Problems and Issues in FitnessProblems and Issues in FitnessProblems and Issues in FitnessProblems and Issues in Fitness

Chapter 9Chapter 9Chapter 9Chapter 9

Introduction to Physical Education, Fitness, Introduction to Physical Education, Fitness, and Sportand SportIntroduction to Physical Education, Fitness, Introduction to Physical Education, Fitness, and Sportand Sport

22

IntroductionIntroduction

Females: 80 yrs. Males: 75 yrs. Females: 80 yrs. Males: 75 yrs.

Life expectancy in the USA: Life expectancy in the USA:

Healthier older adults = reduced health care cost.

Healthier older adults = reduced health care cost.

33

IntroductionIntroduction

Most modern work is sedentary . . . PA has been squeezed out of daily life.

Most modern work is sedentary . . . PA has been squeezed out of daily life. Healthier foods are more expensive . . . Healthier foods are more expensive . . . Consequences: Consequences:

A recipe for disaster. Emergence of a $35,000,000,000 weight-loss industry.

A recipe for disaster. Emergence of a $35,000,000,000 weight-loss industry.

44

The Cost of Inadequate Health Fitness

The Cost of Inadequate Health Fitness

Historically, health and fitness were viewed as personal responsibility.

Historically, health and fitness were viewed as personal responsibility. It is now regarded a societal responsibility as well. It is now regarded a societal responsibility as well.

Cost associated w. poor health fitness makes up a significant portion of the gross domestic product.

Cost associated w. poor health fitness makes up a significant portion of the gross domestic product.

55

The Cost of Inadequate Health Fitness (Cont’d.)

The Cost of Inadequate Health Fitness (Cont’d.)

Sample youth medical problems related to overweight and obesity:

Sample youth medical problems related to overweight and obesity: High blood pressure

Hypertension. Type II Diabetes. Orthopedic problems Psychological/behavioral problems.

High blood pressure Hypertension. Type II Diabetes. Orthopedic problems Psychological/behavioral problems.

66

The Cost of Inadequate Health Fitness (Cont’d.)

The Cost of Inadequate Health Fitness (Cont’d.)

Sample adult medical problems related to overweight and obesity:

Sample adult medical problems related to overweight and obesity: Hypertension.

Heart disease. Stroke. Osteoarthritis. Sleep apnea. Various types of cancer (e.g., colon cancer).

Hypertension. Heart disease. Stroke. Osteoarthritis. Sleep apnea. Various types of cancer (e.g., colon cancer).

77

The Cost of Inadequate Health Fitness (Cont’d.)

The Cost of Inadequate Health Fitness (Cont’d.)

Annual US Health care $1.5 trillion . . . (expected to double in the next five years).

Annual US Health care $1.5 trillion . . . (expected to double in the next five years). Obesity is now the 2nd leading cause of death in the U.S. . . .

Obesity is now the 2nd leading cause of death in the U.S. . . .

88

Precipitating Factors Related to Overweight and Obesity Crisis

Precipitating Factors Related to Overweight and Obesity Crisis

What produces this energy imbalance?? What produces this energy imbalance??

Caloric

intake

Caloric

intake

Caloric expendit

ure

Caloric expendit

ure

vs.vs.

99

The Cost of Inadequate Health Fitness (Cont’d.)

The Cost of Inadequate Health Fitness (Cont’d.)

Higher caloric intake in youth . . . a result of:

Higher caloric intake in youth . . . a result of: Lower levels of PA.

Higher intake of high-energy foods. Higher dietary fat. Less in-home cooking. More dependence on fast-food. Higher non-nutritious content in food. Larger portions. School contracts w. food vendors.

Lower levels of PA. Higher intake of high-energy foods. Higher dietary fat. Less in-home cooking. More dependence on fast-food. Higher non-nutritious content in food. Larger portions. School contracts w. food vendors.

1010

The Cost of Inadequate Health Fitness (Cont’d.)

The Cost of Inadequate Health Fitness (Cont’d.)

Lower caloric expenditure in youth . . . A result of:

Lower caloric expenditure in youth . . . A result of: A changed “built environment.”

