from jackfruit of

the famers had a significant negative relationship with the problems faced by the farmers

for jackfruit commercialization. This represent that annual family income from jackfruit of

the farmers was an important factor for problems of jackfruit commercialization by them

but with the increase of problems of jackfruit commercialization, annual income from

jackfruit of the farmers decreased and vice-versa. It is quite logical that individual having

low problems of jackfruit commercialization can increase his/her income from jackfruit.

54

4.3.1.6 Relationship between experience in jackfruit cultivation of the farmers and

problems faced by the farmers for jackfruit commercialization

The relationship between experience in jackfruit cultivation of the farmers and problems

faced by the farmers for jackfruit commercialization was determined by Pearson product

moment correlation coefficient and examined by testing the concerned null hypothesis:

“There is no relationship between experience in jackfruit cultivation of the farmers and

problems faced by the farmers for jackfruit commercialization”.

The coefficient of correlation between experience in jackfruit cultivation of the farmers

and problems faced by the farmers for jackfruit commercialization is presented in Table

4.15. The coefficient of correlation between the concerned variables was found to be -

0.235. The following observations were made on the basis of the value of correlation

coefficient between the two concerned variables of the study under consideration:

a. The relationship showed a negative trend between the concerned variables.

b. The observed value of ‘r’ (-0.235) between the concerned variables was found to be

greater than the tabulated value (r = 0.225) with 84 degrees of freedom at 0.05 level

of probability.

c. The null hypothesis could be rejected.

d. The relationship between the concerned variables was statistically significant at

0.05 level of probability.

Based on the above findings, it was concluded that experience in jackfruit cultivation of

the famers had a significant negative relationship with the problems of jackfruit

commercialization as perceived by them. This represent that experience in jackfruit

cultivation was an important factor for problems of jackfruit commercialization by the

farmers but with the increase of experience in jackfruit cultivation, problems of jackfruit

commercialization decreased. It is very much logical that individuals having higher

experience in jackfruit cultivation can reduce his/her losses of jackfruit.

55

4.3.1.7 Relationship between knowledge on jackfruit cultivation of the farmers and

problems faced by the farmers for jackfruit commercialization

The relationship between knowledge on Jackfruit cultivation of the farmers and problems

faced by the farmers for jackfruit commercialization was determined by Pearson product

moment correlation coefficient and examined by testing the concerned null hypothesis:

“There is no relationship between knowledge on jackfruit cultivation of the farmers and

problems faced by the farmers for jackfruit commercialization”.

The coefficient of correlation between knowledge on Jackfruit cultivation of the farmers

and problems faced by the farmers for jackfruit commercialization is presented in Table

4.15. The coefficient of correlation between the concerned variables was found to be -

0.267. The following observations were made on the basis of the value of correlation

coefficient between the two concerned variables of the study under consideration:

a. The relationship showed a negative trend between the concerned variables.

b. The observed value of ‘r’ (-0.241) between the concerned variables was found to be

greater than the tabulated value (r = 0.225) with 84 degrees of freedom at 0.05 level

of probability.

c. The null hypothesis could be rejected.

d. The relationship between the concerned variables was statistically significant at

0.05 level of probability.

Based on the above findings, it was concluded that knowledge on jackfruit cultivation of

the famers had a significant negative relationship with the problems faced by the farmers

for jackfruit commercialization. This represent that knowledge on jackfruit cultivation of

the farmers was an important factor for problems of jackfruit commercialization but with

the increase of knowledge on jackfruit cultivation, problems of jackfruit

commercialization of the farmers decreased. It is quite logical that knowledgeable person

can decrease their problems.

56

4.3.1.8 Relationship between diversified use of jackfruit and problems faced by the

farmers for jackfruit commercialization

The relationship between diversified use of jackfruit and problems faced by the farmers

for jackfruit commercialization was determined by Pearson product moment correlation

coefficient and examined by testing the concerned null hypothesis:

“There is no relationship between diversified use of jackfruit and problems faced by the

farmers for jackfruit commercialization”.

The coefficient of correlation between diversified use of jackfruit and problems faced by

the farmers for jackfruit commercialization is presented in Table 4.15. The coefficient of

correlation between the concerned variables was found to be –0.241. The following

observations were made on the basis of the value of correlation coefficient between the

two concerned variables of the study under consideration:

e. The relationship showed a negative trend between the concerned variables.

f. The observed value of ‘r’ (-0.267) between the concerned variables was found to be

greater than the tabulated value (r = 0.225) with 84 degrees of freedom at 0.05 level

of probability.

g. The null hypothesis could be rejected.

h. The relationship between the concerned variables was statistically significant at

0.05 level of probability.

Based on the above findings, it was concluded that diversified use of jackfruit of the

famers had a significant negative relationship with the problems faced by the farmers for

jackfruit commercialization. This represent that diversified use of jackfruit of the farmers

was an important factor for problems faced by the farmers for jackfruit commercialization

but with the increase of diversified use of jackfruit, problems of jackfruit

commercialization of the farmers decreased. It is quite logical that proper use of a product

can reduce the related problems.

57

4.3.1.9 Relationship between nutritional importance of jackfruit of the farmers and

problems faced by the farmers for jackfruit commercialization

The relationship between nutritional importance of jackfruit of the farmers and problems

faced for jackfruit commercialization by them was determined by Pearson product

moment correlation coefficient and examined by testing the concerned null hypothesis:

“There is no relationship between nutritional importance of jackfruit of the farmers and

problems faced by the farmers for jackfruit commercialization”.

