Problem: Volcano Plume Causes:Aircraft Hazards,Human Health Effects, Environmental Degradation

Kilauea Volcano in Semi-ContinuousEruption Since January 1983

Relevance: National Weather Service and Hawaii Dept of HealthNeed Tools To Provide Better Forecasts.Public Interest

Image from HVO website

Purpose of Project:Develop Tools Which Can Improve Vog ForecastsBy John Porter and Sheldon Kono

Goals:Climatology of Volcano Plume

Diff. Met. Conditions (Strong, Weak Trades, Kona Winds etc.)

Begin Work on Real Time Volcano Plume Product Satellite ImagesModel Calculations

Background Information

- Volcano emits SO2 gas

- In the atmosphere SO2 gas is converted to sulfuric acidaerosols

- Best estimate Of SO2 half life is 6 hours (± 4 hr)

Porter, et al., 2002,

Lidar and Sun Photometer Measurements of The Hawaii Pu’u O’o Volcano Plume: Estimates of SO2and Aerosol Flux Rates and SO2 Lifetimes,

Geo. Res. Let., 29, 2002GL014744, 2002

Volcano Aerosols (Volcanic Smog, VOG)

- Accumulation Mode (0.2 – 0.8 μm Diameter)- Sea Salt Coarse Mode (0.8-10 μm Diameter)- Efficient for Penetrating Into Lungs- Efficient for Optical Extinction- Highly Acidic, H2SO4 (with little NH4)

Aerosol Size Distributions FromSize Resolved Chemistry Measurements (Huebert and Chuang)

Aerosol Size Distributions Inverted From Optical Measurements(Porter et al., 2002)

Spatial Distribution of PlumeKona Coast VOG During Trade Wind Conditions(black = clouds or land)

AVHRR Imageprocessedby Porteralgorithm

During SW Winds (Kona Winds) All the Islands Can Be Affected By Vog

Kona can become socked in with VOG !

January 11, 1998

SeaWifs image processed by SeaDas

Methodology Custom Satellite Algorithm:

- Meso-Scale Winds (RSM (10km) , others … )

- Custom Aerosol Models

- 250 m Resolution Image Pixels (important for sub-pixel clouds)

- Regrid To Fixed Grid Points

Standard Algorithms:Jan Hafner (IPRC) running NASA algorithms for clouds and water vapor Allows us to compare different approaches for Hawaii

Custom Aerosol Algorithm for MODIS Images

Cold Front Approaching From the North West

Potential Problems and Current Status

We recently lost 3 hard disks. This caused us to lose some data and software. We will be reprocessing to have a complete data set.

Torben Nielsen’s NASA grant to support satellite image collection ended. The Pride money is now supporting image collection as well as our proposed objectives.

Our Internet connection to Snug Harbor was terminated and the new installation is now occurring.

We have recently purchased 6 new pc and nearly all are up and running.

Begun testing new climatology software

Data Quality ….. Winds …… Aerosol Model ….. Validation

Work To Be Completed:

Validation Efforts (Sun Photometer and Lidar Measurements)(Antony Clarke, ship meas.)(Dave Chen, Model Winds)

Modify Algorithm

Re-Process Many Images for aerosols, water vapor, andclouds.

Carry Out Climatology Calculations

Provide Real Time Satellite Images

Mixed Layer

Cloud Layer

Free Troposphere

Aerosol ClimatologyAlso

Cloud ClimatologyWater Vapor Climatology(Also Jan Hofner, IPRC)

Examples of Integrated Water Vapor(AVHRR Top)(MODIS Bottom)

Motell, C., J.N. Porter, J. Foster, M. Bevis, and S. Businger:Comparisons of Water Vapor Derived from GPS, Sounding and the Split Window Technique, Int. J. of Remote Sensing, 23, 11, 2335-2339, 2002.

Future Directions (Part One)

Satellite Products:Real Time VOG Images (NWS, DOH, and public interest)

Aerosol Studies (Climate Studies, and NWS)Water Vapor Studies (Climate Studies, and NWS)Cloud Properties (Climate Studies and NWS)

Share Aerosol Model With NOAA NESDIS

Future Directions (Part Two)

Some ideas …..

Need for surface level climate monitoring site in the Hawaiian Islands

Two Initial Focus:- 1) Climatic Studies (clouds, aerosols, water vapor, radiation …)- 2) Potential Hazardous Aerosols

Benefits:- Combining satellite and ground measurements - New innovative data sets will benefit APDRC (Asia-Pacific Data-Research Center) - Can lead to other funding - UH student training - Excellent site will attract other researchers (Syed Ismael, NASA ….)

The End

Questions ?