Less walking. More motor commuting. Limited access to safe PA environments (ie. parks and recreation spaces) Increased time spent on Computers & watching of TV. Location of schools. Reduced time in Physical Education. Various types of cancer (ie. colon cancer).

A changed “built environment.” Less walking. More motor commuting. Limited access to safe PA environments (ie. parks and recreation spaces) Increased time spent on Computers & watching of TV. Location of schools. Reduced time in Physical Education. Various types of cancer (ie. colon cancer).

1111

The Cost of Inadequate Health Fitness (Cont’d.)

The Cost of Inadequate Health Fitness (Cont’d.)

Parents’ perceptions of barriers to PA: Parents’ perceptions of barriers to PA: Transportation problems.

Lack of opportunities in immediate area. Expense. Parents’ lack of time. Neighborhood safety.

Transportation problems. Lack of opportunities in immediate area. Expense. Parents’ lack of time. Neighborhood safety.

From MMWR Weekly (2003) From MMWR Weekly (2003)

1212

Becoming active vs. staying active . . . Becoming active vs. staying active . . . WHAT IS NEEDED?: WHAT IS NEEDED?:

Exercise in ways that are enjoyable, Find activities that meet the needs and interests of people, Develop self-assessment of fitness skills, Knowledge about fitness, Fitness planning skills, and Motivation . . .

Fitness Behavior: Short Term and Long Term

Fitness Behavior: Short Term and Long Term

1313

Prerequisite conditions for youth to become attracted to PA (i.e., motivated):

Prerequisite conditions for youth to become attracted to PA (i.e., motivated): Create opportunity to develop and demonstrate competence in skill, fitness, or appearance, Being accepted and supported by peers, and significant others. IT MUST BE FUN!

Create opportunity to develop and demonstrate competence in skill, fitness, or appearance, Being accepted and supported by peers, and significant others. IT MUST BE FUN!

Fitness Behavior: Short Term and Long Term (Cont’d.)

Fitness Behavior: Short Term and Long Term (Cont’d.)

1414

For the nation’s population to become more fit & healthy, it need to be more educated about fitness.

For the nation’s population to become more fit & healthy, it need to be more educated about fitness.To what extent does popular media help

or hinder in this process?To what extent does popular media help or hinder in this process?

Developing a Fitness-Educated Public

Developing a Fitness-Educated Public

Print?Print?TV?TV?

Internet?

Internet?

1515

Problems created by the media: Problems created by the media:

Developing a Fitness-Educated Public(Cont’d.)

Developing a Fitness-Educated Public(Cont’d.)

Distorted images of fitness.

Perception that fitness can be achieved quickly & without much effort.

Creation of celebrity experts without real background.

Distorted images of fitness.

Perception that fitness can be achieved quickly & without much effort.

Creation of celebrity experts without real background.

From Skinner (1988)From Skinner (1988)

1616

Accurate and up-to-date knowledge is essential for improving nation’s health.

Accurate and up-to-date knowledge is essential for improving nation’s health.

Developing a Fitness-Educated Public(Cont’d.)

Developing a Fitness-Educated Public(Cont’d.)

Quality information is now more readily available.

Quality information is now more readily available. School Health and Physical Education programs are the best venues . . . Access for all!

School Health and Physical Education programs are the best venues . . . Access for all!

1717

If schools continue to reduce time in Health and Physical Education, SES will become a more dominant determinant for fitness knowledge, and -skill development.

If schools continue to reduce time in Health and Physical Education, SES will become a more dominant determinant for fitness knowledge, and -skill development.

Developing a Fitness-Educated Public(Cont’d.)

Developing a Fitness-Educated Public(Cont’d.)

1818

PA levels decline significantly through adolescence.

PA levels decline significantly through adolescence.

Equity Issues in Fitness and Activity (Cont’d.)

Equity Issues in Fitness and Activity (Cont’d.)

Declines are more pronounced for girls, especially African American girls . . .

Declines are more pronounced for girls, especially African American girls . . . Attention to girls’ PA patterns is a recent trend.

Attention to girls’ PA patterns is a recent trend.

1919

Girls’ PA patterns . . .What we do know: Girls’ PA patterns . . .What we do know: Participation in Sport is at record

levels.

MVPA levels outside of Sport are declining.

Girls PA is consistently lower than for boys.