The coefficient of correlation between nutritional importance of jackfruit of the farmers

and problems faced by the farmers for jackfruit commercialization is presented in Table

4.15. The coefficient of correlation between the concerned variables was found to be

0.139. The following observations were made on the basis of the value of correlation

coefficient between the two concerned variables of the study under consideration:

e. The relationship showed a positive trend between the concerned variables.

f. The observed value of ‘r’ (0.139) between the concerned variables was found to be

smaller than the tabulated value (r = 0.225) with 84 degrees of freedom at 0.05

level of probability.

g. The null hypothesis could not be rejected.

h. The relationship between the concerned variables was not statistically significant at

0.05 level of probability.

Based on the above findings, it was concluded that nutritional importance of jackfruit of

the famers had no significant relationships with the problems faced by the farmers for

jackfruit commercialization. That means problems of jackfruit commercialization occur

for all ‘nutritional importance of jackfruit’ category farmers. This represent that nutritional

importance of jackfruit of the respondent farmers was not an important factor for

problems of jackfruit commercialization.

58

4.3.1.10 Relationship between selling demand of jackfruit at different marketing

system and problems faced by the farmers for jackfruit commercialization

The relationship between selling demand of jackfruit at different marketing system and

problems faced by the farmers for jackfruit commercialization was determined by Pearson

product moment correlation coefficient and examined by testing the concerned null

hypothesis:

“There is no relationship between selling demand of jackfruit at different marketing

system and problems faced by the farmers for jackfruit commercialization”.

The coefficient of correlation between selling demand of jackfruit at different marketing

system and problems faced by the farmers for jackfruit commercialization is presented in

Table 4.15. The coefficient of correlation between the concerned variables was found to

be -0.358. The following observations were made on the basis of the value of correlation

coefficient between the two concerned variables of the study under consideration:

a. The relationship showed a negative trend between the concerned variables.

b. The observed value of ‘r’ (--0.358) between the concerned variables was found to

be greater than the tabulated value (r = 0.290) with 84 degrees of freedom at 0.01

level of probability.

c. The null hypothesis could be rejected.

d. The relationship between the concerned variables was statistically significant at

0.01 level of probability.

Based on the above findings, it was concluded that selling demand of jackfruit at different

marketing system had a significant negative relationship with the problems faced by the

farmers for jackfruit commercialization. This represent that selling demand of jackfruit at

different marketing system of the farmers was an important factor for jackfruit

commercialization but with the increase of selling demand of jackfruit at different

marketing system problems of jackfruit commercialization of the farmers decreased. It is

59

quite logical that developed marketing system enhances commercialization of any product

and reduce problems.

4.3.1.11 Relationship between selling price of jackfruit at different marketing system

and problems faced by the farmers for jackfruit commercialization

The relationship between selling price of jackfruit at different marketing system and

problems faced by the farmers for jackfruit commercialization was determined by Pearson

product moment correlation coefficient and examined by testing the concerned null

hypothesis:

“There is no relationship between selling price of jackfruit at different marketing system

and problems faced by the farmers for jackfruit commercialization”.

The coefficient of correlation between selling price of jackfruit at different marketing

system and problems faced by the farmers for jackfruit commercialization is presented in

Table 4.15. The coefficient of correlation between the concerned variables was found to

be -0.466. The following observations were made on the basis of the value of correlation

coefficient between the two concerned variables of the study under consideration:

e. The relationship showed a negative trend between the concerned variables.

f. The observed value of ‘r’ (-0.466) between the concerned variables was found to be

greater than the tabulated value (r = 0.290) with 84 degrees of freedom at 0.01 level

of probability.

g. The null hypothesis could be rejected.

h. The relationship between the concerned variables was statistically significant at

0.01 level of probability.

Based on the above findings, it was concluded that selling price of jackfruit at different

marketing system had a significant negative relationship with the problems faced by the

farmers for jackfruit commercialization. This represent that selling priceof jackfruit at

different marketing system of the farmers was an important factor for jackfruit

60

commercialization but with the increase of selling priceof jackfruit at different marketing

system problems of jackfruit commercialization of the farmers decreased. It is quite

logical that developed marketing system enhances commercialization of any product and

reduce problems.

4.3.2 The relationships between selected characteristics of the jackfruit farmers and

prospect of jackfruit commercialization

Table 16. Relationship between each of the selected characteristics of the jackfruit growers and

prospects of commercialization

Dependent

variable Independent variable

Computed

value ‘r’

Tabulated value of

“r”

at 0.05

level

at 0.01

level

Prospects of

jackfruit

commercialization

as perceived by

the jackfruit

farmers

Age 0.163NS

0.225 0.290

Education 0.142NS

Jackfruit land size 0.097NS

Jackfruit tree number 0.046NS

Annual family income from jackfruit 0.464**

Experience in jackfruit cultivation 0.237*

Knowledge on jackfruit cultivation 0.248*

Diversified use of jackfruit 0.523**

Nutritional importance of jackfruit 0.248*

Selling demand of jackfruit at different

marketing system

0.233*

Selling price of jackfruit at different

marketing system

0.245*

NS Not significant

* Significant at 0.05 level of probability

** Significant at 0.01 level of probability

61

4.3.2.1 The relationships between age of the jackfruit farmers and prospects of

jackfruit commercialization

The relationship between age of the farmers and prospects of jackfruit commercialization

was determined by Pearson product moment correlation coefficient and examined by

testing the concerned null hypothesis:

“There is no relationship between age of the jackfruit farmers and prospects of jackfruit

commercialization”.

The coefficient of correlation between age of the jackfruit farmers and prospects of

jackfruit commercialization is presented in Table 4.16. The coefficient of correlation

between the concerned variables was found to be 0.163. The following observations were

made on the basis of the value of correlation coefficient between the two concerned

variables of the study under consideration:

e. The relationship showed a positive trend between the concerned variables.

f. The observed value of ‘r’ (0.163) between the concerned variables was found to be

smaller than the tabulated value (r = 0.225) with 84 degrees of freedom at 0.05

level of probability.

g. The null hypothesis could not be rejected.

h. The relationship between the concerned variables was not statistically significant at

0.05 level of probability.

Based on the above findings, it was concluded that age of the jackfruit famers had no

significant relationships with prospects of jackfruit commercialization by the farmers.

That means prospects of jackfruit commercialization come to mind for all aged farmers.

This represent that age of the respondent farmers was not an important factor for prospects

of jackfruit commercialization by them.

62

4.3.1.2 The relationships between education of the jackfruit farmers and prospects of

jackfruit commercialization

The relationship between level of education of the jackfruit farmers and prospects of

jackfruit commercialization was determined by Pearson product moment correlation

coefficient and examined by testing the concerned null hypothesis:

“There is no relationship between level of education of the jackfruit farmers and prospects

of jackfruit commercialization”.

The coefficient of correlation between level of education of the jackfruit farmers and

prospects of jackfruit commercialization is presented in Table 4.16. The coefficient of

correlation between the concerned variables was found to be 0.142. The following

observations were made on the basis of the value of correlation coefficient between the

two concerned variables of the study under consideration:

e. The relationship showed a positive trend between the concerned variables.

f. The observed value of ‘r’ (0.142) between the concerned variables was found to be

smaller than the tabulated value (r = 0.225) with 84 degrees of freedom at 0.05

level of probability.

g. The null hypothesis could not be rejected.

h. The relationship between the concerned variables was not statistically significant at

0.05 level of probability.

Based on the above findings, it was concluded that level of education of the jackfruit

famers had no significant relationships prospects of jackfruit commercialization by the

farmers. That means prospects of jackfruit commercialization take place for all ‘level of

education’ category farmers. This represent that level of education of the respondent

farmers was not an important factor for prospects of jackfruit commercialization.

63

4.3.1.3 Relationship between jackfruit land size of the farmers and prospects of

jackfruit commercialization

The relationship between jackfruit land size of the farmers and prospects of jackfruit

commercialization by them was determined by Pearson product moment correlation

coefficient and examined by testing the concerned null hypothesis:

“There is no relationship between jackfruit land sizes of the farmers’ prospects of jackfruit

commercialization”.

The coefficient of correlation between jackfruit land size of the farmers and prospects of

jackfruit commercialization is presented in Table 4.16. The coefficient of correlation

between the concerned variables was found to be 0.097. The following observations were

made on the basis of the value of correlation coefficient between the two concerned

variables of the study under consideration:

e. The relationship showed a positive trend between the concerned variables.

f. The observed value of ‘r’ (0.097) between the concerned variables was found to be

smaller than the tabulated value (r = 0.225) with 84 degrees of freedom at 0.05

level of probability.

g. The null hypothesis could not be rejected.

h. The relationship between the concerned variables was not statistically significant at

0.05 level of probability.

Based on the above findings, it was concluded that jackfruit land size of the famers had no

significant relationships with the prospects of jackfruit commercialization. That means

prospects of jackfruit commercialization arise for all ‘land size’ category farmers. This

represent that jackfruit land size of the respondent farmers was not an important factor for

prospects of jackfruit commercialization.

64

4.3.2.4 Relationship between number of jackfruit trees of the farmers and prospects

of jackfruit commercialization

The relationship between number of jackfruit trees of the farmers and prospects of

jackfruit commercialization was determined by Pearson product moment correlation

coefficient and examined by testing the concerned null hypothesis:

“There is no relationship between number of jackfruit trees of the farmers and prospects of

jackfruit commercialization”.

The coefficient of correlation between number of jackfruit trees of the farmers and

prospects of jackfruit commercialization is presented in Table 4.16. The coefficient of

correlation between the concerned variables was found to be 0.046. The following

observations were made on the basis of the value of correlation coefficient between the

two concerned variables of the study under consideration:

a. The relationship showed a positive trend between the concerned variables.

b. The observed value of ‘r’ (0.046) between the concerned variables was found to be

smaller than the tabulated value (r = 0.225) with 84 degrees of freedom at 0.05

level of probability.

c. The null hypothesis could not be rejected.

d. The relationship between the concerned variables was not statistically significant at

0.05 level of probability.

Based on the above findings, it was concluded that number of jackfruit trees of the famers

had no significant relationships with the prospects of jackfruit commercialization. That

means prospects of jackfruit commercialization transpire for all ‘tree number’ category

farmers. This represent that jackfruit tree number of the respondent farmers was not an

important factor for prospects of jackfruit commercialization.

65

4.3.1.5 Relationship between annual family income from jackfruit of the farmers and

prospects of jackfruit commercialization

The relationship between annual income from jackfruit of the farmers and prospects of

jackfruit commercialization was determined by Pearson product moment correlation

coefficient and examined by testing the concerned null hypothesis:

“There is no relationship between annual income from jackfruit of the farmers and

prospects of jackfruit commercialization”.

The coefficient of correlation between annual income from jackfruit of the jackfruit

farmers and prospects of jackfruit commercialization is presented in Table 4.16. The

coefficient of correlation between the concerned variables was found to be 0.464. The

following observations were made on the basis of the value of correlation coefficient

between the two concerned variables of the study under consideration:

e. The relationship showed a positive trend between the concerned variables.

f. The observed value of ‘r’ (0.464) between the concerned variables was found to be

greater than the tabulated value (r = 0.290) with 84 degrees of freedom at 0.01 level

of probability.

g. The null hypothesis could be rejected.

h. The relationship between the concerned variables was statistically significant at

0.01 level of probability.