Dropout from Sport is higher for girls.

Participation in Sport is at record levels.

MVPA levels outside of Sport are declining.

Girls PA is consistently lower than for boys.

Dropout from Sport is higher for girls.

Equity Issues in Fitness and Activity (Cont’d.)

Equity Issues in Fitness and Activity (Cont’d.)

2020

What are some conditions that need to be created to help girls become/stay active? . . . See also Boxes 9.1 and 9.2

What are some conditions that need to be created to help girls become/stay active? . . . See also Boxes 9.1 and 9.2

Strong support from significant others.

Encouragement at an early age.

Equal access to safe and supportive programs, facilities, and instruction.

Recognize/accept the multiple reasons for participation.

Strong support from significant others.

Encouragement at an early age.

Equal access to safe and supportive programs, facilities, and instruction.

Recognize/accept the multiple reasons for participation.

Equity Issues in Fitness and Activity (Cont’d.)

Equity Issues in Fitness and Activity (Cont’d.)

2121

Opportunity for PA and fitness . . . A level playing field??

Opportunity for PA and fitness . . . A level playing field?? Those who are in most need, are

more disadvantaged . . . i.e., have less access or opportunity.

Removal of barriers is a structural problem.

Effective policies and programs are needed to remove such barriers.

Those who are in most need, are more disadvantaged . . . i.e., have less access or opportunity.

Removal of barriers is a structural problem.

Effective policies and programs are needed to remove such barriers.

Equity Issues in Fitness and Activity (Cont’d.)

Equity Issues in Fitness and Activity (Cont’d.)

2222

Certification of Fitness LeadersCertification of Fitness Leaders

Many exercise leaders are quite competent. Many exercise leaders are quite competent. Some certification programs exist w. varying levels of rigor and quality.

Some certification programs exist w. varying levels of rigor and quality. Unless public education on fitness improves, demands for better certification programs will likely not increase.

Unless public education on fitness improves, demands for better certification programs will likely not increase.

2323

Fitness Tests or Activity Estimates?Fitness Tests or Activity Estimates?

Inactivity is a key risk factor. Inactivity is a key risk factor.

PA level (process) may be a better indicator of health fitness than fitness tests (product).

PA level (process) may be a better indicator of health fitness than fitness tests (product).

Value of moderate vs. vigorous activity? Value of moderate vs. vigorous activity?

Norm-referenced fitness testing is counterproductive.

Norm-referenced fitness testing is counterproductive.

2424

Fitness and Aging: Changing Views and Expectations (Cont’d.)

Fitness and Aging: Changing Views and Expectations (Cont’d.)

Benefits of PA later in life include: Benefits of PA later in life include: Improved physiological functioning

(slowdown of aging process).

Improved quality of life.

Lower levels of depression.

Improved physiological functioning (slowdown of aging process).

Improved quality of life.

Lower levels of depression. Again, SES is a powerful predictor of PA later in life . . .

Again, SES is a powerful predictor of PA later in life . . .

“People get older, because they slow down.”

“People get older, because they slow down.”

2525

Health-related Physical Education: Promoting lifelong PA and fitness.

Health-related Physical Education: Promoting lifelong PA and fitness. Programs should be targeting the skills, knowledge, and confidence needed to enjoy lifelong PA.

Programs should be targeting the skills, knowledge, and confidence needed to enjoy lifelong PA. Frequency/time per week (the “dose” of PA opportunity) has been reduced in favor of academic subjects..

Frequency/time per week (the “dose” of PA opportunity) has been reduced in favor of academic subjects..

Fitness Issues in Physical Education

Fitness Issues in Physical Education

2626

Health-related Physical Education: Health-related Physical Education:

Fitness Issues in Physical Education

(cont’d.)

Fitness Issues in Physical Education

(cont’d.)

Gone are calisthenics . . .

Focus on promoting PA beyond regular PE classes (e.g., drop-in during unassigned times; after-school).

Linking with what is available in the surrounding community.

Gone are calisthenics . . .

Focus on promoting PA beyond regular PE classes (e.g., drop-in during unassigned times; after-school).

Linking with what is available in the surrounding community.

Fitness and PA: A school-wide responsibility. Fitness and PA: A school-wide responsibility.