Based on the above findings, it was concluded that annual family income from jackfruit of

the famers had a significant positive relationship with the prospects of jackfruit

commercialization. This represent that annual family income from jackfruit of the farmers

was an important factor for prospects of jackfruit commercialization but with the increase

of prospects of jackfruit commercialization, annual income from jackfruit of the farmers

increased.

66

4.3.1.6 Relationship between experience in jackfruit cultivation of the farmers and

prospects of jackfruit commercialization

The relationship between experience in jackfruit cultivation of the farmers and prospects

of jackfruit commercialization was determined by Pearson product moment correlation

coefficient and examined by testing the concerned null hypothesis:

“There is no relationship between experience in jackfruit cultivation of the farmers and

prospects of jackfruit commercialization”.

The coefficient of correlation between experience in jackfruit cultivation of the farmers

and prospects of jackfruit commercialization is presented in Table 4.16. The coefficient of

correlation between the concerned variables was found to be -0.237. The following

observations were made on the basis of the value of correlation coefficient between the

two concerned variables of the study under consideration:

e. The relationship showed a positive trend between the concerned variables.

f. The observed value of ‘r’ (0.237) between the concerned variables was found to be

greater than the tabulated value (r = 0.225) with 84 degrees of freedom at 0.05 level

of probability.

g. The null hypothesis could be rejected.

h. The relationship between the concerned variables was statistically significant at

0.05 level of probability.

Based on the above findings, it was concluded that experience in jackfruit cultivation of

the famers had a significant positive relationship with the prospects of jackfruit

commercialization as perceived by them. This represent that experience in jackfruit

cultivation was an important factor for prospects of jackfruit commercialization. With the

increase of experience in jackfruit cultivation, a prospect of jackfruit commercialization is

increased. It is very much logical that individuals having higher experience in jackfruit

cultivation can increase its prospects.

67

4.3.1.7 Relationship between knowledge on jackfruit cultivation of the farmers and

prospects of jackfruit commercialization

The relationship between knowledge on Jackfruit cultivation of the farmers and prospects

of jackfruit commercialization was determined by Pearson product moment correlation

coefficient and examined by testing the concerned null hypothesis:

“There is no relationship between knowledge on jackfruit cultivation of the farmers and

prospects of jackfruit commercialization”.

The coefficient of correlation between knowledge on Jackfruit cultivation of the farmers

and prospects of jackfruit commercialization is presented in Table 4.16. The coefficient of

correlation between the concerned variables was found to be -0.248. The following

observations were made on the basis of the value of correlation coefficient between the

two concerned variables of the study under consideration:

a. The relationship showed a positive trend between the concerned variables.

b. The observed value of ‘r’ (0.248) between the concerned variables was found to be

greater than the tabulated value (r = 0.225) with 84 degrees of freedom at 0.05 level

of probability.

c. The null hypothesis could be rejected.

d. The relationship between the concerned variables was statistically significant at

0.05 level of probability.

Based on the above findings, it was concluded that knowledge on jackfruit cultivation of

the famers had a significant positive relationship with the prospects of jackfruit

commercialization. This represent that knowledge on jackfruit cultivation of the farmers

was an important factor for prospects of jackfruit commercialization and with the increase

of knowledge on jackfruit cultivation, prospects of jackfruit commercialization of the

farmers increased. It is quite logical that knowledgeable person can increase their

prospects by removing problesms.

68

4.3.1.8 Relationship between diversified use of jackfruit and prospects of jackfruit

commercialization

The relationship between diversified use of jackfruit and prospects of jackfruit

commercialization was determined by Pearson product moment correlation coefficient and

examined by testing the concerned null hypothesis:

“There is no relationship between diversified use of jackfruit and prospects of jackfruit

commercialization”.

The coefficient of correlation between diversified use of jackfruit and prospects of

jackfruit commercialization is presented in Table 4.16. The coefficient of correlation

between the concerned variables was found to be 0.523. The following observations were

made on the basis of the value of correlation coefficient between the two concerned

variables of the study under consideration:

a. The relationship showed a positive trend between the concerned variables.

b. The observed value of ‘r’ (0.523) between the concerned variables was found to be

greater than the tabulated value (r = 0.290) with 84 degrees of freedom at 0.01 level

of probability.

c. The null hypothesis could be rejected.

d. The relationship between the concerned variables was statistically significant at

0.015 level of probability.

Based on the above findings, it was concluded that diversified use of jackfruit of the

famers had a significant positive relationship with the prospects of jackfruit

commercialization. This represent that diversified use of jackfruit of the farmers was an

important factor for prospects of jackfruit commercialization and it was also said that with

the increase of diversified use of jackfruit, prospects of jackfruit commercialization of the

farmers increased. It is quite logical that proper use of a product can reduce the related

problems.

69

4.3.1.9 Relationship between nutritional importance of jackfruit of the farmers and

prospects of jackfruit commercialization

The relationship between nutritional importance of jackfruit of the farmers and prospects

of jackfruit commercialization by them was determined by Pearson product moment

correlation coefficient and examined by testing the concerned null hypothesis:

“There is no relationship between nutritional importance of jackfruit of the farmers and

prospects of jackfruit commercialization”.

The coefficient of correlation between nutritional importance of jackfruit of the farmers

and prospects of jackfruit commercialization commercialization is presented in Table

4.16. The coefficient of correlation between the concerned variables was found to be

(0.0.248. The following observations were made on the basis of the value of correlation

coefficient between the two concerned variables of the study under consideration:

a. The relationship showed a positive trend between the concerned variables.

b. The observed value of ‘r’ (0.248) between the concerned variables was found to be

larger than the tabulated value (r = 0.225) with 84 degrees of freedom at 0.05 level

of probability.

c. The null hypothesis could be rejected.

d. The relationship between the concerned variables was statistically significant at

0.05 level of probability.

Based on the above findings, it was concluded that nutritional importance of jackfruit of

the famers had significant positive relationships with the prospects of jackfruit

commercialization. This represent that nutritional importance of jackfruit of the

respondent farmers was an important factor for prospects of jackfruit commercialization.

70

4.3.1.10 Relationship between selling demand of jackfruit at different marketing

system and prospects of jackfruit commercialization

The relationship between selling demand of jackfruit at different marketing system and

prospects of jackfruit commercialization was determined by Pearson product moment

correlation coefficient and examined by testing the concerned null hypothesis:

“There is no relationship between selling demand of jackfruit at different marketing

system and prospects of jackfruit commercialization”.

The coefficient of correlation between selling demand of jackfruit at different marketing

system and prospects of jackfruit commercialization is presented in Table 4.16. The

coefficient of correlation between the concerned variables was found to be 0.233. The

following observations were made on the basis of the value of correlation coefficient

between the two concerned variables of the study under consideration:

a. The relationship showed a positive trend between the concerned variables.

b. The observed value of ‘r’ (0.233) between the concerned variables was found to be

greater than the tabulated value (r = 0.0.225) with 84 degrees of freedom at 0.05

level of probability.

c. The null hypothesis could be rejected.

d. The relationship between the concerned variables was statistically significant at

0.05 level of probability.

Based on the above findings, it was concluded that selling demand of jackfruit at different

marketing system had a significant positive relationship with the prospects of jackfruit

commercialization. This represent that selling demand of jackfruit at different marketing

system of the farmers was an important factor for jackfruit commercialization, with the

increase of selling demand of jackfruit at different marketing system prospects of jackfruit

commercialization of the farmers increased. It is quite logical that developed marketing

system enhances commercialization of any product and reduce problems.

71

4.3.1.11 Relationship between selling price of jackfruit at different marketing system

and prospects of jackfruit commercialization

The relationship between selling price of jackfruit at different marketing system and

prospects of jackfruit commercialization was determined by Pearson product moment

correlation coefficient and examined by testing the concerned null hypothesis:

“There is no relationship between selling price of jackfruit at different marketing system

and prospects of jackfruit commercialization”.

The coefficient of correlation between selling price of jackfruit at different marketing

system and prospects of jackfruit commercialization is presented in Table 4.16. The

coefficient of correlation between the concerned variables was found to be 0.245. The

following observations were made on the basis of the value of correlation coefficient

between the two concerned variables of the study under consideration:

a. The relationship showed a positive trend between the concerned variables.

b. The observed value of ‘r’ (0.466) between the concerned variables was found to

be greater than the tabulated value (r = 0.290) with 84 degrees of freedom at

0.05 level of probability.

c. The null hypothesis could be rejected.

d. The relationship between the concerned variables was statistically significant at

0.05 level of probability.

Based on the above findings, it was concluded that selling price of jackfruit at different

marketing system had a significant positive relationship with the prospects of jackfruit

commercialization. This represent that selling price of jackfruit at different marketing

system of the farmers was an important factor for jackfruit commercialization. With the

increase of selling price of jackfruit at different marketing system, prospects of jackfruit

commercialization of the farmers increased. It is quite logical that developed marketing

system enhances commercialization of any product and reduce problems.

72

4.3.3 Correlation between problem and prospect of jackfruit commercialization

In order to, find out the relation between problem and prospect of jackfruit

commercialization, correlation analysis was used which is shown in the table 4.17.

Table 4.17. Correlation matrix between problem and prospect of jackfruit

commercialization

X1 X2

X1 1

X2 .969***

1

*** Significant at p<0.01

X1 = Problem of jackfruit commercialization;

X2 = Prospect of jackfruit commercialization;

Form the correlation analysis it was found that there was a significant correlation between

problem and prospect of jackfruit commercialization at 85 df.

73

Chapter 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary

Jackfruit is an important and widely distributed and cultivated fruit crop in Bangladesh. It

is produced in large quantity but the income from jackfruit is minimal due to different

problems faced by the farmers.

According to the growers’ opinion, these problems were mostly due to irregular fruiting

and fall of immature fruit and also in want of proper commercialization and also severe

losses was occurred with these problems.

The respondents reported that a portion of these losses was also due to improper

techniques or lack of care during manual harvesting and also proper marketing facilities

(Mollaet al., 2011). So it is necessary to take initiative to reduce problems of jackfruit pre

and postharvest operations and ensure food as well as nutritional sufficiency of the people

of Bangladesh.

The purpose of this study is to have an understanding about the problem and prospects of

jackfruit commercialization as perceived by the farmers of Bhaluka Upazila under

Mymensingh district. The study also aims to explore the relationship of the selected

characteristics of the farmers. It is expected that this study will be helpful for the farmers

who will comprehend the importance of problem and prospects of jackfruit

commercialization and take necessary steps to reduce problems and to increase prospects

of commercialization.

74

5.1.1

Findings in respect of the 11 selected characteristics of the farmers are summarized below:

Age

Majority proportion (59.3 percent) of the jackfruit growers were middle aged compared to

22.1 percent old and 18.6 percent being young aged.

Education

It is determined that 9.3 percent comprised primary education, 37.2 percent comprised of

secondary education, 33.7 percent of the respondents were can’t read or sign, 15.1 percent

comprised of can sign only and 4.7 percent had above secondary education.

Jackfruit land size

More than two-third (80.2 %) of the total respondent had small farm where, no

respondents were landless, 18.6 percent farmers had medium jackfruit land, 1.2 percent

respondents are marginal and no respondents had large jackfruit land.

Number of jackfruit

Farmers under low number of jackfruit trees category constitute the lowest proportion

(11.6 %) compared to 68.6 percent under highest number category and 19.8 percent under

small number category. Thus, overwhelming majority (88.4%) of the farmers had medium

to large number of jackfruit trees.

Annual family income from jackfruit

Above half (68.6 %) of the respondents had medium annual income from jackfruit while

11.6 percent and 19.8 percent of them had low and high annual income from jackfruit

respectively.

75

Experience in jackfruit cultivation: Farmers under medium experience category

constitute the highest proportion (70.9%) compared to about same (15.1 %) low

experience category and only 14.0 percent high experience category.

Knowledge on Jackfruit Cultivation

above fifty percent (53.5%) of the respondents felt in medium knowledge category

followed by 23.3 percent in low knowledge category and only 23.2 percent in high

knowledge category. The findings of the present study again reveal that maximum

(76.8%) jackfruit growers in the study area had poor to moderate knowledge on jackfruit

cultivation.

Diversified use of jackfruit

Under diversification of jackfruit use category constitute the highest proportion (67.4%)

under medium category compared to 19.8 under high category and only 12.8 percent

under low category.

Nutritional importance of jackfruit

Most of the respondents (75.6%) were aware of nutritional importance of jackfruit with

medium level of importance regarding nutritional value where 24.4% had high nutritional

knowledge of jackfruit.

Selling demand of jackfruit at different marketing system

Selling demand is greater in national market than local market. 72.09 percent respondent

opined that selling demand is low in local market where 68.60 percent respondents

showed that selling demand is medium in national market.

76

Selling price of jackfruit at different marketing system:

Maximum (65.00 percent) respondent opined that selling price is low in local market

where 60.46 percent respondents showed that selling price is medium in national market

and 25.58 percent respondents were in favor of high selling price in national market.

Problem faced by the farmers’ for commercialization

More than half (67.4%) of the respondents faced medium problem in jackfruit

commercialization activities, while 18.6 percent faced high problems and only 14 percent

faced low problems.

Prospects of jackfruit commercialization

Majority (79.1%) of the respondents perceived medium level prospects of jackfruit

commercialization, while 12.8 percent found high level Prospects of jackfruit

commercialization and only 8.1 percent respondents confirmed low level of Prospects for

jackfruit commercialization.

5.1.2 The relationships between selected characteristics of the jackfruit farmers and

problems and prospects of jackfruit commercialization

Age, Education, Jackfruit land size, Jackfruit tree number and nutritional importance of

jackfruit had no relationship (positive and non-significant) with problems of jackfruit

commercialization as distinguished by farmers where annual family income from

jackfruit, experience in jackfruit cultivation, knowledge on jackfruit cultivation,

diversified use of jackfruit, selling demand of jackfruit at different marketing system and

selling price of jackfruit at different marketing system had negative significant

relationship with Problems of jackfruit commercialization as distinguished by farmers.

Again, age, education, jackfruit land size and jackfruit tree number had no relationship

(positive and non-significant) with prospects of jackfruit commercialization as perceived

by the jackfruit farmers where annual family income from jackfruit, experience in

77

jackfruit cultivation, knowledge on jackfruit cultivation, diversified use of jackfruit,

nutritional importance of jackfruit, selling demand of jackfruit at different marketing

system and selling price of jackfruit at different marketing system had significant positive

relationship with prospects of jackfruit commercialization as perceived by the jackfruit

farmers.

5.1.3. Correlation between problem and prospect of jackfruit commercialization

Form the correlation analysis it was found that there was a significant correlation between

problem and prospect of jackfruit commercialization.

5.2 Conclusions

Findings of the present study and the logical interpretation of other relevant facts

prompted the researcher to draw the following conclusions:

1. More than half (52.50%) of the respondents faced high problem in jackfruit

commercialization activities. It is due to lack of technical knowledge and

commercialization facility. Therefore, it may be concluded that there is necessity to

reduce the problems of jackfruit cultivation and commercialization.

2. Majority (45%) of the respondents perceived medium level prospect of jackfruit

commercialization, while 32.50 percent found high level Prospects of jackfruit

commercialization i.e. 77.50% farmers watch a good prospect of jackfruit

commercialization. So, it is necessary to increase the scope of jackfruit

commercialization process.

3. Annual family income from jackfruit of the famers had a significant negative

relationship with the problems faced by the farmers for jackfruit

commercialization. It can be concluded that with the increase of problems of

jackfruit commercialization, annual income from jackfruit of the farmers decreased

and vice-versa.

78

4. Experience in jackfruit cultivation of the famers had a significant negative

relationship with the problems of jackfruit commercialization as perceived by them.

So, it can be concluded that with the increase of experience in jackfruit cultivation,

problems of jackfruit commercialization decreased.

5. Knowledge on jackfruit cultivation of the famers had a significant negative

relationship with the problems faced by the farmers for jackfruit

commercialization. So, it can be concluded that but with the increase of knowledge

on jackfruit cultivation, problems of jackfruit commercialization of the farmers

decreased.

6. Diversified use of jackfruit of the famers had a significant negative relationship

with the problems faced by the farmers for jackfruit commercialization. So, it can

be concluded that with the increase of diversified use of jackfruit, problems of

jackfruit commercialization of the farmers decreased.

7. Selling demand of jackfruit at different marketing system had a significant negative

relationship with the problems faced by the farmers for jackfruit

commercialization. So, it can be concluded that with the increase of selling demand

of jackfruit at different marketing system problems of jackfruit commercialization

of the farmers decreased.

8. Selling price of jackfruit at different marketing system had a significant negative

relationship with the problems faced by the farmers for jackfruit

commercialization. So, it can be concluded that with the increase of selling price of

jackfruit at different marketing system problems of jackfruit commercialization of

the farmers decreased.

9. Annual family income from jackfruit of the famers had a significant positive

relationship with the prospects of jackfruit commercialization. So, it can be

concluded that with the increase of prospects of jackfruit commercialization, annual

income from jackfruit of the farmers increased.

79

10. Experience in jackfruit cultivation of the famers had a significant positive

relationship with the prospects of jackfruit commercialization as perceived by

them. So, it can be concluded that with the increase of experience in jackfruit

cultivation, prospect of jackfruit commercialization is increased.

11. Knowledge on jackfruit cultivation of the famers had a significant positive

relationship with the prospects of jackfruit commercialization. So, it can be

concluded that with the increase of knowledge on jackfruit cultivation, prospects of

jackfruit commercialization of the farmers increased.

12. Diversified use of jackfruit of the famers had a significant positive relationship

with the prospects of jackfruit commercialization. It was also said that with the

increase of diversified use of jackfruit, prospects of jackfruit commercialization of

the farmers increased.

13. Based on the above findings, it was concluded that nutritional importance of

jackfruit of the famers had significant positive relationships with the prospects of

jackfruit commercialization. So, nutritional importance of jackfruit of the

respondent farmers was an important factor for prospects of jackfruit

commercialization.

14. Selling demand of jackfruit at different marketing system had significant positive

relationship with the prospects of jackfruit commercialization. So, it can be

concluded that with the increase of selling demand of jackfruit at different

marketing system prospects of jackfruit commercialization of the farmers

increased.

15. Selling price of jackfruit at different marketing system had a significant positive

relationship with the prospects of jackfruit commercialization. So, it can be

concluded that with the increase of selling price of jackfruit at different marketing

system, prospects of jackfruit commercialization of the farmers increased.

80

5.3 Recommendations

5.3.1 Recommendations for policy implications

On the basis of experience, observation and conclusions drawn from the findings of the

study following recommendations are made:

1. Hence, more than half (67.50%) of the respondents had medium annual income

from jackfruit while 10 percent of them had high annual income from jackfruit

respectively. Therefore, it may be recommended that proper extension providers

like Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) should take necessary action to

encourage more income generation through providing new technologies to the

farmers.

2. Overwhelming majority (85%) of the farmers had low to medium experience in

jackfruit cultivation. It is logical that experienced farmers could minimize their

problems in jackfruit production. Therefore, it may be recommended that proper

extension providers like Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) and NGOs

should take necessary action to increase their experience providing necessary

training and motivational campaign.

3. Maximum (90%) jackfruit growers in the study area had poor to medium

knowledge on jackfruit cultivation. Knowledge is to be considered as vision of an

explanation in any aspect of the situation regarding jackfruit cultivation. Therefore,

it may be recommended that proper activities should be taken by Department of

Agricultural Extension (DAE) and different NGOs to increase their knowledge of

jackfruit farmers by providing necessary training and motivational campaign.

4. Selling of any products after consumption is urgently needed for commercialization

and to promote huge production of products. Therefore, it may be recommended

that taking proper activities for the development of marketing infrastructure should

be done so that easy commercialization should be proceeded and satisfactory

income return is possible.

81

5.3.2 Recommendations for further study

A small and limited research work cannot provide unique and universal information

related to actual impact of improving socio-economic status of the farmers. Further studies

should be undertaken on related matters. On the basis of scope and limitations of the

present study and observation made by the researcher, the following recommendations are

made for further study:

i. The present study was carried out in only one upazillas of Bangladesh. Similar

studies should be conducted in other parts of the country to get a clear picture of

the whole country which will be helpful for effective policy formulation.

ii. The present study was undertaken to explore contribution of eleven selected

characteristics of the farmers with their extent of problems and prospects of

jackfruit commercialization as perceived by them. Therefore, it could be

recommended that further studies should be designed considering other

agricultural and non-agricultural activities and including other characteristics of

the farmers that might affect the concerned term.

iii. The present research was conducted on problems and prospects of jackfruit

commercialization only. Similar research should also be undertaken on other

crops.

82

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88

Appendix-A

English Version of the Interview Schedule Department of Agricultural Extension and Information System

Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207.

Interview schedule on

“Problem and prospects of jackfruit commercialization as experienced by farmers at

BhalukaUpazila under Mymensingh district”

Serial No. : ……………………………………….

Name of the respondent : ………………………………………..

Address : ………………………………………..

: ………………………………………..

Please answer the following questions. Information given by you will be kept secret and only

be used for research work.

1. Age

What is your age? -------------------------- Years.

2. Education:

State your level of education? Give (√) to appropriate place/ fill in the blanks.

What is your level of education? ( )

a) I don’t know how to read and write ( )

b) I don’t know how to read and write but can sign only ( )

c) I studied up to class or I passed ____________ examination ( )

3. Jackfruit Land Size

Please mention your jackfruit land size...............................................centi-/acre/hectare

4. Number of Jackfruit Trees

How many jackfruit trees are there on your land? …………………………………….

89

5. Annual Income from Jackfruit

Please mention your annual income from jackfruit per year. ………………………….Tk.

6. Experience in Jackfruit Cultivation

For how many years have you been cultivating jackfruit? …………………………years

7. Knowledge on Jackfruit Cultivation

Please answer the following questions regarding jackfruit.

Sl.No. Questions Assigned

Score ObtainedScore

1. Name two varieties of jackfruit. 2

2. When and how much fertilizer do you apply to a

jackfruit tree? 2

3. How do you irrigate the jackfruit field? 2

4. How do you spray insecticides on jackfruit trees? 2

5. How do you give training and pruning to the trees? 2

6. Mention two ways of controlling insects. 2

7. Mention two diseases of jackfruit. 2

8. Mention the ways of controlling diseases. 2

9. What will you do if the inflorescence is about to rot? 2

10. Mention the symptoms of a mature jackfruit. 2

11. When is it good to harvest jackfruit? 2

12. How is the jackfruit harvested? 2

13. How is the jackfruit graded and sorted? 2

14. Why is the jackfruit produced in large quantity in your

locality? 2

Total = 28

8. Farmers response on diversified use of jackfruit considered as commercial purpose

Put (√) marks

Sl.

No

Purpose of use Farmers responses

High (3) Medium (2) Low (1)

1. Use as vegetable (green)

2. Use as fruits

3. Use of seed as supplementary food

4. Use as fodder

5. Use of wood as furniture

6. Use as medicinal plant

90

9. Nutritional importance for commercialization [Put (√) marks]

Sl.

No Awareness of farmers

Farmers responses

Strongly

agreed

(4)

Agreed

(3)

No

opinion

(2)

Disagree

d (1)

Strongly

disagreed

(1)

1.

It is rich in different vitamins and

minerals. So that it can be treated as

commercial fruit

2.

It can be used as alternative food

(rice or wheat etc.). So that it can be

treated as commercial fruit

3.

Diversification was found more

than others fruit. So that it can be

treated as commercial fruit

10. Demand variation in different marketing system [Put (√) marks]

Sl. No. Category

Local market National market

High Medium Low High Medium Low

3 2 1 3 2 1

1. Demand

11. Price variation on different marketing system [Put (√) marks]

Sl. No. Category

Local market National market

High Medium Low High Medium Low

3 2 1 3 2 1

1. Price

91

12. Problem faced by the Jackfruit farmers for commercialization

Please mention the extent of problems related to jackfruit cultivation and marketing.

Sl.

No. Problems

Nature of Problem faced

Strongly

agreed Agreed

No

opinion Disagreed

Strongly

Disagreed

4 3 2 1 0

1. Trees don’t give jackfruit regularly

2. Rotten inflorescence due to insect

attack

3. Disease dissemination in inflorescence

4. Deformed fruits

5. Fall of immature fruit

6. Insect controlling problem

7. Disease controlling problem

8. High prices of inputs

9. Quick rot after harvesting

10. Unavailability of transporting post

harvest marketing

11. Lower market price

12. Damaged caused during marketing

Total

13. Farmer’s opinions on prospects of jackfruit commercialization [Put (√) marks]

Sl.

No Farmers opinion on

Strongly

agreed

(4)

Agreed

(3)

No

opinion

(2)

Disagreed

(1)

Strongly

Disagreed

(0)

1. Possible to increase jackfruit

cultivation area

2. Possible to increase jackfruit

production even in existing

situation

3. Government facilities can be

provided for commercial

purpose

4.

Enough supply of jackfruit is

possible if marketing system

and exporting policy are

developed here

5. Enough supply of jackfruit is

possible if industrial demand

is high

Thanking you for your kind cooperation.

……………………………

Signature of the interviewer Date:……………………

.

92

Appendix-B

Correlation Matrix

Characters X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 X10 X11 Y

X1 1

X2 0.036 1

X3 0.044 0.062 1

X4 0.042 0.036 0.027 1

X5 0.023 0.064 0.585** 0.496** 1

X6 0.243* 0.126 0.074* 0.254* 0.262* 1

X7 0.224* 0.383** 0.047 0.028 0.060 0.273* 1

X8 0.472** 0.258* 0.219* 0.273* 0.062 0.279* 0.265** 1

X9 0.104 0.272* 0.243* 0.068 0.074 0.036 0.044 0.064 1

X10 0.048 0.083 0.026 0.029 0.063 0.071 0.079 0.088 0.159 1

X11 0.047 0.126 0.109 0.072 0.098 0.039 0.068 0.027 0.028 0.544** 1

Y1 0.086NS

0.102NS

0.168NS

0.097NS

-0.254* -0.235* -0.267* -0.241* 0.139NS

-0.358** -0.466** 1

Y2 0.163NS

0.142NS

0.097NS

0.046NS

0.464** 0.237* 0.248* 0.523** 0.248* 0.233* 0.245* 1

X1 = Age X5 = Annual family income from jackfruit X9 = Nutritional importance of jackfruit

X2 = Education X6 = Experience in jackfruit cultivation X10 = Selling demand of jackfruit at different marketing system

X3 = Jackfruit land size X7 = Knowledge on jackfruit cultivation X11 = Selling price of jackfruit at different marketing system

X4 = Jackfruit tree number X8 = Diversified use of jackfruit

Y1 = Problems and prospects of jackfruit commercialization as distinguished by farmers

Y2 = Prospects of jackfruit commercialization as perceived by the jackfruit farmers